doi:10.3900/fpj.4.6.340.

e EISSN 1676-5133

Study about the fundamentation of Tudor

Bompa sports trainning periodization
model

Original Article

João Luis da Silva Sequeiros (CREF 15398 – G/RJ)
Mestrando em Ciências da Motricidade Humana/UCB
joaobauduco@pop.com.br
Artur Luís Bessa de Oliveira. (CREF 15037 - G/RJ)
Mestrando em Ciências da Motricidade Humana/UCB
arturbessa@globo.com
Diego Castanhede. (CREF 6395 - G/SC)
Laboratório de Biociências da Motricidade Humana – LABIMH/UCB
dcastanhede@hotmail.com
Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas, Ph. D. (CREF 0001 – G/RJ)
Professor titular do curso de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Ciência da Motricidade
Humana/UCB
estélio@cobrase.org.br

SEQUEIROS, J. L. S.; OLIVEIRA, A.L.B.; CASTANHEDE, D.; DANTAS, E.H.M. Study about the fundamentation of Tudor Bompa sports
trainning periodization model. Fitness & Performance Journal, v. 4, n. 6, p. 340-346, 2005

ABSTRACT: Annual Plans of simple training have been used for centuries. Periodization is the general and detailed planning of the
available time for the training, according to intermediate objectives perfectly established, being respected the scientific axioms of the
sport exercise (DANTAS, 2003). This study made a comparison between the periodization models (MP) of Matveev and Bompa, using
literature revision as research element, seeking compare the described authors’ MPs. In 1965 Matveev published the MP would se
used for dacades. According to BOMPA (2002), this MP would be typical of sports the used mainly potency and speed. Therefore
accoding to that author this MP could not serve as parameter for sports with resistance predominance. To set out such problem, Bom-
pa it proposed a modification in the traditional model, inserting loads of work of high volume during practically the whole season.
Another problem is related the new world order of high level sports, with tournaments distributed throughout the year, where several
peaks are necessary. Bompa also proposes an equation for this problem with double, triples and multiple cycles of training. However,
in spite of the changes to the traditional model, Bompa doesn’t disrespect the classic model, he just adapts it.

Keywords: Sports Trainning, Trainning Periodization, Periodization Model

Correspondence to:
Rua André Rocha, 3215 sl 207 Jacarepaguá CEP: 22710-560 - Brazil
Submitted: July / 2005 Accepted: August / 2005

