National Conference on Emerging Trends in Construction Technology and Sustainability

4th Nov 2017

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOME STRUCTURE FOR
VERTICAL GARDENING
Mr. Vijay Vittal K V1,Dr. Chinmayi H K2, Ms. Shweta B3
(Department of Civil Engineering , NCET, Bengaluru, India)

ABSTRACT: This review paper organizes and summarizes the literature on Analysis and Design of Dome
Structure for Vertical Gardening which will be use full for maintain Greenery in the building by using waste
water which is generated in the building. To systematically study the Analysis and Design of Dome Structure,
the finite element software is used. In this paper, an finite element software is used for modeling the Dome
Structure. In the present condition, environment laws have become binding strongly towards health, economy
and reduction of pollution. Conventional techniques to be effective in treatment of waste water. The information
obtained in the reviewed literature some important aspects to be consider when working with vertical gardening
system are classified, such as classification system, the climate influence, the plant species used and different
operating mechanisms. It can be conclude that vertical gardening provide great potential in reducing energy
consumption in buildings. The use of electro-chromic or low transmissivity glazing is used for resulting in the
reduction of the absorption of solar radiation by the ground.

Keywords- Finite Element Software, Treatment of waste water, Glazing, Vertical Gardening System.

1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the environmental awareness has led towards using sustainability criteria in the
building design and urban systems. Sustainable improvement requires the consideration of a whole host of
interconnected elements ; such as reduction of energy demand and water consumption, minimizing waste and
pollution. Nowadays the concept of Green infrastructure has been defined as a set of man-made elements which
provide various environment friendly function at both buildings and urban scales.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to
survive. If there is no water there would be no life on earth. It covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface, and is
vital for all known forms of life. But only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is fresh water. Rapid urbanization and
industrialization releases enormous volumes of wastewater, which is increasingly utilized as a valuable resource
for irrigation in urban and pre-urban agriculture. It drives significant economic activity, supports countless
livelihoods particularly those of poor farmers, and substantially changes the water quality of natural water
bodies. Due to industrialization and urbanization, it is becoming more polluted and risk of this polluted water
consumption and its sanitation problem is increasing day to day in most of the developing countries. This
growing problem of water scarcity has significant negative influence on economic development, human
livelihoods, and environmental quality throughout the world. Hence it has become an essential need for today’s
environment to protect water from getting polluted or to develop cost effective remedial method for its
protection.

Dome structure is based on the natural form-optimizing process in biological structures and can be
translated into die architectural world in the form of pneumatic structure. The advantages of a transparent dome
built above a group of houses in Canada arc the following: it can provide a shelter to withstand high winds and
extreme temperature, and it can help for storing solar radiation in the external walls of the house and in the
ground. Transparent and translucent domes have been used as skylights for day lighting and energy saving
purposes. Some models have been developed to predict the optical and thermal properties of the dome skylight
using by optically and thermally single-glazed planar equivalent. Electrochromic glazing may be used to prevent
the overheating inside such structure in the summer Faghih & Bahadori estimated the solar radiation received
and absorbed by four domed roofs and studied the thermal performance of the domed roofs.
This paper presents review on solar radiation model coupled with a transient thermal model through the
glazing, the wall and a zonal model for the air flow inside the dome

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Fig.1 – Three Dimensional thermal and airflow (3D-TAF) model of a Dome-covered house in Canada

