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Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97

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Cold Regions Science and Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/coldregions

Degradation characteristics of shear strength of joints in three rock types


due to cyclic freezing and thawing
Jian-qiao Mu a,b,⁎, Xiang-jun Pei a,b,⁎⁎, Run-qiu Huang a,b, Niek Rengers b,c, Xue-qing Zou a,b
a
College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
c
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (retired), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With massive engineering projects carried out in cold regions where freeze-thaw processes can affect the me-
Received 30 September 2015 chanical properties of rock material, the temporal variation of geotechnical stability is highly concerned. Three
Received in revised form 17 February 2017 typical types of jointed rocks were selected to undergo a number of freeze-thaw cycles after which direct
Accepted 24 March 2017
shear tests were conducted on samples of joints in the rock material. The degradation characteristics of the
Available online 25 March 2017
rock joints were examined by the changes of the shear parameters after increasing numbers of freeze-thaw
Keywords:
cycles. The results show that the cohesion is more sensitive to cyclic freezing and thawing than the joint friction
Rock joint angle and that the influence on cohesion and joint friction angle is different between hard rocks and soft rocks.
Shear strength Based on the damage mechanics theory and the fact that the deterioration degree rises with increasing numbers
Freeze-thaw cycles of freeze-thaw cycles, the damage state variable was redefined to develop an exponential decay model of freeze-
Damage model thaw cycles. The comparison of the fitting curves obtained by the proposed model with the experimental results
shows that the model reasonably well reflects the degradation characteristics of the shear strength under cyclic
freezing and thawing. The model can thus be used to predict the tendency of geotechnical strength degradation
of rock masses in cold regions.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction rock material under cyclic freeze-thaw action. These studies show that
temperature, presence of water, rock type, and number of freeze-thaw
For engineering projects in cold regions, it is of great importance to cycles play a role (Yamabe and Neaupane, 2001; Nicholson et al.,
understand the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the degradation of 2000; Chen et al., 2004; Takarli et al., 2008; Matsuoka, 1990), and that
rock mass mechanical performance. Numerous authors have already the rock deterioration is caused by the formation of micro-cracks and
published about the freeze-thaw damage issue of rock masses and its the extension of existing cracks (Remy et al., 1994).
consequences for the safe construction and operation of projects To describe the mechanical behavior affected by discontinuities, dam-
(Weeks, 1969; Hutchinson, 1974; Li et al., 2014). The freeze- thaw dam- age mechanics is a proper method (Kawamoto et al., 1988), and many
age is usually ascribed to the thermal expansion-contraction and frost- constitutive models and damage equations have been established
volume expansion forces caused by the volume increase of the pore (Mazars, 1982; Loland, 1980; Frantziskonis and Desai, 1987). Afterwards,
water in the rock material and the rock joints when freezing to ice the method was applied in freeze-thaw damage field to search for the
(Franssen and Spiers, 1990; Hori and Morihiro, 1998). It involves ther- evolution of mechanical damage and strain softening (Lai et al., 2009;
mo-hydro-mechanical (THM) field coupling and ice-to-water phase Tan et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2015). As for the mechanical property and dam-
changes (Neaupane et al., 1999; Kang et al., 2013). age model of jointed rock, some studies on the samples with pre-existing
The earlier freeze-thaw studies of intact rock samples mainly focus cracks have been made (Li et al., 2003; Lu et al., 2014; Li et al., 2013). How-
on the physical-mechanical properties and failure characteristics of ever, limited work has been done on the degradation of primary joint in
rock, which is usually very important to the stability of rock engineering.
The main objective of this work was to investigate the degradation
⁎ Correspondence to: J. Mu, State Key Laboratory of Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo- characteristics of shear strength of rock joints due to cyclic freezing
Environment Protection, College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu
University of Technology, Sichuan, Chengdu 610059, China.
and thawing. A series of direct shear tests were carried out on rock joints
⁎⁎ Corresponding author. in three typical rock types to determine the changes of cohesion and
E-mail addresses: 676052478@qq.com (J. Mu), 379975180@qq.com (X. Pei). joint friction angle. Moreover, a damage evolution model was proposed

