VI. THE FAMILY CODE
This Executive Order shall take
A. Effect and Retroactivity
EO 209 July 17, 1987
Amending Executive Order no. 209,
Otherwise Known as The "Family
Code of the Philippines"
I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of
the Philippines, do hereby order:
Sec. 1. Article 26 of the Executive Order
No. 209 is hereby amended to read as
follows:
“Art. 26. All marriage solemnized outside
the Philippines in accordance with the
laws in force in the country where they
were solemnized, and valid there as
such, shall also be valid in this country,
except those prohibited under Articles
35(1), (4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38.
Where a marriage between a Filipino
citizen and a foreigner is validly
celebrated and a divorce is thereafter
validly obtained abroad by the alien
spouse capacitating him or her to
remarry, the Filipino spouses shall have
capacity to remarry under Philippine
law."
Sec. 2. Article 36 of Executive Order No.
209 is hereby amended to read as
follows:
"Art. 36. A marriage contracted by any
party who, at the time of the celebration,
was psychologically incapacitated to
comply with the essential marital
obligations of marriage, shall likewise be
void even if such incapacity becomes
manifest only after its solemnization."
Sec. 3. Article 39 of the Executive Order
No. 209 is hereby amended to read as
follows:
"Art. 39. The action or defense for the
declaration of absolute nullity of
marriage shall not prescribe. However,
in the case of marriages celebrated
before the effectivity of this Code and
falling under Article 36, such action or
defense shall have taken effect."
Sec. 4.
effect upon the effectivity of the Family
Code of the Philippines.
Done in the City of Manila, this 17th day
of July, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen
hundred and eighty-seven.
RA 6809 (December 13, 1989)
An Act Lowering The Age Of Majority
From Twenty-One To Eighteen Years,
Amending For The Purpose Executive
Order Numbered Two Hundred Nine,
And For Other Purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled::
Section 1. Article 234 of Executive
Order No. 209, the Family Code of the
Philippines, is hereby amended to read
as follows:
"Art. 234. Emancipation takes place by
the attainment of majority. Unless
otherwise provided, majority commences
at the age of eighteen years."
Section 2. Articles 235 and 237 of the
same Code are hereby repealed.
Section 3. Article 236 of the same Code
is also hereby amended to read as
follows:
"Art. 236. Emancipation shall terminate
parental authority over the person and
property of the child who shall then be
qualified and responsible for all acts of
civil life, save the exceptions established
by existing laws in special cases.
"Contracting marriage shall require
parental consent until the age of twenty-
one.
"Nothing in this Code shall be construed
to derogate from the duty or
responsibility of parents and guardians
for children and wards below twenty-one
years of age mentioned in the second
and third paragraphs of Article 2180 of
the Civil Code."
Section 4. Upon the effectivity of this
Act, existing wills, bequests, donations,
grants, insurance policies and similar
instruments containing references and
provisions favorable to minors will not
retroact to their prejudice.
Section 5. This Act shall take effect
upon completion of its publication in at
least two (2) newspapers of general
circulation.
Approved: December 13, 1989
B. Repeal and Amendment
FC 253
The foregoing rules in Chapters 2 and 3
hereof shall likewise govern summary
proceedings filed under Articles 41, 51,
69, 73, 96, 124 and 127, insofar as they
are applicable. (n)
VII. MARRIAGE
A. Concept and Nature
1. Definition
FC1
Marriage is a special contract of
permanent union between a man and a
woman entered into in accordance with
law for the establishment of conjugal
and family life. It is the foundation of
the family and an inviolable social
institution whose nature,
consequences, and incidents are
governed by law and not subject to
stipulation, except that marriage
settlements may fix the property
relations during the marriage within
the limits provided by this Code. (52a)
NCC 52
Marriage is not a mere contract but an
inviolable social institution. Its nature,
consequences and incidents are
governed by law and not subject to
stipulation, except that the marriage
settlements may to a certain extent fix
the property relations during the
marriage. (n)
Article XV, Sec. 2, 1987
Constitution
Marriage, as an inviolable social
institution, is the foundation of the
family and shall be protected by the
State.
Article II, Sec 12, 1897
Constitution
The State recognizes the sanctity of
family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution. It shall
equally protect the life of the mother
and the life of the unborn from
conception. The natural and primary
right and duty of parents in the rearing
of the youth for civic efficiency and the
development of moral character shall
receive the support of the Government.
Article II, Sec 14, 1897
Constitution
The State recognizes the role of women
in nation-building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of
women and men.
Article XV - The Family, 1987
Constitution
Section 1. The State recognizes the
Filipino family as the foundation of the
nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen
its solidarity and actively promote its
total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable
social institution, is the foundation of
the family and shall be protected by the
State.
Section 3. The State shall defend:
(1) The right of spouses to found a
family in accordance with their
religious convictions and the
demands of responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance,
including proper care and nutrition,
and special protection from all
forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty,
exploitation, and other conditions
prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the family to a family
living wage and income; and
(4) The right of families or family
associations to participate in the
planning and implementation of
 policies and programs that affect
them.
Section 4. The family has the duty to
care for its elderly members but the
State may also do so through just
programs of social security.
2. Nature
FC 1
Marriage is a special contract of
permanent union between a man and a
woman entered into in accordance with
law for the establishment of conjugal
and family life. It is the foundation of
the family and an inviolable social
institution whose nature,
consequences, and incidents are
governed by law and not subject to
stipulation, except that marriage
settlements may fix the property
relations during the marriage within
the limits provided by this Code. (52a)
PD 1083
A Decree to Ordain and Promulgate
a Code Recognizing the System of
Filipino Muslim Laws, Codifying
Muslim Personal Laws, and
Providing for its Administration
and for Other Purposes
Article 14. Nature. Marriage is not
only a civil contract but a social
institution. Its nature, consequences
and incidents are governed by this
Code and the Shari'a and not subject to
stipulation, except that the marriage
settlements may to a certain extent fix
the property relations of the spouses.
RULE 131 Burden of Proof and
Presumptions
Section 3. Disputable presumptions. —
The following presumptions are
satisfactory if uncontradicted, but may
be contradicted and overcome by other
evidence:
(a) That a person is innocent of
crime or wrong;
(b) That an unlawful act was done
with an unlawful intent;
(c) That a person intends the
ordinary consequences of his
voluntary act;
(d) That a person takes ordinary
care of his concerns;
(e) That evidence willfully
suppressed would be adverse if
produced;
(f)That money paid by one to another
was due to the latter;
(g) That a thing delivered by one
to another belonged to the latter;
(h) That an obligation delivered up
to the debtor has been paid;
(i)That prior rents or installments had
been paid when a receipt for the
later one is produced;
(j)That a person found in possession of
a thing taken in the doing of a recent
wrongful act is the taker and the
doer of the whole act; otherwise, that
things which a person possess, or
exercises acts of ownership over, are
owned by him;
(k) That a person in possession of
an order on himself for the payment
of the money, or the delivery of
anything, has paid the money or
delivered the thing accordingly;
(l)That a person acting in a public
office was regularly appointed or
elected to it;
(m) That official duty has been
regularly performed;
(n) That a court, or judge acting as
such, whether in the Philippines or
elsewhere, was acting in the lawful
exercise of jurisdiction;
(o) That all the matters within an
issue raised in a case were laid
before the court and passed upon by
it; and in like manner that all matters
within an issue raised in a dispute
submitted for arbitration were laid
before the arbitrators and passed
upon by them;
(p) That private transactions have
been fair and regular;
(q) That the ordinary course of
business has been followed;
(r) That there was a sufficient
consideration for a contract;
(s) That a negotiable instrument
was given or indorsed for a sufficient
consideration;
(t) That an endorsement of
negotiable instrument was made
before the instrument was overdue
and at the place where the
instrument is dated;
(u) That a writing is truly dated;
(v) That a letter duly directed and
mailed was received in the regular
course of the mail;
(w) That after an absence of seven
years, it being unknown whether or
not the absentee still lives, he is
considered dead for all purposes,
except for those of succession.
The absentee shall not be considered
dead for the purpose of opening his
succession till after an absence of ten
years. If he disappeared after the age
of seventy-five years, an absence of five
years shall be sufficient in order that
his succession may be opened.
The following shall be considered dead
for all purposes including the division
of the estate among the heirs:
(1) A person on board a vessel lost
during a sea voyage, or an aircraft
with is missing, who has not been
heard of for four years since the loss
of the vessel or aircraft;
(2) A member of the armed forces
who has taken part in armed
hostilities, and has been missing for
four years;
(3) A person who has been in
danger of death under other
circumstances and whose existence
has not been known for four years;
(4) If a married person has been
absent for four consecutive years,
the spouse present may contract a
subsequent marriage if he or she has
well-founded belief that the absent
spouse is already death. In case of
disappearance, where there is a
danger of death the circumstances
hereinabove provided, an absence of
only two years shall be sufficient for
the purpose of contracting a
subsequent marriage. However, in
any case, before marrying again, the
spouse present must institute a
summary proceedings as provided in
the Family Code and in the rules for
declaration of presumptive death of
the absentee, without prejudice to
the effect of reappearance of the
absent spouse.
(x) That acquiescence resulted
from a belief that the thing
acquiesced in was conformable to the
law or fact;
(y) That things have happened
according to the ordinary course of
nature and ordinary nature habits of
life;
(z) That persons acting as
copartners have entered into a
contract of copartneship;
(aa) That a man and woman
deporting themselves as husband
and wife have entered into a lawful
contract of marriage;
(bb) That property acquired by a
man and a woman who are
capacitated to marry each other and
who live exclusively with each other
as husband and wife without the
benefit of marriage or under void
marriage, has been obtained by their
joint efforts, work or industry.
(cc) That in cases of cohabitation
by a man and a woman who are not
capacitated to marry each other and
who have acquire properly through
their actual joint contribution of
money, property or industry, such
contributions and their
corresponding shares including joint
deposits of money and evidences of
credit are equal.
(dd) That if the marriage is
terminated and the mother
contracted another marriage within
three hundred days after such
termination of the former marriage,
 these rules shall govern in the
absence of proof to the contrary:
(1) A child born before one
hundred eighty days after the
solemnization of the subsequent
marriage is considered to have been
conceived during such marriage,
even though it be born within the
three hundred days after the
termination of the former marriage.
(2) A child born after one hundred
eighty days following the celebration
of the subsequent marriage is
considered to have been conceived
during such marriage, even though it
be born within the three hundred
days after the termination of the
former marriage.
(ee) That a thing once proved to
exist continues as long as is usual
with things of the nature;
(ff) That the law has been obeyed;
(gg) That a printed or published
book, purporting to be printed or
published by public authority, was so
printed or published;
(hh) That a printed or published
book, purporting contain reports of
cases adjudged in tribunals of the
country where the book is published,
contains correct reports of such
cases;
(ii) That a trustee or other person
whose duty it was to convey real
property to a particular person has
actually conveyed it to him when
such presumption is necessary to
perfect the title of such person or his
successor in interest;
(jj) That except for purposes of
succession, when two persons perish
in the same calamity, such as wreck,
battle, or conflagration, and it is not
shown who died first, and there are
no particular circumstances from
which it can be inferred, the
survivorship is determined from the
probabilities resulting from the
strength and the age of the sexes,
according to the following rules:
1. If both were under the age of fifteen
years, the older is deemed to have
survived;
2. If both were above the age sixty, the
younger is deemed to have survived;
3. If one is under fifteen and the other
above sixty, the former is deemed to
have survived;
4. If both be over fifteen and under
sixty, and the sex be different, the
male is deemed to have survived, if
the sex be the same, the older;
5. If one be under fifteen or over sixty,
and the other between those ages,
the latter is deemed to have
survived.
(kk) That if there is a doubt, as
between two or more persons who
are called to succeed each other, as
to which of them died first, whoever
alleges the death of one prior to the
other, shall prove the same; in the
absence of proof, they shall be
considered to have died at the same
time. (5a)
NCC 220
In case of doubt, all presumptions favor
the solidarity of the family. Thus, every
intendment of law or facts leans toward
the validity of marriage, the
indissolubility of the marriage bonds,
the legitimacy of children, the
community of property during
marriage, the authority of parents over
their children, and the validity of
defense for any member of the family in
case of unlawful aggression.
3. Breach of promise to marry
NCC 19
Every person must, in the exercise of
his rights and in the performance of his
duties, act with justice, give everyone
 his due, and observe honesty and good
faith.
