SAMPLING

HANDBOOK

SWEEP SAMPLER WITH MODULE

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
FOR THERMO RAMSEY ENGINEERED SAMPLERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE

1 What is Sampling? 3
2 Coal Sampling Systems (also applicable to other dry solids) 4
3 Coal Auger Sampling Systems 5
4 Sampling of Powders 6
5 Sampling of Slurries, Effluents and Liquids 7
6 Selection and sizing procedure for coal sampling system with examples 9
Reference material
Trajectory of discharge 17
Chute capacities, solid materials 18
7 Bias Testing 19
8 Continuous and Intermittant Rotary Samplers 19
9 Selection and sizing procedure, liquids and slurries 20
Reference material
Arcual sampler calculations 20
Slurry equations 20
10 Glossary of A.S.T.M. Terms 21
11 Engineering Conversion Factors 23

© Copyright 2001 All rights reserved

2
CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS SAMPLING?
Most raw materials and manufactured
products are sampled by some method
for purposes of quality control. Wine
and coffee are “sip-tasted” while auto-
mobiles are driven on test tracks. Our
area of interest lies in the extraction of
samples of material being transported
by conveyor belts, chutes, launders or
flumes, vibratory feeders, pipeline,
trucks or trains.
A representative sample is where every
particle in the lot being sampled is
equally represented.
The procurement of a sample from a
material stream is analogous to the
passing of a water glass underneath
a stream of tap water. As the glass
moves from right to left at a fixed rate
of speed, a sample is left in the glass.
This is a representative sample of the
conveyed or moving product which
we are trying to obtain.
Accurate and repeatable sampling
of materials is dependent upon the
following criteria:
1. The device which moves through
the material stream (a sample cut-
ter) should have an opening which
is adequately sized. This cutter
opening should be at least three (3)
times the maximum particle size.
2. The sample cutter, at its rest or
idle position, must be completely out
of the material stream.
3. When initiated manually, by a
timer, or by other means, the sam-
ple cutter will start from its rest posi-
tion and move through the material
stream at a predetermined, fixed
rate of speed.
4. This traverse speed or cutter
speed must be limited so that
screening or segregation does not
take place as the sample cutter
moves through the stream. If the
cutter speed is too fast, it is entirely
possible that segregation will occur.
A basic formula (see pages 9 thru 20)
is used to determine how much mate-
rial is removed in the form of sample
from the stream. It is the purpose of
this formula to provide the desired
weight or volume of sample each time
the sample cutter moves one time
through the stream. This motion of the
sample cutter is defined as a cut. For
example at the lefthand rest
position, with initiation by timer or
other means, the cutter moves to
the extreme righthand position and
stops. Alternately, the sample cutter is
inserted into a flowing stream of mate-
rial and withdrawn after removal of the
sample. Therefore, any unit of mea-
sure may be inserted into the
formula as long as the unit of measure
is consistent throughout.
We have just discussed the incremen-
tal method of sampling; i.e., where the
sampling machine is controlled manu-
ally, by a timer, by a signal from a belt
scale or some other means. In some
cases, high accuracy/repeatability is
required with precious metals or other
high value products. In these cases,
continuous sampling methods are
employed; i.e., the sample cutting
device is in constant motion through
the stream. If the sample cutter is
started at the left position, it moves
through the stream to the right posi-
tion and immediately reverses back
to the left position. This motion contin-
ues until the sampling device is deac-
tivated.
A different formula is required for
determination of “cut” when using
continuous sampling procedures and
provides a percentage of the main
material flow as indicated in the
engineering table which follows
(see page 9).
THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
3
The sampling of material being con-
veyed may require more than one
sampling stage to obtain the volume
of weight of final sample required for
subsequent analysis. If we consider
that we have a flow rate of 1,000
tons per hour and a final sample of
10 pounds per hour is required for
analysis, the first sampling machine
(referred to as the primary sampling
machine) would take a cut consider-
ably in excess of the laboratory
requirements. In order to reduce the
sample to a manageable size, a mini-
mum of one more stage of sampling
must be employed.
The following sampling standards
generally regulate the sampling
procedures for various materials:
1. A.S.T.M. Standard D-2234,
Sampling of Coal
2. A.S.T.M. Standard D-2013,
Preparing Coal Samples for
Analysis
3. A.S.T.M. Standard D4916, Mechan-
ical Auger Sampling
4. International Standard (I.S.O)
1988, Hard Coal Sampling
5. International Standard (I.S.O)
13909, Hard Coal and Coke
6. International Standard (I.S.O)
3082, Iron Ore Sampling
7. Japanese Industrial Standard
M8100 General Rules for
Methods of Sampling of Bulk
Materials
8. Japanese Industrial Standard
M8105, Iron Ore Sampling
CHAPTER 2
COAL SAMPLING SYSTEMS
(ALSO GENERALLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER DRY MATERIALS)
Over the years, coal sampling has
expanded from the original simple
machines, to multi-stage sampling
systems that have become more and
more comprehensive in order to
accommodate rapidly changing sam-
pling requirements and increased ton-
nage flow rates. As an example, it is
not uncommon today to be confronted
with feed rates in excess of 10,000
tons per hour and with the maximum
particle size sometimes exceeding
eight (8) inches.
Coal is one of the most difficult materi-
als to sample, due to its variability
in composition between non-com-
bustible particles to those which lend
themselves to complete burning.
The sampling responsibility is further
complicated by (1) the objectives to be
realized in analytical examination, (2)
variable and sometimes very high
moisture contents, (3) the presence
of clay (ash), (4) the size of the lot or
consignment to be represented by the
sample and finally (5) the degree of
sampling precision required.
The proper collection of the sample
involves an extensive understanding
of the physical characteristics of the
coal, the minimum number of weights
of increments to be taken, the size
consist of the coal and the overall
sampling precision that is required.
APPLICABLE METHODS
AND STANDARDS:
The design of the majority of the coal
sampling systems are based upon
standards generated by the American
Society for Testing and Materials, the
International Standards for Coal sam-
pling and the Japanese Industrial
Standards. These groups delineate,
in their standards, methods and proce-
dures for the collection of coal
samples. In the United States, the
rules established by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (as
delineated in A.S.T.M. Specifications
D-2234 for Sampling Systems and
D-2013 for Laboratory Analysis),
establish the overall requirements for
the collection and analysis of coal
samples respectively.
The object of collecting a sample of
coal is to obtain a portion which repre-
sents the whole of a shipment or con-
signment and which is then analyzed
to determine characteristics such as
B.T.U., ash, sulphur and moisture.
These analytical results are used in
determining contract prices, plant
operating efficiency and compliance
with environmental agency emission
standards.
VARIABILITY IN COAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
Normally, coal consists of particles of
varied shapes and sizes which may
have different physical characteristics,
chemical properties and residual ash
content. To insure that the final sam-
ple will truly represent the coal from
which it is taken, it is collected by tak-
ing a definitive number of portions
known as “increments” periodically
throughout the entire coal lot being
sampled. The term “increment” refers
to the quantity of coal obtained by a
single operation of the sample
machine cutter passing through a
stream of coal - normally discharging
off the head pulley of a belt conveying
system.
The number and weight of increments
