LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE Functionalities
LTE Radio and Features Overview
Parameters RL10

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

Contents

1. LTE Functionalities and Overview

2. Channel Configuration
3. General parameter DB structure and System Information
Broadcast
4. Random Access
5. Radio Admission Control (RAC)
6. Radio Bearer Control & DRX /DTX Management
7. LTE Mobility Management
8. UL/DL Scheduler
9. MIMO Mode Control (MIMO-MC)
10.Power Control

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview
LTE in 3GPP Release 8
3GPP and Operator Requirements
Packet Switched Domain Optimized
RTT <10 ms
Access Delay <300 ms
Peak Rates UL/DL 50/100 Mbps
Good Mobility and Security
Improve Terminal Power Efficiency
Frequency Allocation Flexibility with 1.4,3, 5,
10, 15 and 20 MHz Allocations
WCDMA evolution work to continue
3-4 times higher capacity expected than with
Release 6 HSDPA/HSUPA reference case
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Study Phase
2004: 3GPP workshop on UTRAN Long Term
Evolution
03/2005 Start of the study
12/2005 Multiple Access selected
03/2006 eNB/Core functional split selected
09/2006 Close of the study item & approval of
work plan
Release 8 Stage 3 Output
06/2008 baseline
09/2008 baseline: Major PHY updates.
12/2008 baseline: Major MAC updates.
03/2009 baseline: Major L3 updates.
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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE/EPC Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity Policy &
S6a Charging Rule
MME S10 Function
X2
ME
S7 Rx+
-M
S1
PCRF

S11

S1-U S5/S8 SGi

PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
(eNB)
LTE-UE
S-GW /P-GW

NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names

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HSS: Home subscriber server ( part of IMS)

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface

LTE-Uu interface
(E)-RRC
(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User
User PDUs User PDUs
PDUs

PDCP
PDCP
• Air interface of LTE
RLC
RLC
• Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in
TS 36.300
UL
MAC
MAC
eNB
• FDD and TDD duplex methods
LTE-L1
LTE-L1(FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
(FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
• Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently
20 MHz
LTE-Uu

X2-UP X2 interface
(User Plane) • Inter eNB interface
X2-CP
(Control Plane) User • X2AP: special signalling protocol
User PDUs
PDUs
• Functionalities:
TS 36.423 X2-AP
X2-AP GTP-U
GTP-U
X2 – For an inter- eNB HO to facilitate
SCTP
SCTP UDP
UDP
TS 36.422
TS 36.424 handover and provide data forwarding.
IP
IP IP
IP – In RRM to provide e.g. load information
TS 36.421 L1/L2
L1/L2 L1/L2
L1/L2 TS 36.421 to neighbouring eNBs to facilitate
interference management
– Logical interface: It does not need direct
TS 36.420 site-to-site connection, i.e. it can be
routed via core network as well
eNB

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UDP: User Datagram Protocol ( L4 Transport Layer) . Similar to TCP but only
provides connectionless service.

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

S1 interface is divided into two parts: S1-MME
(Control Plane)

NAS
NAS Protocols
S1-MME interface Protocols
MME
TS 36.413 S1-AP
S1-AP
• Control interface between eNB and
MME TS 36.412 SCTP
SCTP
IP
IP
• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
eNB L1/L2 TS 36.411
L1/L2
• MME and UE will exchangenon-
access stratum signaling via eNB S1-U

through this interface ( i.e. (User Plane)

User
User PDUs
PDUs
authentication, tracking area updates)
GTP-U
GTP-U Serving
TS 36.414 Gateway
UDP
UDP
S1-U interface
IP
IP
• User plane interface between eNB and TS 36.411 L1/L2
L1/L2
serving gateway
• Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
TS 36.410
[currently in TS 36.300 19]

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SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol. For IP signalling. Ensures reliable, in-
sequence transport of messages with congestion control Similar to TCP but with
advantages:
Multi-homing support, where one (or both) endpoints of a connection can consist of
more than one IP address, enabling transparent fail-over between redundant network
paths.
Transaction-oriented, it transports data in one or more messages instead of in byte
streams ( TCP)

GTP: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol ( same as for UMTS Rel 99): user plane traffic

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

Physical Layer Technologies

Downlink: OFDM (Orthogonal FDD Carrier Number of

Frequency Division Multiplexing). Bandwidth Resource
[MHz] Blocks
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier
1.4 6
Frequency Division Multiple Access).
3 15

5 25
Both FDD and TDD modes available.
10 50

15 75
Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz.
20 100

Scalable bandwidth.