Copyright© 2008 por Colégio Brasileiro de Atividade Física, Saúde e Esporte

340 Fit Perf J Rio de Janeiro 4 6 340-346 Nov/Dec 2005

RESUMO
Estudo sobre a fundamentação do modelo de periodização de Tudor
Bompa do treinamento desportivo
Planos anuais de treinamento simples são utilizados há séculos. Periodização é
o planejamento geral e detalhado do tempo disponível para o treinamento, de
acordo com os objetivos intermediários perfeitamente estabelecidos, respeitando
se os princípios científicos do exercício desportivo (DANTAS, 2003). Este estudo
efetuou uma comparação entre os modelos de periodização (MP) de Matveev
e Bompa, utilizando-se da metanálise como instrumento estatístico, visando
parear os MPs dos autores descritos. Em 1965 Matveev publicou o MP que
seria utilizado durante décadas. Segundo BOMPA (2002), este MP seria típico
de desportos com predominância de potência e velocidade. Portanto segundo
o referido autor este MP não poderia servir de parâmetro para desportos com
predominância de resistência. Para equacionar tal problema, Bompa propõe uma
modificação no modelo tradicional, inserindo cargas de trabalho de alto volume
durante praticamente toda a temporada. Outro problema está relacionado com
a mudança da nova ordem mundial do esporte de alto nível, com competições
distribuídas ao ano inteiro, onde vários peaks são necessários. Bompa também
propõe uma equação para este problema com ciclos duplos, triplos e múltiplos
de treinamento. No entanto, apesar das mudanças ao modelo tradicional, Bompa
não desconsidera o modelo clássico, apenas adapta.
Palavras-chave: treinamento desportivo, periodização do treinamento,
modelos de periodização
INTRODUCTION
The concept of timeline is not new, annual plans for stan-
dard training are used for centuries. This concept has its first
evidence in Ancient Greece, being used in the olympics and
also for training of feudal armies (BOMPA, 2002). Through
the centuries the act of period training has been improved.
Sometimes seasons passed blank in relation to training,
but nothing compared the production of knowledge on this
subject of study as the century that this has happened and
where we are.
Wars have never been in the daily news of the man, but the
evidence of major collisions at the beginning of the century
XIX, followed by the big wars and its consequences have with
the physical preparation of the men became crucial issue for
the supremacy of some nations. Until half of the last century,
the military influence was predominant in progress on the act
of physical training. However over the years the challenges
before focused on the armaments question, literally became
a science and technology race to promote better physical
performance. Several nations have started to invest in the
human athlete and the act of periodical training that becomes
primordial.
In the middle of the sixties, in the USSR, a group of scholars led
by Lev Pavilovch Matveev publishes a timeline model that would
become a reference for decades. This is because, from now, phy-
sical coaches before conditioned to disorderly experimentation
began to organize their training for several years.
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 4, 6, 341, Nov/Dec 2005
RESUMEN
Estudio sobre la fundamentación del modelo de periodización de Tudor
Bompa del entrenamiento deportivo
Planos anuales de entrenamiento simple son utilizados hace siglos. Periodización
es la planificación general y detallado del tiempo disponible para el entre-
namiento, de acuerdo con los objetivos intermediarios perfectamente establecidos,
respetando si los principios científicos del ejercicio deportivo (DANTAS, 2003).
Este estudio efectuó una comparación entre los modelos de periodización (MP)
de Matveev y Bompa, utilizándose de la metanálisis como instrumento estadístico,
visando parear los MPS de los autores descritos. En 1965 Matveev publicó el
MP que sería utilizado durante décadas. Según BOMPA (2002), este MP sería
típico de deportes con predominancia de potencia y velocidad. Por lo tanto
según el referido autor este MP no podría servir de parámetro para deportes
con predominancia de resistencia. Para poner en ecuación tal problema, Bompa
propone una modificación en el modelo tradicional, insertando cargas de trabajo
de alto volumen durante prácticamente toda la temporada. Otro problema está
relacionado con la mudanza del nuevo orden mundial del deporte de alto nivel,
con competiciones distribuidas al año entero, donde varios peaks son necesarios.
Bompa también propone una ecuación para este problema con ciclos dobles,
triples y múltiplos de entrenamiento. Sin embargo, a pesar de los cambios al
modelo tradicional, Bompa no desconsidera el modelo clásico, sólo adapta.
Palabras clave: entrenamiento deportivo, periodización del entrenamiento,
modelos de periodización
Athletes come to have a higher survival, an appropriate training
and a better performance, such as the Soviet athletes that came
to dominate the Olympic world scene.
With the passage of decades the world sports scenario changes
from the moment the socialist bloc got cut. Capitalism starts to
dictate a new course for the sport worldwide, with more competi-
tions and great awards values for the Olympics period in a fierce
competition for the promotion of Olympic headquarters. From
this moment the traditional Matveev´s periodization becomes
questioned by some and adapted by others. Bompa follows the
traditional Matveev´s line, but makes some caveats in his work
and says that the difference between traditional timeline models
and the preceding is in the fact that the traditional have been
the first to be published, not more than this (2002).
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to compare the timeline models (MP), of Matveev
and Bompa, using the meta analysis as a search tool. This is
made necessary by still having discussion about the applicability,
the adequacy and comprehensiveness of the timeline models
cited with the new world sports order.
LITERATURE REVISION
The planning of sports training or simply training timeline is not
new and neither a russian discovery. The Greeks already wrote
341
about it, but the story and time only reserved a few writings of
this era (BOMPA, 2002). Periodization is the general detailed
planning of the time available for training, according to the
intermediaries’ objectives perfectly set, respecting the principles
of the scientific sports exercise (DANTAS, 2003).
But time passed and the matter is still unknown for many, despite
the significant advances made in recent decades, highlighting-
1965 of the annual sports training planning model. This model
has been widely and quickly disseminated in the western world
and, for this reason, known as a model of classic or traditional
timeline.
The model in question recommends a timeline of training in
several years, from childhood the motor and cognitive learning
overall is crafted to youth, with the appropriate targeting sports
for those who demonstrate the ability during these years to be-
come athletes. In this initial period the future athletes are still
in school period. Involvement of the school on identification
of talent also assures individuals at least some professional
expertise of involvement in identification of talent and relieves
some costs that could be restrictive (Thomson, 1985). So they