required for a given degree of preci-
sion depends upon the variability in
the coal itself. This variability increas-
es with the increase in free impurities.
As an example, an increase in ash
content of a given coal usually indi-
cates an increase in total variability. It
is, therefore, imperative that not less
than a minimum specified number of
increments of not less than the mini-
mum specified weight be collected for
the total lot or consignment.
An increasing amount of coal produc-
tion comes from strip mines — typi-
cally high in ash content and in
some cases with moisture contents
exceeding 30% by weight. Also, high
clay contents in some coals (frequent-
ly present in the form of bentonite)
tend to make the coal extremely diffi-
cult to handle.
4
THE ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE:
In modern day coal-fired plants where
one supplier commonly furnishes all of
the coal requirements to the facility,
accurate determination of B.T.U.,
moisture, ash and other residuals
becomes extremely important. Even
small variations or discrepancies can
make the difference in tens of thou-
sands of dollars in the annual cost of
the coal. It is imperative, therefore,
that the sampling system be designed
very carefully in order to insure a con-
tinuous system that will produce a rep-
resentative sample regardless of the
conditions encountered.
TWO AND THREE-STAGE
SAMPLING SYSTEMS:
Over the years Thermo Ramsey sam-
pling systems have proved to be reli-
able and efficient and remain relatively
trouble-free under a good mainte-
nance program. Two sizes of sampling
systems presently being manufactured
generally cover all requirements.
These include: (a) two-stage sampling
systems for lower tonnages and (b)
three-stage sampling systems where
higher tonnages are encountered.
Two-stage sampling is used where
flow rates usually do not exceed 2,000
tons per hour and coal size does not
exceed 3” x 0”. In the two-stage sam-
pling system, the primary sampling
machine (operating at a predeter-
mined incremental rate) delivers the
sample to a belt feeder and then to a
crusher where the material is reduced
to 100% -4 mesh and 95% -8 mesh.
The sample is collected from the
crusher by another belt feeder and
metered to the secondary sampler
where the final sample reduction is
made. The final sample is then collect-
ed in a dust and moisture-tight con-
tainer for transportation to the
laboratory where final tests are per-
formed as required.
In the three-stage sampling system,
we recommend that the primary and
secondary sampling machines per-
form their individual task before the
coal is crushed. The reason for this is
that the crusher is then required to
reduce a smaller amount of material.
This also reduces the amount of fines
through the balance of the system—
thus reducing the problem of plugging.
In a three-stage system, the primary
sampler is set to extract samples, in
accordance with published standards,
on a consignment basis. The sample
is then transported by belt feeder to
the secondary sampler where a num-
ber of increments, at a 6:1 ratio to the
primary increments, must be obtained
and at the minimum increment
weights as prescribed by A.S.T.M. D-
2234. From the secondary sampler,
the coal is metered by a belt feeder to
the crusher and reduced to 100% 4
mesh and 95% -8 mesh. The coal is
then metered by a belt feeder to the
tertiary sampler where final division of
the sample is accomplished. The final
sample of approximately forty pounds
(typical for a 10,000 ton consignment)
is then collected at a suitable sample
collector where it is retained in a dust
and moisture-tight container until
required for analysis.
CHAPTER 3
COAL AUGER
SAMPLING SYSTEMS
Generally used in Preparation Plants
and Utilities that receive coal by truck
or railcar. The Auger Sampler has
the advantage of keeping separate
samples from multiple coal sources.
A system can be put together in
conjunction with a truck scale to
create a complete weight and quality
package.
System parameters are defined
by A.S.T.M. Standard D4916, Stan-
dard Guide for Mechanical Auger
SWEEP SAMPLER SYSTEMS:
In recent years, the most popular type
of sampler has been the Sweep Sam-
pler. It lends its self to simple retrofit
installations and reduces the size of
gross samples with its high operating
speed. With the reduced size of the
gross sample, nearly any application
can use a two-stage Sweep Sampling
System and remain within A.S.T.M.
guidelines.
Sweep samplers have been thorough-
ly bias tested and are readily accepted
by the industry today.
In the design of Thermo Ramsey sam-
pling systems, care is taken to insure
a continuous flow of material through
the sampling system. Containment of
moisture with no air-drying is impera-
tive and precautions must be taken to
insure that there is no loss of dust
from the sample. Air-drying and dust
loss are held to a minimum by the use
of belt feeders at the feed and dis-
charge of the crusher. These feeders
effectively block the air movement cre-
ated by the crusher. In addition, the
crusher is furnished with an air baffle
which allows control of the air move-
ment created by the hammermill
crusher.
The Thermo Ramsey automatic sam-
pling system can be operated with a
Sampling. This standard covers the
collection and reduction of an auger
sample. These coal sampling guide-
lines along with Thermo Ramsey’s
experience and knowledge of coal
sampling ensure reliable samples.
Fully automated systems are avail-
able to reduce on-site manpower
requirements. A fixed, hydraulically
operated auger is adjustable to accept
various truck types and bed heights.
The system runs through its complete
5
single basic fluid power supply.
Primary, secondary and tertiary sam-
plers may be programmed, sequenc-
ed, or operated independently from a
single electrical control center. Vari-
able speeds; variable increment con-
trol; heavy cutter loads; and instant
variations to suit each sampling appli-
cation are available. Sampling equip-
ment may also be operated electro-
mechanically, if preferred, with no loss
in accuracy.
The equipment in the sampling sys-
tem should be completely interlocked
and monitored at all stages of sample
processing for plugged chutes and
component malfunctions; any of which
will sound an alarm and annunciate
the malfunction through shutdown of
the system and an indication by
appropriate lights on the control
panel. The system is also provided
with manual over rides to facilitate
maintenance and testing.
Most sampling systems are designed
so that good housekeeping practices
can be followed. We cannot over-
emphasize the importance of a good
maintenance or inspection program in
a sampling system. The most effec-
tive method involves periodic checks
and the immediate correction of any
irregularities found. This is one of
the most important requirements of a
properly operating system and is the
most frequently overlooked.
cycle at the push of a
button. This can often be the truck
scale operator.
A boom arm system is another option.
It usually requires a full-time operator,
but has greater reach and more flexi-
bility in sample location.
Both systems utilize secondary
sample systems to reduce the auger
sample to manageable size. Various
methods are available to handle the
system rejects.
CHAPTER 4
THE SAMPLING OF
POWDERS
Powdered materials, for the most part,
are homogenous and can be sampled
on a representative basis with minimal
difficulty. The only problem that may
arise, is when the particle size
approaches 500 micron and is subject
to the influences of static electricity .
Dependent upon initial flow conditions,
sampling of powders will usually
involve two stages, which will give a
reduction of the initial primary sample
to one of such a size that it may be
analyzed in the laboratory without
undue difficulty.
Powders in the 200 to 300 mesh
range and comprising a homogenous
mixture, require normally twelve
primary increments per hour and
approximately sixty secondary incre-
ments to provide a reliable and accu-
rate final sample. This fine material
does involve special handling and
dust-tight construction of the sampling
system. Crushing is normally not
required. Dust collectors should not be
used within the sampling system.
If they are, all dust collected must be
subsequently combined with the final
sample for an accurate, repeatable
result.
