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BIO-DIVERSITY
BIO-DIVERSITY
GENETICSAND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is the industrial use of microorgan-
isms and living plant and animal cells to produce sub-
stances or effects beneficial to people. The most im-
portant equipment used in biotechnology is
Bioreactor
Bioreactors allow biological process to take place
under optimal conditions such as fermentation, bac-
terial cultures. One of the first such products which is
used to treat diabetes was
Insulin (Human Hormone)
Some bioreactors carry out chemical process
without using living cells. Instead enzymes are used to
trigger the conversion of one chemical into another.
This process is called
Biotransformation
Cell fusion involves combining of twd’cells to make
a single cell that contains all the genetic materials of
the original cells. This technique has been used to create
new plants from species that do not naturallyhybridise.
The most famous example is
Pomato
Cell fusion is done by weakening the outer walls
of cell and causing them to bind together. The most
common technique is to use
Virus as Chemical Polymer
Liposomes are microscopic capsules formed by
suspension of lipids in water. The lipid molecules in
liposome arrange themselves to create a tiny space
that can carry another substance such as
Drug
Tissue culture is a technique in which individual
cells grow and.divide in a bath of sterile, nutritive fluid
which often contains hormones and growth substances.
In tissue culture, living tissue is grown
In-Vitro orIn-Vivo
For in-vitro culture, tissue from a plant or animal
cell is placed in a medium. In-vivo tissue culture is
carried out by implanting tissue into living plant or ani-
mal. Both in-vitro and in-vivo have been refined to a
point where a single cell isolated from a tissue is cul-
tured successfully. This technique is called
Cell Culture
Restriction enzymes react chemically with a spe-
cific base sequence in the DNA molecule and break
the molecule at that point. This point is called
Cleavage Site
Genetic engineering is the term applied to the tech-
niques that alter the genes in an organism, to give the
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organism and its descendants different traits. To iso-
late a gene, the scientists use a technique called
Gene Splicing
In gene splicing, a gene-sized fragment of DMA is
isolated from one organism and joined to a DNA mol-
ecule from another organism or from the same organism.
Gene-sized DNA fragments are isolated by means of
Restriction Enzymes
After the gene has been isolated, an enzyme called
Ligase is used to join the gene to another DNA frag-
ment. The hybrid molecule formed is called
Recombinant DNA
Some bacteria contain small, circular DNA mol-
ecules called Plasmids, which are found in chromo-
somes of the cells. Plasmids, when isolated-and split
and joined to a fragment of DNA to form a hybrid
circular molecule of DNA, is called
Transformation
The mixture of hybrid circular DNA molecule with
bacterial cells are cultured in a medium, so that transformed
cells with newly acquired genetic information grows over-
night into a colony of millions of cells. This colony repre-
sents a group of genetically identical cells and is called
Clone
The researchers have investigated methods to cure
diseases by inserting genes from another individual or
organism into a patients cell outside the body and then
returning these altered cells into the patients body. This
method is called
Gene Therapy
DNA Fingerprinting or Genetic Engineering is used
for identifying the components of DNA that is unique
to particular individual. These varying bits of genetic
material take the form of sequences of DNA called
Mini-Satellites
Transgenic cloning involves adding of human gene
to the nucleus of sheep cell taken from adult sheep,
which was then fused with a sheep embryo cell and
then planted to an ewe. The first transgenic clone is
Polly :
Artificial insemination is the artificial introduction
of semen into the reproductive tract of a female ani-
mal. Additionally, embryos can be split at an early stage
of development and then each portion is transplanted
into reciepent mothers giving birth to identical twins.