are targeted according to their skills, whether motor or not, to
get trained at the same school. Each one, when entering the
school, has records of school history, history of motor skills
and medical history, where the training aims to provide the
experience in motor shares and the increase of ballast distinct
physiological through 4 month periodizations and semester
periodizations over the years. However, there is no direction to
a particular sport early.
The level of expectation of the sport athlete reaches its peak
when there is a direction to the high level training. The macro
cycle is structured in annual periods, divided into meso cycles,
where each physical quality is performed by four to six weeks.
To better adapt to the calendar the micro cycles are created in
periods of a week, and the different loads of training determined
with the objective of the micro cycle.
Bompa adds to his model the same structure of the classic
model, with preparatory period, divided into general and
specific phases, and competitive period, subdivided into
pre-competitive and competitive stage (Figure 1). However,
Bompa uses the macro cycle term to describe the periods of
four to six weeks (microcycles) that are designed to work the
basic and specific physical qualities, that is, as the structural
model of the timeline of Bompa, the macro meso cycle cor-
respond to the classic model of Matveev. In his model, Bompa
Picture 1 – Annual training planning
Annual Planning
Training
Preparatory
Periods
Subphases General Specific
Macrocycles
Microcycles
Source: Bompa, 2002
342
repeatedly stresses the importance of the training recovery.
After a great stimulus, one session of training the period of
recovery is approximately 24 hours (HERBERGER, 1997).
Variations to the overcompensation are given according to
the intensity taught in session and can be extended by up
to 36-48 hours or eliminated in 6-9 hours. Normally, high
level athletes workout two sessions per day, leading to the
same to have short recoveries, allowing them to be higher
adapted on recovery of larger size (BOMPA, 2002). According
to the theory of recovery, with athletes aged over 25 years
need greater recoveries between sessions. Athletes under
the age of 18 also facilitate the overcompensation (1989;
ROWLAND, 1990; SCHÖNER-KOLB, 1990; BOMPA, 2002).
The sex also affect the recovery, that means, women need
greater intervals because the endocrine difference, mainly
regarding testosterone makes the answers slower (NOAKES,
1991; NUDEL, 1989; VANDER et. Al. 1990; MAKSUD and
MWLICHNA, 1989; BOMPA, 2002). Environmental factors
can also influence the recovery, as the altitude where the
taking of oxygen is deficient (1992), the low temperatures
where production of hormones, such as growth hormone and
testosterone, is affected (LIVENE et. Al. 1994; STRASSMAN
et. Al. 1991) and the levels of lactate grow, thus decreasing
the metabolism of lipids also due to the vasoconstriction
(DOUBT, 1991).
During the competition period, Bompa recommends that before
the foreseen competitions a period of recovery is done, called
by that author as polishing macro cycle, with the aim specifically
to train for a major competition, remove the fatigue and facili-
tate the occurrence of overcompensation, through a decrease
in the training loads (unloading), lasting at most two weeks or
two microcycles (BOMPA, 2002). The training loads depend on
the sport in question, and how coaches want their athletes to
act. For collective sports with one or more games per week if
the training loads remain stable, but the individual sports take
variable loads (BOMPA, 2002).
In the transition macrocycle the loads are suppressed, with the
aim to recover the body of the athlete of excess loads applied in
competitions and to prepare the body for the next macrocycle.
In this case, recovery microcycles with loads in progress are
used.
Considering the current sports scene, with several major
competitions a year, some scholars began to consider the
traditional model of periodization of the sport training to
Competitive Transition
Before-competitive Competitive Transition
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 4, 6, 342, Nov/Dec 2005
promote more than a peak season, and therefore would be
exceeded. These Bompa circumstances lead to make two
caveats to the traditional model. The first is related to their
view that the traditional model would be typical of strength
and speed sports. Thus it would be a mistake to apply it to
resistance sport training. Anaerobic power is a crucial part to
the success of the training and it is often the determinant to
wins and losses. You can have a strong aerobic system, but if
you have a weak anaerobic system, it will be very unsuccessful
(Tanaka, 1993). So Bompa proposes to these sports a model
with loads of high volume, and higher than intensity loads,
throughout the season.
The second reflects on the need of the current sports world
scene, where new types of training to promote “Peaks” of
performance in various competitions over the same season,
according to the high values of awards and other commercial
interests involved.
The peak is the apex of the physical, technical, tactical and
psychological ways, hit by an athlete as a result of a training
program (DANTAS, 2003). The traditional model admits up to
three peaks a year, so Bompa proposes double, triple and mul-
tiple models to meet these demands (BOMPA, 2002).
The double model is designed to power and speed sports,
with the same structure of the traditional model, producing
two peaks in the same season, with two history periods, two
competitive, two or one transition period, the last being more
effective.
The triple model is designed to sports competitions with
three target competitions with a growing level of importance
throughout the season. As in the previous model, the structure
is not different from the traditional, it is just repeated three
times in the same season with three history periods, three
competitive times and three transition periods, more effective
in the latter.
The multiple model (Figure 2) is intended to seasons with four
or more target competitions a year and structured like the dou-
ble and triple models. The clearer example of the application
of this structure would be applied in a athlete who participates
in ATP tour, where we have four major tournaments distributed
throughout the year.
As can be shown in the example above, as it approaches the end
of the season, the structure will be modifying so that the prepara-
tory period is replaced by shortened dimensions, depending on
the physiological ballast obtained during earlier periods. Over
the years, and a repetitive accumulation of these charges, the
history periods are shortened yet more, with greater specificity
in the preparatory training period.
Picture 2 – Multiple model
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
PI C T PII C T PIII C T PIV C T
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 4, 6, 343, Nov/Dec 2005
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used the meta analysis (THOMAS & NELSON, 2002)
to translate the data needed for this research. This methodology
aims to combine and summarize the results of several studies in
a mathematical synthesis to integrate the results of the studies
with the aim of solving the problems of traditional review (2002