Standard sampling practices are The materials of construction of the
involved through the use of various sampling machine must also be com-
types of primary sample cutters. patible with various powders.
Dependent upon material stream flow In certain instances, mild steel is
and product size, these would be type permissible while in other materials var-
C, in-line, or reverse spoon cutters. ious grades of stainless steel may be
The feeders between primary and required. In some cases, plastics, titani-
secondary, maybe tertiary, sampling um or other special metals are used.
machines, should be of the belt type,
Producers of a powdered product are
so as to control and accurately meter
encouraged to work very closely with
the product to each sampling stage. In
the manufacturer of sampling equip-
certain instances, where the material
ment to insure that the sampling
is free-flowing – vibratory feeder
machine manufacturer is
machines may be employed provided
( 1) aware of all of the idiosyncrasies
that their amplitude can be held at a
involved with a specific material and (2)
minimum and meter the flow rather
supplies equipment which will perform
than producing a surging condition.
the desired function and achieve the
Every powder has its own peculiarities desired results.
and handling characteristics. These
The sampling of powders; cement,
differences can create handling prob-
borax, iron, phosphates etc., may
lems if the sampling machine manu-
require the use of on-stream x-ray
facturer is not aware of characteristics
analysis. A sampling system incorporat-
involved with a variety of materials.
ing on-stream x-ray analysis is neces-
Under certain conditions, sample cut-
sarily more complex and requires the
ter openings may be very small and
the material will flow through without
careful application of equipment.
bridging or plugging. However, with
other products in the 200 to 400 mesh
range, a 3” sample cutter opening
may be required for proper clearance
of material.
THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
6
CHAPTER 5
SAMPLING OF
SLURRIES, EFFLUENTS
AND LIQUIDS
INTRODUCTION:
The sampling of liquids and slurries
has previously been motivated
primarily by requirements for in-plant
control. More recently, various envi-
ronmental agencies require that these
products be sampled before the treat-
ed liquid is to be discharged into lakes,
streams or rivers.
The basic sampling machines used for
liquids are applicable both to in-plant
control service and normal check-sam-
pling service for liquid before they are
returned to live bodies of water. How-
ever, in-plant control sampling requires
different procedures than those
employed for effluent checking. Liquid
or slurry sampling machines should be
self-contained and moisture-tight. This
prevents excess splash as the sample
cutter moves through the flowing
stream and permits a flanged installa-
tion which requires
little or no housekeeping.
Sampling of liquids and slurries is not
generally governed by any particular
specification. Therefore, the selection
of sampling equipment and the extrac-
tion principles used are normally
agreed upon between the purchaser
and the manufacturer of the sampling
equipment. Past experience normally
dictates procedures for slurry sampling
whereas in the field of effluent sam-
pling, governmental agencies
may have established procedures for
sampling.
PROCESS, PRODUCTION
CONTROL AND METAL-
LURGICAL SAMPLING:
Mineral beneficiation processes
require accurate sampling to deter-
mine the efficiency of the process.
Sampling machines are employed on
the ore being fed to the crushing cir-
cuit. The samples extracted are ana-
lyzed by a laboratory to determine
the amount of recoverable metal(s)
(“heads”) that are present in the crude
ore. Also, the amount of unwanted
products or tailings can
be determined.
The next sampling station is usually at
the discharge of the grinding section.
This grinding section usually consists
of rod and/or ball mill(s) and the sam-
ples taken at this point are used to
determine the fineness of
the grind and/or the percent solids
of the slurry.
Additional sampling may be per-
formed at various stages throughout
the beneficiation process. Final sam-
pling is performed on the concentrate
and on the total, combined tailings to
determine overall recovery. Samples
taken throughout the process are
either analyzed by means of wet
chemistry or by an on-stream, x-ray
analyzer.
The location of each sampling
machine is different when x-ray analy-
sis is employed. Procedures neces-
7
sarily become more complex to insure
that the particulate matter in the liquid
being conveyed does not separate and
sand out. Additional pumping is
required to convey products to the
x-ray analyzer station.
The choice of using either laboratory or
x-ray analysis lies generally with
the level of quality control which is
sought. Normally, in a beneficiation pro-
cess, changes in the ore occur slowly.
However, these slow changes may not
be indicated by standard
laboratory procedures until loss of valu-
able product has occurred. On-stream,
x-ray analysis constantly monitors each
area of sampling and can provide the
operator with the information necessary
to control the primary feed and reagent
addition to compensate for any
changes in feed characteristics.
SAMPLING OF OTHER
LIQUID PRODUCTS OR
EFFLUENTS:
The sampling of products other than
those in the metallurgical area are
numerous. The range runs from treated
drinking water to effluent out-flow from
a process plant. The same sampling
procedures may be used as discussed
earlier. However, such special applica-
tions require specific sampling meth-
ods. The main determination between
the methods are, as before, laboratory
analysis versus on-stream x-ray analy-
sis. Certain processes require
 refrigeration to be part of the sam-
pling system so as to preserve bacte-
ria count such as would be found in
the discharge of a sewage disposal
plant into a major water source.
Again, it is desirable to use self-con-
tained modular sampling machines
with flanges so they can be bolted or
coupled directly into the material con-
veying lines.
There are a wide variety of liquids
and slurries requiring sampling.
Therefore, a variety of metals and/or
materials of construction are required
by the sampling machine manufactur-
er so as to control corrosion which is
dependent upon the pH level of a
specific product.
CONCLUSION:
When a liquid or slurry is to be sam-
pled, it is recommended that either
the end-user of the equipment or the
engineer involved contact a sampling
machine manufacturer for specific
recommendations concerning the
selection and arrangement of each
sampling machine and/or sampling
system so that the required results
through sampling can be realized.
The application of sampling equip-
ment relies upon experience obtained
over the years by the sampling
machine manufacturer.
Sampling procedures and sampling samples are utilized the hydraulic
machines are constantly changing drives become advantageous and
and improving. Procedures used three more economical.
years ago might not be valid today.
Considering the above, it is advanta-
Therefore, we wish to stress that the
geous for the purchaser of sampling
sampling machine manufacturer is in
constant contact with advancing tech- equipment to consult with the manu-
niques throughout the world and facturer of the equipment in order to
obtain the best possible sampling
should be consulted prior to the
methods types of drives, and to
establishment of any given sampling
insure that their sampling require-
procedure.
ment will be satisfied.
Slurry sampling machines are avail-
able with a wide variety of drives.
Hydraulic drives can also be em-
ployed. The initial cost of hydraulic
drives is higher than either the pneu-
matic or the mechanical. They offer
the same features of the pneumatic
drive in low maintenance while offer-
ing variable speed potential. When
high flow conditions and high forces
are encountered, the pneumatic drive
cannot be used because of the com-
pressibility factor of air. Therefore,
either extra heavy-duty mechanical or
hydraulic drives must be used. The
hydraulic drive is preferred when
multiple sampling machines receive
their fluid power from one central
hydraulic power unit. When multiple
THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
8
CHAPTER 6

