Chapter 12.

Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

 12.1An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes

 12.2Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes
o Heat Involved in Phase Changes
o Equilibrium Nature of Phase Changes
o Phase Diagrams
 12.3Types of Intermolecular Forces
o How Close Can Molecules Approach Each Other?
o Ion-Dipole Forces
o Dipole-Dipole Forces
o The Hydrogen Bond
o Polarizability and Induced Dipole Forces
o Dispersion (London) Forces
 12.4Properties of the Liquid State
o Surface Tension
o Capillarity
o Viscosity
 12.5The Uniqueness of Water
o Solvent Properties
o Thermal Properties
o Surface Properties
o Unusual Density of Solid Water
 12.6The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding
o Structural Features
o Crystalline Solids
o Amorphous Solids
o Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Band Theory
 12.7Advanced Materials
o Electronic Materials
o Liquid Crystals
o Ceramic Materials
o Polymeric Materials
o Nanotechnology

Concepts and Skills to Review Before You Study This Chapter

1. properties of gases, liquids, and solids (Section 5.1)
2. kinetic-molecular theory of gases (Section 5.5)
3. kinetic and potential energy (Section 6.1)
4. enthalpy change, heat capacity, and Hess's law (Sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.5)
5. diffraction of light (Section 7.1)
6. Coulomb's law (Section 9.2)
7. chemical bonding models (Chapter 9)
8. molecular polarity (Section 10.3)
9. molecular orbital treatment of diatomic molecules (Section 11.3)
1. Name the strongest intermolecular forces present between PCl 3 and PCl5. Show your work.

2. (a) CH3CH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2CH2F (c) CH3CH2CH2OH (d) HOCH2CH2CH2OH

a) Which one is most polar?
b) Which one should have the highest vapor pressure?
c) Which one should have the highest boiling point?
d) Which one should have the strongest surface tension?

3. Platinum (atomic mass 195.08 g/mol) crystallizes in a body-centered cubic unit cell. In addition,
platinum has an atomic radius of 139 pm. What is the density (in g/cm 3) of platinum?

4. At 0.00 °C, hexane, C6H14, has a vapor pressure of 45.37 mm Hg. Its Hvap is 30.1 kJ mol-1. What is
the vapor pressure of hexane at 62.2 °C?

5. (a) Using the heating curve, explain the super heating.

(b) Draw the cooling curve including supercooling. Explain supercooling.
(c) Calculate the amount of energy involved when 45.5g of water is cooled from 250.C (g) to 100.C(l).
Simple cubic : l=2r (1/8)x8 = 1
Body centered cubic : l = 4r/(3^0.5) [(1/8)x8] + 1 = 2
Face centered cubic : l=(8^0.5)r [(1/8)x8] + [(1/2)x6] = 4
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