1.

Tittle:

Experiment 2: Titration

2. Objectives:

- To determine the Ka of an acid using pH meter.

- To determine the difference in Ka of monoprotic and polyprotic acid

3. Introduction

Titration is a method to determine equivalence/end point where the reaction acid completely
balances with the base. It is also where the acid is exactly neutralized by the base. In this
experiment there is to method to determine the end point has been achieved.

First method, we can use an indicator. There are a lot of indicator like methyl orange and
phenolphthalein (Clark, 2013), the one that being used in this experiment is phenolphthalein
indicator. This indicator has to be chosen carefully based on the acid and base that are being
used (Clark, 2013).

The second method is to use pH meter to determine the end point. During the experiment, the
pH is being monitored using the pH meter. The pH versus the volume of titrant used is plotted
and from that graph we can determined the equivalence point. The equivalence point is where
the small addition of titrant makes the pH increase rapidly.

4. Equipment and materials

-Phenolphthalein indicator
-Buret
-Pipette
-250ml beakers
-pH meter
-White paper towel
5. Procedures / methodology

A) Titration of monoprotic acid (acetic acid) with NaOH

1. The burette was filled with 0.1M NaOH. 25.00 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH was pipetted into
a 250 mL beaker and 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added. The beaker was
placed on a white paper towel to best observe color changes.
2. The solution was titrated by adding the NaOH in 1–2 mL increments. The beaker was
carefully swirled with each addition.
3. The colored form of the phenolphthalein was begun to stay but disappear instantly. After
the CH3COOH was titrated until certain volume, the color changed into light color or light
pink. This is the end point.
4. The pH of the acetic acid up until the end point was recorded. The volume of the NaOH
used also recorded.
5. The pH of the acetic acid and the volume of NaOH used was transferred to an excel file
for analysis. The volume was stored in A column while the pH in B column.
6. Using the data, the graph of pH vs volume NaOH used was made and the the
equivalence point and half-equivalence point was observed.
7. Based on the graph 6.1, the Ka of the experiment was calculated.

B) Titration of polyprotic acid (phosphoric acid) with NaOH

1. The burette was filled with 0.1M NaOH. 25.00 mL of 0.1 M 0.1M H3PO4 was pipetted
into a 250 mL beaker and 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added. The beaker
was placed on a white paper towel to best observe color changes.
2. The solution was titrated by adding the NaOH in 1–2 mL increments. The beaker was
carefully swirled with each addition.
3. The colored form of the phenolphthalein was begun to stay but disappear instantly. After
the H3PO4 was titrated until certain volume, the color changed into light color or light
pink. This is the end point.
4. The pH of the phosphoric acid up until the end point was recorded. The volume of the
NaOH used also recorded.
5. The pH of the phosphoric acid and the volume of NaOH used was transferred to an
excel file for analysis. The volume was stored in A column while the pH in B column.
6. Using the data, the graph of pH vs volume NaOH used was made and the the
equivalence point and half-equivalence point was observed.
 7. Based on the graph 6.2, the Ka of the experiment was calculated.

6. Results

A) Titration of monoprotic acid (acetic acid) with NaOH

Volume of NaOH(ml) pH
0.00 2.64
2.00 4.35
4.00 4.77
6.00 4.89
8.00 5.05
10.00 5.20
12.00 5.30
14.00 5.54
16.00 5.67
18.00 5.77
20.00 6.04
22.00 6.41
24.00 7.56
26.00 10.83
28.00 12.07
30.00 12.27
Table 6.1: Result for acetic acid vs NaOH titration

Figure 6.1: The solution (acetic acid +

phenolphthalein) turns into light pink
 Graph pH against volume of NaOH used

Y-axis = pH

X-axis = volume
of NaOH

Graph 6.1

B) Titration of polyprotic acid (phosphoric acid) with NaOH

Volume of NaOH added (mL) pH

0.00 1.30
2.00 1.97
4.00 2.00
6.00 2.03
8.00 2.15
10.00 2.20
12.00 2.24
14.00 2.27
16.00 2.34
18.00 2.42
20.00 2.50
22.00 2.58
24.00 2.68
26.00 2.78
28.00 2.89
30.00 3.01
 32.00 3.16
34.00 3.35
36.00 3.69
38.00 4.61
40.00 5.87
42.00 6.25
44.00 6.48
46.00 6.63
48.00 6.73
50.00 6.84
52.00 6.87
54.00 7.00
56.00 7.10
58.00 7.18
60.00 7.29
62.00 7.39
64.00 7.49
66.00 7.59
68.00 7.70
70.00 7.84
72.00 8.01
74.00 8.22
76.00 8.66
78.00 9.20
80.00 9.93
82.00 10.72
84.00 11.04
86.00 11.27
88.00 11.44
90.00 11.55
Table 6.2: Result of phosphoric acid vs NaOH