2 ETABS MODELING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE

ETABS is a special-purpose computer program developed specifically for building structures. It
provides the Structural Engineer with all the tools necessary to create, modify, analyze, design, and optimize
building models. These features are fully integrated in a single, Windows-based, graphical user interface that is
unmatched in terms of ease-of- use, productivity, and capability.
The innovative and revolutionary new ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the
structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years of continuous research and development, this
latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modeling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and
nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials,
and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher
and understand analysis and design results.
From the start of design conception through the production of schematic drawings, ETABS integrates
every aspect of the engineering design process. Creation of models has never been easier - intuitive drawing
commands allow for the rapid generation of floor and elevation framing. CAD drawings can be converted
directly into ETABS models or used as templates onto which ETABS objects may be overlaid. Design of steel
and concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite beams, composite columns, steel joists, and
concrete and masonry shear walls is included, as is the capacity check for steel connections and base plates.
Models may be realistically rendered, and all results can be shown directly on the structure. Comprehensive and
customizable reports are available for all analysis and design output, and schematic construction drawings of
framing plans, schedules, details, and cross-sections may be generated for concrete and steel structures. ETABS
provides an unequaled suite of tools for structural engineers designing buildings, whether they are working on
one-story industrial structures or the tallest commercial high-rises. Immensely capable, yet easy-to-use has been
the hallmark of ETABS since its introduction decades ago, and this latest release continues that tradition by
providing engineers with the technologically-advanced, yet intuitive, software they require to be their most
productive.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM): The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique to find
approximate solutions of partial differential equations. It was originated from the need of solving complex
elasticity and structural analysis problems in Civil, Mechanical and Aerospace engineering. In a structural
simulation, FEM helps in producing stiffness and strength visualizations. It also helps to minimize material
weight and its cost of the structures. FEM allows for detailed visualization and indicates the distribution of
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stresses and strains inside the body of a structure. Many of FE software are powerful yet complex tool meant for
professional engineers with the training and education necessary to properly interpret the results. Several
modern FEM packages include specific components such as fluid, thermal, electromagnetic and structural
working environments. FEM allows entire designs to be constructed, refined and optimized before the design is
manufactured. This powerful design tool has significantly improved both the standard of engineering designs
and the methodology of the design process in many industrial applications. The use of FEM has significantly
decreased the time to take products from concept to the production line. One must take the advantage of the
advent of faster generation of personal computers for the analysis and design of engineering product with
precision level of accuracy.

ETABS OVERVIEW:
 Concurrent Engineering” based user environment for model development, analysis, design,
visualization and verification.
 Pull down menus, floating toolbars, tool tip help.
 Flexible Zoom and multiple views.
 Isometric and perspective views 3D shapes.
 Built-in Command File Editor.
 Simple Command Language.
 Graphics/Text input generation.
 State-of-the-art Graphical Pre and Post Processor.
 Rectangular/Cylindrical Coordinate systems.
 Joint, Member/element, Mesh Generation with flexible user-controlled numbering.
 Efficient algorithm minimizes disk space requirements.
 FPS, Metric or SI units.
Presentation quality printer plots of Geometry and Results as part of run analysis.

ETABS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. Define Plan Grids and Story Data
2. Define Material Properties
3. Define Frame Sections
4. Define Slab Sections
5. Define Load Cases
6. Draw Beam Objects (Frame Members)
7. Draw Column Objects (Frame Members)
8. Assign Slab Sections
9. Assign Restrains
10. Assign Slab Loads
11. View Input Data in Tabular Form
12. Run the Analysis
13. View Analysis Results Graphically
14. Design Concrete Frame Element