COA L /DRY PRODUCT SAMPLING

PROCEDURE
SPECIAL NOTE: The following procedure also applies in
general to the sampling of other dry products.

I. GIVEN:

• Consignment; i.e., single shipment from single source:

(a) Unit train or
(b) Single truck or car or
(c) Barge or ship or
(d) Run time in hours
• Top size of product
• Belt speed
• Moisture content
• Feed rate in tons per hour
• Belt width
• Density of material (p.c.f.)

II. PROCEDURE: EXAMPLE:

A. 3-Stage Conventional Sampling System

(feed rates usually over 2000TPH of 2” x 0 raw coal)
1. Determine consignment. 1. Unit Train, 100 cars, 10,000 tons

2. Determine total increments per consignment: 2. Increments per consignment = 35 10,000 T = 111
(a) 1000 ton consignment or less, see table 2, A.S.T.M. 1000 T
D-2234 (in glossary of terms, page 21):
(1) 15 increments for clean coal
(2) 35 increments for raw coal
(b) Over 1000 tons:
(1) Use square root formula, A.S.T.M. D-2234

total lot size (consignment)

N2 = N1
1000 tons

Where N1 = 15 increments for clean coal

35 increments for raw coal
N2 = number of increments required

3. Determine feed rate to primary sampler (given) 3. Feed rate 3,000 tons per hour:
and run time

4. Determine run time: consignment 4. Run time = 10,000T = 3.33 Hours

feed rate 3,000 Ton Per Hour

5. Determine increments per hour: 5. Increments per hour = 111 = 33

increments per consignment (from item 2 above) 3.33
run time

6. Determine primary sample cutter opening: 6. Coal size 2” x 0

3 times top size of coal. Primary cutter openings = 3 x 2” = 6”

9
PROCEDURE EXAMPLE
7. Determine primary cutter speed desired: 6-18 I.P.S. 7. Cutter speed = 9 I.P.S.
per A.S.T.M. D- 2234 (Determines feed rate to (Note: This cutter speed is selected to provide an
secondary sampler.) adequate feed rate to the secondary sampling machine)

8. Determine pounds per cut: 8. Pounds per cut = 3000 x 20000 x 6 = 1,111
TPH x 2000 x cutter opening (inches) 3600 x 9
3600 x cutter speed (I.P.S.)
9. Determine pounds per hour of sample obtained. incre- 9. Pounds per hour of sample = 33 x 1,111 = 36,663
ments per hour (from 5) x pounds per cut (from 8 above).
10. Determine type of primary sampler required: 10. Refer to trajectory data, page 17.
(a) Inline spoon cutter (takes sample away from
head pulley area).
(b) Reverse spoon cutter (reverses sample flow
under head pulley).
(c) Type “C” cutter (used for low trajectory of flow
or where an overhead magnet at head pulley
would interfere with an overhead sampler
drive). Please refer to trajectory of discharge
data, page 17.)
11. Belt feeders in sampling are used to meter the flow to
the next machine.
12. Secondary sampling (necessary where primary 12. (a) Increments per hour (6 x 33) = 198
sample is too large to handle easily and/or
is required for feed rates over 22,000 pounds per hour). (b) 6 lbs. per cut required for 2” x 0 raw coal
(a) Increments are taken at a ratio of 6:1 to
each primary increment. (c) Secondary cutter opening = 6” (2” x 0 coal)
(b) Minimum of 6 or 15 pounds per cut (see (d) Cutter speed selected = 9 I.P.S. (furnishes
Table 2, Page 22). required increment weight)
(c) Cutter opening - 3 times top size of material. (e) Pounds per cut = 36,663 x 6 = 68
(d) Cutter speed range 6-18 I.P.S. 3600 x 9

(e) Determine pounds per cut at secondary sampler: (f) Pounds per hour = 6.8 x 198 = 1346
Lbs. per hour x cutter opening
3600 x cutter speed
(f) Determine pounds per hour of feed from
secondary sampler:
(Pounds per cut x secondary increments)
13 . Crushing: 13. Capacity Maximum Product Feed Size
Model
(a) Jeffrey Junior “E” .5-2 TPH 3” x 0”
(b) Jeffrey Mini Mill 2-5 TPH 4” x 0”
Jeffrey 30AB 5-10 TPH 6” x 0”
Jeffrey 34AB 10-20 TPH 8” x 0”
(c) Reduce to 100% -4 mesh, 95% -8 mesh.
(d) Two-stage crushing (required for product size
6” x 0 and larger).
Note: These crusher sizes are nominal and
may change with actual requirements.
14. Tertiary (Final) Sampler
(a) Minimum cutter opening 1.25 inches (per 14. (a) Tertiary sampler cutter opening = 1.25 inches
A.S.TM. D-2234).
(b) Cutter speed range 6-18 I.P.S. (b) Cutter speed selected = 6 I.P.S.
(c) Determine pounds per cut: Furnishes adequate increment weight
Pounds per hour x cutter opening (c) Pounds per cut = 1346 x 1.25 = .08
3600 x cutter speed 3600 x 6

10
PROCEDURE EXAMPLE
(d) Determine weight of total final sample: 14. (d) Calculate increments per hour, pounds per hour
(Total final sample should weigh 40-50 Lbs.) of sample, and total final sample as follows:
(d-l) LBS. OF SAMPLE PER HOUR:
Note: A.S.T.M. D-2013 requires a minimum of 60 total Required 40 lbs. final sample =12
increments per consignment.
Run Time 3.33 Hours
(d-2) REQUIRED INCREMENTS PER HOUR:
15. Sample Collector:
Pounds per hour 12 = 150
(a) Single can model.
Pounds per cut .08
(b) Two station model, can or bag.
(d-3) TOTAL FINAL SAMPLE:
(c) Eight station model, can or bag.
12 lbs. per hour x 3.33 hours = 40 lbs.
Note: Cans hold 50 lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Bags hold 12 lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Note: Sample collector is selected based on
the number of consignments per day or shift.

B. 2-Stage Conventional Sampling System

(feed rates usually under 2000 TPH of 1 1/2 x 0 raw)
1. Determine consignment. 1. 4 hour run time at 1200 TPH.

2. Determine total increments per consignment:

(a) 1000 ton consignment or less, see table 2,
A.S.T.M. D-2234 (in glossary of terms, page 21 ):
(1) 15 increments for clean coal.
(2) 35 increments for raw coal.
(b) Over 1000 tons:
(1) Use square root formula, A.S.T.M. D-2234. 2.(b) Increments per consignment = 35 4800 T = 77
1000 T
total lot size (consignment)
N2 = N1
1000 tons

Where N1 = 15 increments for clean coal.

35 increments for raw coal.
N2 = number of increments required.

3. Determine feed rate to primary sampler (given) and 3. Feed rate 1,200 tons per hour:
run time.

4. Determine run time: consignment 4. Run time = 4800 T = 4 Hours

feed rate 1,200 Ton Per Hour
5. Determine increments per hour: 5. Increments per hour = 77 = 19
increments per consignment (from item 2 above) 4
run time

6. Determine primary sample cutter opening: 3 times top
size of coal.
7 . Determine primary cutter speed desired: 6-18 I.P.S.
per A.S.T.M. D-2234. (Determines feed rate to
secondary sampler.)
8. Determine pounds per cut:
TPH x 2000 x cutter opening (inches)
3600 x cutter speed (I.P.S.)
6. Coal size 1 1/2 x 0
Primary cutter openings = 3 x 1.5 = 4 1/2”
7. Cutter speed = 12 I.P.S.
(Note: This cutter speed is selected to provide an
adequate feed rate to the secondary sampling machine.)
8. Pounds per cut = 1200 x 2000 x 4.5 = 250
3600 x 12

9. Determine pounds per hour of sample obtained: 9. Pounds per hour of sample = 19 x 250 = 4750
increments per hour (from 5 above) x pounds per cut
(from 8 above).

11
PROCEDURE
10. Determine type of primary sampler required: EXAMPLE
(a) Inline spoon cutter (takes sample away from head 10. Refer to trajectory data, page 17.
pulley area).
(b) Reverse spoon cutter (reverses sample flow under
head pulley).
(c) Type “C” cutter (used for low trajectory of flow or
where an overhead magnet at head pulley would
interfere with an overhead sampler drive).
Please refer to trajectory of discharge data, page17.

