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The Company
Number
Properties
The People
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Number Properties I
QUANT LIVE SESSION
Focus of the
Course
Even +/- Even = Even (Even)n +/- (Even)n = Even +/- Even = Even
Even +/- Odd = Odd (Odd)n +/- (Odd)n = Odd +/- Odd = Even
Odd +/- Odd = Even (Even)n +/- (Odd)n = Even +/- Odd = Odd
(Even)2 = (2n)2 = 4n2 Divisible by 4
Even * Even = Even
Even * Odd = Even
Odd * Odd = Odd
Prime Numbers – Concepts Recap
• A prime number is a positive integer that has exactly TWO different positive factors, 1 and itself.
• 1 is neither Prime nor Composite (because has only 1 positive factor: 1 )
• 0 is neither Prime nor Composite (because 0 is not positive )
VERSUS
The only Even Prime Number The only consecutive numbers that are prime
e.g.
Reverse Logic
If K = P12 × P22 If Total number of factors of K = 9
Total number of factors of K = (2+1)(2+1)
= (3)(3) (3)(3) (9)(1)
=9 = (2+1)(2+1) = (8+1)(0+1)
=> K = P12 × P22 => K = P18 × P20
=> K = P18
2 Prime Factors
Only 1 Prime Factor
then how many prime factors does √Q have? 23Q8 has 4 prime factors
A. 2
B. 3
C. n3
D. (n + 1)3
E. cannot be determined
Q3 - Solution
If positive integer X has 3 prime factors and 8 total factors, then how many total factors will Xn have where n
is a positive integer?
X = P1a × P2b× P3c
(a+1)(b+1)(c+1) = 8
Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .
(a+1)(b+1)(c+1) = (2)(2)(2)
a=b=c=1
A. 3
B. 8
C. n3 Total number of factors of Xn = (n+1) (n +1)(n+1)
D. (n + 1)3 = (n+1)3
E. cannot be determined
X = P1 × P2 × P3 or X = P17 or X = P13 × P2
Is a + b - 4 even? a b a+b
3 2 5 6 2 8 Even Even Even
odd + even = odd even
even + even = even
Even Odd Odd
Odd Even Odd
Is a + b even Odd Odd Even
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even
Understand what you need to solve the question.
Q5 – Question & Statement 1
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a + b - 4 even?
Yes if No if This statement gives
definite answer “no”
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even
If a is odd, b is even
If a is even, b is odd
Q5 – Question & Statement 2
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a + b - 4 even?
Yes if No if This statement gives
definite answer “no”
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even
Statement 2: a – b is odd
a b a+b
Even Even Even
Even Odd Odd 4 - 1 = 3 = (odd)
Odd Even Odd 7 - 2 = 5 = (odd)
Odd Odd Even Correct answer = Choice D = Both Statements are Sufficient
Q5 - Recap
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a + b - 4 even?
1
Understand what you need
to solve the question.
Statement 2: a – b is odd
one of a, b is odd
Q6
If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
1) 4b2 + 3b is even
2) a2 – 6 is odd
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q6 – Question Statement
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
Is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
If a is odd, a3 is also odd
even
If a is even, a3 is also even
Is a + b even
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even
Understand what you need to solve the question.
Q6 – Question & Statement 1
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even This statement does not
answer the question.
Statement 1: a2 – 6 is odd
Don’t know anything about b
a is odd
Q6 – Question & Statement 2
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even This statement does not
answer the question.
Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even
Don’t know anything about a
even
b is even
Q6 – Question, Statement 1 & 2
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even Both statements give
definite answer “no”.
Statement 1: a2 – 6 is odd
a is odd
Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even
even
b is even
Correct answer = Choice C = Both Statements together are Sufficient
Q6 - Recap
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
1
Understand what you need
to solve the question.
Statement 1: a2 – 6 is odd
a is odd
Understand what
2
each statement tells
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q8
Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1 and
a<b<c<d?
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q7 – Question Statement Analysis
Question Statement - Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1?
Given –
Power doesn’t change the Even-Odd nature of a number
1. a, b, c, d, n > 1
e.g. an has the same even-odd nature as a
2. a, b, c, d, n are distinct
integers
Is a – b + c + d odd? • e±e±e±e=e
• o±o±o±o=e
• e±e±o±o=e
• e±o±o±o=o
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
• e±e±e±o=o
Statement 1 is sufficient
Q7 – Statement 2
a, b, c, d, n > 1 Is an – bn + cn + dn odd? Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q8 – Question Statement
Question Statement - Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1?
Given –
Power doesn’t change the Even-Odd nature of a number
1. a, b, c, d, n > 1
e.g. an has the same even-odd nature as a
2. a, b, c, d, n are distinct
integers
Is a – b + c + d odd? • e±e±e±e=e
• o±o±o±o=e
• e±e±o±o=e
• e±o±o±o=o
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
• e±e±e±o=o
Q8 – Statement 1
a, b, c, d, n > 1 Is an – bn + cn + dn odd? Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
{a, b, c, d} {4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121} {25, 49, 121, 169}
e, o, o, o o, o, o, o o, o, o, o
Does not answer the question – the expression can be either even or odd
Simplify Information
Q8 – Statement 2
a, b, c, d, n > 1 Is an – bn + cn + dn odd? Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
Statement 1 {a, b, c, d} {4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121} {25, 49, 121, 169}
Need to know if ‘a’ is even
e, o, o, o o, o, o, o o, o, o, o or odd! i.e. Is ‘a’ = 4 or not
Statement 2 – a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1 Will it tell if ‘a’ is 4 or not?
