Let's say you're interested in the impact of the teacher's questioning strategy onwards

students. Briefly, explain how this problem can be studied

using the causal-comparative method?I PLG 501]
What is a causal Comparative method?
Causal-Comparative is known as ex-post facto, which already exist between or among the
groups of individuals or other word, causal-comparative research will only state the
relationship between an IV and DV but with weak the evident as other as Extraneous
Variables are not controlled which could influence the relationship between the variables that
an experimenter is examining.
How I can use the Causal Comparative in questioning the impact of the teacher's questioning
strategy onwards students.
If we want use the causal-comparative research design the research question must be
created by identifying the variable.

IV; Teacher questioning strategy (The IV cannot be manipulated

as its already existed)
DV: Effects on the students
In order to create questions, the DV can be varied such as student’s motivation and
achievement. After that, the research question would be determined.

Example research question are:

Impact Teacher’s questioning strategy onwards student motivation in
Impact Teacher’s questioning strategy onwards student’s achievements.
Impact Teacher questioning strategy onwards the male students
After the Research question is determined, the sample and population should be determine,
Population should students in certain area or school, for example, All the schools in Simpang
Ampat district could be population but the sample must be chosen the group of students that
has the IV and select another group of subjects or students who does not have the IV.
In this case, two school can be used, when the sampling consisted of two groups one with
existed IV.Which the students always been exposed to questions by the teachers and other
group must not have Iv.
After that, an appropriate instrument should be chosen to answer the research question.
Example of instruments can be used in this case are test, questionnaire, interviews
observation, devices, attitudinal measure in order to determine the impact of questioning
strategy in term of motivation, achievements, on gender.
The Data analysis will be done once the data collected, example of data analysis can
be used by constructing frequency polygons, finding mean, standard deviation, and T-test to
determine the mean score, covariance analysis such as ancova and monoid.
Quantitative and qualitative researchers have different perspectives
about their relationship with the study participants and their opinions
generalization of research findings. Briefly, maintain every strength
perspective.
Quantitative Research? Qualitative Research
A type of educational A type of educational
research in which the research in which the
researcher decides what to researcher relies on the
study. views
of the participants.
What are the Ask specific narrow Qs. Qualitative Research
characteristics of Collects data from Ask broad, general
each participants. Qs.
Analyzes numbers using Collecting data
statistics. consisting
Conducts the inquiry in largely of words (text) or
unbiased, objective manner. image (picture).
Descriptions and
analysis of
words for themes.
Conducts inquiry in
subjective, biased
manner.
Identifying a Description of trends or an An exploration in which
research problem explanation of variables’ little
relationships. is known about the
problem.
A detailed
understanding of a
central phenomenon
Reviewing the Major role through Minor role in suggesting
literature suggesting the RQ to be SRQ
asked. to be asked.
Justifying the R problem Justify the importance
and of
the need for the direction of the studying the research
study. problem.
Specifying a Be specific and narrow. Be general and broad.
purpose for the Seek measurable, observable Seek to understand
research data on variables. the
participants’ experiences
Collecting data Collecting data using Collecting data using
instruments with preset Qs forms
and Res. with general, emerging
Collecting info from a large Qs to
number of individuals. permit the participant to
generate responses.
Gathering word(text)
 or
image(picture) data.
Collecting info from a
small
number of individuals or
sites.
Analyzing and Data analysis tends to consist Text analysis.
Interpreting data of statistical analysis. A description of
Describing trends, themes.
comparing Stating the larger
group differences, relating meaning of
variables. findings.
Interpretation tends to
consist of comparing results
with prior predictions and
past research.
Reporting and Tend to use standard fixed A flexible, emerging
Evaluating structure and structure
research evaluationcriteria. and evaluative criteria.
Take an objective and Take a subjective and
unbiased approach. biased approach
What are the Experimental Designs
research designs An independent variable is
associated with manipulated and one or
quantitative more dependent variables are
and qualitative controlled to see the
research? effect of the independent
Research variable on the dependent
Designs? variable(s).
Research designs Correlational Designs
are the specific Looking for relationships
procedures between things, even if we
involved in don’t have a theory to explain
the last three them
steps of the “fishing expedition”
research process: research - looking for what
data affects
collection, data what, trying to find the
analysis and components for a theory
report writing -1<x>+1

Causal-Comparative.

Descriptive or survey Research

design.
Basic research . to find out the
real problem.
Then Correlational which
having strong relationship
Then, causal-comparative
 Then, expermental

3.Prior to the start of the school year, students who have registered will be
randomly assigned to the four first-year classroom. Two of these
classrooms will then be randomly assigned to treatment and two to control
conditions. In the treatment classroom, each child will be given a
multivitamin supplement during school morning break at 10.00 am daily.
Students in the control classroom will not be given anything.
is this study subject to the Hawthorne Effect? ls, a placebo
needed? if so, what?
4. A researcher is interested in studying these variables :
(a) principal's instructional leadership,
(b) teacher morale, (c) school climate,
(d) student achievement.
Suggest two ways in which these variables might be causally related to
each other
5. A student claims that it is not necessary for him to do a pilot study prior to
conducting an experiment for his doctoral dissertation. His experiment is
primarily a replication of a previously published study, with a few
modifications.Give TWo (2) reasons in favour of doing a pilot study, even under these
conditions?
6. A researcher is planning an experiment to test the effectiveness of the
discussion method at a secondary school. One teacher has agreed to use
the discussion in his class several times a week for a semester. Another
teacher has agreed to teach the same content, but without using the
discussion method. The researcher will collect the following data:
a) scores on an achievement test
b) scores on a scale measuring attitudes toward the instruction.
what are two recommendations that you can offer to improve this experimental design?
(100 marks)

7. researcher has developed a new training program for teachers, which

he firmly believes will bring about observable changes in their classroom

behavior. To test its effectiveness, he plans to conduct an experiment in
which he observes and compares teacher behavior before and after
training.
What type of methodological flaw has been introduced into the study and
what is an alternative procedure that might eliminate this flaw?
(100 marks)
8. A researcher carried out an experiment in mathematics instruction
involving a "pretest-posttest control-group" design. The mean achievement
scores for the experimental group were 35 on the pretest and 65 on the
posttest. The mean scores for the control group were 45 on the pretest
and 55 on the posttest.
What statistical test would most likely be used to analyze these data, and
why? (100 marks)