11. Belt feeders in sampling are used to meter the flow to

the next machine. 11. Refer to belt feeder tables, page 18.

12. Crushing:
Model
(a) Jeffrey Junior “E” 12. Capacity Maximum Product Feed Size
(b) Jeffrey Mini Mill .5 - 2 TPH 3” x 0”
Jeffrey 30AB 2 - 5 TPH 4” x 0”
(c) Reduce to 100% - 4 mesh, 95% - 8 mesh. 5 -10 TPH 6” x 0”
Note: These crusher sizes are nominal and may
change with actual requirements.
13. Secondary (Final) Sampler:
(a) Minimum cutter opening 1.25 inches per
A.S.T.M. D-2234. 13. (a) Secondary sampler cutter opening = 1.25 inches.
(b) Cutter speed range 6-18 I.P.S.
(b) Cutter speed selected = 12 I.P.S.
Furnishes adequate increment weight.
(c) Determine pounds per cut:
Pounds per hour x cutter opening (c) Pounds per cut = 4750 x 1.25 = .137
3600 x cutter speed 3600 x 12
(d) Determine weight of total final sample:
(Total final sample should weigh 40-50 Lbs.) (d) Calculate increments per hour, pounds per
hour of sample, and total final sample as follows:
Note: A.S.T.M. D-2013 requires a minimum of
(d-1 ) LBS. OF SAMPLE PER HOUR:
60 total increments per consignment.
Required 40 Lbs. final sample = 10 lbs/hr.
Run Time 4 Hours
14. Sample Collector:
(a) Single can model. (d-2) REQUIRED INCREMENTS PER HOUR:
(b) Two station model, can or bag. Pounds per hour 10 = 73
(c) Eight station model, can or bag. Pounds per cut .137
Note: Cans hold 50 Lbs. of 8 mesh coal. (d-3) TOTAL FINAL SAMPLE:
Bags hold 12 Lbs. of 8 mesh coal. 10 lbs. per hour x 4 hours = 40 lbs.
Note: Sample collector is selected based on
the number of consignments per day or shift.

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
12
PROCEDURE EXAMPLE

C. 2-Stage Sweep Sampling System sweep primary,

conventional secondary (feed rates usually under 4000
TPH of 3” x 0 raw coal).
1. Determine consignment. 1. 5 hour run time at 800 TPH.

2. Determine total increments per consignment: 2.(b) Increments per consignment = 35 4000 T = 70
(a) 1000 ton consignment or less, see table 2, A.S.T.M. 1000 T
D-2234 (in glossary of terms, page 21):
(1) 15 increments for clean coal.
(2) 35 increments for raw coal.
(b) Over 1000 tons:
(1) Use square root formula, A.S.T.M. D-2234.

total lot size (consignment)

N2 = N1
1000 tons

Where N1 = 15 increments for clean coal.

35 increments for raw coal.
N2 = number of increments required.

3. Determine feed rate to primary sampler (given) and 3. Feed rate 800 tons per hour.
run time

4. Determine run time: consignment 4. Run time = 4000 T = 5Hours

feed rate 800 Ton Per Hour

5. Determine increments per hour: 5. Increments per hour = 70 = 14

increments per consignment (from item 2 above). 5

6. Determine primary sample cutter opening: 3 times top 6. Coal size 3” x 0

size of coal. Primary cutter openings = 3 x 3” = 9”

7. Determine pounds per cut: 7. Pounds per cut = 800 x 2000 x .75 x 1.12 = 64.00
TPH x 2000 x cutter opening (FT) x 1.12 60 x 350
60 minutes x belt speed (F.P.M.)

8. Determine pounds per hour of sample obtained: 8. Pounds per hour of sample = 14 x 64.00 = 768
increments per hour (from 5 above) x pounds per cut
(from 7 above).

13
PROCEDURE EXAMPLE

9. Crushing:
Model Capacity Maximum Product Feed Size
(a) Jeffrey Junior “E” .5 - 2 TPH 3” x 0”
(b) Jeffrey Mini Mill 2 - 5 TPH 4” x 0”
Jeffrey 30AB 5 - 10 TPH 6” x 0”
(c) Reduce to 100% -4 mesh, 95% -8 mesh.
Note: These crusher sizes are nominal
and may change with actual requirements.

10. Secondary (Final) Sampler

(a) Minimum cutter opening 1.25 inches per (a) Secondary sampler cutter opening = 2.5 inches.
A.S.T.M. D-2234.
(b) Cutter speed selected = 6 I.P.S.
(b) Cutter speed range 6-18 I.P.S. Furnishes adequate increment weight.

(c) Determine pounds per cut: (c) Pounds per cut = 768 x 2.5 =.089
Pounds per hour x cutter opening 3600 x 6
3600 x cutter speed
(d) Calculate increments per hour, pounds
(d) Determine weight of total final sample: per hour of sample, and total final sample
(Total final sample should weigh 40-50 as follows:
Lbs.). (d-1) LBS. OF SAMPLE PER HOUR:
Required 40 Lbs. final sample = 8 lbs/hr.
Note: A.S.T.M. D-2013 requires a mini- Run Time 5 Hours
mum of 60 total increments per consign-
ment. (d-2) REQUIRED INCREMENTS PER HOUR:
Pounds per hour 8 = 90
11. Sample Collector: Pounds per cut .089
(a) Single can model. (d-3) TOTAL FINAL SAMPLE:
(b) Two station model, can or bag. 8 lbs. per hour x 5 hours = 40 Lbs.
(c) Four station model, can or bag.
(d) Eight station model, can or bag.
Note: Cans hold 50 Lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Bags hold 12 Lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Note: Sample collector is selected based
on the number of consignments per day
or shift.

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
14
PROCEDURE EXAMPLE

D. 2-Stage Modular Sampling System sweep primary,

sweep secondary (feed rates usually under 4000 TPH
of 4” x 0 raw coal).
1. Determine consignment. 1. Unit Train 10,000 T., 2 1/2 hour run time at 4000 TPH.

2. Determine total increments per consignment: 2.(b) Increments per consignment = 35 10,000 T = 111
(a) 1000 ton consignment or less, see table 2, A.S.T.M. 1000 T
D-2234 (in glossary of terms, page 22):
(1) 15 increments for clean coal.
(2) 35 increments for raw coal.
(b) Over 1000 tons:
(1) Use square root formula, A.S.T.M. D-2234.

total lot size (consignment)

N2 = N1
1000 tons

Where N1 = 15 increments for clean coal.

35 increments for raw coal.
N2 = number of increments required.

3. Determine feed rate to primary sampler (given) and 3. Feed rate 4,000 tons per hour.
run time

4. Determine run time: consignment 4. Run time = 10,000 T = 2 1/2 Hours

feed rate 4,000 Ton Per Hour

5. Determine increments per hour: 5. Increments per hour = 111 = 49

increments per consignment (from item 2 above) 2 1/2
Run Time (hours)

6. Determine primary sample cutter opening: 3 times top 6. Coal size 4” x 0 Primary cutter openings = 3 x 4” = 12”
size of coal.

7. Determine pounds per cut: 7. Pounds per cut = 4000 x 2000 x 1 x 1.12 = 229.7
TPH x 2000 x cutter opening (FT) x 1.12 (Fn) 60 x 650
60 minutes x belt speed (F.P.M.)

8. Determine pounds per hour of sample obtained: 8. Pounds per hour of sample = 44 x 229.7 = 10020
Increments per hour (from 5 above) x pounds per cut
(from 7 above).