Only FDD with 5, 10 and 20 MHz

Bandwidth supported in RL10

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

Based upon
Exercise - Theoretical RB Capacity 3GPP TS 36.211
(normal cyclic prefix case)

s
Resource Block (RB)
r
e
i ) • Basic unit of resource
r z
r H
a
c k • 12 subcarriers wide in the frequency domain
b 0
u 8
s 1
(
• 7 symbols long in the time domain
2
1 • Thus, 84 symbols per resource block

• Bit Rate per Resource Block depends upon

7 symbols modulation scheme
(0.5 ms)

Bit Rates per Symbol rate = 168 ksps

Resource Block • QPSK => 2 bits per symbol => 336 kbps
• 16QAM => 4 bits per symbol => 672 kbps
TTI is 1 ms, i.e.
duration of 2 • 64QAM => 6 bits per symbol => 1.008 Mbps
resource blocks

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

Exercise - Theoretical LTE Bit Rates - Downlink

• Bit Rates per Resource Block × Number of Resource Blocks

Figures in Mbps Channel Bandwidth

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
QPSK 2.016 5.040 8.400 16.800 25.200 33.600
16QAM 4.032 10.080 16.800 33.600 50.400 67.200
64QAM 6.048 15.120 25.200 50.400 75.600 100.800
64QAM (2+2 MIMO) 12.096 30.240 50.400 100.800 151.200 201.600
64QAM (4+4 MIMO) 24.192 60.480 100.800 201.600 302.400 403.200

• These bit rates are applicable to the bottom of the Physical Layer ,
i.e. coding rate has not been taken into account
• Also requirement to account for the overheads generated by
Reference and Synchronisation Signals + other Physical Channels

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE Peak Layer 1 Data Rates

• Downlink: Peak Rate 172 Mbps with 2x2 MIMO and 20 MHz
Mod ul a ti onc odin g 1 . 4M Hz 3 . 0MHz 5 . 0M Hz 1 0M Hz 1 5M Hz 2 0MHz
QPSK 1/2 Singlestream 0.7 2.1 3.5 7.0 10.6 14.1
16QAM 1/2 Singlestream 1.4 4.1 7.0 14.1 21.2 28.3
16QAM 3/4 Singlestream 2.2 6.2 10.5 21.1 31.8 42.4
64QAM 3/4 Singlestream 3.3 9.3 15.7 31.7 47.7 63.6
64QAM 4/4 Singlestream 4.3 12.4 21.0 42.3 63.6 84.9
64QAM 3/4 2x2MIMO 6.6 18.9 31.9 64.3 96.7 129.1
64QAM 1/1 2x2MIMO 8.8 25.3 42.5 85.7 128.9 172.1
64QAM 1/1 4x4MIMO 16.6 47.7 80.3 161.9 243.5 325.1

• Uplink: Peak Rate 57 Mbps with 20 MHz and 16QAM

Mod ul a ti onc odin g 1 . 4MHz 3 . 0M Hz 5 . 0M H z 1 0M Hz 1 5MHz 20 MHz

QPSK 1/2 Singlestream 0.7 2.0 3.5 7.1 10.8 14.3
16QAM 1/2 Singlestream 1.4 4.0 6.9 14.1 21.6 28.5
16QAM 3/4 Singlestream 2.2 6.0 10.4 21.2 32.4 42.8
16QAM 1/1 Singlestream 2.9 8.1 13.8 28.2 43.2 57.0
64QAM 3/4 Singlestream 3.2 9.1 15.6 31.8 48.6 64.2
64QAM 1/1 Singlestream 4.3 12.1 20.7 42.3 64.8 85.5
64QAM 1/1 V-MIMO(cell) 8.6 24.2 41.5 84.7 129.6 171.1

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Downlink

•Normal Cyclic Prefix considered and 10MHz BW

•Following overheads not reduced: CRC, L2/L3 headers, IP headers
•Following overheads reduced
Synchronization, reference, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH and 1 PDCCH symbol
•Relative overheads
Reference symbol overhead 9.5% with 2x2 MIMO
PDCCH overhead 4.76% with single symbol (two symbols with 1.4
MHz)(12*Numpdcch symbol-4*RS)/(12*7*2subframes)
Other overheads <1% with 10 MHz bandwidth
UPLINK
•Following overheads not reduced: CRC, L2/L3 headers, IP headers
•Following overheads reduced
1 symbol for reference symbol
1 resource block for PUCCH
•Relative overheads
Reference symbol overhead 14.3%
PUCCH overhead =2/50 (or best case 1/50)= 4% or (2%)
RACH overhead = (not present in peak?)= 6 * 84 /(2*84*50*10)=0.6%
When calculating peak rate is it considering that only factors of 2, 3 or 5 can
be assigned in the UL?