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.03.011
0165-232X/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
92 J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97

to describe the relations between the shear parameters and the number Table 1
of cycles, and then extrapolated the damage evolution. In addition, two Physical properties of the three rock types.

degradation modes were proposed to distinguish between the degrada- Sample Dry density(g/cm3) Porosity(%) Water absorption(%)
tion behavior of soft and hard rocks. Granite 2.59 0.82 0.32
Sandstone 2.55 2.71 1.06
2. Direct shear tests Phyllite 2.76 1.21 0.44

2.1. Apparatus
These freeze-thaw cycles were carried out as follows: (1) The water-sat-
The equipment used for the direct shear tests is a portable shear box urated samples were put into a thermostatic freezer at −30 °C for 4 h;
developed by our laboratory (Su, 2008), which can test samples with ir- (2) The samples were then taken out and immersed in water at room
regular form such as rock joints by corresponding pretreatment. It is temperature to thaw for 4 h; (3) Step 1 and 2 were repeated. Each
composed of an upper and a lower shear box, normal and shear load freeze-thaw cycle had a duration of 8 h in total, which possibly repre-
systems and gauges. Before direct shear tests, the irregular samples sents the freeze-thaw weathering process for one year in a cold region.
need to be casted in the two parts of shear boxes by concrete to get a
standard form, and a gap of approximately 1 cm is left between the 2.4. Shear test program
upper and lower concrete casts, in such way that the rock joint to be
tested is aligned in the middle of the gap (Fig. 1). All samples, after having undergone different numbers of freeze-
thaw cycles, were casted in concrete in a standard block form of
2.2. Test samples and sample preparation 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm (Fig. 2). The rock joint was aligned in the middle
of the gap reserved between the two parts of the concrete casts. The di-
Three typical rock types: granite (hard rock), sandstone (medium- rect shear tests were then conducted along the joint to determine its
hard rock), and phyllite (soft rock) were selected for the cyclic freeze- shear strength.
thaw tests. The joint samples of these rock types were collected by cut- During the shear test of the five sample groups, the stress normal to
ting them from their outcrops of which the weathering degree is weak, the shear plane was maintained at a fixed value of 0.4 MPa, 0.8 MPa,
and were then wrapped in tape to avoid them falling to pieces during 1.2 MPa, 1.6 MPa and 2.0 MPa respectively. The shear stress was in-
transport. 60 Cubical samples (20 samples for each rock type) of ap- creased progressively. When the value of the shear stress (monitored
proximately 9 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm in size were collected. on the pressure gauge) no longer increased or even decreased, we as-
Before the cyclic freeze-thaw tests, these samples were water-satu- sumed that the sample had failed in shear (Fig. 3(a)). Each test took
rated. To achieve water-saturation, the samples were dried in an oven about 5–10 min. Finally, we recorded the values of normal and shear
(at a temperature of 105 °C) for 48 h, until they reached a constant stress and measured the area of the sheared plane. In addition, several
weight, and were then water-saturated. In order to avoid the influence typical joint samples were selected after they had failed to measure
of pore gas pressure, each sample was immersed first for a quarter of its their profiles by a stylus sensing system (Tan et al., 2014), and the calcu-
volume, then half, and then for three quarters in water for two hours. Fi- lated joint roughness coefficients (JRC) values are shown in Fig. 3(b), (c)
nally, all samples were immersed in water completely for 48 h. The and (d).
amount of water increase due to suction was calculated. Physical prop-
erties of the three rock types are listed in Table 1. 3. Direct shear test results of rock joints

2.3. Cyclic freeze-thaw test 3.1. Normal stress-shear stress relation

The 20 samples of each rock type were divided into four groups, with After test data processing, the peak shear stresses and normal
approximately 5 samples in each group. Freeze-thaw tests were then stresses act on the joints of each rock type after different numbers of
conducted on these groups for 0, 15, 30 and 50 freeze-thaw cycles. freeze-thaw cycles were shown in Table 2, and the scatter diagrams

Fig. 1. Shear box used to test the structural planes.


J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97 93

Table 3. The data of the 0-cycle time represent the samples which did
not undergo a freeze-thaw cycle.