Note: For cutter speed 2 times belt speed, Fn = 1.12

Fn = (Belt Speed)2+(Cutter Speed)2

Cutter Speed

15
PROCEDURE per day or shift.
EXAMPLE
9. Crushing:
Model
(a) Jeffrey Junior “E”
Capacity Maximum Product Feed Size
(b) Jeffrey Mini Mill
Jeffrey 30AB .5-2 TPH 3” x 0”
(c) Reduce to 100% - 4 mesh, 95% 2-5 TPH 4” x 0”
-8 mesh. 5-10 TPH 6” x 0”
Note: These crusher sizes are nominal
and may change with actual require-
ments.

10. Secondary (Final) Sampler:

(a) Minimum cutter opening 1.25 inches per
A.S.T.M. D-2234.
(b) Determine secondary belt speed. (a) Secondary sampler cutter opening = 2 inches

(c) Determine pounds per cut:
Lbs per/hr. x cutter opening (FT) x 1.12
60 x belt speed (F.P.M.)
(d) Determine weight of total final sample:
(Total final sample should weigh 40-50
Lbs.)
Note: A.S.T.M. D-2013 requires a
minimum of 60 total increments per
consignment.
11. Sample Collector:
(a) Single can model.
(b) Two station model, can or bag.
(c) Four station model, can or bag.
(d) Eight station model, can or bag.
Note: Cans hold 50 lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Bags hold 12 lbs. of 8 mesh coal.
Note: Sample collector is selected
based on the number of consignments
(b) Secondary belt speed = 130 FPM
(c) Pounds per cut = 10020 x .167 x 1.12 = .24
60 x 130
(d) Calculate increments per hour, pounds per hour of
sample, and total final sample as follows:
(d-l ) LBS. OF SAMPLE PER HOUR:
Required 40 lbs. final sample = 16 lbs /hr.
Run Time 2 1/2 Hours
(d-2) REQUIRED INCREMENTS PER HOUR:
Pounds per hour 16 = 67
Pounds per cut .24
(d-3) TOTAL FINAL SAMPLE:
16 lbs. per hour x 2 1/2 hours = 40 lbs.

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
16
TRAJECTORY OF DISCHARGE
When selecting primary sampling
machines, the cutter most suitable for
the application is generally deter-
mined by the trajectory of the material
relative to belt speed. This trajectory
can be plotted by using either
Diagram 1 or 2 illustrated below.
The three most common cutters
are the (1) inline, (2) reverse and the
(3) Type “C”.
’X’ = 1” for each 100 F.P.M. Belt Speed
DIAGRAM NO. 1
To chart the discharge trajectory of a conveyor having
a belt speed of more than 300 F.P.M.
DIAGRAM NO.2
To chart the discharge trajectory
of a conveyor having a belt speed
of less than 300 F.P.M. & or a
small diameter head pulley. This
method defines the highest point
of material discharge.
(1) The “inline” usually applies to (3) The type “C” cutter applies where
belt speeds up to 500 F.P.M. and the material has been directed or is
over 700 F.P.M.. Speeds between free falling vertically and should be
500 and 700 F.P.M. should not be positioned to cut the stream at 90°.
considered for “inline” application
due to material impinging on baffle
plates.
(2) The “reverse” is best suited at
speeds above 400 F.P.M. with open-
ing arranged to intersect the material
trajectory at 90°.
A
B C D
E
F
G
H
J
K
LENGTH OF VERTICAL DROP IN INCHES
CHART APPLIES TO BOTH DIAGRAMS 1 & 2
‘X’ = 1” for each 100’ F.P.M. Belt Speed
V2
Sine of incline angle ‘Y’ =
GR
V = Velocity o Belt (Ft. per Sec.)
G = Action of Gravity (32.2 F.P.S.)
R = Radius of Pulley
17
CHUTE CAPACITIES, SOLID MATERIALS

KEY:

A = Duct Area Required, General Formula (in square feet).

a = Height of Duct (in feet).
b = Width of Duct (in feet).
D = Diameter of Duct (in feet).
C = Flow Rate (in tons per hour).
S = Bulk Density (pounds per cubic foot).
h = Free Fall (in feet).
V0 = Initial Velocity (in feet per second).

FORMULAS:

A. General Formula: C. Rectangular Chute (given b or width dimension):

1.2 C 1.2 C
A= a=
S( 8 h + V0 ) S b ( 8 h + V0 )

B. Square Chute: D. Circular Chute:

a= 1.2 C 4.8 C
D=
S( 8 h + V0 ) π S( 8 h + V0 )

THERMO RAMSEY BELT FEEDER CALCULATIONS

GUIDELINES: KEY:
1. Establish gate height at midpoint of adjustment or two (2) S = Belt Speed in FPM.
times normal particle size or equal to the size of occasional RPM = Rotational Speed of Head Pulley.
HP = Required Motor Horsepower.
oversize particles - whichever is greater.
T = Pounds Per Hour to be Fed.
2. Select drive components such that calculated speed is at the
N = Pounds of Sample Per Cut ( derived
midpoint of the speed range.
from sample extraction schedule ).
3. Maximum belt speed for all feeders is 50 feet per minute.
H = Height of Gate from Belt (inches).
D = Bulk Density (lb. / cu. ft.).

FORMULAS: BELT WIDTH

24” 18” 12” 8”

T T T T
S = 8.3 x H x D 5.8 x H x D 3.3 x H x D 1.67 x H x D

RPM = S x .3 S x .3 S x .48 S x .48

T T T T
HP =
158000 158000 79000 79000
Maximum 6” 4” x 0 3” x 0 1 1/2” x 0
Particle Size = ( Occasional 10” ) ( Occasional 6” ) ( Occasional 4” ) ( Occasional 2” )

H = 9 - 15” 3 - 9” 0 - 6” 0 - 4”

