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 Zygote – The first cell of a new

DEVELOPMENTAL organism. The union of sperm and


egg.
PSYCHOLOGY
 Study of human behavior from prenatal  In 36 hours, Zygote
to old age. divides into two.

“Early experiences are essential in the critical  After 2 days, 2 cells


period of development” become 4 cells.

Konrad Z. Lorenz (1937) – Austrian zoologist.  In 3 days, 4 cells


Conducted experiment on goslings and become a compact ball
concluded their inborn tendency to follow an of 16-32 cells.
object which they are first exposed to. This is
called “imprinting” which is also true with
 In 4 to 5 days, inner
human beings, who develop attachment of early
cell mass (blastocyst)
caregivers.
is still free in the
uterus.
Harry Frederick Harlow – American
psychologist, who conducted experiments on  In 11 to 15 days
infant monkey and concluded that monkeys who blastocyst is implanted
were socially deprived manifested into uterine wall.
aggressiveness and fearful responses.
Creation of the zygote.
“Social deprivation in the early years of life Continued cell division.
can severely disrupt later social and sexual Attachment of zygote to the
behavior”. uterine wall.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT b. Embryonic Period – 2 to 8 weeks after
conception
Prenatal Period: Where Life Begins
 Embryo – mass cells zygote
 Characterized by rapid changes.  Two layers of cells are formed:
 Most dramatic gains in height & weight  Inner layer or the ENDODERM
of entire lifespan. – develops into the digestive
 From a microscopic cell to a 20-inch and respiratory organs
neonate (newborn) in just 9 months.  Outer layer or the ECTODERM
 Weight at birth is a billion times heavier and MESODERM
than at conception.
Ectoderm – outer most layer;
Stages of Prenatal Development: becomes the nervous system;
a. Germinal Period – First 2 weeks after sensory receptors (eyes, ears,
conception. and nose); skin parts (nails &
hair).
 Conception – a single sperm cell
(male) penetrates the outer coating Mesoderm – Middle layer;
of the egg (female) and fuses to becomes the circulatory,
form ONE FETILIZED EGG. skeletal, muscular, excretory
and reproductive systems.
 Growth and development continue
dramatically during this period.

 ORGANOGENESIS – the process


of organ formation during the first
two months of pre-natal
development.
 The support systems for the
embryo also develops rapidly:
 Placenta – consist of a disk-
shaped group of tissues in which
small blood vessels from the
mother and the offspring
intertwine but do not join. For
exchange of nutrients (but
sometimes, harmful substances a. 3 months after conception
too).  About 3 inches long, weighs
 Umbilical cord – Contains two about 1 ounce
arteries and one vein that  Fetus has become active
connects the baby to placenta  Moves its arms and legs
 Amnion – A bag or an envelope  Opens and closes its mouth
that contains a clear fluid in  Moves its head
which the developing embryo  Face, forehead, eyelids, nose,
floats chin can now be distinguished
 Also the upper arms, lower
 At about 6 weeks the large neural arms, hands & lower limbs.
tubes is noticeable as well as the  Genitals can now be identified
formation of heart and other internal as male or female.
organs.

Cell differentiation intensifies


Life-support systems for the
embryo develop
Organs appear b. 4 months after conception
 About 6 inches long, 4 to 7
c. Fetal Period – 2 months to 7 months ounces
after conception.
 Pre-natal reflexes are 2. Age – the mother’s age can affect
stronger prenatal development.
 Mother feels arm and leg  Teen mothers are at risk of
movement for the first time. miscarriages.
 Women who are between 25
and 35 are healthy and have
better health care.
 Women above 35 are more
likely to experience difficulties
in pregnancy and highly
susceptible to miscarriage.
3. Rest and Exercise – chronic stress and
inability to rest, exercise and eat
properly can weaken a pregnant
woman’s immune system.
4. Tetranogens – drugs, illness and
environmental hazards
 Ingesting substances like
alcohol, aspirin, caffeine,
cocaine, heroin, marijuana, or
nicotine could contribute to
c. 5 months after conception mental retardation, fetal alcohol
syndrome, and cognitive
 About 12 in., almost a pound impairment in the infant.
 Fingernails, toenails have  Diseases like venereal disease,
formed AIDS, and German measles, can
 Fetus is more active lead to neurological disorders,
encephalitis, deafness, or
d. 6 months after conception blindness in the infant.
 14 inches long, about 1-1/2  Exposure to hazards like lead,
pound mercury, and –ray, can cause
 Eye & eyelids are completely mental retardation, cerebral
formed palsy, or leukemia in the infant.
 Grasping reflex are present
 Irregular movements occur POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT (after birth)

e. 7 to 9 months THE NEW BORN


 Fetus grow longer
 Gains substantial weight Human babies are born with good motor
 About 4 pounds coordination and highly acute sensory
capabilities. They are born completely helpless,
Prenatal Care totally dependent on their parents. Though
1. Nutrition – a balance diet is important. human infants are the most helpless and
It must have protein, vitamins, and immature when they come to this world, their
minerals. sensory development is mature and well
 When pregnant woman does not integrated even before birth. Human infants may
provide these nourishments, the not be able to direct their course of movement in
infant is likely to be born their environment at birth. But they can perceive
prematurely and tend to be and be influenced by that environment from the
underweight. moment of birth. Different kinds of reflexes and
motor activities help newborn babies to survive The initial reflexes are controlled by
after birth. sub-cortical brain structures and that when
control shifts to the developing cortex; the
Motor skills and reflexes behavior becomes voluntary and must be
learned.
1. Motor skills
Language Development
Example: Feeding requires the coordination of Infants begin life with no language other than
three separate activities i.e. sucking, swallowing their cries and grunts. As their language
and breathing. mechanism matures, they learn to make more
and more sounds. They begin to comprehend the
2. Reflexes meaning of words they hear then use these
sounds as language.
2.1 Grasping reflex-the meaning is not
clear. But it could be a remnant of our At about one year, babies learn to say their first
pre-human past. word. Nouns are learned first, then verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs, with pronouns
Its adaptive significance is that it keeps appearing last.
an infant from falling and increases the
chance of survival. Language ability depends on maturation and
other factors. Children who start to talk earlier,
Prehension refers to grasping objects. on the average, will later prove to be more
Its simplest form is palmar grasping. intelligent. Girls generally learn to talk a little
earlier than boys. Single children also tend to
“A baby learns to reach before he can talk earlier than twins.
grasp with his thumb and fingertips.”
Those with a more stimulating home
2.2 Rooting reflex- it is the most familiar environment generally make more rapid
form of reflex. It is the tendency to turn progress in language development than those
the head in the direction of any object with a poorer environment.
that gently stimulates the cheek or the
corner of the mouth. Its adaptive
significance is that it enables the infant Prepared by: Ramon M. Montesor Jr.
to suck its mother’s breast.

2.3. Reaching reflex- in the first few weeks


of life, babies reach out for objects they
see. At times they successfully grasp
them. This eye-hand coordination is lost
at about four weeks. It reappears after
four months.

2.4. Swimming reflex-a baby only a few


weeks old moves both arms and legs in
a coordinated pattern when placed in a
pool of water. It soon disappears and
reappears at the beginning of the second
year. This again disappears and children
are taught the skill of swimming at age
six.

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