3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

In general, from about 1900 to early 1970s, treatment objectives were concerned with:
(i) the removal of suspended and floatable material from waste water,
(ii) the treatment of biodegradable organics (BOD removal) and
(iii) the elimination of disease-causing pathogenic micro-organisms.
From the early 1970s to about 1990s, wastewater treatment focused on aesthetic and environmental concerns.
The earlier tasks of reduction and removal of BOD, suspended solids, and pathogenic micro-organism were
continued, but at larger levels. Removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus also began to be
addressed, particularly in some of the streams and lakes.
Major initiatives were taken around the globe, to achieve more effective and widespread treatment of
wastewater to improve the quality of the surface waters. This effort was due to
(i) an increased understanding of the environmental effects caused by wastewater discharges and
(ii) a knowledge on the adverse long term effects caused by the discharge of some of the specific constituents
found in wastewater.
Since 1990, because of increased scientific knowledge and an expanded information base, wastewater
treatment has begun to focus on the health concerns related to toxic and potentially toxic chemicals released into
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the environment. The water quality improvement objectives of the 1970s have continued, but the emphases have
shifted to the definition and removal of toxic and trace compounds, that could possibly cause long-term health
effects and adverse environmental impacts. As a consequence, while the early treatment objectives remain valid
today, the required degree of treatment has increased significantly and additional treatment objectives and goals
have been added. A typical Dewats system consists of primary and secondary treatments, and disposal (or
utilization) of solids and treated water. The primary treatment may be as simple as a septic tank, to remove settle
able solids (and provide limited anaerobic treatment), which can be used in areas of poor soil and high
groundwater. Modifications of the above system enable aerobic treatment of the effluent and prevent floating
solids from entering the secondary treatment. Although cheap and require little maintenance, they are prone to
failure and even when operating effectively may still leave a pathogen-rich waste stream. Secondary treatment
options, based on sand filters, provide effective removal of pathogens in areas with deep permeable soils, but are
ineffective in other locales with highly permeable soil type. There has been a tremendous amount of attention
given to the use of biological systems for removal of radio nuclides and heavy metals from solutions. Massoud
et al. and Parkinson and Tayler made a comprehensive review on existing treatment methods. All biological-
treatment processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to use diverse wastewater constituents to
provide the energy for microbial metabolism and the building blocks for cell synthesis. This metabolic activity
can remove contaminants that are as varied as raw materials and by-products. The content of residual toxic
metals in wastewater treatment plants influences the choice of the removal method to be used. Several methods
have been applied for final treatment, such as adsorption using activated carbon or other appropriate sorbents,
post precipitation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, electrochemical treatment and evaporation.

Fig. 2 – Wastewater Treatment Process

4 TEMPERAURE MAINTENANCE
A dome-covered house can be considered as a sustainable building design example. It mimicks the
optimal forms in the nature, and can help achieve reduction on the house heating energy need in cold winter.
When the dome is made of electrochromic glazing, it can prevent large amount of solar energy from passing into
the interior of the dome to prevent over-heating in summer. The impact of different glazing types on the thermal
environment inside the dome in summer and house heating load in winter is investigated. The use of
electrochromic/low transmissivity glazing can result in the reduction of the absorption of solar radiation by the
ground for up to 88.9%, as compared to the normal glazing and help to reduce the highest air temperature inside
the dome from 41.8 °C to as low as 25.6 °C at 1:00 PM on July 21st in Montreal at 45°N latitude, southern part
of Canada, and from 34.6 °C to 20.6 °C in Yellowknife at 62.5°N latitude, northern part of Canada, under
different control strategies, thus can create a comfortable thermal environment inside the dome.

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Analysis And Design Of Dome Structure For Vertical Gardening

Fig-3 Glazed Dome Structure

5 Mathematical Model
Physical Phenomena. The dome is exposed to the outside environment and the house is surrounded by the air
inside the dome. The heat fluxes involved are:
1) heat gain through dome glazing, including direct solar beam radiation, diffuse solar radiation and ground
reflected solar radiation;
2) long-wave radiation between dome surface and ground;
3) long-wave radiation between dome surface and sky;
4)convection over inside dome surface;
5)convection over outside dome surface;
6) infiltration/ex-filtration through the dome;
7) infiltration ex-filtration from through the building;
8) heat loss through the ground;
9) heat loss through the floor of the building;
10) beat losses gains from the external wall/roof surfaces of the building;
11) absorption and reflection of the solar radiation by the external wall surfaces/roof of the building and ground;
12) surface-to-surface radiation between the dome surface and the outside wall/roof surface of the building and
the ground surface inside the dome;
13) surface-to-surface radiation between the inside wall/roof surfaces of the building.