18
CHAPTER 7
BIAS TESTING
Paragraph 7.10 of A.S.T.M. designa-
tion D-2234 states: “A satisfactory
sampling arrangement is one that
takes an unbiased sample at the
desired degree of precision of the
constituent for which the sample is to
be analyzed. One fundamental char-
acteristic of such an arrangement is
that the size consist of the sample will
adequately represent the true size
consist of the coal. Sampling systems
shall be tested initially and at regular
intervals to determine whether the
sample adequately represents the
coal.”
From the foregoing, we are advised
that certain provisions must be includ-
ed in a coal sampling system if the
system is to comply with referenced
A.S.T.M. standards.
Bias testing a sampling system
requires that the feed and the extract-
ed sample from this feed be gathered
from each stage of sampling for anal-
ysis. This procedure is accomplished
by one of two methods.
CHAPTER 8
ROTARY SAMPLERS
CONTINUOUS ROTARY
(VEZIN) SAMPLERS:
The path of a rotary (360 degree) cut-
ter is a true circle. The portion of that
circle that represents the radial cutter
opening determines the amount of cut
and is always reported as a percent
of the total feed. For example, if the
cutter opening is 5% of the circle, the
opening will be in the stream 5% of
each revolution and out of the stream
95% of each revolution. This percent-
age formula holds true regardless of
the cutter speed. Standard Thermo
Ramsey rotary samplers are available
with one or more 2 1/2 percent or 5
percent cutters.
1. Bias test gates can be included in
the discharge of the sample chutes of
the primary sampler and secondary
sampler for the testing of the accura-
cy of these samplers. A bias
test connection will also be installed
in the reject chute of the secondary
and tertiary samplers for the testing of
the reject material.
2. Where there is inadequate head-
room available to include a bias test
connection in the interconnecting
sampling system chutework, it is
permissible to furnish a belt feeder
that is reversible such that the sample
can be gathered by reversing the belt
feeder and collecting the sample from
the tail pulley end of the belt feeder.
This method may also be
utilized at the belt feeder after the
secondary sampler, if desired.
A bias test gate will also be included
in the reject chute of the tertiary sam-
pler in a three-stage sampling sys-
INTERMITTANT
ROTARY SAMPLERS:
Thermo Ramsey rotary samplers
for intermittant operation have cutter
openings to meet specific sampling
requirements. The cutter opening can
be adjusted, within certain limits, to
yield larger or smaller amounts. The
formula for determining the weight of
the sample cut is:
19
tem and in the reject chute of the sec-
ondary sampler in a two-stage sam-
pling system .
The “referee” sample is extracted
from the main conveyor ahead of
the primary sampler by means of a
“stopped belt” sample divider, in
accordance with A.S.T.M. standards.
On large volume conveying systems,
the belt sample can be large in
volume, as high as a ton or more of
material, so the bias test belt divider
should be located at a convenient
point for handling such a large
A well-designed sampling system
may only require an initial bias test
and then only when controversy
exists between buyer and seller
and a bias certification is required.
However, provisions for making a
bias check should be included in
the design and construction of all
sampling systems.
Q= PxW
S
Where: Q = Quantity in pounds of
sample per cut.
P = Pounds per second of
feed.
W = Effective cutter width in
inches measured at the
centerline of the feed
chute.
S = The cutter speed in inches
per second measured at
the centerline of the feed
chute.
For wet sampling, Q may be obtained in
gallons if P is expressed in gallons per
second of feed.
CHAPTER 9

SELECTION AND SIZING PROCEDURE, LIQUIDS AND SLURRIES

GIVEN: Note:
1. In sampling slurry from a horizontal launder or discharge
1. Feed rate in gallons per minute of a horizontal pipe use: a Type “A” cutter and CS400
2. Method of conveyance: Electric Drive.
(a) Launder 2. In sampling from discharge of vertical pipe use:
(b) Open pipe system (a) Type “B” cutter and CS400 Drive
(c) Closed pipe system (b) Modular rotary or arcual samplers.
3. Dimensions of pipe or launder 3. The PN-1600 Pipe Sampler can be used in horizontal or
4. Percent solids vertical pipes in a “closed” system. Ideal sampling
5. Particle size locations are those where the slurry is homogeneous
6. Amount of sample required and upward.

SAMPLE EXTRACTION FORMULA ARCUAL SAMPLER CALCULATIONS

1. For extracting a fixed weight per increment. KEY:
% = Percentage of flow contained in each “cut”.
Given: B = Width of cutter opening on centerline (in inches).
A = Gallons Per Minute E= AxD R2= Radius of rotation at cutter centerline (in inches).
B = Unit of Time (60 seconds) BxC t = Time for cutter to traverse full swing (in seconds).
C = Cutter Speed (I.P.S.) C=AxD ∅ = Radius of cutter arc at centerline (in inches).
D = Cutter Opening (inches) BxE L = Delay time between cuts (in seconds).
E = Quantity per Cut (Gallons) D=BxCxE
A FORMULAS:
2. For extracting a fixed percentage of the stream (applies
to lineal samplers only for slurries or dry material). A. For 360° Rotary Duty: B. For Segmental Duty:

a. Pneumatic & hydraulic drive linear machines. % = 16B % = 5,750Bt

R2 R2 ∅L
% = CO x 100 = Percentage of flow.
S
b. Mechanical drive lineal machines (CS400 Drive).
INJECTOR SAMPLER
d = Cutter Opening in.
% = CO x 100 = Percentage of flow. D = Pipe Diameter in.
S+3 l = Cutter Stroke in.
CO = cutter opening S = Cutter Speed in./sec.
S = stroke in inches Gal/Cycle = (GPM) x (d2) x (2xl)
% = percent
60 D2 S

SLURRIES (PULPS) EQUATIONS

C = 32 = F- ç F=C+ç=f NOMENCLATURE:
d T
P = Percent solids by weight
f = FT = 8G = β p = Percent H20 by weight
d = 32 = gP .0312g d = Specific gravity of solids
C 100 (1g) +gP
g = Specific gravity of slurry
T =f =β -8 T = Tons per hour of solids
P = 100 - p = 100d (g-1) = 100T F 8 = Tons per hour of H20
(d-1) T+ 8
B = Tons per hour of slurry
G = .125f = 4T 100 - p(1-d) G = Gallons per minute of slurry
p = 100-p = 100 8 d(100-p) C = Total Ft3 of solids/ton of solids
T+8
ç = Total Ft3 of H20/ton of solids
g= 100d = β F = Total Ft3 of slurry/ton of solids
W = 100 - 1 = 8 = ç d(100-P)+P .0312f f = Total Ft3 per hour of slurry
P T 32
W = Tons of H20/ton of solids
β = .0312fg = 8 T
c = 32W = F - C
8 =β -T