2001; VIEIRA & HASSNE, 2001).
According to Galvão, Sawada & Trevizan, (2004), the meta
analysis is indicated when the results of several studies disagree
on the magnitude or the direction of the effect and when tests
evaluate a particular subject are expensive or require a long
time to be made.
SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION
The studies used in the research were selected from a randomi-
zed database called EMBASE, SPORT DISCUS and MEDLINE
search through the “timeline or periodization or periodización
and training or training or entrenamiento. “ Were used 103
references, including articles and books published by available
and accessible authors of training timeline.
In the table can be observed that all variables have a high dis-
persion (CV> 25%), and therefore is the best average measure
of central tendency (SHIMAKURA, 2005).
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROTOCOL
Information obtained through referrals was submitted to a table
with 24 criteria that were scored. These scores serve as criteria to
validate the reliability and the weight of each scientific study.
The 24 selected criteria were: article number, ending year; rese-
arch situation; information from the source, if published, where
was published; if it was published as a book or no, edits; if it
was published in serial, number of exemplars; timeline structure;
variation of loads, number of peaks; sport level; applicability
of the model; level of the subjects tested; defining quality of the
group; classification of confidence in the performance selection,
how this level was determined; total number of subjects in the
group; sex of the subjects; average age of the samples used in
groups; average number of years of experience with the sport;
status of the subject; experience up to the task; scoring avera-
ge performance of the group in the task; standard deviation
group’s task.
Table 1 – Results of the descriptive and inferencial analysis of the
control group
Variables 3 X ε Md S a3 a4 CV%
IPOT 103 34.65 0.77 34.93 7.85 0.17 0.63 22.65
X = average; E = average standard error, median = Md; s = default
deviation; a3 = asymmetry; a4 = curtose; CV = variation coefficient
343
A meta analysis uses an estimate called Size Effect (TE), deter- significant manner between periodizations studied in the scientific
mined by the following formula (THOMAS & NELSON, 2002), means. Already Matveev´s model presented a strong relevance,
to determine the statistical potential of the sample: even this being the oldest of them, still shows its importance in
the scientific world regarding the training timeline.
ME – MC / SC
The adequacy of these models timeline is defined on the structure
ME = average of the experimental group
of the timeline and the variation of loads. To identify the structure
MC = average of the control group of the timeline, it was divided into three: Traditional, Competition
SC = standard deviation of the control group and Transition (AZEVEDO, 2005). The Traditional originates from
the classical timeline, has three stages: preparation, competition
The instrument used will be a computer table developed in the
and transition. The adapted, as its name suggests, classifies
computer program Excel 97. The table was submitted to the
any of which have only one or two of the traditional stages, but
“Face Validity” process, and was reviewed and approved by 3
never all three of them. Now the indefinite is applied in cases of
notorious doctors in the Sports Training area.
not being identified to the periodization structure form. Another
adequacy way is as to the appropriateness of load variations. To
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION find a classification when it is about loads it could be founded
some difficulties.
With the information of the cutting percentiles we can group
the studies for each of the models investigated and through its An extensive survey concerning the general concepts on the
averages, identify them within the limits of percentiles. burden of training shows that, if we take into account all the
concepts explained by several authors, the training loads can
The result of quartiles of each experimental group demonstrates deploy almost ten different elements, such as; volume, intensi-
within that from 103 references on the timeline training, Ma- ty, density, length, frequency, nature of the exercises, duration
tveev and Bompa have a good acceptance and relevancy. The and nature of the rest intervals, number of repetitions, stimulus
Matveev´s model is the most considered within them, being
magnitude (FORTEZA, 2001).
more accepted than Bompa.
However, it is noted the importance of two of these elements in
The calculation of the size effect (TE) classifies data on: TE small
sports training, supported by Verkoshanski (1990), and the rates
(<0.2); TE moderate (= 0.5); TE large (> 0.8). (Cohen, 1969
being used in more general cargo training; volume and intensity.
in Domingues, 2004).
It emphasized the scientific principle of sports training of interde-
According to the TEs presented, the model of Matveev and the pendence between volume and intensity (DANTAS, 2003).
model proposed by Bompa, are classified as large TE. It is worth
This interdependence can behave in three different ways:
emphasizing that the analysis which uses the meta analysis, as
predominance variation, volume predominance and intensity
the calculation of TE are based in aiming higher theoretical
predominance.
models of consistency in the proposed timeline by Matveev and
by Bompa. We can see that Matveev´s traditional model got the best results
of suitability and TE, suitability. We can attribute this to the fact
The results demonstrate the expression of each model timeline
that model is suitable to base categories and high performance
within the mass of references on the subject. Bompa´s model is
intensity adult athletes. Meanwhile, Bompa obtained an inter-
inserted between more current periodizations, in the presence of
mediate relevance in the universe of the sample.
Table 2 – Cut percentile of the quartis of the control group
The range of periodization models of sports training is divided
N Quartis 103 Concepts in two different ways: on the number of peaks and on the sports
Q1 < 29.07 Insufficient
level. The criteria for identification of the number of peaks in a
Q25 29.07 – 34.92 Regular
Categories season were classified in two ways: allowing up to 3 peaks or
Q50 34.93 – 38.24 Good
more than 3 peaks. For the identification of the sports level were
Q75 38.25 ou < Very Good
established three classifications: high performance, amateur or
Table 3 – Evaluation of the quartil of each periodization model beginner.
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA
According to the data obtained by the meta analysis we can
Average indexes 36.81 35.55
Concept Good Good
note that the coverage degree of the timeline models of sports
training, points to Matveev´s model (Traditional) as preferential,
Table 4 – So great effect of each model of periodização to give to the same major interference in contemporary training
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA procedures and sports science productions of the same theme.
TE 2.81 1.17 Regarding Bompa´s model the coverage degree becomes more
Concept Big Big limited.

