Applications of Adaptive Signal

Processing:
Multipath Communication Channel Modeling

By
Prakash Kumar Rout
Dept. of AE&IE
Silicon Institute of Technology, BBSR
Applications of ASP: Four Classes

• Adaptive Modeling and System Identification

• Inverse Adaptive Modeling, Equalization, and

Deconvolution

• Adaptive Interference Canceling

• Adaptive Prediction
 System Identification
System Identification
System Modeling
 Inverse Modeling
Inverse Filtering
Deconvolution
Adaptive and Blind Equalization
 Interference Cancellation
Noise Canceling
Echo Cancellation
Adaptive Beamforming
 Prediction
Linear Predictive Coding
Adaptive Differential PCM
Spectrum Analysis
Signal Detection
 Adaptive Modeling and System Identification

Plant Noise
nk

+
Unknown Plant + ∑ Plant
Output
Input xk

yk _+ ϵk
Adaptive Model ∑

Error
Adaptive Modeling of a Multipath
Communication Channel
 Multipath Channel and Spread-Spectrum
Technique
• Transmitted information takes more than one path to
the receiver, thus producing interference and echoes
in the received signal.

• Adaptive modeling is used to identify the

paths(channels) i.e. to identify its impulse response.

• “Spread-spectrum” technique is an efficient method

for sending binary signals reliably in a high-noise,
multipath environment.
 Multipath Channel and Spread-
Spectrum Technique
• In “Spread-spectrum” technique each information bit,
either a ONE or a ZERO, is transmitted as a string of
coded bits(16 bits, 32 bits or 64 bits of Pseudorandom
Noise (PN) binary sequence; PN0 and PN1 coded
strings are known at Receiver).

• The ONE and ZERO codes are mutually orthogonal

(cross-correlation is zero) (as pseudorandom) and
have autocorrelation peak at zero lag.
 Multipath Channel and Spread-
Spectrum Technique
• The spectrum of a sequence of such PN strings tends
to be very broad even for a regular pattern of ONEs
and ZEROs; hence the name “spread-spectrum
communications”.

• It provides resistance to background noise, to

jamming, and to other forms of interference.

• A measure of privacy in communication is also

afforded.
 Problem
• The effects of multipath could be disastrous to a
spread-spectrum system.
• Bit strings could become scrambled at the receiver
as a result of propagation through multipath, that is,
parallel propagation through many natural paths add
linearly at the receiver causing scrambling or
smearing.
• Transmitted signal is convolved with the channel
impulse response, interference within the bit code
and from one bit code sequence to the next occurs
(intersymbol interference).
 Solution
• The goal of adaptive technique used in
conjunction with the spread-spectrum technique
is to “unravel or identify” the multipath and to
permit communication essentially as if
multipath were not present.
Typical Dispersive Channel and its Impulse
Response
Spread-Spectrum Transmitter and Receiver
Adaptive Modeling of a Multipath
Channel
Adaptive Modeling of a Multipath Channel
Adaptive Spread-Spectrum Commn System for Multipath Channel
Ball’s Method:
Cross-correlators
are represented by
multipliers followed
by “leaky” (Single-
pole) integrators.
 Notes
• With a noise-free channel, the output of only
one of the cross-correlators will peak at the
proper sensing time; the other cross-
correlator output will remain at a very low
level.

• Channel noise confuses the outputs of the two

cross-correlators as decision is taken on the
basis of the largest output.
 Notes
• Prior knowledge of channel signal-to-noise
ratio is useful in this case.

• The poorer the SNR, the longer one would

make the ONE/ZERO code strings, so that the
effects of random channel noise is reduced by
averaging in the cross-correlation process.
 Notes
• Noise in the channel causes noise in the
adaptive weights.

• To get good result with high channel noise,

slow adaptation is required.

• It would be workable when the channel

impulse response is stationary or if
nonstationary, it must be slowly varying.
 Notes
• Rapid variation in the multipath characteristics
accompanied by high channel noise will cause
the scheme to fail.

• Good success will result with either low noise

or slow channel variation or both.
Thank You