19/09/2011

Referencing

 Citation in the text

Referencing  Used to acknowledge the work of others
 Reduces likelihood of accusations of
plagiarism

Maintaining Academic Integrity  This presentation will cover some of the main
issues regarding referencing and citation
Stuart Allan  Further reading will be required for
information on the less common referencing
s.allan@gre.ac.uk
issues
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References or Bibliography? Harvard System

 List of References:  The preferred style for the School of

 used where work is cited in the text Architecture and Construction
 When citing a book, the following information
 Bibliography: should be included in the list of references
 used where work is consulted in preparation  Author/editor (family name, initials)
for the essay/report/project, but is not actually  Year of publication
cited  Title (italics)
 Edition (where appropriate)
 Publisher
the  Place of publication the
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Harvard System – Direct Quotation Harvard System - Summary

 Direct quotation  Summary

 “The fundamental principle is to acknowledge  Cottrell (2005) discusses in some detail the
the work of others by providing citations to mechanisms associated with effective
your references so that the reader can refer to referencing but …
these…” (Pears and Shields, 2007, p.3)
 Pears and Shields (2007, p.1) define plagiarism  The International Atomic Energy Agency
as “…a specific form of cheating and is (1999) describes three categories of
generally defined as presenting someone monitoring:-
else’s work as your own…” • routine monitoring
 The page number should be included where a • task-related monitoring
specific section is being quoted • special monitoring
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Harvard System – Multiple authors Journals

 Where the source has 1 or 2 authors/editors,  Journals have a slightly different approach
cite both; from textbooks and the reference list should
 Where the source has > 2 authors/editors, contain
use:  Author (family name, initial)
 (Colbourne et al, 1988)  Year of publication
 More than one publication by the same  Title of article
author in the same year?  Title of journal
 (HSE, 1998a) and (HSE, 1998b) etc...  Volume, Issue numbers
 Page reference
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Journal - Example References List

 In text  Sources cited in the text are arranged

 Waytowich et al (2006) found that, on average,
participants in their study committed 12
citation errors in their dissertation proposals.
 In list of references
 Waytowich, Vicki L., Onwuegbuzie, Anthony
J., Jiao, Qun G. (2006) “Characteristics of
doctoral students who commit citation errors”
Library Review 55(3) pp195-208
alphabetically and in full, with the date after
the authors’ name
 Always cite the authors’ names in the order
in which they are presented in the source
document

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Reference List Referencing Electronic Sources

Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical Thinking Skills. Developing Effective
Analysis And Argument Palgrave
Dougherty, T.C., Hall A.W., Wallingford, H.R. (1995)
Environmental impact assessment of irrigation and drainage
projects UN FAO
The International Atomic Energy Agency/The International
Labour Office (1999) Occupational Radiation Protection
Safety Guide: Safety Standards Series No. Rs-G-1.1
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
McKinney, M. L. and Schoch, R.M. (1996) Environmental
Science. Systems and Solutions West Publishing
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2007) Cite them right: the essential
guide to referencing and plagiarism Pear Tree Books
Waytowich, Vicki L., Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J., Jiao, Qun G.
(2006) “Characteristics of doctoral students who commit
citation errors” Library Review 55(3) pp195-208
 The last few years has seen a dramatic rise in
the use of the Internet and the World Wide
Web (www) as a research tool by both
undergraduate and post-graduate students.
 There is a wealth of information available on
the www, particularly from government and
NGO web sites, much of it free of charge
 One of the issues that has arisen is how to
properly reference Internet sources.
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American Psychological
The Current Position
Association Style
 There are a number of web sites that will
provide in-depth advice and the URLs  As stated previously, there are a number of
(uniform resource locators – the web different approaches to referencing
“address”) of these sites are reproduced electronic sources
later.
 Unfortunately, a standard method of  This presentation will focus on referencing
referencing electronic sources has not yet websites using the American Psychological
been developed and there are a number of Association (APA)
different systems available.  Other styles include the Modern Language
 So long as the approach adopted is Association (MLA) style and ISO
consistent and all of the required information
is included, the exact format is not too
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APA Style APA Style - Example

 Information to be cited in the list of  In text

references includes  Where there are no authors for a web page,
 Author/editor/organisation the American Psychological Association
(2008) recommends that the title moves to the
 Year (where available) front and the citation in the text becomes the
 Title of document/page/database first few words and the year of publication
 Date accessed  Note that the url is never cited in the text
 url – electronic address  In the list of references
 NOTE: not all information may be available  American Psychological Association (2008)
Frequently Asked Questions Accessed 30
or applicable January 2008 from
the http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html the
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Reference List – with Electronic

Summary
Sources
American Psychological Association (2008) Frequently Asked
Questions Accessed 30 January 2008 from
http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html  Citation and referencing are very important
Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical Thinking Skills. Developing Effective for a number of reasons
Analysis And Argument Palgrave
Dougherty, T.C., Hall A.W., Wallingford, H.R. (1995)  There are a number of approaches but the
Environmental impact assessment of irrigation and drainage
projects UN FAO Harvard system is recommend (required in
The International Atomic Energy Agency/The International some circumstances)
Labour Office (1999) Occupational Radiation Protection
Safety Guide: Safety Standards Series No. Rs-G-1.1  Slight variations in style exist but so long as
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
McKinney, M. L. and Schoch, R.M. (1996) Environmental all of the information is included, you should
Science. Systems and Solutions West Publishing be ok
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2007) Cite them right: the essential
guide to referencing and plagiarism Pear Tree Books  In addition to style, quality and quantity of
Waytowich, Vicki L., Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J., Jiao, Qun G. sources must be considered
(2006) “Characteristics of doctoral students who commit the the
citation errors” Library Review 55(3) pp195-208 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY
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Useful Referencing Links

 The University provides extensive guidance and
advice through the Student Portal – Library and
Information Services pages
 There is also a Progression in Information Skills
WebCT course – very useful
 Modern Humanities Research Association
http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuid
e/download.shtml
 Mayfield Electronic Handbook of Technical & Scientific
Writing (Perelman L. C., Barrett, E. and Paradis, J.),
http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.
htm
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