3.2. Damage variables for shear strength degradation

Based on the classical damage formula proposed by Lemaitre


(Lemaitre, 1984), the damage variables for cohesion and joint friction
angle can be defined as follows:

cn
Dc ¼ 1− ð1aÞ
c0

φn
Dϕ ¼ 1− ð1bÞ
φ0

Where, cn and φn are the cohesion c(kPa) and the joint friction angle
φ(°) after n freeze-thaw cycles; c0 and φ0 are the initial strength.
From Eq. (1a) and Eq. (1b), the freeze-thaw damage variables Dc and
Dφ after different numbers of cycles can be calculated, and the results
are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 shows that the cohesion is more sensitive and shows greater
damage than the joint friction angle. And during the first 15 freeze-thaw
Fig. 2. Casted joint samples. cycles, both the cohesion and the joint friction angle of each rock type
are seriously affected. Moreover, it is worth noting that the degradation
degrees of cohesion and joint friction angle show significant differences
between hard rock and soft rock: at the same number of freeze-thaw cy-
were plotted. The Mohr failure criteria fitting on the points with differ- cles, the Dφ of granite and sandstone are greater than that of phyllite.
ent numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were drawn in different colors as Contrary to this, the cohesion of phyllite decreases faster than that of
well, as shown in Fig. 4. granite and sandstone. After 50 freeze-thaw cycles, the Dc of phyllite
From Fig. 4, the cohesion and the joint friction angle for different has already reached 65%, which in the case of granite and sandstone
numbers of freeze-thaw cycles can be obtained, and are shown in are 44% and 50%.

Fig. 3. Representative joint samples and their JRC values.


94 J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97

Table 2
Peak shear stresses versus normal stresses act on the rock joints.

0 15 30 50

Sample σ(MPa) τ(MPa) σ(MPa) τ(MPa) σ(MPa) τ(MPa) σ(MPa) τ(MPa)

Granite 1 0.08 0.20 0.08 0.18 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.18


2 0.21 0.38 0.16 0.28 0.20 0.29 0.19 0.25
3 0.24 0.42 0.20 0.27 0.23 0.32 0.24 0.32
4 0.27 0.47 0.24 0.38 0.39 0.58 0.37 0.38
5 0.41 0.62 0.37 0.51 0.51 0.56 0.49 0.58
Sandstone 1 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08
2 0.15 0.20 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.14
3 0.20 0.32 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.20
4 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.27 0.22
5 0.32 0.40 0.31 0.33 0.29 0.24 0.31 0.25
6 0.38 0.44
Phyllite 1 0.09 0.17 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.11
2 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.21 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.15
3 0.15 0.28 0.20 0.28 0.23 0.31 0.22 0.23
4 0.22 0.39 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.27
5 0.42 0.49 0.31 0.42 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.38

4. Proposed damage evolution model that the rock joint is composed of micro-units with different material
strength. Statistical methods can then be used to study the micro-dam-
4.1. Definition of the damage state variable age caused by cyclic freezing and thawing. By combination of the con-
tinuous damage theory and the statistical strength theory, Krajcinovic
According to the damage mechanics theory, and considering the and Silva (1982) proposed the following statistical damage model:
strength before the freeze-thaw cycles as initial state and after undergo-
ing freeze-thaw cycles as damaged state, the basic equation of strength  
Nf
damage can be described as follows: σ ¼ Eε 1− ð3Þ
N
Sn ¼ S0 ð1−DÞ ð2Þ
Where, S0 is the strength of the rock mass at the initial state; Sn is the Where, E is elastic modulus; ε is strain; Nf is the number of failed
strength of the rock mass at the damaged state; and D is the damage micro-units, and N is the total number of micro-units.
variable. Combining Eq. (2) with Eq. (3), the damage variable D can be de-
If a rock joint is considered as a kind of natural material, with vari- fined as the ratio of the Nf to the N. Further assuming that the damage
able mineral composition and cementation, it can be possible assumed probability density function due to damage force F is P[F], the damage

Fig. 4. Relationships between peak shear stress and normal stress for all shear tests after different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles.
J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97 95