Solar Radiation through Glazing. The solar radiation that is absorbed by the cell surface is composed of
(1) the beam solar radiation, and
(2) the diffuse solar radiation.
The coordinates of the point where the direct solar radiation, transmitted through each cell, reaches inside
surfaces is calculated by solving for the intersection between the solar beam trajectory and the dome surface.
The diffuse radiation, after is transmitted through the glazing, is assumed to reach all the inside surfaces
proportionally to the view factor between each cell and inside surfaces.

6 VERTICAL GARDENING

Due to the construction of Social Sciences North and South buildings, the modules would sit 40mm out
from the facade on a steel structure. As a result of the disparity between the module dimension and the column
grid, a free-standing steel structure with added support to reach 3 storey in height is necessary.
Each module can contain up to 16 plants which must be preplanted in a nursery before installation. A
lightweight growing media has been developed to minimise loads on the support structure, even when saturated.
A drip watering system must be installed at appropriate levels. For the 3 storey wall areas, a minimum
of 3 drip systems would be required.
Several beds have been made : 2 x 6 side, 2 side. Soil (Entisols) has been prepared by available water
and nutrients to give favorable condition for plant growth. Nutrients was supplied by organic matter (manure
and compost), while water was supplied by treated sewage sludge. Then several vegetables (cabbage/caisim,
lettuce/selada, ipomea/kangkung, chilli red/lombok) and fruit (lemon/jeruk, guava/jambu biji, mango/mangga
and markisa) were planted. Domestic wastewater is pumped to the top of building using solar cell energy. Two
units of slow-sand filter which is installed on the top of building are operated to filtering the wastewater. The

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treated water thus is used to irrigate the roof garden plants. The water quality parameters has been analyzed
including pH, TDS, DHL, COD, BOD, Fe, and Mn.

Fig. 4 – Vertigrow vertical garden

7 CONCLUSION
The normal primary and secondary treatment processes of these wastewaters were introduced in a
growing number of places, in order to eliminate the easily settled materials and to oxidize the organic material
available in wastewater.
The results predicted a reduction of about 19.1% of the annual heating load of a structure when a dome is
used
compared with the case of an unprotected structure.
The purpose of vertical gardening intensively is to harvest the most produce possible from a given
space. An intensive garden minimizes wasted space. The practice of intensive gardening is not just for those
with limited garden space; rather, an intensive garden concentrates efforts to create an ideal plant environment,
giving better yields.

REFERENCES

[1] M.Mallikarjun, Dr P V Surya Prakash “Analysis And Design Of A Multi Storied Residential Building Of
(Ung-2+G+10) By Using Most Economical Column Method” Vol. 4, Issue 2, ISSN 2321-6905
FEBRUARY-2016
[2] P. Rajasulochana, V. Preethy “Comparison on efficiency of various techniques in treatment of waste and
sewage water” 13 October 2016
[3] YaolinLin, WeiYang “Solar energy model and thermal performance of an electrochromic dome-covered
house” Volume39 , August 2017
[4] Choo Ai Lin, Mr Koh Jing Hao “Gardens by the Bay Sustainable Strategies on Passive Design and Energy
Efficiency” Case Study
[5] Yaolin Lin, Wei Yang and Radu Zmeureanu “Solar Performance of a Dome-covered House” ISSN: 1662-
7482. Vol. 704.
[6] Building Green. A guide to using plants on roofs, walls and pavements. Mayor of London. Greater London
Authority; May 2004. ISBN 1 85261 637 7.
[7.] IS: 456-2000: Code of Practice for plain and reinforced concrete.
[8.] IS-875-1987: Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures.
[9] D. Narmadha, V.M. Selvam Kavitha, Treatment of domestic waste water using natural flocculants, Int. J.
Life Sci. Biotechnol. Pharm. Res. 1 (3) (2012) 206–2013.

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