VIRTUAL MIMO: (multi user MIMO) 2 UEs with 1Tx antenna each can communicate with an
eNodeB simultaneously using the same resource blocks simultaneously ( A way for operators
to increase capacity). As UEs are assumed to be physically distant from each other the
resulting combined transmissions arrive at the eNodeB as multipath and can be processed in
the same way as separate MIMO streams. It doubles capacity of the UL.

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE UE Categories
• All categories support 20 MHz
• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
• 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4 Class5

Peak rate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 300/75 Mbps

RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

BTS tx diversity 1-4 tx 1-4

tx 1-4
tx 1-4
tx 1-4
tx

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

RRM Framework

•UE scope:Handover control, power control, Adaptive

Modulation and Coding, outer link quality control, MIMO
•Cell scope:Radio Admission Control, Congestion
Control

•eNode implementation)
simpler B scope: Packet Scheduler (cell scope for

•RAN scope:Load Balancing, Inter-cell Interference

Coordination
•Multi-RAT scope: Interworking with GSM/EDGE and
UMTS, inter-RAT HO

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

RRM Framework: Time Scale of RRM Functions

Time Scale
Traffic,
Traffic,Channel
Channeland
and 100 s Radio Admission Control
Location
LocationVariations
Variations

Call Connection Mobility Control

Duration
10 s Layer 3
Load Balancing , Congestion Control RRM
Interhandover
Time Intercell Interference Coordination

1s
Slow
SlowUL
UL UE
UE
L3 Signaling Power
PowerControl
Control DRX/DTX
DRX/DTX
Delay (open/closed
(open/closed Dynamic Control
Slow Dynamic Control
100 ms Loop)
Loop) SlowUL
ULLA/AMC,
LA/AMC, MIMO
Slow MIMO
Burst or Packet SlowUL
ULATB
ATB Control
Control
Duration
Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)
10 ms Layer 2
Channel
Fading Time RRM
Fast DL AMC

LTE TTI 1 ms Packet Scheduling (UL/DL), fast ATB

ATB = Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth
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RRM Framework RL10

Functional Description of the different RRM Modules

•Radio Admission Control : Admission control will be encharged of

deciding when new users (or mobility users) are allowed to establish
bearers in the cell
•Packet Scheduler: Is encharged of UL and DL scheduling every
TTI. PS will dedice which users are scheduled on a TTI basis and
the amount of resources allocated to each user.
•Power control: For DL it will be a semi static configuration where
as for UL RRM will provide feedback for closed loop power control to
reduce UL interference.
• AMC (OLQC, OLLA) : AMC will perform link adaptation tasks to
ensure radio resources are used in the most effiecient way possible.
•MIMO: This module is encharged of selecting whether Transmit
diversity, Spatial multiplexing or dynamic switching between
previous two modes will be emplyed for every user based on UE
feedback