NCC 20
Every person who, contrary to law,
wilfully or negligently causes damage
to another, shall indemnify the latter
for the same.
NCC 21
Any person who wilfully causes loss or
injury to another in a manner that is
contrary to morals, good customs or
public policy shall compensate the
latter for the damage.
NCC 2176
Whoever by act or omission causes
damage to another, there being fault or
negligence, is obliged to pay for the
damage done. Such fault or negligence,
if there is no pre-existing contractual
relation between the parties, is called a
quasi-delict and is governed by the
provisions of this Chapter. (1902a)
4. Not subject to stipulation
NCC 221
The following shall be void and of no
effect:
(1) Any contract for personal
separation between husband and
wife;
(2) Every extra-judicial agreement,
during marriage, for the dissolution
of the conjugal partnership of gains
or of the absolute community of
property between husband and wife;
(3) Every collusion to obtain a decree of
legal separation, or of annulment of
marriage;
(4) Any simulated alienation of property
with intent to deprive the
compulsory heirs of their legitime.
B. Requisites
FC 2
No marriage shall be valid, unless these
essential requisites are present:
(1) Legal capacity of the contracting
parties who must be a male and a
female; and
(2) Consent freely given in the presence
of the solemnizing officer. (53a)
FC 3
The formal requisites of marriage are:
(1) Authority of the solemnizing officer;
(2) A valid marriage license except in the
cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this
Title; and
(3) A marriage ceremony which takes
place with the appearance of the
contracting parties before the
solemnizing officer and their
personal declaration that they take
each other as husband and wife in the
presence of not less than two
witnesses of legal age. (53a, 55a)
FC 5
Any male or female of the age of
eighteen years or upwards not under any
of the impediments mentioned in Articles
37 and 38, may contract marriage. (54a)
cf NCC 53
No marriage shall be solemnized unless
all these requisites are complied with:
(1) Legal capacity of the contracting
parties;
(2) Their consent, freely given;
(3) Authority of the person performing
the marriage; and
(4) A marriage license, except in a
marriage of exceptional character
(Sec. 1a, art. 3613).
2. Kinds of non-compliance
3. Effect of non-compliance
4. Essential requisites
a. Legal capacity
(1) Gender
FC 2 (1)
Legal capacity of the contracting
parties who must be a male and a
female; and
(2) Age
FC 5
Any male or female of the age of
eighteen years or upwards not under
any of the impediments mentioned in
Articles 37 and 38, may contract
marriage. (54a)
FC 35 (1)
Art. 35. The following marriages
shall be void from the beginning:
(1) Those contracted by any party
below eighteen years of age even
with the consent of parents or
guardians;
R.A. 6809 (December 13, 1989)
An Act Lowering the Age of
Majority from Twenty-One To
Eighteen Years, Amending for the
Purpose Executive Order
Numbered Two Hundred Nine,
And For Other Purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the
Philippines in Congress assembled::
Section 1. Article 234 of Executive
Order No. 209, the Family Code of
the Philippines, is hereby amended to
read as follows:
"Art. 234. Emancipation takes place
by the attainment of majority. Unless
otherwise provided, majority
commences at the age of eighteen
years."
Section 2. Articles 235 and 237 of
the same Code are hereby repealed.
Section 3. Article 236 of the same
Code is also hereby amended to read
as follows:
"Art. 236. Emancipation shall
terminate parental authority over the
person and property of the child who
shall then be qualified and
responsible for all acts of civil life,
save the exceptions established by
existing laws in special cases.
"Contracting marriage shall require
parental consent until the age of
twenty-one.
"Nothing in this Code shall be
construed to derogate from the duty
or responsibility of parents and
guardians for children and wards
below twenty-one years of age
mentioned in the second and third
paragraphs of Article 2180 of the
Civil Code."
Section 4. Upon the effectivity of
this Act, existing wills, bequests,
donations, grants, insurance policies
and similar instruments containing
references and provisions favorable
to minors will not retroact to their
prejudice.
Section 5. This Act shall take effect
upon completion of its publication in
at least two (2) newspapers of
general circulation.
Approved: December 13, 1989
NCC 54
Any male of the age of sixteen years
or upwards, and any female of the
age of fourteen years or upwards,
not under any of the impediments
mentioned in Articles 80 to 84,
may contract marriage. (2)
NCC 80 (1)
The following marriages shall be void
from the beginning:
(1) Those contracted under the ages
of sixteen and fourteen years by the
male and female respectively, even
with the consent of the parents;
(3) Parental consent
FC 14
In case either or both of the
contracting parties, not having been
emancipated by a previous marriage,
are between the ages of eighteen and
twenty-one, they shall, in addition to
the requirements of the preceding
articles, exhibit to the local civil
registrar, the consent to their
marriage of their father, mother,
surviving parent or guardian, or
persons having legal charge of them,
in the order mentioned. Such
consent shall be manifested in
writing by the interested party, who
personally appears before the proper
local civil registrar, or in the form of
an affidavit made in the presence of
two witnesses and attested before
any official authorized by law to
administer oaths. The personal
manifestation shall be recorded in
both applications for marriage
license, and the affidavit, if one is
executed instead, shall be attached
to said applications. (61a)
FC 45
A marriage may be annulled for any
of the following causes, existing at
the time of the marriage:
(1) That the party in whose behalf it
is sought to have the marriage
annulled was eighteen years of
age or over but below twenty-one,
and the marriage was solemnized
without the consent of the
parents, guardian or person
having substitute parental
authority over the party, in that
order, unless after attaining the
age of twenty-one, such party
freely cohabited with the other
and both lived together as
husband and wife;
(2) That either party was of unsound
mind, unless such party after
coming to reason, freely
cohabited with the other as
husband and wife;
(3) That the consent of either party
was obtained by fraud, unless
such party afterwards, with full
knowledge of the facts
constituting the fraud, freely
cohabited with the other as
husband and wife;
(4) That the consent of either party
was obtained by force,
intimidation or undue influence,
unless the same having
disappeared or ceased, such party
thereafter freely cohabited with
the other as husband and wife;
(5) That either party was physically
incapable of consummating the
marriage with the other, and such
incapacity continues and appears
to be incurable; or
(6) That either party was afflicted
with a sexually-transmissible
disease found to be serious and
appears to be incurable. (85a)
NCC 61
In case either of the contracting
parties is a widowed or divorced
person, the same shall be required to
furnish, instead of the baptismal or
birth certificate required in the last
preceding article, the death
certificate of the deceased spouse or
the decree of the divorce court, as
the case may be. In case the death
certificate cannot be found, the party
shall make an affidavit setting forth
this circumstance and his or her
actual civil status and the name and
the date of the death of the deceased
spouse.
NCC 85 (1)
A marriage may be annulled for any
of the following causes, existing at
the time of the marriage:
(1) That the party in whose behalf it
is sought to have the marriage
annulled was between the ages of
sixteen and twenty years, if male,
or between the ages of fourteen
and eighteen years, if female, and
the marriage was solemnized
without the consent of the parent,
guardian or person having
authority over the party, unless
after attaining the ages of twenty
or eighteen years, as the case may
be, such party freely cohabited
with the other and both lived
together as husband and wife;
b. Consent Freely Given
(1) mistake as to identity
FC 35 (5)
Those contracted through mistake of
one contracting party as to the
identity of the other; and
NCC 86 (1)
Art. 86. Any of the following
circumstances shall constitute fraud
referred to in Number 4 of the
preceding article:
(1) Misrepresentation as to the
identity of one of the contracting
parties;
(2) Insanity
FC 45 (2)
That either party was of unsound
mind, unless such party after coming
to reason, freely cohabited with the
other as husband and wife;
(3) Fraud
FC 45 (3)
(3) That the consent of either party
was obtained by fraud, unless such
party afterwards, with full knowledge
of the facts constituting the fraud,
freely cohabited with the other as
husband and wife;
NCC 1338- 1344
Art. 1338. There is fraud when,
through insidious words or
machinations of one of the
contracting parties, the other is
induced to enter into a contract
which, without them, he would not
have agreed to. (1269)
Art. 1339. Failure to disclose facts,
when there is a duty to reveal them,
as when the parties are bound by
confidential relations, constitutes
fraud. (n)
Art. 1340. The usual exaggerations
in trade, when the other party had an
opportunity to know the facts, are
not in themselves fraudulent. (n)
Art. 1341. A mere expression of an
opinion does not signify fraud, unless
made by an expert and the other
party has relied on the former's
special knowledge. (n)
Art. 1342. Misrepresentation by a
third person does not vitiate consent,
unless such misrepresentation has
created substantial mistake and the
same is mutual. (n)
Art. 1343. Misrepresentation made
in good faith is not fraudulent but
may constitute error. (n)
Art. 1344. In order that fraud may
make a contract voidable, it should
be serious and should not have been
employed by both contracting
parties.
Incidental fraud only obliges the
person employing it to pay damages.
(1270)
Art. 1270. Condonation or remission
is essentially gratuitous, and
requires the acceptance by the
obligor. It may be made expressly or
impliedly.
One and the other kind shall be
subject to the rules which govern
inofficious donations. Express
condonation shall, furthermore,
comply with the forms of donation.
(1187
(4) Force, intimidation and undue
influence
FC 45 (4)
That the consent of either party was
obtained by force, intimidation or
undue influence, unless the same
having disappeared or ceased, such
party thereafter freely cohabited
with the other as husband and wife
NCC 1335- 1337
Art. 1335. There is violence when in
order to wrest consent, serious or
irresistible force is employed.
There is intimidation when one of the
contracting parties is compelled by a
 reasonable and well-grounded fear of
an imminent and grave evil upon his
person or property, or upon the
person or property of his spouse,
descendants or ascendants, to give
his consent.
To determine the degree of
intimidation, the age, sex and
condition of the person shall be
borne in mind.
A threat to enforce one's claim
through competent authority, if the
claim is just or legal, does not vitiate
consent. (1267a)
Art. 1336. Violence or intimidation
shall annul the obligation, although it
may have been employed by a third
person who did not take part in the
contract. (1268)
Art. 1337. There is undue influence
when a person takes improper
advantage of his power over the will
of another, depriving the latter of a
reasonable freedom of choice. The
following circumstances shall be
considered: the confidential, family,
spiritual and other relations between
the parties, or the fact that the
person alleged to have been unduly
influenced was suffering from mental
weakness, or was ignorant or in
financial distress. (n)
(5) Physical incapacity
FC 45 (5)
That either party was physically
incapable of consummating the
marriage with the other, and such
incapacity continues and appears to
be incurable; or
(6) Affliction with STD.
FC 45 (6)
That either party was afflicted with a
sexually-transmissible disease found
to be serious and appears to be
incurable. (85a)
5. Formal Requisites
a. Authority of the solemnizing
officer
1. who are authorized
FC 7, 10, 31 & 32
Art. 7. Laws are repealed only by
subsequent ones, and their violation
or non-observance shall not be
excused by disuse, or custom or
practice to the contrary.
Art. 10. In case of doubt in the
interpretation or application of laws,
it is presumed that the lawmaking
body intended right and justice to
prevail. (n)
Art. 31. When the civil action is
based on an obligation not arising
from the act or omission complained
of as a felony, such civil action may
proceed independently of the
criminal proceedings and regardless
of the result of the latter.
Art. 32. Any public officer or
employee, or any private individual,
who directly or indirectly obstructs,
defeats, violates or in any manner
impedes or impairs any of the
following rights and liberties of
another person shall be liable to the
latter for damages:
(1) Freedom of religion;
(2) Freedom of speech;
(3) Freedom to write for the press or
to maintain a periodical
publication;
(4) Freedom from arbitrary or illegal
detention;
(5) Freedom of suffrage;
(6) The right against deprivation of
property without due process of
law;
(7) The right to a just compensation
when private property is taken for
public use;\
(8) The right to the equal protection
of the laws;
(9) The right to be secure in one's
person, house, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches
and seizures;
(10) The liberty of abode and of
changing the same;
(11) The privacy of communication
and correspondence;
(12) The right to become a member
of associations or societies for
purposes not contrary to law;
(13) The right to take part in a
peaceable assembly to petition
the government for redress of
grievances;
(14) The right to be free from
involuntary servitude in any form;
(15) The right of the accused against
excessive bail;
(16) The right of the accused to be
heard by himself and counsel, to
be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against
him, to have a speedy and public
trial, to meet the witnesses face to
face, and to have compulsory
process to secure the attendance
of witness in his behalf;
(17)Freedom from being compelled
to be a witness against one's self,
or from being forced to confess
guilt, or from being induced by a
promise of immunity or reward to
make such confession, except
when the person confessing
becomes a State witness;
(18) Freedom from excessive fines,
or cruel and unusual punishment,
unless the same is imposed or
inflicted in accordance with a
statute which has not been
judicially declared
unconstitutional; and
(19) Freedom of access to the
courts.