20
CHAPTER 10
GLOSSARY
In order to facilitate the application of
A.S.T.M. Designation D-2234 and D-
2013, we have extracted the following
principal provisions pertaining to coal
sampling applications.
A.S.T.M. D-2234:
Data obtained from coal samples is
used in establishing price; controlling
mine and cleaning plant operations;
allocating production costs, and deter-
mining plant or component efficiency.
The procedures for dividing large
gross samples before any crushing
are given in this standard.
• General-purpose sampling
procedures are intended to provide a
precision of ± 1/10 of the ash content
of the coal sampled in 95 out of 100
cases.
• Accuracy:
Generally a term used to indicate the
reliability of a sample.
• Bias:
(Systematic error) - an error that is
consistently negative or consistently
positive.
• Precision:
A term used to indicate the capacity
of a person, an instrument, or a
method to obtain reproducible results.
• Representative Sample:
A sample collected in such a manner
that every particle in the lot to be sam-
pled is equally represented.
• Proper sampling involves an under-
standing and proper consideration of
the minimum number and weight of
increments, the size consist of the
coal, the condition of preparation of
coal, the variability of the constituent
sought, and the degree of preci-
sion required.
• The number and weight of incre-
ments required for a given degree of
precision depends upon the variability
of the coal. This variability increases
with an increase in free impurity. For
most practical purposes, an increase
in the ash content of a given coal usu-
ally indicates an increase in variability.
• In order to obtain complete repre-
sentation of all sizes, it is most desir-
able that the sample increments be
withdrawn from the full cross section of
the stream. The best possible incre-
ment from a flowing stream of coal is
one obtained by moving a cutter device
entirely across the stream at a uniform
speed, the same for each increment,
into one side of the stream and out of
the other, without allowing the recepta-
cle to overflow.
• Distribution of Increments:
It is essential that the increments be
distributed throughout the lot to be
sampled.
• The opening of the sampling device
shall be at least 2 1/2 to 3 times the
top-size of the coal. However, for prac-
tical reasons, it is recommended that
the opening of any sampling device be
not less than 1 1/4 inch regardless of
the top size of the coal.
• In sampling from moving streams
of coal the sampling device shall be
designed to minimize disturbance of
the coal, thereby avoiding separation of
various coal densities and sizes or
both. To prevent segregation and rejec-
tion due to disturbance of the coal
stream, practical evidence indicates
that the velocity with which the cross-
stream cutting instrument travels
through the stream should not exceed
18 in./s (457 mm/s). Other type cutters
operating in excess of 18 in./s are
available. However, the user should he
aware that the cutting device must be
proven to be free of bias under the nor-
mal range of conditions expected.
• The increments obtained during the
sampling period shall be protected from
changes in composition due to expo-
sure to rain, snow, wind, sun, contact
with absorbent materials and extremes
of temperature. The circulation of air
through equipment must be
reduced to a minimum to prevent both
loss of fines and moisture.
• The sampling arrangement shall be
planned so that contamination of the
increments with foreign material or
unrelated coal is avoided.
• The general-purpose sampling proce-
dure is intended for a precision such
that if gross samples are taken repeat-
edly from a lot or consignment and one
ash determination is made on the anal-
ysis sample from each gross sample,
21
95 out of 100 of these determinations
will fall within ± 1/10 of the average of all
the determinations.
• Variations in construction of the sam-
pling device and flow, structure, or size
consist of the coal may make it impracti-
cable to collect increments as small as
the minimum weight specified in table 2.
In such cases, collect an increment of
greater weight. However, do not reduce
the minimum number of increments,
regardless of large excesses of individu-
al increment weights. Table 2 lists the
absolute minimum of increments for
general purpose sampling which may
not be reduced except as specified.
• Number of Gross Samples:
Under the general purpose sampling
procedure, for quantities up to approxi-
mately 1000 tons (908 metric tons, 908
mg) it is recommended that one gross
sample represent the lot. Take this gross
sample in accordance with the require-
ments prescribed in table 2.
• For quantities over 1000 tons, use one
gross sample to represent the total ton-
nage provided the number of incre-
ments, as stated in Table 2, are
increased as follows:
total lot size
(short tons or metric tons)
N2=N1
1000 short tons or
908 metric tons
Where:
N1 = number of increments specified in
Table 2, and
N2 = number of increments required.
• In the case of very large and unwieldy
gross samples, it is permissible to divide
the gross sample to reduce its weight. If
each very large increment is reduced in
quantity by secondary sampling,
take at least six secondary increments
from each primary increment. The
method of collection of secondary incre-
ments must be proved to be free from
bias. In no case shall the weight of a
secondary increment be less than
shown in the schedule of Table 2.
A.S.T.M. D-2013:
TABLE 1 — Preparation of Laboratory Sample
This method covers the reduction
and division of gross samples, col- Crush to pass at least 95 Divide to a minimum
lected in accordance with methods percent through sieve weight of, ga
D-2234, up to and including the
individual portions for arbitrary Group A Group B
analysis. Number 4 (4.75 mm) 2,000 4,000
Number 8 (2.36 mm) 500 1,000
Precautions: Number 20 (850 um) 250 500
General: Number 60 (250 um) 100% through 50 50
The preparation of the gross sample
shall be done by trained and experi-
a If moisture sample is required, increase the quantity of Number 4 (4.75 mm) or
enced personnel. If all precautions
regarding sample preparation are Number 8 (2.36 mm) sieve subsample by 500 g.
not followed, the error in the prepa-
ration may exceed the recommend-
ed maximum allowable 4.5 percent Group A Includes coals that have been cleaned in all sizes.
of the average ash content of the
sample.
Group B Includes all other coals. Unknown coals are
• In collecting, handling, reducing
and dividing the gross sample, all to be considered under group B.
operations shall be done rapidly and
in as few operations as possible,
since moisture loss depends on sev- TABLE 2 –– Number & Weight of Increments for General
eral factors other than total moisture Purpose Sampling Procedure
content, such as time required for
crushing, atmosphere temperature
MECHANICALLY CLEANED COAL
and humidity and type of equipment.
• Mechanical division of the sample
consists of automatically collecting a TOP SIZE 5/8 In. (16 mm) 2 In. (50 mm) 6 In. (150 mm)
large number of increments of the Minimum number of increments 15 15 15
properly reduced sample. Distribute Minimum weight of increments, Pounds 2 6 15
this large number of increments Minimum weight of increments, Kg 1 3 7
equally throughout the entire dis-
charge from the sample crusher RAW (UNCLEANED COAL)
because crushers can introduce
appreciable segregation. At each 5/8 In. (16 mm) 2 In. (50 mm) 6 In. (150 mm)
state of division, take at least 60 Minimum number of increments 35 35 35
increments. Minimum weight of increments, Pounds 2 6 15
• Reduce the gross sample to Num- Minimum weight of increments, Kg 1 3 7
ber 4 (4.75 mm) or Number 8 (2.36
mm) with suitable crushing equip-
ment and divide to quantity limits in
Table 1 plus a minimum of 500 g.
This is the laboratory sample.

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
22
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

centimeters .3937 inches

centimeters 1.969 feet per minute
centimeters 0.03281 feet per second
cubic centimeters .03381 ounces
cubic centimeters 0.061 cubic inch
cubic centimeters .00106 quart
cubic feet .00028317 cubic centimeters
cubic feet 28.3170 liters
cubic feet 1728 cubic inches
cubic feet 0.03704 cubic yards
cubic feet 7.48052 gallons
cubic feet 28.32 liters
cubic inches 16.38716 cubic centimeters
cubic inches .00002143 cubic yards
cubic yards 27 cubic feet
cubic yards 46.656 cubic inches
cubic yards 202.0 gallons
cubic meters 35.3145 cubic feet
feet 30.4801 centimeters
feet .304801 meters
feet 304.801 millimeters
feet per minute 0.5080 centimeters per second
feet per minute 0.01667 feet per second
feet per second 30.48 centimeters per second
gallons, U.S. .13368 cubic feet
gallons, U.S. 231.0 cubic meters
gallons, U.S. 3.78543 liters
gallons, U.S. 128 ounces
gallons of water 8.3453 pounds of water
gallons per minute .002228 cubic feet per second
gallons per minute 0.06308 liters per second
inches 2.54001 centimeters
inches 25.4001 millimeters
kilograms 2.20462 pounds
liters 0.26417 gallons, U.S.
liters 1.0567 quart, U.S.
liters 2.113 pints
liters 0.03531 cubic feet
liters 61.02 cubic inches
liters per second 15.85 gallons per minute
meters 3.28083 feet
meters 39.37 inches
meters 1.0936 yards
millimeters .03937 inches
ounces .007825 gallons, U.S.
ounces 0.0625 pounds
ounces 29.57 cubic centimeters
ounces 1.80469 cubic inches
ounces 0.0625 pint
pounds .453592 kilograms
pounds 16 ounces
pounds of water 0.01602 cubic feet
pounds of water 0.1198 gallons

23
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS (continued)

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

tons, metric 2204.62 pounds

tons, metric .98421 tons, long
tons, metric 1.10231 tons, short
tons, short 907.185 kilograms
tons, short .892857 tons, long
tons, short 907185 tons, metric
tons, short 2000 pounds
tons, long 2240 pounds
tons, long 1.01605 tons, metric
yards .914402 meters

THERMO RAMSEY
SAMPLING HANDBOOK
24
NOTES

THERMO RAMSEY
BELT CONVEYOR SCALE
HANDBOOK
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Thermo Ramsey is proud to have been
awarded formal certification to the
quality standards of the International
Standards Organization (ISO 9001).

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