Figure 6.2: the solution (phosphoric acid + phenolphthalein) turns into light pink
 pH against the volume of NaOH added
pH Series 1
12

11

10

Volume of NaOH added (mL)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Graph 6.2

7. Calculation

A) Titration of monoprotic acid (acetic acid) with NaOH

Moles of titrant= volume of titrant (L) X concentration of titrant (M)

=0.025L X 0.1M

=2.5 X 10-3 mol NaOH

Moles of titrant = moles of analyte

Moles of analyte = 2.5 X 10-3 mol

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝐿

2.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙

=
0.25𝐿
= 0.01 𝑀
 (12.07+6.41)
Equivalence point = pH = (pH1 + pH2 )= =9.24
2
9.24
Half equivalence point = pKa = pH = =4.62
2
pKa = - log Ka

4.62 = - log Ka

10-3.77 = Ka

Ka = 2.4 X 10-5

B) Titration of polyprotic acid (phosphoric acid) with NaOH

Moles of titrant= volume of titrant (L) X concentration of titrant (M)

=0.025L X 0.1M

=2.5 X 10-3 mol NaOH

Moles of titrant = moles of analyte

Moles of analyte = 2.5 X 10-3 mol

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝐿

2.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙

=
0.25𝐿
= 0.01 𝑀

There are 2 equivalence point for this group, which are:

1st equivalence point

(6.25+3.69)
Equivalence point = pH = (pH1 + pH2 )= =4.97
2
4.97
Half equivalence point = pKa = pH = 2
=2.49
pKa1 = - log Ka

2.49 = - log Ka
-2.49
10 = Ka

Ka1 = 3.24 X 10-3

2nd equivalence point

(8.22+10.72)
Equivalence point = pH = (pH1 + pH2 )= =9.47
2
9.47
Half equivalence point = pKa = pH = =4.74
2

pKa1 = - log Ka

4.74 = - log Ka

10-4.74 = Ka

Ka1 = 1.82 X 10-5

8. Discussion

In this experiment, both of our objectives have been achieved. The first objectives are
determines the Ka using the pH meter. From the calculation in section 7 and the result from the
section 6, we can see that phosphorus acid and the acetic acid has a major differences. So, the
second objective was also achieved.

All differences in this experiment between phosphorus and acetic acid are not affected
by the type of the acid because both of that acid is weak acid. It only affected by their category,
whether they are monoprotic or polyprotic.

The first difference in this experiment is when the solution turn into light pink. In the
acetic acid, the NaOH volume used is less than in phosphorus acid. It occur because are acid
that can release only one proton per molecule while the polyprotic acid can release several
proton per molecule (Spohrer & Wyatt, 2016). So, phosphorus acid which is can release three
protons per molecule need more volume of NaOH than the acetic acid. The second differences
and the biggest difference is the graph. The graph for the acetic acid (graph 6.1) has one curve
while graph for phosphorus acid has (graph 6.2).

There are several precaution steps to make sure the data collected is correct and it also
to ensure the safety. First, use the glove to handling the acid and do not smell the it to much.
Second, make sure the beaker is swirled regularly during the experiment to make sure the result
is maintained. Calibrate the pH meter before using it.

9. Conclusion

This experiment shows us the major differences of the monoprotic and diprotic acid.

10. References

Clark, J. (2013, November). Acid-base indicator. Retrieved November 27, 2017, from chemguide:
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/indicators.html

Spohrer, C., & Wyatt, Z. (2016, Jul 13). polyprotic and monoprotic acid. Retrieved november 27, 2017,
from libre text:
https://chem.libretexts.org/?title=Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/
Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids_%26_Bases