In any of the cases referred to in this
article, whether or not the
defendant's act or omission
constitutes a criminal offense, the
aggrieved party has a right to
commence an entirely separate and
distinct civil action for damages, and
for other relief. Such civil action shall
proceed independently of any
criminal prosecution (if the latter be
instituted), and mat be proved by a
preponderance of evidence.
The indemnity shall include moral
damages. Exemplary damages may
also be adjudicated.
The responsibility herein set forth is
not demandable from a judge unless
his act or omission constitutes a
violation of the Penal Code or other
penal statute.
NCC 56, 74, 76
Art. 56. Marriage may be
solemnized by:
(1) The Chief Justice and Associate
Justices of the Supreme Court;
(2) The Presiding Justice and the
Justices of the Court of Appeals;
(3) Judges of the Courts of First
Instance;
(4) Mayors of cities and
municipalities;
(5) Municipal judges and justices of
the peace;
(6) Priests, rabbis, ministers of the
gospel of any denomination,
church, religion or sect, duly
registered, as provided in Article
92; and
(7) Ship captains, airplane chiefs,
military commanders, and consuls
and vice-consuls in special cases
provided in Articles 74 and 75.
(4a)
Art. 74. A marriage in articulo
mortis may also be solemnized by the
captain of a ship or chief of an
airplane during a voyage, or by the
commanding officer of a military
unit, in the absence of a chaplain,
during war. The duties mentioned in
the two preceding articles shall be
complied with by the ship captain,
airplane chief or commanding officer.
(n)
Art. 76. No marriage license shall be
necessary when a man and a woman
who have attained the age of
majority and who, being unmarried,
have lived together as husband and
wife for at least five years, desire to
marry each other. The contracting
parties shall state the foregoing facts
in an affidavit before any person
authorized by law to administer
oaths. The official, priest or minister
who solemnized the marriage shall
also state in an affidavit that he took
steps to ascertain the ages and other
qualifications of the contracting
parties and that he found no legal
impediment to the marriage. (n)
1991 Local Gov’t Code, Sec 444
(b) (1) (xviii) 455 (b) (1) (xviii)
Sec 444 (b) (1) (xviii) Solemnize
marriages, any provision of law to
the contrary notwithstanding;
Sec 455 (b) (1) (xviii) Solemnize
marriage, any provision of law to the
contrary notwithstanding;
2. how authorized
FC 7 (2)
Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister
of any church or religious sect duly
authorized by his church or religious
sect and registered with the civil
registrar general, acting within the
limits of the written authority
granted by his church or religious
sect and provided that at least one of
the contracting parties belongs to
the solemnizing officer's church or
religious sect;
3. effect of absence of authority
FC 4
Art. 4. The absence of any of the
essential or formal requisites shall
render the marriage void ab initio,
except as stated in Article 35 (2).
FC 35 (2)
Those solemnized by any person not
legally authorized to perform
marriages unless such marriages
were contracted with either or both
parties believing in good faith that
the solemnizing officer had the legal
authority to do so;
b. Marriage Ceremony
1. Form
FC 3 (3)
A marriage ceremony which takes
place with the appearance of the
contracting parties before the
solemnizing officer and their
personal declaration that they take
each other as husband and wife in
the presence of not less than two
witnesses of legal age.
FC 6
No prescribed form or religious rite
for the solemnization of the
marriage is required. It shall be
necessary, however, for the
contracting parties to appear
personally before the solemnizing
officer and declare in the presence
of not less than two witnesses of
legal age that they take each other
as husband and wife. This
declaration shall be contained in the
marriage certificate which shall be
signed by the contracting parties
and their witnesses and attested by
the solemnizing officer.
In case of a marriage in articulo
mortis, when the party at the point
of death is unable to sign the
marriage certificate, it shall be
sufficient for one of the witnesses to
the marriage to write the name of
said party, which fact shall be
attested by the solemnizing officer.
2. Place
FC 8
The marriage shall be solemnized
publicly in the chambers of the
judge or in open court, in the
church, chapel or temple, or in the
office the consul-general, consul or
vice-consul, as the case may be, and
not elsewhere, except in cases of
marriages contracted on the point of
death or in remote places in
accordance with Article 29 of this
Code, or where both of the parties
request the solemnizing officer in
writing in which case the marriage
may be solemnized at a house or
place designated by them in a sworn
statement to that effect.
FC 28
If the residence of either party is so
located that there is no means of
transportation to enable such party
to appear personally before the local
civil registrar, the marriage may be
solemnized without necessity of a
marriage license. (72a)
FC 29
In the cases provided for in the two
preceding articles, the solemnizing
officer shall state in an affidavit
executed before the local civil
registrar or any other person legally
authorized to administer oaths that
the marriage was performed
in articulo mortis or that the
residence of either party, specifying
the barrio or barangay, is so located
that there is no means of
transportation to enable such party
to appear personally before the local
civil registrar and that the officer
took the necessary steps to
ascertain the ages and relationship
of the contracting parties and the
absence of legal impediment to the
marriage. (72a)
FC 32
A military commander of a unit, who
is a commissioned officer, shall
likewise have authority to solemnize
marriages in articulo mortis
between persons within the zone of
military operation, whether
members of the armed forces or
civilians. (74a)
FC 33
Marriages among Muslims or among
members of the ethnic cultural
communities may be performed
validly without the necessity of
marriage license, provided they are
solemnized in accordance with their
customs, rites or practices. (78a)
3. Marriage Certificate
FC 6
No prescribed form or religious rite
for the solemnization of the
marriage is required. It shall be
necessary, however, for the
contracting parties to appear
personally before the solemnizing
officer and declare in the presence
of not less than two witnesses of
legal age that they take each other
as husband and wife. This
declaration shall be contained in the
marriage certificate which shall be
signed by the contracting parties
and their witnesses and attested by
the solemnizing officer.
In case of a marriage in articulo
mortis, when the party at the point
of death is unable to sign the
marriage certificate, it shall be
sufficient for one of the witnesses to
the marriage to write the name of
said party, which fact shall be
attested by the solemnizing
officer. (55a)
FC 22
The marriage certificate, in which
the parties shall declare that they
take each other as husband and
wife, shall also state:
(1) The full name, sex and age of each
contracting party;
(2) Their citizenship, religion and
habitual residence;
(3) The date and precise time of the
celebration of the marriage;
(4) That the proper marriage license
has been issued according to law,
except in marriage provided for in
Chapter 2 of this Title;
(5) That either or both of the
contracting parties have secured the
parental consent in appropriate
cases;
(6) That either or both of the
contracting parties have complied
with the legal requirement
 regarding parental advice in A defect in any of the essential
appropriate cases; and requisites shall not affect the
(7) That the parties have entered into validity of the marriage but the
marriage settlement, if any, party or parties responsible for the
attaching a copy thereof. (67a) irregularity shall be civilly,
criminally and administratively
4. Duties of the Solemnizing liable. (n)
Officer
FC 23 c. Marriage License
It shall be the duty of the person 1. Where to apply
solemnizing the marriage to furnish FC 9
either of the contracting parties the A marriage license shall be issued
original of the marriage certificate by the local civil registrar of the city
referred to in Article 6 and to send or municipality where either
the duplicate and triplicate copies of contracting party habitually resides,
the certificate not later than fifteen except in marriages where no
days after the marriage, to the local license is required in accordance
civil registrar of the place where the with Chapter 2 of this Title. (58a)
marriage was solemnized. Proper
receipts shall be issued by the local FC 10
civil registrar to the solemnizing Marriages between Filipino citizens
officer transmitting copies of the abroad may be solemnized by a
marriage certificate. The consul-general, consul or vice-consul
solemnizing officer shall retain in of the Republic of the Philippines.
his file the quadruplicate copy of the The issuance of the marriage license
marriage certificate, the copy of the and the duties of the local civil
marriage certificate, the original of registrar and of the solemnizing
the marriage license and, in proper officer with regard to the
cases, the affidavit of the celebration of marriage shall be
contracting party regarding the performed by said consular
solemnization of the marriage in official. (75a)
place other than those mentioned in
Article 8. (68a) 2. Requirements for issuance
a. Application
FC 24 FC 11
It shall be the duty of the local civil Where a marriage license is
registrar to prepare the documents required, each of the contracting
required by this Title, and to parties shall file separately a
administer oaths to all interested sworn application for such license
parties without any charge in both with the proper local civil
cases. The documents and affidavits registrar which shall specify the
filed in connection with applications following:
for marriage licenses shall be (1) Full name of the contracting
exempt from documentary stamp party;
tax. (n) (2) Place of birth;
(3) Age and date of birth;
5. Effect of irregularity (4) Civil status;
FC 4 (5) If previously married, how,
The absence of any of the essential when and where the previous
or formal requisites shall render the marriage was dissolved or
marriage void ab initio, except as annulled;
stated in Article 35 (2). (6) Present residence and
citizenship;
(7) Degree of relationship of the
contracting parties;
(8) Full name, residence and
citizenship of the father;
(9) Full name, residence and
citizenship of the mother; and
(10) Full name, residence and
citizenship of the guardian or
person having charge, in case the
contracting party has neither
father nor mother and is under
the age of twenty-one years.
The applicants, their parents or
guardians shall not be required to
exhibit their residence certificates
in any formality in connection
with the securing of the marriage
license. (59a)
b. Proof of capacity
FC 12
The local civil registrar, upon
receiving such application, shall
require the presentation of the
original birth certificates or, in
default thereof, the baptismal
certificates of the contracting
parties or copies of such
documents duly attested by the
persons having custody of the
originals. These certificates or
certified copies of the documents
by this Article need not be sworn
to and shall be exempt from the
documentary stamp tax. The
signature and official title of the
person issuing the certificate shall
be sufficient proof of its
authenticity.
If either of the contracting parties
is unable to produce his birth or
baptismal certificate or a certified
copy of either because of the
destruction or loss of the original
or if it is shown by an affidavit of
such party or of any other person
that such birth or baptismal
certificate has not yet been
received though the same has
been required of the person
having custody thereof at least
fifteen days prior to the date of
the application, such party may
furnish in lieu thereof his current
residence certificate or an
instrument drawn up and sworn
to before the local civil registrar
concerned or any public official
authorized to administer oaths.
Such instrument shall contain the
sworn declaration of two
witnesses of lawful age, setting
forth the full name, residence and
citizenship of such contracting
party and of his or her parents, if
known, and the place and date of
birth of such party. The nearest of
kin of the contracting parties shall
be preferred as witnesses, or, in
their default, persons of good
reputation in the province or the
locality.
The presentation of birth or
baptismal certificate shall not be
required if the parents of the
contracting parties appear
personally before the local civil
registrar concerned and swear to
the correctness of the lawful age
of said parties, as stated in the
application, or when the local civil
registrar shall, by merely looking
at the applicants upon their
personally appearing before him,
be convinced that either or both
of them have the required
age. (60a)
FC 13
In case either of the contracting
parties has been previously
married, the applicant shall be
required to furnish, instead of the
birth or baptismal certificate
required in the last preceding
article, the death certificate of the
deceased spouse or the judicial
decree of the absolute divorce, or
the judicial decree of annulment
or declaration of nullity of his or
her previous marriage.
In case the death certificate
cannot be secured, the party shall
make an affidavit setting forth
this circumstance and his or her
actual civil status and the name
and date of death of the deceased
spouse. (61a)
FC 14
In case either or both of the
contracting parties, not having
been emancipated by a previous
marriage, are between the ages of
eighteen and twenty-one, they
shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding
articles, exhibit to the local civil
registrar, the consent to their
marriage of their father, mother,
surviving parent or guardian, or
persons having legal charge of
them, in the order mentioned.