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview

LTE FDD Release Roadmap

RL09 RL10 RL20 RL30
Available Ready for Contract Under Planning Study Items

RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom

Open Loop UL Power Control and DL
Power Setting
CQI Adaptation (DL)
Link Adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)
Support of 64 QAM in DL
Fair Scheduler (UL/DL)
Cell Selection and Re-Selection
Intra Frequency Handover via X2
Transmit Diversity for Two Antennas
Downlink Adaptive Open Loop MIMO
for Two Antennas
O&M
SON -Automatic Adjacent Cell
Configuration
NetAct -Fault Management
LTE BTS Site Manager
Remote Electrical Tilt (RET)
Management
BTS Site Solutions
Flexi System Module: FSME
13 km Cell Range
Bandwidth: 5, 10 and 20 MHz
Frequency: 700 and 2600 MHz
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTLB
Ethernet Transport
Synchronization from GPS
Rate Capping per UE (UL/DL)
Ciphering / Integrity Protection
Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA
Closed Loop UL Power Control
S1 Flex
Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN)
O&M
SON -BTS Auto Connectivity
SON -BTS Auto Configuration
SON -NetAct Optimizer for LTE
SON -ANR
SON -ANR InterRAT UTRAN
SON -Self Healing I
LTE Security
BTS Site Solutions
Flexi System Module: FSMD
77 km Cell Range
Frequency: 800EU*, 900*, 1800*,
1700/2100 and 2100 MHz
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTIB
Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer
Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer
VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation
Traffic Shaping
LTE IPSec Support
Synchronization from Ethernet
Support of Multiple EPS Bearers
Support of GBR EPS Bearer
Inter RAT Handover to eHRPD
DRX in RRC Connected Mode
SRVCC to WCDMA
SRVCC to GSM
CS Fallback to WCDMA
CS Fallback to GSM
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Inter Frequency Handover
NACC to GSM
Service Differentiation for Non-GBR
EPS Bearer
O&M
SON -ANR Fully UE Based
SON -ANR InterRAT GERAN/HRPD
SON -Self Healing II
Trace Support
BTS Site Solutions
Up to 6 Cells with One System Module
RF Sharing GSM - LTE
100 km Cell Range
Bandwidth: 1.4, 3 and 15 MHz
Frequency: 850 and 1900 MHz
Transport
QoS Aware Ethernet Switching
Ethernet OAM
Transmit Diversity for Four Antennas
Downlink Adaptive MIMO for Four
Antennas
TTI Bundling
O&M
SON - ANR Inter RAT UE Based
SON - Mobility Robustness Optimization
Online Performance Monitoring
BTS Site Solutions
RF Sharing WCDMA - LTE
System Sharing WCDMA - LTE
4-Way RX Diversity (MRC)
180W Flexi Multiradio Remote RF
Frequency: 1500 MHz
Transport
CESoPSN
Transport Link Redundancy
IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack
IP Transport Network Measurements
(* RL10 ED
Note: Availability and order of different RF
Module and Remote RF Head frequency
variants pending on market need and
customer orders

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LTE Functionalities & Features Overview
LTE (FDD) RRM & Telecom Roadmap
RL09
R L 09
Available
Basic functionality
S1/X2 Data Path Management
S1, X2 and RRC Common Signaling
EPS Bearer Establishment and Release
Admission Control
System Information Broadcast
Physical & Transport Channels
PDCP, MAC & RLC Support
Fair Scheduler (UL/DL)
Paging
UE State Management
Single TX Path
Capacity / Coverage
Open Loop UL Power Control and DL
Power Setting
Link Adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)
Transmit Diversity for Two Antennas
Downlink Adaptive Open Loop MIMO for Mobility
Two Antennas
Support of 64 QAM in DL
CQI adaptation (DL)
Mobility
Cell Selection and Re-Selection
Intra Frequency Handover via X2
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RL10
Ready for Contract
Network Architecture
S1-Flex
Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN)
Services
Rate Capping per UE (UL/DL)
Capacity / Coverage
Downlink Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO
for Two Antennas
Closed Loop UL Power Control
PUCCH Blanking
PDCCH Link Adaptation
Security
Ciphering
Integrity Protection
Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA
Inter RAT Cell Re-Selection
Redirect to LTE or Other Technology
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R L 20
Under Planning
Services
Support of Multiple EPS Bearers
Support of GBR EPS Bearer
Robust Header Compression
DRX in RRC Connected Mode
Service Differentiation for Non-GBR
EPS Bearer
UE AMBR Modification
Mobility
Inter RAT Handover to eHRPD
SRVCC to WCDMA
SRVCC to GSM
CS Fallback to WCDMA
CS Fallback to GSM
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Inter Frequency Handover
NACC to GSM
RRL30
L 30
Study Items
Capacity / Coverage
Support of 64 QAM in UL
Transmit Diversity for Four Antennas
Downlink Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO
for Four Antennas
Channel Aware Scheduler (UL)
TTI Bundling
Extended Cyclic Prefix
Mobility
Inter RAT Handover from WCDMA
Support of High Speed Users
SRVCC to 1xRTT
CS Fallback to 1xRTT
Service Based Handover
Load Based Handover
Services
Support of Cell Based Location Service
E911
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