Table 3 At lower numbers of cycles, the damage force F leads to limited destruc-
Shear parameters for three rock types after different number of freeze-thaw cycles. tion of the weak micro-units (see Fig. 5(a)). With an increase in the
0 15 30 50 number of freeze-thaw cycles, further damage is caused to the weak
Sample c(kPa) φ(°) c(kPa) φ(°) c(kPa) φ(°) c(kPa) φ(°)
micro-units, which causes macroscopic deterioration of the material
(see Fig. 5(b)).
Granite 105.8 52.3 80.9 49.0 71.5 47.0 59.5 45.1
Based on Fig. 5, it is assumed that a linear relationship exists be-
Sandstone 86.3 42.2 55.9 38.3 49.8 35.4 43.4 34.0
Phyllite 94.5 45.2 69.0 44.3 56.3 43.8 33.6 42.9 tween the freeze-thaw damage force F and the number of freeze-thaw
cycles n, (when n is 0, the F is also 0), thus F = an. The linear coefficient
a is the growth rate of F with the increase in the number of cycles n.
variable D is becoming: Therefore, the damage probability density function P[F] and the damage
Z variable D can be transformed as follows:
F
NP ½xdx     m 
Nf m an m−1 an
D¼ ¼ 0
ð4Þ P½ F  ¼ exp − ð7Þ
N N F0 F0 F0

The density function suitable for the micro-damage is the Weibull  


D ¼ 1− exp −ðan= F 0 Þm ð8Þ
distribution (Weibull, 1951). Therefore, it is possible to express the
damage probability density function P[F] as follows:
Taking the number of freeze-thaw cycles as independent variable, in
 m−1   m  Eq. (8), the equation of damage evolution rate P(n), which represents
m F F
P½ F  ¼ exp − ð5Þ the damage probability density influenced by freeze-thaw cycles n,
F0 F0 F0
can be written as follows:
After replacing Eq. (5) into Eq. (4), the damage variable D based on     m 
dD m an m−1 an
the Weibull distribution is defined: P ðnÞ ¼ ¼a exp − ð9Þ
dn F0 F0 F0
 
D ¼ 1− exp −ð F=F 0 Þm ð6Þ
After replacing Eq. (8) into Eq. (2), a damage evolution model, which
Where, m and F0 are the parameters of the Weibull distribution for describes the relation between the decreased strength Sn and the initial
materials. strength S0 with the number of freeze-thaw cycles n, can be proposed:
Eq. (6) shows the damage constitutive relation between the damage  
state variable D and the damage force F, but it is static and valid only Sn ¼ S0 ð1−DÞ ¼ S0 exp −ðan= F 0 Þm ð10Þ
when the damage force F is determined. For the dynamic process due
to cyclic freezing and thawing, the damage state variable D should be According to Eq. (10), we can calculate the Sn for any number of
combined with the freeze-thaw cycles. freeze-thaw cycles when the material parameters F0/a and m are con-
firmed, and the equation has a certain physical significance.
4.2. Damage state variable incorporating freeze-thaw cycles
4.3. Calibration of the material parameters and model verification
In many studies (Bayram, 2012; Si et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015),
the mechanical properties of rock material decreased with increasing The method to obtain the material parameters, F0/a and m, only re-
numbers of freeze-thaw cycles, and the freeze-thaw damage acting on lies on data fitting. After making a simple transform of Eq. (10) and tak-
rock material is explained as the force formed by pore water that freezes ing a logarithm on both sides of the equation, Eq. (10) is becoming:
to ice and by temperature changes. In this approach, the micro-damage  m
process due to cyclic freezing and thawing can be described as follows: n
− ln ðSn =S0 Þ ¼ ð11Þ
ð F 0 =aÞ
Table 4
Damage variables for the three rock types after different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. The power function of Eq. (11) can be fitted with the shear test re-
sults in Table 3. The values of the F0/a and the m are then obtained,
0 15 30 50
and are shown in Table 5.
Sample Dc Dφ Dc Dφ Dc Dφ Dc Dφ
The correlation coefficients R2 of the fitting curves in Table 5 are all
Granite 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.06 0.32 0.10 0.44 0.14 above 0.959. It shows that the derived freeze-thaw damage evolution
Sandstone 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.09 0.42 0.16 0.50 0.19 model is reliable. After entering the fitting results of (F0/a)c,φ and mc,φ
Phyllite 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.02 0.40 0.03 0.65 0.05
into Eq. (10), the resulting fitting curves are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 5. Damage process due to freeze-thaw cycles.