Such consent shall be manifested
in writing by the interested party,
who personally appears before
the proper local civil registrar, or
in the form of an affidavit made in
the presence of two witnesses and
attested before any official
authorized by law to administer
oaths. The personal manifestation
shall be recorded in both
applications for marriage license,
and the affidavit, if one is
executed instead, shall be
attached to said
applications. (61a)
FC 21
When either or both of the
contracting parties are citizens of
a foreign country, it shall be
necessary for them before a
marriage license can be obtained,
to submit a certificate of legal
capacity to contract marriage,
issued by their respective
diplomatic or consular officials.
Stateless persons or refugees
from other countries shall, in lieu
of the certificate of legal capacity
herein required, submit an
affidavit stating the circumstances
showing such capacity to contract
marriage. (66a)
c. Parental advice
FC 15
Any contracting party between
the age of twenty-one and twenty-
five shall be obliged to ask their
parents or guardian for advice
upon the intended marriage. If
they do not obtain such advice, or
if it be unfavorable, the marriage
license shall not be issued till
after three months following the
completion of the publication of
the application therefor. A sworn
statement by the contracting
parties to the effect that such
advice has been sought, together
with the written advice given, if
any, shall be attached to the
application for marriage license.
Should the parents or guardian
refuse to give any advice, this fact
shall be stated in the sworn
statement. (62a)
d. Marriage Counseling
FC 16
In the cases where parental
consent or parental advice is
needed, the party or parties
concerned shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding
articles, attach a certificate issued
by a priest, imam or minister
authorized to solemnize marriage
under Article 7 of this Code or a
marriage counselor duly
accredited by the proper
government agency to the effect
that the contracting parties have
undergone marriage counseling.
Failure to attach said certificates
of marriage counseling shall
suspend the issuance of the
marriage license for a period of
three months from the completion
of the publication of the
application. Issuance of the
marriage license within the
prohibited period shall subject the
issuing officer to administrative
sanctions but shall not affect the
validity of the marriage.
Should only one of the contracting
parties need parental consent or
parental advice, the other party
must be present at the counseling
referred to in the preceding
paragraph. (n)
e. Publication
FC 17
The local civil registrar shall
prepare a notice which shall
contain the full names and
residences of the applicants for a
marriage license and other data
given in the applications. The
notice shall be posted for ten
consecutive days on a bulletin
board outside the office of the
local civil registrar located in a
conspicuous place within the
building and accessible to the
general public. This notice shall
request all persons having
knowledge of any impediment to
the marriage to advise the local
civil registrar thereof. The
marriage license shall be issued
after the completion of the period
of publication. (63a)
f. Investigation of impediments
FC 18
In case of any impediment known
to the local civil registrar or
brought to his attention, he shall
note down the particulars thereof
and his findings thereon in the
application for marriage license,
but shall nonetheless issue said
license after the completion of the
period of publication, unless
ordered otherwise by a competent
court at his own instance or that
of any interest party. No filing fee
shall be charged for the petition
nor a corresponding bond
required for the issuances of the
order. (64a)
g. Payment of Fees
FC 19
The local civil registrar shall
require the payment of the fees
prescribed by law or regulations
before the issuance of the
marriage license. No other sum
shall be collected in the nature of
a fee or tax of any kind for the
issuance of said license. It shall,
however, be issued free of charge
to indigent parties, that is those
who have no visible means of
income or whose income is
insufficient for their subsistence a
fact established by their affidavit,
or by their oath before the local
civil registrar. (65a)
h. Family Planning certificate
PD 965 (July 20, 1976)
A Decree Requiring Applicant
for Marriage License to
Receive Instructions on Family
Planning and Responsible
Parenthood
WHEREAS, the Government has
adopted a national population
program to achieve and maintain
levels of population most
conducive to the national welfare;
WHEREAS, an essential element
of the population program is to
inform and instruct the people on
family planning and responsible
parenthood; and
WHEREAS, an effective mode of
implementing the program would
be to require all applicants for
marriage license to receive
instructions and information on
family planning and responsible
parenthood before they are issued
the marriage license, and to
create the administrative
machinery for giving such
instructions and information;
NOW, THEREFORE, I,
FERDINAND E. MARCOS,
President of the Philippines, by
virtue of the powers vested in me
by the Constitution, do hereby
order and decree:
Section 1. Office of Family
Planning. There is hereby created
in every city and municipality an
Office of Family Planning to be
headed by the city or municipal
health officer. He shall be assisted
by the city or rural health nurse,
members of the city or rural
health unit, and such other
personnel from the different
agencies of the government
involved in the family planning
program, who shall perform
family planning duties in addition
to their regular duties. Private
entities or individuals duly
accredited by the Commission on
Population engaged in family
planning activities may also be
impressed into the service.
Section 2. Duties of Family
Planning Office. The Office of
Family planning shall give
instructions and information on
family and responsible
parenthood to applicants for
marriage license and other
interested persons in the form of
personal instruction and/or
handbook, pamphlets or
brochures. Furthermore, such
instructions and information shall
be consistent with the policies of
the Commission on Population.
Section 3. Certificate of
Compliance. Applicants for
marriage license shall, upon filing
an application therefore, be
obliged to receive instructions
and information on family
planning and responsible
parenthood from the Family
Planning Office. Such instructions
and information may be in the
form of personal instruction or in
the form of brochures, pamphlets,
or handbooks. In places where
there are no health officers, any
person duly accredited by the
Commission on Population may
give the instructions herein
provided.
No marriage license shall be
issued by the Local Civil Registrar
unless the applicants present a
certificate, issued at no cost to the
applicants, by an Office of Family
Planning that they had received
instructions and information on
family planning and responsible
parenthood.
If, for any reason, the information
or instructions shall not have
been given within the period
required by law for the issuance
of a marriage license, a
certification to that effect shall be
given to the Civil Registrar by the
Office of Family Planning and the
former shall withhold the issuance
of the marriage license for a
period of two weeks to enable the
Family Planning Office to give
instructions and information and
the applicants to receive the
same. At the end of such period,
when no instructions shall have
been given, the Civil Registrar
may issue the marriage license.
Section 4. Assistance of National
Office. Agencies of the National
Government charged with the
implementation of the Family
Planning program shall render
assistance to family planning
offices herein created.
Section 5. Penalties. Any member
of the Office of Family planning
who fails or refuses without just
cause to give the instructions and
the certificate herein provided:
any local Civil Registrar who
issues the marriage license
without the requisite certification
from the Office of Family
Planning, or any person who
 obtains the certificate
fraudulently, shall be subject to
appropriate administrative or
criminal charges.
Section 6. Rules and
Regulation. The Commission on
Population shall issue rules and
regulations to implement the
provisions of this Decree.
Section 7. Repeal of Prior
Law. All laws and ordinances
inconsistent with the provisions of
this Decree are hereby repealed
or modified accordingly.
Section 8. Effectivity. This
Decree shall take effect
immediately.
Done in the City of Manila, this
20th day of July, in the year of Our
Lord, nineteen hundred and
seventy-six.
3. Place where valid
FC 20
The license shall be valid in any part
of the Philippines for a period of one
hundred twenty days from the date
of issue, and shall be deemed
automatically canceled at the
expiration of the said period if the
contracting parties have not made
use of it. The expiry date shall be
stamped in bold characters on the
face of every license issued. (65a)
4. Period of Validity
FC 20
The license shall be valid in any part
of the Philippines for a period of one
hundred twenty days from the date
of issue, and shall be deemed
automatically canceled at the
expiration of the said period if the
contracting parties have not made
use of it. The expiry date shall be
stamped in bold characters on the
face of every license issued. (65a)
5. Duties of the Civil Registrar
FC 24
It shall be the duty of the local civil
registrar to prepare the documents
required by this Title, and to
administer oaths to all interested
parties without any charge in both
cases. The documents and affidavits
filed in connection with applications
for marriage licenses shall be exempt
from documentary stamp tax. (n)
FC 25
The local civil registrar concerned
shall enter all applications for
marriage licenses filed with him in a
registry book strictly in the order in
which the same are received. He
shall record in said book the names
of the applicants, the date on which
the marriage license was issued, and
such other data as may be
necessary. (n)
6. Marriages exempt from license
requirement
FC 27
In case either or both of the
contracting parties are at the point
of death, the marriage may be
solemnized without necessity of a
marriage license and shall remain
valid even if the ailing party
subsequently survives. (72a)
FC 28
If the residence of either party is so
located that there is no means of
transportation to enable such party
to appear personally before the local
civil registrar, the marriage may be
solemnized without necessity of a
marriage license. (72a)
FC 29
In the cases provided for in the two
preceding articles, the solemnizing
officer shall state in an affidavit
executed before the local civil
registrar or any other person legally
authorized to administer oaths that
the marriage was performed
in articulo mortis or that the
residence of either party, specifying
the barrio or barangay, is so located
that there is no means of
transportation to enable such party
to appear personally before the local
civil registrar and that the officer
took the necessary steps to ascertain
the ages and relationship of the
contracting parties and the absence
of legal impediment to the
marriage. (72a)
FC 30
The original of the affidavit required
in the last preceding article, together
with the legible copy of the marriage
contract, shall be sent by the person
solemnizing the marriage to the local
civil registrar of the municipality
where it was performed within the
period of thirty days after the
performance of the marriage. (75a)
FC 31
A marriage in articulo mortis
between passengers or crew
members may also be solemnized by
a ship captain or by an airplane pilot
not only while the ship is at sea or
the plane is in flight, but also during
stopovers at ports of call. (74a)
FC 32
A military commander of a unit, who
is a commissioned officer, shall
likewise have authority to solemnize
marriages in articulo mortis between
persons within the zone of military
operation, whether members of the
armed forces or civilians. (74a)
FC 33
Marriages among Muslims or among
members of the ethnic cultural
communities may be performed
validly without the necessity of
marriage license, provided they are
solemnized in accordance with their
customs, rites or practices. (78a)
FC 34
No license shall be necessary for the
marriage of a man and a woman who
have lived together as husband and
wife for at least five years and
without any legal impediment to
marry each other. The contracting
parties shall state the foregoing facts
in an affidavit before any person
authorized by law to administer
oaths. The solemnizing officer shall
also state under oath that he
ascertained the qualifications of the
contracting parties are found no
legal impediment to the
marriage. (76a)
C. LAW GOVERNING VALIDITY
1. General Rules on Contract
a. As to form
NCC 17
The forms and solemnities of
contracts, wills, and other public
instruments shall be governed by the
laws of the country in which they are
executed.
When the acts referred to are
executed before the diplomatic or
consular officials of the Republic of the
Philippines in a foreign country, the
solemnities established by Philippine
laws shall be observed in their
execution.
Prohibitive laws concerning persons,
their acts or property, and those which
have for their object public order,
public policy and good customs shall
not be rendered ineffective by laws or
judgments promulgated, or by
determinations or conventions agreed
upon in a foreign country. (11a)
b. As to substantive requirements
NCC 15
Laws relating to family rights and
duties, or to the status, condition and
legal capacity of persons are binding
upon citizens of the Philippines, even
though living abroad. (9a)
NCC 17
The forms and solemnities of
contracts, wills, and other public
instruments shall be governed by the
 laws of the country in which they are (5) Those contracted through
executed. mistake of one contracting party as
When the acts referred to are to the identity of the other;
executed before the diplomatic or
consular officials of the Republic of the FC 36
Philippines in a foreign country, the A marriage contracted by any party
solemnities established by Philippine who, at the time of the celebration,
laws shall be observed in their was psychologically incapacitated to
execution. comply with the essential marital
obligations of marriage, shall likewise
Prohibitive laws concerning persons, be void even if such incapacity
their acts or property, and those which becomes manifest only after its
have for their object public order, solemnization. (As amended by
public policy and good customs shall Executive Order 227)
not be rendered ineffective by laws or
judgments promulgated, or by FC 37
determinations or conventions agreed Marriages between the following are
upon in a foreign country. (11a) incestuous and void from the
beginning, whether relationship
2. Special Rule in Marriage between the parties be legitimate or
a. Lex loci celebrationis illegitimate:
FC 26 (1) Between ascendants and
All marriages solemnized outside the descendants of any degree; and
Philippines, in accordance with the (2) Between brothers and sisters,
laws in force in the country where they whether of the full or half
were solemnized, and valid there as blood. (81a)
such, shall also be valid in this country,
except those prohibited under Articles FC 38
35 (1), (4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and The following marriages shall be void
38. (17a) from the beginning for reasons of
public policy:
Where a marriage between a Filipino (1) Between collateral blood
citizen and a foreigner is validly relatives whether legitimate or
celebrated and a divorce is thereafter illegitimate, up to the fourth civil
validly obtained abroad by the alien degree;
spouse capacitating him or her to (2) Between step-parents and step-
remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have children;
capacity to remarry under Philippine (3) Between parents-in-law and
law. (As amended by Executive Order children-in-law;
227) (4) Between the adopting parent and
the adopted child;
b. Exceptions (5) Between the surviving spouse of
FC 35 (1), (4), (5) the adopting parent and the adopted
The following marriages shall be void child;
from the beginning: (6) Between the surviving spouse of
(1) Those contracted by any party the adopted child and the adopter;
below eighteen years of age even (7) Between an adopted child and a
with the consent of parents or legitimate child of the adopter;
guardians; (8) Between adopted children of the
(4) Those bigamous or polygamous same adopter; and
marriages not failing under Article (9) Between parties where one, with
41; the intention to marry the other,
 killed that other person's spouse, or
his or her own spouse. (82)
NCC 71
All marriages performed outside the
Philippines in accordance with the
laws in force in the country where they
were performed, and valid there as
such, shall also be valid in this country,
except bigamous, polygamous, or
incestuous marriages as determined
by Philippine law. (19a)
D. PRESUMPTION OF MARRIAGE
NCC 220
In case of doubt, all presumptions favor the
solidarity of the family. Thus, every
intendment of law or fact leans toward the
validity of marriage, the indissolubility of
the marriage bonds, the legitimacy of
children, the community of property during
marriage, the authority of parents over
their children, and the validity of defense
for any member of the family in case of
unlawful aggression.