This procedure is called
Artificial Twinning
Cloning is the production of identical animals,
plants or microorganisms from a single individual and
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BIO-DIVERSITY 2
is derived from a single parent through An international scientific project with a goal of
Non-Sexual Activities determining the sequence of chemical base pairs and
Cloning involves fusing two cells together, a donor mapping the approximately 20000-25000 genes of
cell containing alt of its DNA (genetic information) and human genome from both a physical and functional
an egg cell from which DNA has been removed, with the standpoint is called
help of electric pulse. This technique is known as Humane Genome Project
Nuclear Transfer Some Common BacterialArstibiotic Applications
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that divides Antibiotic Obtained from Used Against
mitotically, giving rise to mature functional cells. The Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Gram-positive and
term ‘stem cell’ was proposed by Russian histologist Gram-negative
bacteria, TB tularemia
Alexander Maksinov (1908) (rabbit fever influenza,
The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are meningitis, bacillafy
embryonic stem cells, isolated from inner ceil mass dysentery, etc.)
of blastocysts and adult stem cell that are found in Actidine S. griseus Plant diseases caused
adult tissue. The classical definition of stem cell re- by fungi.
quires that it possesses two properties, which are Chloromycetin S. venezuelae Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria
Self-Renewal and Potency typhoid, rickettsias.
Self-renewal is the ability to go through numer- Tetracycline S. aurefaciens Gram-positive and
ous cycles of cell division while maintaing the undif- Gram-negative bacteria
ferentiated state. The capacity to differentiate into and rickettsiae.
specialised cell types is called Terramycin S. rimosus Gram-positive and
Potency Gram-negative bacteria.
Erythromycin S. erythreus Gram-positive bacteria,
Totipotent (Omnipotent) stem cells can differen- whooping cough and
tiate into any kind of cell type and can construct a diphtheria.
complete viable organism. The stem cells that can dif- Neomycin S. fradiae Gram-positive,
ferentiate into nearly all cells are called Gram-negative and TB
Pluripotent bacteria
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a num- Amphomycin S. cams Gram-positive bacteria
ber of . cells, but only those of a closely related family Amphotericin S. nodosus Yeast and fungi
of cells. The stem cells that can differentiate into only Leucomycin S. bitasoensis Gram-positive, bacteria
Trichomycin S. hachijpensis Yeast and fungi.
a few cells such as lymphoid are called Viomycin S. floridsp Gram-positive,Gram-negative
Oligopotent and TB bacteria
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria
A number of antibiotics are in use for curing differ- Gramicidin B. brevis Gram-positive bacteria
ent ailments. They include Ciprofloxacin (Broad Spec- Tyrothricin B. brevis Gram-positive and
trum Group), Amoxillin, Ampicilox, Erythromycin and Gram-negative bacteria
Metronidazole. The researchers have produced geneti- Polymyxin-B Areobadllus polymyxa Gram-negative bacteria
cally engineered sheep whose milk contains a protein Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobaciilus, Pro-
that enables human blood to clot. This protein is called pionibacterium are used in the production of
Factor-VIII Synthetic Cheese
A new family of drugs are being targeted at those Specially cultured microbes are used in the bio-
vital proteins in a cell which bind to specific sites of a logical treatment of sewage and industrial waste efflu-
gene and regulate their activities. These drugs are called ent, This process is known as
Transcription Factor-based Drugs Bioaugmentation
An important application of biotechnology in ag- Human Geonome Project that originally aimed to
riculture is the propagation of new plants through tis- map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid
sue culture. Such plants are called genome began in 1989 and was headed by
Transgenic Plants Art Patrinos
Lactic acid bacteria are used to make yoghurt, cheese, The local or general use of low temperatures in
sour cream. Dairy yoghurt is produced using a culture of medical therapy, to treat a variety of benign and ma-
Lactobacillus delbrueckii lignant lesions, is known as

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BIO-DIVERSITY
Cryotherapy
A Gene Gun or Biolistic Particle Delivery System is a
device for injecting cells with genetic information. The pay-
load is an elementary particle of a heavy metal coated with
Plasmid DNA
Bt is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium
commonly used as a biological pesticide and the‘Cry’
toxin found in bacterium is extracted and used as pes-
ticide. It also occurs naturally in gut of caterpillars of
moths and butterflies as well as on the dark surfaces