344 Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 4, 6, 344, Nov/Dec 2005

Table 5 - Adequability indices results Perhaps, the fact of disregarding the mesocycle and calling it as
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA “macro”, may partly explain the exclusion of the training curves.
IADEQ. 3.44 2.66 In the classic model of training planning, the mesocycle is the
Concept Very Good Good essential part in obtaining the development of sport physical
qualities to be trained. The macrocycle is a part of the expectation
Table 6 - Results of the size effect (te) compared to adequability
sports plan which consists of periods of training, competition
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA
and recovery, executed over a season, targeting to lead the
IADEQ. 1.13 0.34
Concept Big Moderated
athlete, or a team, to a level of conditioning that enables them
to perform the desired performance under chosen conditions
Table 7 - Abrangency indexes results within a training plan previously done.
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA
Only introducing this model to a group of athletes can be found
IABRAN. 3.80 3.2
the results that will show the path in such a model. For double,
Concept Very Good Good
triple and multiple models promoting various peaks during the
Table 8 - Size effect results (te) as to coverage season, not differentiate in its essence from the models of other
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA authors who also adapted the traditional model, such as: Dantas
IABRAN. 1.23 0.76 (Meeting), Valdivielso (ATR) and Platonov (multicíclico).
Concept Big Moderated
In particular literature, the traditional model is still cited as a
Table 9 - Aplicability indices results model that provides a more appropriate performance, applicable
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA and comprehensive, such about the periodization structure, or the
IAPLIC. 1.00 0.75 training loads variation. Once monastic, to develop a physical
Concept Very Good Good quality as a priority, yet eclectic, when it aims to develop several
physical qualities concurrently. Both in relation to sports level,
Table 10 - Size effect results (te) as to aplicability
as in the number of peaks desired.
Variables MATVEEV BOMPA
IAPLIC 0.83 0.32 Bompa´s priority model is inserted between more current perio-
Concept Big Moderated dizations, in the presence of significant ways between periodi-
zations studied, but in terms of meta analysis, behave in such a
The applicability of the timeline models of the training, can be less consistent way. It is suggested that, in further studies, seek
classified as monastic when it aims to develop a physical quality to include a comparison of other periodization models, seeking
as a priority and eclectic when aims to develop various physical ever more specialized references about the subject, so you can
qualities concurrently. add to the results found in this study.
According to the data obtained by the meta analysis on the sports
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