RULE 131, SEC.3
Disputable presumptions. — The following
presumptions are satisfactory if
uncontradicted, but may be contradicted
and overcome by other evidence:
(a) That a person is innocent of crime or
wrong;
(b) That an unlawful act was done with
an unlawful intent;
(c) That a person intends the ordinary
consequences of his voluntary act;
(d) That a person takes ordinary care of
his concerns;
(e) That evidence willfully suppressed
would be adverse if produced;
(f) That money paid by one to another
was due to the latter;
(g) That a thing delivered by one to
another belonged to the latter;
(h) That an obligation delivered up to the
debtor has been paid;
(i) That prior rents or installments had
been paid when a receipt for the later
one is produced;
(j) That a person found in possession of a
thing taken in the doing of a recent
wrongful act is the taker and the doer
of the whole act; otherwise, that things
which a person possess, or exercises
acts of ownership over, are owned by
him;
(k) That a person in possession of an
order on himself for the payment of
the money, or the delivery of anything,
has paid the money or delivered the
thing accordingly;
(l) That a person acting in a public office
was regularly appointed or elected to
it;
(m) That official duty has been regularly
performed;
(n) That a court, or judge acting as such,
whether in the Philippines or
elsewhere, was acting in the lawful
exercise of jurisdiction;
(o) That all the matters within an issue
raised in a case were laid before the
court and passed upon by it; and in
like manner that all matters within an
issue raised in a dispute submitted for
arbitration were laid before the
arbitrators and passed upon by them;
(p) That private transactions have been
fair and regular;
(q) That the ordinary course of business
has been followed;
(r) That there was a sufficient
consideration for a contract;
(s) That a negotiable instrument was
given or indorsed for a sufficient
consideration;
(t) That an endorsement of negotiable
instrument was made before the
instrument was overdue and at the
place where the instrument is dated;
(u) That a writing is truly dated;
(v) That a letter duly directed and mailed
was received in the regular course of
the mail;
(w) That after an absence of seven years,
it being unknown whether or not the
absentee still lives, he is considered
dead for all purposes, except for those
of succession.
The absentee shall not be considered dead
for the purpose of opening his succession
till after an absence of ten years. If he
disappeared after the age of seventy-five
years, an absence of five years shall be
sufficient in order that his succession may
be opened.
The following shall be considered dead for
all purposes including the division of the
estate among the heirs:
(1) A person on board a vessel lost
during a sea voyage, or an aircraft
with is missing, who has not been
heard of for four years since the
loss of the vessel or aircraft;
(2) A member of the armed forces
who has taken part in armed
hostilities, and has been missing
for four years;
(3) A person who has been in
danger of death under other
circumstances and whose
existence has not been known for
four years;
(4) If a married person has been
absent for four consecutive years,
the spouse present may contract a
subsequent marriage if he or she
has well-founded belief that the
absent spouse is already death. In
case of disappearance, where
there is a danger of death the
circumstances hereinabove
provided, an absence of only two
years shall be sufficient for the
purpose of contracting a (1) A child born before one
subsequent marriage. However, in
any case, before marrying again,
the spouse present must institute a
summary proceedings as provided
in the Family Code and in the rules
for declaration of presumptive
death of the absentee, without
prejudice to the effect of
reappearance of the absent
spouse.
(x) That acquiescence resulted from
a belief that the thing acquiesced in
was conformable to the law or fact;
(y) That things have happened
according to the ordinary course of
nature and ordinary nature habits of
life;
(z) That persons acting as copartners
have entered into a contract of
copartneship;
(aa) That a man and woman
deporting themselves as husband
and wife have entered into a lawful
contract of marriage;
(bb) That property acquired by a man
and a woman who are capacitated to
marry each other and who live
exclusively with each other as
husband and wife without the benefit
of marriage or under void marriage,
has been obtained by their joint
efforts, work or industry.
(cc) That in cases of cohabitation by
a man and a woman who are not
capacitated to marry each other and
who have acquire properly through
their actual joint contribution of
money, property or industry, such
contributions and their
corresponding shares including joint
deposits of money and evidences of
credit are equal.
(dd) That if the marriage is
terminated and the mother
contracted another marriage within
three hundred days after such
termination of the former marriage,
these rules shall govern in the
absence of proof to the contrary:
hundred eighty days after the
solemnization of the subsequent
marriage is considered to have
been conceived during such
marriage, even though it be born
within the three hundred days
after the termination of the
former marriage.
(2) A child born after one
hundred eighty days following
the celebration of the subsequent
marriage is considered to have
been conceived during such
marriage, even though it be born
within the three hundred days
 after the termination of the
former marriage.
(ee) That a thing once proved to exist
continues as long as is usual with
things of the nature;
(ff) That the law has been obeyed;
(gg) That a printed or published
book, purporting to be printed or
published by public authority, was so
printed or published;
(hh) That a printed or published
book, purporting contain reports of
cases adjudged in tribunals of the
country where the book is published,
contains correct reports of such
cases;
(ii) That a trustee or other person
whose duty it was to convey real
property to a particular person has
actually conveyed it to him when
such presumption is necessary to
perfect the title of such person or his
successor in interest;
(jj) That except for purposes of
succession, when two persons perish
in the same calamity, such as wreck,
battle, or conflagration, and it is not
shown who died first, and there are
no particular circumstances from
which it can be inferred, the
survivorship is determined from the
probabilities resulting from the
strength and the age of the sexes,
according to the following rules:
1. If both were under the age
of fifteen years, the older is
deemed to have survived;
2. If both were above the age
sixty, the younger is deemed to
have survived;
3. If one is under fifteen and
the other above sixty, the
former is deemed to have
survived;
4. If both be over fifteen and
under sixty, and the sex be
different, the male is deemed
to have survived, if the sex be
the same, the older;
5. If one be under fifteen or
over sixty, and the other
between those ages, the latter
is deemed to have survived.
(kk) That if there is a doubt, as
between two or more persons who
are called to succeed each other, as
to which of them died first, whoever
alleges the death of one prior to the
other, shall prove the same; in the
absence of proof, they shall be
considered to have died at the same
time. (5a)
E. VOID MARRIAGES
1. General rule
FC 4
The absence of any of the essential or
formal requisites shall render the
marriage void ab initio, except as stated
in Article 35 (2).
A defect in any of the essential requisites
shall not affect the validity of the
marriage but the party or parties
responsible for the irregularity shall be
civilly, criminally and administratively
liable. (n)
2. Absence of requisites
FC 35
The following marriages shall be void
from the beginning:
(1) Those contracted by any party below
eighteen years of age even with the
consent of parents or guardians;
(2) Those solemnized by any person not
legally authorized to perform
marriages unless such marriages were
contracted with either or both parties
believing in good faith that the
 solemnizing officer had the legal
authority to do so;
(3) Those solemnized without license,
except those covered the preceding
Chapter;
(4) Those bigamous or polygamous
marriages not failing under Article 41;
(5) Those contracted through mistake of
one contracting party as to the identity
of the other; and
(6) Those subsequent marriages that are
void under Article 53.
cf FC 234 (repealed by RA 6809)
Emancipation takes place by the
attainment of majority. Unless otherwise
provided, majority commences at the age
of twenty-one years.
Emancipation also takes place:
(1) By the marriage of the minor; or
(2) By the recording in the Civil Register
of an agreement in a public
instrument executed by the parent
exercising parental authority and the
minor at least eighteen years of age.
Such emancipation shall be
irrevocable. (397a, 398a, 400a, 401a)
3. Bigamous and polygamous
marriages
FC 35 (4)
The following marriages shall be void
from the beginning:
(4) Those bigamous or polygamous
marriages not failing under Article 41
FC 39
The action or defense for the declaration
of absolute nullity of a marriage shall not
prescribe. (As amended by Executive
Order 227 and Republic Act No. 8533;
The phrase"However, in case of marriage
celebrated before the effectivity of this
Code and falling under Article 36, such
action or defense shall prescribe in ten
years after this Code shall taken
effect"has been deleted by Republic Act
No. 8533 [Approved February 23, 1998]).
FC 40
The absolute nullity of a previous
marriage may be invoked for purposes of
remarriage on the basis solely of a final
judgment declaring such previous
marriage void. (n)
FC 41
A marriage contracted by any person
during subsistence of a previous
marriage shall be null and void, unless
before the celebration of the subsequent
marriage, the prior spouse had been
absent for four consecutive years and the
spouse present has a well-founded belief
that the absent spouse was already dead.
In case of disappearance where there is
danger of death under the circumstances
set forth in the provisions of Article 391
of the Civil Code, an absence of only two
years shall be sufficient.
For the purpose of contracting the
subsequent marriage under the
preceding paragraph the spouse present
must institute a summary proceeding as
provided in this Code for the declaration
of presumptive death of the absentee,
without prejudice to the effect of
reappearance of the absent spouse. (83a)
FC 44
If both spouses of the subsequent
marriage acted in bad faith, said
marriage shall be void ab initio and all
donations by reason of marriage and
testamentary dispositions made by one
in favor of the other are revoked by
operation of law. (n)
RPC 349
Bigamy. — The penalty of prision mayor
shall be imposed upon any person who
shall contract a second or subsequent
marriage before the former marriage has
been legally dissolved, or before the
absent spouse has been declared
presumptively dead by means of a
judgment rendered in the proper
proceedings.
4. Subsequent marriage upon
reappearance of absent spouse
FC 41 in relation to FC 42 - 44
Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any
person during subsistence of a previous
marriage shall be null and void, unless
before the celebration of the subsequent
marriage, the prior spouse had been
absent for four consecutive years and the
spouse present has a well-founded belief
that the absent spouse was already dead.
In case of disappearance where there is
danger of death under the circumstances
set forth in the provisions of Article 391
of the Civil Code, an absence of only two
years shall be sufficient.
For the purpose of contracting the
subsequent marriage under the
preceding paragraph the spouse present
must institute a summary proceeding as
provided in this Code for the declaration
of presumptive death of the absentee,
without prejudice to the effect of
reappearance of the absent spouse. (83a)
Art. 42. The subsequent marriage
referred to in the preceding Article shall
be automatically terminated by the
recording of the affidavit of
reappearance of the absent spouse,
unless there is a judgment annulling the
previous marriage or declaring it void ab
initio.
A sworn statement of the fact and
circumstances of reappearance shall be
recorded in the civil registry of the
residence of the parties to the
subsequent marriage at the instance of
any interested person, with due notice to
the spouses of the subsequent marriage
and without prejudice to the fact of
reappearance being judicially
determined in case such fact is disputed.