96 J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97

Table 5 As mentioned in Section 2.3, the degradation degrees of cohesion


Fitting Results of F0/a and m. and joint friction angle due to freeze-thaw cycles are different between
c φ hard rocks and soft rocks, which can also be seen in Fig. 7. The damage
Sample (F0/a)c mc R2 (F0/a)φ mφ R2
rate of cohesion of phyllite is generally higher than that of granite and
sandstone. While the damage rates of joint friction angles are the oppo-
Granite 117.88 0.6568 0.992 848.62 0.673 0.999
site. For this case, two degradation modes (Mu et al., 2013) could be
Sandstone 134.50 0.3865 0.995 579.48 0.6145 0.959
Phyllite 49.29 1.121 0.978 1675.5 0.8448 0.987 used to describe the difference:

(1) Hard rocks.


Since the sensitivities of cohesion and joint friction angle to cyclic
freezing and thawing are different, it is possible to define the following Crack extension caused by frost-volume expansion forces is the
damaged shear strength by replacing Eq. (10) into the Mohr-Coulomb main degradation mode for hard rocks, such as granite and sandstone.
strength criterion: The joint friction angle φ is influenced by this mode. It can lead to failure
along the expanded discontinuities at lower values of shear stress.
  
τn ¼ c0 ð1−Dc Þ þ σ tan φ0 1−Dφ ð12aÞ (2) Soft rocks.

" !mc;φ #
n Particle disintegration is the main degradation mode for soft rocks,
Dc;φ ¼ 1− exp − ð12bÞ such as phyllite. The temperature changes destroy the bonds between
ð F 0 =aÞc;φ
the micro-particles, which weakens the cementation degree. The de-
crease of cohesion c is mainly due to this mode.
In conclusion, the derived model works reasonably well and we as- It should be noted that the two degradation modes act on rock ma-
sume that it has universal theoretical and practical applicability. How- terial at the same time, only with different intensities. Therefore, the
ever, the curve fitting by only four points for each line is not values of cohesion c and joint friction angle φ are both affected by
convincing enough, so the applicability of the model still needs to be freeze-thaw cycles.
further verified.
6. Discussion
5. Degradation characteristics and trends in damage evolution
The damage to rock joints due to cyclic freezing and thawing brings
The high degrees of correlation between the fitting curves and the potential safety hazards to engineering projects in cold regions. Until re-
experimental results give the reason to assume that the derived model cently, a simple method used for describing the tendency in strength
can correctly describe the degradation characteristics which lead to degradation is statistical analysis. The disadvantage of this method is
the following trends in the damage evolution: that it needs a large number of test data and cannot be used to describe
(1) The degradation of the shear strength of joints in three rock the freeze-thaw damage process in-depth. In this study, a new method
types under cyclic freezing and thawing are nonlinear in trend, and is proposed to describe the degradation evolution due to freeze-thaw
the material parameters F0/a and m control the characteristics of the cycles.
degradation. However, it is still difficult to measure the magnitude of the freeze-
(2) With Eq. (9), the damage evolution rates of cohesion c and thaw damage force, as the relation between the damage force and the
joint friction angle φ, in dependence from the number of freeze- number of freeze-thaw cycles remains to be solved, and the confirma-
thaw cycles can be obtained. As shown in Fig. 7, the damage rates tion of the material parameters F0/a and m still requires more test
of cohesion and joint friction angle for each rock type are high during results.
the first freeze-thaw cycles, which means the initial freeze-thaw
behavior acting on the material is serious. Comparison shows that 7. Conclusions
the cohesion is more sensitive to cyclic freezing and thawing than
the joint friction angle and leads to greater damage. However, with The shear strength degradation of the joint planes in three rock
increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles, the damage rate decreases types with different characteristics were investigated by a series of di-
gradually which means that the influence of freeze-thaw cycles rect shear tests, and the trends in damage evolution were analyzed
tends to level off. with a derived model of freeze-thaw cycles.

Fig. 6. Fitting curves obtained with the damage evolution model.


J. Mu et al. / Cold Regions Science and Technology 138 (2017) 91–97 97

Fig. 7. Freeze-thaw damage evolution rates of the three rock types.

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