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q9 – Understand Question Statement
Question Statement - What is the remainder when b is divided by a, if a and b are positive consecutive perfect
squares and b is greater than a?
?Given – To find –
1. b>a
Remainder of b/a = ?
2. a and b are positive consecutive perfect
squares
Consecutive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
Squares 1, 4, 9, 16, 25… Need to know values of b and a
Remainder for b ÷ a 0 1 7 9
Squares of consecutive
numbers that are prime
Per question {a, b} squares of consecutive numbers
{2,3}
Values of a, b known
Statement 1 is sufficient
Q9 – Statement 2
a, b are consecutive squares Remainder of b/a = ?
{a, b} = {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}… Need to know values of a and b
Statement 2 - Both a and b have 3 positive factors.
We need to extract as {2, 3} are the only consecutive numbers that are prime
much information as
(3)(1)
we can.
= (2+1)(0+1) {a, b} = {4, 9}
=> a = P12 × P20
=> a = P12
Values of a, b known
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q10 – Question Statement
Question Statement - Does P have a factor X where1<X<P and X and P are positive integers?
Given –
X, P are positive integers P>1
1 P
Is P Prime?
Simplify Information
Q10 – Statement 1
X, P are positive integers Does P have a factor X between Is P prime?
1 and P?
Statement 1: GCD (P2, k) = k, where k is a prime number
P2 is divisible by k
k is a prime number
Think: P = nk (n is an integer)
Let k = 5
P = 5n
If n ≠ 1
If n = 1 P is NOT Prime
P is Prime
Simplify Information
Final Words
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A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q11 – Question Statement
Question Statement - If P = k3 – k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
? Approach
Given – 1. Simplify the expression.
2. Think
P = k3 – k 1. I need to know if P=4x
2. I know that P is abc Last 2 digits of Is P of the form
= k(k2-1) P divisible by 4? 4*(other numbers)?
3. So need to evaluate the even odd
= k(k-1)(k+1) aspect.
Case 2
k: even =2m P divisible by 4
P may or may not
(k-1) : odd product has 2 if
be divisible by 4
(k+1) : odd k is divisible by 4
k = (10x)n + 54
= 2n (5x)n + 54
even + odd
k is odd
Statement 1 is sufficient
Q11 – Statement 2
P is divisible by 4 if either
P = (k-1) k(k+1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
Statement 2: (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
Statement 2 is sufficient
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q12 – Question Statement
Question Statement - If P = k3 – k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
Given –
? To find –
P = k 3 – k2
If P is divisible by 4.
= k2(k-1)
P is divisible by 4 if either
1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
Case 1
k: odd P divisible by 4
P may or may not
k2: odd product has 2 if
be divisible by 4
(k-1) : even =2n (k-1) is divisible by 4
Case 2
k: even =2n
k2: even =(2n)2
(k-1) : odd product has 4 P always divisible by 4
Q12 – Statement 1
P is divisible by 4 if either
P = k2(k-1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
k is odd
Is k – 1 divisible by 4? Try to find the units and tens digit of the expression
k – 1 = (10x)n + 54 - 1
(k-1) is divisible by 4 Answers the question – P is divisible by 4
n>1 n ≥ 2 = 100xn + 625 - 1
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q13 – Question Statement
Question Statement - If P and Q are positive integers and Q = 10 + 4P, find the GCD of P and Q
Given – To find –
P, Q are positive integers GCD of P and Q
Q = 10 + 4P
P = (Q- 10)/4
• I have Q in terms of P.
• I will write P also in
terms of Q.
Q13 – Statement 1
P, Q are integers GCD of P and Q = ?
Q = 10 + 4P P = (Q- 10)/4
P = (Q- 10)/4
x P Q GCD (P,Q)
3 5 30 5
P = (10x- 10)/4 5 10 50 10
ODD
7 15 70 5
P is an integer
P = 5(x- 1)/2 x – 1 is even
GCD may be 5 or 10
• I have P and Q in terms of x
• What property can I use to find something more about x
• Even-odd
• Then I can assume some numbers to find GCD information
Statement 1 is not sufficient
Q13 – Statement 2
P, Q are integers GCD of P and Q = ?
Q = 10 + 4P P = (Q- 10)/4
Statement 2: P = 10 y, where y is a positive integer
Q = 10 + 4P
y P Q GCD (P,Q)
1 10 50 10
Q = 10 + 4(10y) 2 20 90 10
3 30 130 10
Q = 10(4y + 1)
GCD is always10
Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice B = Statement 2 is sufficient but statement 1 is not
Q14
How many prime factors does √Q have?
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q14 - Question Statement
How many prime factors does √Q have?
√Q is an odd integer !!
If Q has ‘n’ prime factors then √Q too will have ‘n’ prime factors
If Q has only one prime factor, √Q too will have just one prime factor (Ex: 9 = 32 )
If Q has two prime factors, √Q too will have two prime factors (Ex: 225 = 32* 52)
Statement 2 is not sufficient
Q14 - Statement 1 & 2
Statement 1 Statement 2