(n)
Art. 43. The termination of the
subsequent marriage referred to in the
preceding Article shall produce the
following effects:
(1) The children of the subsequent
marriage conceived prior to its
termination shall be considered
legitimate;
(2) The absolute community of property
or the conjugal partnership, as the case
may be, shall be dissolved and
liquidated, but if either spouse
contracted said marriage in bad faith, his
or her share of the net profits of the
community property or conjugal
partnership property shall be forfeited in
favor of the common children or, if there
are none, the children of the guilty
spouse by a previous marriage or in
default of children, the innocent spouse;
(3) Donations by reason of marriage shall
remain valid, except that if the donee
contracted the marriage in bad faith,
such donations made to said donee are
revoked by operation of law;
(4) The innocent spouse may revoke the
designation of the other spouse who
acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any
insurance policy, even if such
designation be stipulated as irrevocable;
and
(5) The spouse who contracted the
subsequent marriage in bad faith shall
be disqualified to inherit from the
innocent spouse by testate and intestate
succession. (n)
Art. 44. If both spouses of the
subsequent marriage acted in bad faith,
said marriage shall be void ab initio and
all donations by reason of marriage and
testamentary dispositions made by one
in favor of the other are revoked by
operation of law. (n)
NCC 390
After an absence of seven years, it being
unknown whether or not the absentee
still lives, he shall be presumed dead for
all purposes, except for those of
succession.
The absentee shall not be presumed
dead for the purpose of opening his
succession till after an absence of ten
years. If he disappeared after the age of
seventy-five years, an absence of five
years shall be sufficient in order that his
succession may be opened. (n)
NCC 391
The following shall be presumed dead for
all purposes, including the division of the
estate among the heirs: otiteo
(1) A person on board a vessel lost
during a sea voyage, or an
aeroplane which is missing, who has
not been heard of for four years
since the loss of the vessel or
aeroplane;
(2) A person in the armed forces who
has taken part in war, and has been
missing for four years;
(3) A person who has been in danger
of death under other circumstances
and his existence has not been
known for four years. (n)
FC 55 (9)
A petition for legal separation may be
filed on any of the following grounds:
(9) Attempt by the respondent against
the life of the petitioner;
FC 101
If a spouse without just cause abandons
the other or fails to comply with his or
her obligations to the family, the
aggrieved spouse may petition the court
for receivership, for judicial separation
of property or for authority to be the sole
administrator of the absolute community,
subject to such precautionary conditions
as the court may impose.
The obligations to the family mentioned
in the preceding paragraph refer to
marital, parental or property relations.
A spouse is deemed to have abandoned
the other when her or she has left the
conjugal dwelling without intention of
returning. The spouse who has left the
conjugal dwelling for a period of three
months or has failed within the same
period to give any information as to his
or her whereabouts shall be prima facie
presumed to have no intention of
returning to the conjugal
dwelling. (178a)
5. Bad faith of both spouses under
FC 44
FC 44
If both spouses of the subsequent
marriage acted in bad faith, said
marriage shall be void ab initio and all
donations by reason of marriage and
testamentary dispositions made by one
in favor of the other are revoked by
operation of law. (n)
6. Psychological Incapacity
FC 36
A marriage contracted by any party who,
at the time of the celebration, was
psychologically incapacitated to comply
with the essential marital obligations of
marriage, shall likewise be void even if
such incapacity becomes manifest only
after its solemnization. (As amended by
Executive Order 227)
cf FC 68 – 73
Art. 68. The husband and wife are
obliged to live together, observe mutual
love, respect and fidelity, and render
mutual help and support. (109a)
Art. 69. The husband and wife shall fix
the family domicile. In case of
disagreement, the court shall decide.
The court may exempt one spouse from
living with the other if the latter should
live abroad or there are other valid and
compelling reasons for the exemption.
However, such exemption shall not apply
if the same is not compatible with the
solidarity of the family. (110a)
Art. 70. The spouses are jointly
responsible for the support of the family.
The expenses for such support and other
conjugal obligations shall be paid from
the community property and, in the
absence thereof, from the income or
fruits of their separate properties. In
case of insufficiency or absence of said
income or fruits, such obligations shall
be satisfied from the separate
properties. (111a)
Art. 71. The management of the
household shall be the right and the duty
of both spouses. The expenses for such
management shall be paid in accordance
with the provisions of Article 70. (115a)
Art. 72. When one of the spouses
neglects his or her duties to the conjugal
union or commits acts which tend to
bring danger, dishonor or injury to the
other or to the family, the aggrieved
party may apply to the court for
relief. (116a)
Art. 73. Either spouse may exercise any
legitimate profession, occupation,
business or activity without the consent
of the other. The latter may object only
on valid, serious, and moral grounds.
In case of disagreement, the court shall
decide whether or not:
(1) The objection is proper; and
(2) Benefit has occurred to the family
prior to the objection or thereafter. If
the benefit accrued prior to the
objection, the resulting obligation
shall be enforced against the separate
property of the spouse who has not
obtained consent.
The foregoing provisions shall not
prejudice the rights of creditors who
acted in good faith. (117a)
7. Incestuous Marriage
FC 37
Marriages between the following are
incestuous and void from the beginning,
whether relationship between the parties
be legitimate or illegitimate:
(1) Between ascendants and descendants
of any degree; and
(2) Between brothers and sisters,
whether of the full or half blood. (81a)
cf NCC 963 – 967
Article 963. Proximity of relationship is
determined by the number of
generations. Each generation forms a
degree. (915)
Article 964. A series of degrees forms a
line, which may be either direct or
collateral.
A direct line is that constituted by the
series of degrees among ascendants and
descendants.
A collateral line is that constituted by the
series of degrees among persons who are
not ascendants and descendants, but
who come from a common ancestor.
(916a)
Article 965. The direct line is either
descending or ascending.
The former unites the head of the family
with those who descend from him.
The latter binds a person with those from
whom he descends. (917)
Article 966. In the line, as many
degrees are counted as there are
generations or persons, excluding the
progenitor.
In the direct line, ascent is made to the
common ancestor. Thus, the child is one
degree removed from the parent, two
from the grandfather, and three from the
great-grandparent.
In the collateral line, ascent is made to
the common ancestor and then descent
is made to the person with whom the
computation is to be made. Thus, a
person is two degrees removed from his
brother, three from his uncle, who is the
brother of his father, four from his first
cousin, and so forth. (918a)
Article 967. Full blood relationship is
that existing between persons who have
the same father and the same mother.
Half-blood relationship is that existing
between persons who have the same
father, but not the same mother, or the
same mother, but not the same father.
(920a)
8. Marriages against public policy
FC 38; Compare FC 38 (9) with NCC
80 (6)
FC Art. 38. The following marriages
shall be void from the beginning for
reasons of public policy:
(1) Between collateral blood relatives
whether legitimate or illegitimate, up
to the fourth civil degree;
(2) Between step-parents and step-
children;
(3) Between parents-in-law and children-
in-law;
(4) Between the adopting parent and the
adopted child;
(5) Between the surviving spouse of the
adopting parent and the adopted
child;
(6) Between the surviving spouse of the
adopted child and the adopter;
(7) Between an adopted child and a
legitimate child of the adopter;
(8) Between adopted children of the
same adopter; and
(9) Between parties where one, with the
intention to marry the other, killed
that other person's spouse, or his or
her own spouse. (82)
NCC Art. 80. The following marriages
shall be void from the beginning:
(1) Those contracted under the ages of
sixteen and fourteen years by the
male and female respectively, even
with the consent of the parents;
(2) Those solemnized by any person not
legally authorized to perform
marriages;
(3) Those solemnized without a marriage
license, save marriages of exceptional
character;
(4) Bigamous or polygamous marriages
not falling under Article 83, Number
2;
(5) Incestuous marriages mentioned in
Article 81;
(6) Those where one or both contracting
parties have been found guilty of the
killing of the spouse of either of them;
(7) Those between stepbrothers and
stepsisters and other marriages
specified in Article 82. (n)
NCC 80(7), 82
NCC Art 80 (7) Those between
stepbrothers and stepsisters and other
marriages specified in Article 82. (n)
NCC Art. 82. The following marriages
shall also be void from the beginning:
(1) Between stepfathers and
stepdaughters, and stepmothers and
stepsons;
(2) Between the adopting father or
mother and the adopted, between the
latter and the surviving spouse of the
former, and between the former and
the surviving spouse of the latter;
(3) Between the legitimate children of
the adopter and the adopted. (28a)
Cf. NCC 963-967
Art. 963. Proximity of relationship is
determined by the number of
generations. Each generation forms a
degree. (915)
Art. 964. A series of degrees forms a
line, which may be either direct or
collateral.
A direct line is that constituted by the
series of degrees among ascendants and
descendants.
A collateral line is that constituted by the
series of degrees among persons who are
not ascendants and descendants, but
who come from a common ancestor.
(916a)
 Art. 965. The direct line is either
descending or ascending.
The former unites the head of the family
with those who descend from him.
The latter binds a person with those from
whom he descends. (917)
Art. 966. In the line, as many degrees
are counted as there are generations or
persons, excluding the progenitor.
In the direct line, ascent is made to the
common ancestor. Thus, the child is one
degree removed from the parent, two
from the grandfather, and three from the
great-grandparent.
In the collateral line, ascent is made to
the common ancestor and then descent
is made to the person with whom the
computation is to be made. Thus, a
person is two degrees removed from his
brother, three from his uncle, who is the
brother of his father, four from his first
cousin, and so forth. (918a)
Art. 967. Full blood relationship is that
existing between persons who have the
same father and the same mother.
Half blood relationship is that existing
between persons who have the same
father, but not the same mother, or the
same mother, but not the same father.
(920a)
9. Non – compliance under FC 53
Art. 53. Either of the former spouses
may marry again after compliance with
the requirements of the immediately
preceding Article; otherwise, the
subsequent marriage shall be null and
void.
10. Effect of nullity
FC 50-54; FC 40, compare with NCC
rule
Art. 50. The effects provided for by
paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43
and by Article 44 shall also apply in the
proper cases to marriages which are
declared ab initio or annulled by final
judgment under Articles 40 and 45.
The final judgment in such cases shall
provide for the liquidation, partition and
distribution of the properties of the
spouses, the custody and support of the
common children, and the delivery of third
presumptive legitimes, unless such matters
had been adjudicated in previous judicial
proceedings.
All creditors of the spouses as well as of
the absolute community or the conjugal
partnership shall be notified of the
proceedings for liquidation.
In the partition, the conjugal dwelling and
the lot on which it is situated, shall be
adjudicated in accordance with the
provisions of Articles 102 and 129
Art. 51. In said partition, the value of the
presumptive legitimes of all common
children, computed as of the date of the
final judgment of the trial court, shall be
delivered in cash, property or sound
securities, unless the parties, by mutual
agreement judicially approved, had already
provided for such matters.
The children or their guardian or the
trustee of their property may ask for the
enforcement of the judgment.
The delivery of the presumptive legitimes
herein prescribed shall in no way prejudice
the ultimate successional rights of the
children accruing upon the death of either
of both of the parents; but the value of the
properties already received under the
decree of annulment or absolute nullity
shall be considered as advances on their
legitime. (n)
Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of
absolute nullity of the marriage, the
partition and distribution of the properties
of the spouses and the delivery of the
children's presumptive legitimes shall be
recorded in the appropriate civil registry
and registries of property; otherwise, the
same shall not affect third persons. (n)

Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may
marry again after compliance with the
requirements of the immediately preceding
Article; otherwise, the subsequent
marriage shall be null and void.chan robles
virtual law library
Art. 54. Children conceived or born before
the judgment of annulment or absolute
nullity of the marriage under Article 36 has
become final and executory shall be
considered legitimate. Children conceived
or born of the subsequent marriage under
Article 53 shall likewise be legitimate.
FC 237
Art. 237. The annulment or declaration of
nullity of the marriage of a minor or of
the recorded agreement mentioned in the
foregoing. Articles 234 and 235 shall
revive the parental authority over the
minor but shall not affect acts and
transactions that took place prior to the
recording of the final judgment in the
Civil Register. (n)
RA 6809
FC 137- 140
Art. 137. Once the separation of property
has been decreed, the absolute community
or the conjugal partnership of gains shall
be liquidated in conformity with this Code.