of plants. ‘Bt’ stands for
Bacillus thuringiensis
Golden rice is a variety of 0/yza saf/va rice pro-
duced through genetic engineering to biosynthesise
beta-carotene. It was developed as a fortified food
to be used in areas where there is shortage of dietery
Vitamin-A
By the use of anti-sense RNA technology, the
enzyme poly-galactouronase, which causes damage
to pectin, is deactivated and tomato is kept afresh for
longer duration. This is known as
Flavr savr
Canoia is either rape seed (Brass/tea napus L) or
field mustard (Brassica campestris). Its seeds are used
to produce edible oil suitable for consumption by hu-
mans and livestock. The oil is also suitable for use as
Biodiesel
A variety of classification schemes have been pro-
posed that order genetically modified organisms based
on nature of introduced genotypical changes. A prod-
uct designation for a category of genetically engineered
plants is known as
Cis-genic Plants
Radiography is the use of X-rays to view a non-
uniformly composed material such as human body. Com-
puted Tomography is different from plain film tomogra-
phy in that computer assisted reconstruction generates
3D-Representation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical
imaging technique used in radiology to visualise inter-
nal structures of body in detail. It makes use of the
property of
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Transplants that are recently performed between
two subjects of the same species are called
Allografts
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a nuclear
medical imaging technique that produces a three-dimen-
sional image as picture of functional processes in the body.
The system detects pairs of gamma rays introduced into
the body. The’se rays are emitted indirectly by
Positron Radionuclide (Tracer)
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An ultrasound-based technique for imaging and
visualising subcutaneous body structures including tendons,
muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs, is known as
Sonography
Organ Transplantation is the moving of an organ
from one body to another or from a donor site to
another location on the patients own body. Organs/
tissues that are transplanted within the same person’s
body are called
Autografts
Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically wid-
ening narrowed or obstructed arteries, the latter typi-
cally being a result of
Atherosclerosis
Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the
life threatening cardiac arrythmias, ventricular fibrilla-
tion and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. A defibril-
lator......... a critical mass of heart muscle, terminals,
the arrhythmia and allows normal ryhthm to be re-
established by body’s natural pacemaker.
Depolarises
Advanced reproductive technologies allow parents
and doctors to screen embryos for genetic disorders and
select healthy embryos. This technique is known as
Designer Baby
A procedure in which a single sperm is injected
directly into an egg, and is most commonly used to over-
come male infertility problems. This procedure is called
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a virus of the genus En-
terovirus in the picorna viroid family notable for its
etiological role in epidemics of several neurological
diseases in children. It was first isolated and
characterised from cases of neurological disease in
California
Bioinformatics, may also be referred as Com-
putational Biology to understand and organise the
information associated with these molecules on a large
scale. It plays a key role in various areas such as Func-
tional Genomics, Structural Genomics and Proteomics
and forms a key component, known as
Pharmaceutical Sector
Blue Biotechnology has been used to describe
the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology.
Similarly, application of biotechnology to agricultural
processes is known as
Green Biotechnology
Red Biotechnology is applied to medical pro-
cess to produce antibiotics and engineering of genetic
cures. The application of biotechnology to industrial
processes is known as
White Biotechnology
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BIO-DIVERSITY 4
Antibiotics of Fungal Origin and their Uses
Antibiotics Sources Uses
Penicillin Penidllium notatum (P. Used against Gram-
chrysogenum) positive bacteria,
clinically acts against
pneumonia , rheumatic
fever, tonsilitis, tetanus,
diphtheria and many
other diseases.
Criseofulvin Penidllium griseofulvum Used against mycosis.
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium Used against Gram-
acremonium.(a marine positive and Gram-
fungus) negative bacteria, it acts
against typhoid.
jawaharene Aspergillus species Used against smallpox,
influenza, leukoderma,
etc.
Clavicin Aspergillus clavatus Used against fungal
diseases.
Flavicin Aspergillus flavus and A. Used against bacterial
fumigatus tissues.

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