During the pendency of the proceedings for
separation of property, the absolute
community or the conjugal partnership
shall pay for the support of the spouses and
their children. (192a)
Art. 138. After dissolution of the absolute
community or of the conjugal partnership,
the provisions on complete separation of
property shall apply. (191a)
Art. 139. The petition for separation of
property and the final judgment granting
the same shall be recorded in the proper
local civil registries and registries of
property. (193a)
Art. 140. The separation of property shall
not prejudice the rights previously
acquired by creditors. (194a)
Art. 147. When a man and a woman who
are capacitated to marry each other, live
exclusively with each other as husband and
wife without the benefit of marriage or
under a void marriage, their wages and
salaries shall be owned by them in equal
shares and the property acquired by both
of them through their work or industry
shall be governed by the rules on co-
ownership.
In the absence of proof to the contrary,
properties acquired while they lived
together shall be presumed to have been
obtained by their joint efforts, work or
industry, and shall be owned by them in
equal shares. For purposes of this Article, a
party who did not participate in the
acquisition by the other party of any
property shall be deemed to have
contributed jointly in the acquisition
thereof if the former's efforts consisted in
the care and maintenance of the family and
of the household.
Neither party can encumber or dispose by
acts inter vivos of his or her share in the
property acquired during cohabitation and
owned in common, without the consent of
the other, until after the termination of
their cohabitation.
When only one of the parties to a void
marriage is in good faith, the share of the
party in bad faith in the co-ownership shall
be forfeited in favor of their common
children. In case of default of or waiver by
any or all of the common children or their
descendants, each vacant share shall
belong to the respective surviving
descendants. In the absence of
descendants, such share shall belong to the
innocent party. In all cases, the forfeiture
shall take place upon termination of the
cohabitation. (144a)
11. Who can invoke nullity
12. Prescription
FC 39; FC 36 par. 2 in relation to FC
255; FC 42, par. 2, FC 237, for minors
FC Art. 39. The action or defense for the
declaration of absolute nullity of a
marriage shall not prescribe. (As amended
by Executive Order 227 and Republic Act
No. 8533; The phrase "However, in case of
marriage celebrated before the effectivity
of this Code and falling under Article 36,
such action or defense shall prescribe in
ten years after this Code shall taken
effect"has been deleted by Republic Act
No. 8533 [Approved February 23, 1998]).
FC Art. 36. A marriage contracted by any
party who, at the time of the celebration,
was psychologically incapacitated to
comply with the essential marital
obligations of marriage, shall likewise be
void even if such incapacity becomes
manifest only after its solemnization. (As
amended by Executive Order 227)
Art. 255. If any provision of this Code is
held invalid, all the other provisions not
affected thereby shall remain valid.
Art. 42. The subsequent marriage
referred to in the preceding Article shall
be automatically terminated by the
recording of the affidavit of
reappearance of the absent spouse,
unless there is a judgment annulling the
previous marriage or declaring it void ab
initio.
A sworn statement of the fact and
circumstances of reappearance shall be
recorded in the civil registry of the
residence of the parties to the
subsequent marriage at the instance of
any interested person, with due notice to
the spouses of the subsequent marriage
and without prejudice to the fact of
reappearance being judicially
determined in case such fact is disputed.
(n)
Art. 237. The annulment or declaration
of nullity of the marriage of a minor or of
the recorded agreement mentioned in
the foregoing. Articles 234 and 235 shall
revive the parental authority over the
minor but shall not affect acts and
transactions that took place prior to the
recording of the final judgment in the
Civil Register. (n)
13. Procedure in action for
declaration of Nullity
(a) Requisite for valid remarriage
FC 40
FC Art. 40. The absolute nullity of a
previous marriage may be invoked for
purposes of remarriage on the basis
solely of a final judgment declaring
such previous marriage void. (n)
(b) Support and custody pendente
lite
FC 49
Art. 49. During the pendency of the
action and in the absence of adequate
provisions in a written agreement
between the spouses, the Court shall
provide for the support of the spouses
and the custody and support of their
common children. The Court shall give
paramount consideration to the moral
and material welfare of said children
and their choice of the parent with
whom they wish to remain as provided
to in Title IX. It shall also provide for
appropriate visitation rights of the
other parent. (n)
(c) Safeguards against collusion
FC 48
Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or
declaration of absolute nullity of
marriage, the Court shall order the
prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned
to it to appear on behalf of the State to
take steps to prevent collusion
between the parties and to take care
that evidence is not fabricated or
suppressed.
In the cases referred to in the
preceding paragraph, no judgment
shall be based upon a stipulation of
facts or confession of judgment. (88a)
(d) No confession of judgment
FC 48; cf NCC 2035
 Art. 2035. No compromise upon the
following questions shall be valid:
(1) The civil status of persons;
(2) The validity of a marriage or a
legal separation;
(3) Any ground for legal separation;
(4) Future support;
(5) The jurisdiction of courts;
(6) Future legitime. (1814a)
F. Voidable Marriages
1. Void v. Voidable marriages
FC 4
Art. 4. The absence of any of the essential
or formal requisites shall render the
marriage void ab initio, except as stated in
Article 35 (2).
A defect in any of the essential requisites
shall not affect the validity of the marriage
but the party or parties responsible for the
irregularity shall be civilly, criminally and
administratively liable. (n)
cf. Art. 45. A marriage may be annulled
for any of the following causes, existing at
the time of the marriage:
(1) That the party in whose behalf it is
sought to have the marriage annulled
was eighteen years of age or over but
below twenty-one, and the marriage
was solemnized without the consent of
the parents, guardian or person having
substitute parental authority over the
party, in that order, unless after
attaining the age of twenty-one, such
party freely cohabited with the other
and both lived together as husband and
wife;
(2) That either party was of unsound mind,
unless such party after coming to
reason, freely cohabited with the other
as husband and wife;
(3) That the consent of either party was
obtained by fraud, unless such party
afterwards, with full knowledge of the
facts constituting the fraud, freely
cohabited with the other as husband
and wife;
(4) That the consent of either party was
obtained by force, intimidation or
undue influence, unless the same
having disappeared or ceased, such
party thereafter freely cohabited with
the other as husband and wife;
(5) That either party was physically
incapable of consummating the
marriage with the other, and such
incapacity continues and appears to be
incurable; or
(6) That either party was afflicted with a
sexually-transmissible disease found to
be serious and appears to be incurable.
(85a)
2. Grounds for annulment
a. Absence of parental consent
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(1) That the party in whose behalf it is
sought to have the marriage annulled
was eighteen years of age or over but
below twenty-one, and the marriage
was solemnized without the consent of
the parents, guardian or person having
substitute parental authority over the
party, in that order, unless after
attaining the age of twenty-one, such
party freely cohabited with the other
and both lived together as husband
and wife;
Art. 47. The action for annulment of
marriage must be filed by the
following persons and within the
periods indicated herein:
(1) For causes mentioned in number 1
of Article 45 by the party whose parent
or guardian did not give his or her
consent, within five years after
attaining the age of twenty-one, or by
the parent or guardian or person
having legal charge of the minor, at
any time before such party has
reached the age of twenty-one;
RA 6809
b. Insanity
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(2) That either party was of unsound
mind, unless such party after coming
to reason, freely cohabited with the
other as husband and wife;
Art. 47. The action for annulment of
marriage must be filed by the
following persons and within the
periods indicated herein:
(2) For causes mentioned in number 2
of Article 45, by the same spouse, who
had no knowledge of the other's
insanity; or by any relative or guardian
or person having legal charge of the
insane, at any time before the death of
either party, or by the insane spouse
during a lucid interval or after
regaining sanity;
c. Fraud
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(3) That the consent of either party
was obtained by fraud, unless such
party afterwards, with full knowledge
of the facts constituting the fraud,
freely cohabited with the other as
husband and wife;
Art. 46. Any of the following
circumstances shall constitute fraud
referred to in Number 3 of the
preceding Article:
(1) Non-disclosure of a previous
conviction by final judgment of the
other party of a crime involving
moral turpitude;
(2) Concealment by the wife of the fact
that at the time of the marriage,
she was pregnant by a man other
than her husband;
(3) Concealment of sexually
transmissible disease, regardless of
its nature, existing at the time of
the marriage; or
(4) Concealment of drug addiction,
habitual alcoholism or
homosexuality or lesbianism
existing at the time of the marriage.
No other misrepresentation or deceit
as to character, health, rank, fortune
or chastity shall constitute such fraud
as will give grounds for action for the
annulment of marriage. (86a)
Art. 47. The action for annulment of
marriage must be filed by the
following persons and within the
periods indicated herein:
(3) For causes mentioned in number 3
of Article 45, by the injured party,
within five years after the discovery
of the fraud;
NCC 1338-1344
Art. 1338. There is fraud when,
through insidious words or
machinations of one of the contracting
parties, the other is induced to enter
into a contract which, without them,
he would not have agreed to. (1269)
Art. 1339. Failure to disclose facts,
when there is a duty to reveal them, as
when the parties are bound by
confidential relations, constitutes
fraud. (n)
Art. 1340. The usual exaggerations in
trade, when the other party had an
opportunity to know the facts, are not
in themselves fraudulent. (n)
Art. 1341. A mere expression of an
opinion does not signify fraud, unless
made by an expert and the other party
has relied on the former's special
knowledge. (n)
Art. 1342. Misrepresentation by a
third person does not vitiate consent,
unless such misrepresentation has
created substantial mistake and the
same is mutual. (n)
Art. 1343. Misrepresentation made in
good faith is not fraudulent but may
constitute error. (n)
Art. 1344. In order that fraud may
make a contract voidable, it should be
serious and should not have been
employed by both contracting parties.
Incidental fraud only obliges the
person employing it to pay damages.
(1270)
d. Force, intimidation and undue
influence
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(4) That the consent of either party
was obtained by force, intimidation or
undue influence, unless the same
having disappeared or ceased, such
party thereafter freely cohabited with
the other as husband and wife;
FC Art. 47. The action for annulment
of marriage must be filed by the
following persons and within the
periods indicated herein:
(4) For causes mentioned in number 4
of Article 45, by the injured party,
within five years from the time the
force, intimidation or undue influence
disappeared or ceased;
NCC Art. 1335. There is violence
when in order to wrest consent,
serious or irresistible force is
employed.
There is intimidation when one of the
contracting parties is compelled by a
reasonable and well-grounded fear of
an imminent and grave evil upon his
person or property, or upon the person
or property of his spouse, descendants
or ascendants, to give his consent.
To determine the degree of
intimidation, the age, sex and
condition of the person shall be borne
in mind.
A threat to enforce one's claim
through competent authority, if the
claim is just or legal, does not vitiate
consent. (1267a)
Art. 1336. Violence or intimidation
shall annul the obligation, although it
may have been employed by a third
person who did not take part in the
contract. (1268)
Art. 1337. There is undue influence
when a person takes improper
advantage of his power over the will of
another, depriving the latter of a
reasonable freedom of choice. The
following circumstances shall be
considered: the confidential, family,
spiritual and other relations between
the parties, or the fact that the person
alleged to have been unduly influenced
was suffering from mental weakness,
or was ignorant or in financial
distress. (n)
RPC Art. 344. Prosecution of the
crimes of adultery, concubinage,
seduction, abduction, rape and acts of
lasciviousness. — The crimes of
adultery and concubinage shall not be
prosecuted except upon a complaint
filed by the offended spouse.
The offended party cannot institute
criminal prosecution without including
both the guilty parties, if they are both
alive, nor, in any case, if he shall have
consented or pardoned the offenders.
The offenses of seduction, abduction,
rape or acts of lasciviousness, shall not
be prosecuted except upon a
complaint filed by the offended party
or her parents, grandparents, or
guardian, nor, in any case, if the
offender has been expressly pardoned
by the above named persons, as the
case may be.
In cases of seduction, abduction, acts
of lasciviousness and rape, the
marriage of the offender with the
offended party shall extinguish the
criminal action or remit the penalty
already imposed upon him. The
provisions of this paragraph shall also
be applicable to the co-principals,
 accomplices and accessories after the
fact of the above-mentioned crimes.
e. Impotence
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(5) That either party was physically
incapable of consummating the
marriage with the other, and such
incapacity continues and appears to be
incurable;
FC Art. 47. The action for annulment
of marriage must be filed by the
following persons and within the
periods indicated herein:
(5) For causes mentioned in number 5
and 6 of Article 45, by the injured
party, within five years after the
marriage.
f. Affliction with STD
FC Art. 45. A marriage may be
annulled for any of the following
causes, existing at the time of the
marriage:
(6) That either party was afflicted with
a sexually-transmissible disease found
to be serious and appears to be
incurable.
Art. 46. Any of the following
circumstances shall constitute fraud
referred to in Number 3 of the
preceding Article:
(3) Concealment of sexually
transmissible disease, regardless of its
nature, existing at the time of the
marriage;
3. Who can seek annulment
FC Art. 47. The action for annulment of
marriage must be filed by the following
persons and within the periods indicated
herein:
(1) For causes mentioned in number 1 of
Article 45 by the party whose parent or
guardian did not give his or her consent,
within five years after attaining the age
of twenty-one, or by the parent or
guardian or person having legal charge
of the minor, at any time before such
party has reached the age of twenty-
one;
(2) For causes mentioned in number 2 of
Article 45, by the same spouse, who had
no knowledge of the other's insanity; or
by any relative or guardian or person
having legal charge of the insane, at any
time before the death of either party, or
by the insane spouse during a lucid
interval or after regaining sanity;
(3) For causes mentioned in number 3 of
Article 45, by the injured party, within
five years after the discovery of the
fraud;
(4) For causes mentioned in number 4 of
Article 45, by the injured party, within
five years from the time the force,
intimidation or undue influence
disappeared or ceased;
(5) For causes mentioned in number 5 and
6 of Article 45, by the injured party,
within five years after the marriage.
4. Prescription
FC Art. 47. The action for annulment of
marriage must be filed by the following
persons and within the periods indicated
herein:
(1) For causes mentioned in number 1 of
Article 45 by the party whose parent or
guardian did not give his or her consent,
within five years after attaining the age
of twenty-one, or by the parent or
guardian or person having legal charge
of the minor, at any time before such
party has reached the age of twenty-
one;
(2) For causes mentioned in number 2 of
Article 45, by the same spouse, who had
no knowledge of the other's insanity; or
by any relative or guardian or person
having legal charge of the insane, at any
time before the death of either party, or
by the insane spouse during a lucid
interval or after regaining sanity;
(3) For causes mentioned in number 3 of
Article 45, by the injured party, within
five years after the discovery of the
fraud;
(4) For causes mentioned in number 4 of
Article 45, by the injured party, within
five years from the time the force,
 intimidation or undue influence
disappeared or ceased;
(5) For causes mentioned in number 5 and
6 of Article 45, by the injured party,
within five years after the marriage.
5. Procedure in annulment
a. Support and custody pendente lite
FC Art. 49. During the pendency of the
action and in the absence of adequate
provisions in a written agreement
between the spouses, the Court shall
provide for the support of the spouses
and the custody and support of their
common children. The Court shall give
paramount consideration to the moral
and material welfare of said children
and their choice of the parent with
whom they wish to remain as provided
to in Title IX. It shall also provide for
appropriate visitation rights of the other
parent.
b. Safeguards against collusion
FC Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or
declaration of absolute nullity of
marriage, the Court shall order the
prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned
to it to appear on behalf of the State to
take steps to prevent collusion between
the parties and to take care that
evidence is not fabricated or
suppressed.
In the cases referred to in the preceding
paragraph, no judgment shall be based
upon a stipulation of facts or confession
of judgment.
c. No confession of judgment
FC Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or
declaration of absolute nullity of
marriage, the Court shall order the
prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned
to it to appear on behalf of the State to
take steps to prevent collusion between
the parties and to take care that
evidence is not fabricated or
suppressed.
In the cases referred to in the preceding
paragraph, no judgment shall be based
upon a stipulation of facts or confession
of judgment.
NCC Art. 2035. No compromise upon
the following questions shall be valid:
(1) The civil status of persons;
(2) The validity of a marriage or a legal
separation;
(3) Any ground for legal separation;
(4) Future support;
(5) The jurisdiction of courts;
(6) Future legitime. (1814a)
6. Effects of annulment
FC Art. 49. During the pendency of the
action and in the absence of adequate
provisions in a written agreement between
the spouses, the Court shall provide for the
support of the spouses and the custody and
support of their common children. The
Court shall give paramount consideration
to the moral and material welfare of said
children and their choice of the parent with
whom they wish to remain as provided to in
Title IX. It shall also provide for
appropriate visitation rights of the other
parent. (n)
FC Art. 50. The effects provided for by
paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43
and by Article 44 shall also apply in the
proper cases to marriages which are
declared ab initio or annulled by final
judgment under Articles 40 and 45.
The final judgment in such cases shall
provide for the liquidation, partition and
distribution of the properties of the
spouses, the custody and support of the
common children, and the delivery of third
presumptive legitimes, unless such matters
had been adjudicated in previous judicial
proceedings.
All creditors of the spouses as well as of
the absolute community or the conjugal
partnership shall be notified of the
proceedings for liquidation.
In the partition, the conjugal dwelling and
the lot on which it is situated, shall be
adjudicated in accordance with the
provisions of Articles 102 and 129.

FC Art. 51. In said partition, the value of
the presumptive legitimes of all common
children, computed as of the date of the
final judgment of the trial court, shall be
delivered in cash, property or sound
securities, unless the parties, by mutual
agreement judicially approved, had already
provided for such matters.
The children or their guardian or the
trustee of their property may ask for the
enforcement of the judgment.
The delivery of the presumptive legitimes
herein prescribed shall in no way prejudice
the ultimate successional rights of the
children accruing upon the death of either
of both of the parents; but the value of the
properties already received under the
decree of annulment or absolute nullity
shall be considered as advances on their
legitime. (n)
FC Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or
of absolute nullity of the marriage, the
partition and distribution of the properties
of the spouses and the delivery of the
children's presumptive legitimes shall be
recorded in the appropriate civil registry
and registries of property; otherwise, the
same shall not affect third persons. (n)
FC Art. 53. Either of the former spouses
may marry again after compliance with the
requirements of the immediately preceding
Article; otherwise, the subsequent
marriage shall be null and void.chan robles
virtual law library
FC Art. 54. Children conceived or born
before the judgment of annulment or
absolute nullity of the marriage under
Article 36 has become final and executory
shall be considered legitimate. Children
conceived or born of the subsequent
marriage under Article 53 shall likewise be
legitimate.
FC Art. 237. The annulment or declaration
of nullity of the marriage of a minor or of
the recorded agreement mentioned in the
foregoing. Articles 234 and 235 shall revive
the parental authority over the minor but
shall not affect acts and transactions that
took place prior to the recording of the
final judgment in the Civil Register.
RA 6809
7. Marriage when one spouse is absent
FC Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any
person during subsistence of a previous
marriage shall be null and void, unless
before the celebration of the subsequent
marriage, the prior spouse had been absent
for four consecutive years and the spouse
present has a well-founded belief that the
absent spouse was already dead. In case of
disappearance where there is danger of
death under the circumstances set forth in
the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil
Code, an absence of only two years shall be
sufficient.
For the purpose of contracting the
subsequent marriage under the preceding
paragraph the spouse present must
institute a summary proceeding as
provided in this Code for the declaration of
presumptive death of the absentee, without
prejudice to the effect of reappearance of
the absent spouse. (83a)
FC Art. 42. The subsequent marriage
referred to in the preceding Article shall be
automatically terminated by the recording
of the affidavit of reappearance of the
absent spouse, unless there is a judgment
annulling the previous marriage or
declaring it void ab initio.
A sworn statement of the fact and
circumstances of reappearance shall be
recorded in the civil registry of the
residence of the parties to the subsequent
marriage at the instance of any interested
person, with due notice to the spouses of
the subsequent marriage and without
prejudice to the fact of reappearance being
judicially determined in case such fact is
disputed. (n)
FC Art. 43. The termination of the
subsequent marriage referred to in the
preceding Article shall produce the
following effects:
(1) The children of the subsequent
marriage conceived prior to its
termination shall be considered
legitimate;
(2) The absolute community of property or
the conjugal partnership, as the case
may be, shall be dissolved and
liquidated, but if either spouse
contracted said marriage in bad faith,
his or her share of the net profits of the
community property or conjugal
partnership property shall be forfeited
in favor of the common children or, if
there are none, the children of the
guilty spouse by a previous marriage or
in default of children, the innocent
spouse;
(3) Donations by reason of marriage shall
remain valid, except that if the donee
contracted the marriage in bad faith,
such donations made to said donee are
revoked by operation of law;
(4) The innocent spouse may revoke the
designation of the other spouse who
acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any
insurance policy, even if such
designation be stipulated as irrevocable;
and
(5) The spouse who contracted the
subsequent marriage in bad faith shall
be disqualified to inherit from the
innocent spouse by testate and intestate
succession. (n)
Art. 44. If both spouses of the subsequent
marriage acted in bad faith, said marriage
shall be void ab initio and all donations by
reason of marriage and testamentary
dispositions made by one in favor of the
other are revoked by operation of law. (n)
NCC Art. 83. Any marriage subsequently
contracted by any person during the
lifetime of the first spouse of such person
with any person other than such first
spouse shall be illegal and void from its
performance, unless:
(1) The first marriage was annulled or
dissolved; or
(2) The first spouse had been absent for
seven consecutive years at the time of
the second marriage without the spouse
present having news of the absentee
being alive, or if the absentee, though
he has been absent for less than seven
years, is generally considered as dead
and believed to be so by the spouse
present at the time of contracting such
subsequent marriage, or if the absentee
is presumed dead according to Articles
390 and 391. The marriage so
contracted shall be valid in any of the
three cases until declared null and void
by a competent court.
NCC Art. 85. A marriage may be annulled
for any of the following causes, existing at
the time of the marriage:
(2) In a subsequent marriage under
Article 83, Number 2, that the
former husband or wife believed to
be dead was in fact living and the
marriage with such former husband
or wife was then in force;
Art. 87. The action for annulment of
marriage must be commenced by the
parties and within the periods as follows:
(2) For causes mentioned in Number 2
of Article 85, by the spouse who has
been absent, during his or her lifetime;
or by either spouse of the subsequent
marriage during the lifetime of the
other;
RPC Art. 349. Bigamy. — The penalty of
prision mayor shall be imposed upon any
person who shall contract a second or
subsequent marriage before the former
marriage has been legally dissolved, or
before the absent spouse has been
declared presumptively dead by means of a
judgment rendered in the proper
proceedings.
8. Marriage dissolved abroad
FC Art. 26. All marriages solemnized
outside the Philippines, in accordance with
the laws in force in the country where they
were solemnized, and valid there as such,
shall also be valid in this country, except
those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4),
(5) and (6), 3637 and 38. (17a)
Where a marriage between a Filipino
citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated
and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained
abroad by the alien spouse capacitating
him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse
shall have capacity to remarry under
Philippine law. (As amended by Executive
Order 227)
9. Illegal Marriages
FC Art. 4. The absence of any of the
essential or formal requisites shall render
the marriage void ab initio, except as
stated in Article 35 (2).
A defect in any of the essential requisites
shall not affect the validity of the marriage
but the party or parties responsible for the
irregularity shall be civilly, criminally and
administratively liable. (n)
FC Art. 16. In the cases where parental
consent or parental advice is needed, the
party or parties concerned shall, in
addition to the requirements of the
preceding articles, attach a certificate
issued by a priest, imam or minister
authorized to solemnize marriage under
Article 7 of this Code or a marriage
counselor duly accredited by the proper
government agency to the effect that the
contracting parties have undergone
marriage counseling.
RPC Art. 351. Premature marriages. —
Any widow who shall marry within three
hundred and one day from the date of the
death of her husband, or before having
delivered if she shall have been pregnant at
the time of his death, shall be punished by
arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 500
pesos.
The same penalties shall be imposed upon
any woman whose marriage shall have
been annulled or dissolved, if she shall
marry before her delivery or before the
expiration of the period of three hundred
and one day after the legal separation.
RPC Art. 352. Performance of illegal
marriage ceremony. — Priests or ministers
of any religious denomination or sect, or
civil authorities who shall perform or
authorize any illegal marriage ceremony
shall be punished in accordance with the
provisions of the Marriage Law.

Failure to attach said certificates of

marriage counseling shall suspend the
issuance of the marriage license for a
period of three months from the completion
of the publication of the application.
Issuance of the marriage license within the
prohibited period shall subject the issuing
officer to administrative sanctions but shall
not affect the validity of the marriage.

Should only one of the contracting parties

need parental consent or parental advice,
the other party must be present at the
counseling referred to in the preceding
paragraph. (n)

NCC Art. 84. No marriage license shall be

issued to a widow till after three hundred
days following the death of her husband,
unless in the meantime she has given birth
to a child. (n)