Usage of the Solar Energy from the Photovoltaic Panels for the
Generation of Electrical Energy
Denizar Cruz Martins (Member ZEEE), Rogers Demonti, Ivo Barbi (SeniorMember ZEEE).
Federal University of Santa Catarina - Department of Electrical Engineering.
Power Electronics Institute
P.O. Box 51 19 - 88.040-970 - Florianoplolis- SC - Brazil.
Phone: 55-48-33 1-9204. Fax:55-48-234-5422. (E-mail: denizar@inep.ufsc.br).
. Abstract: This paper presents the analysis of a static Besides, photovoltaic solar systems represent a
conversion system for treatment of the solar energy from silent, safe, not polluted, and renewable source of
photovoltaic panels. This system is interconnected with electrical energy hardly appropriated for the integration in
the mains power supply, contributing to the generation of the urban area, reducing almost completely the energy
the electrical energy. The power structure is composed by transmission losses, due to the proximity between the
a current-fed push-pull converter, a buck converter, and a generation and the consumption.
current inverter. The main features of the system are: This kind of energy source, traditionally attractive in
simple control strategy, robustness, lower harmonic rural areas, begins now to be economically viable in
distortion of the current and natural isolation. The applications interconnected to the mains power supply. In
principle of operation, design procedure and experimental
that case, the photovoltaic panels are incorporated in the
results are presented. roofs or facades of commercial buildings and residential
houses, delivering electric energy to the mains. Thus, the
I. INTRODUCTION photovoltaic panels can operate as little power stations in
parallel with the Commercial Electric Utility.
The conventional energy sources, obtained from our
Considering the application mentioned above, this
environment, tend to exhaust with relative rapidity due to
paper describes a static conversion system for treatment of
its irrational utilization by the humanity. This
the solar energy from photovoltaic cells. This system is
uncontrolled extraction of the natural energies, certainly
will lead the harmony of our ecological system to the interconnected with the mains power supply, contributing
instability. It is important to point out, that if it occurs the to the generation of the electrical energy. The complete
system consists of a current-fed push-pull converter
recuperation of this system will be practically impossible.
connected to a buck converter, and in the output stage a
As a consequence of this possibility, the current inverter. The control circuit strategy is very
apprehension for a diminution of the petroleum sources, simple. It uses an average current control and a PWM
natural gas and natural resources of coal has been modulation in the buck converter, for obtaining a rectified
intensified. For this reason, the effort to find new sources sinusoidal current.
of energy, to permit reduction in the utilization of the
natural resources of fuel, became a challenge for all Many works in this application area have been
proposed in the technical literature [2,3,4]. Some of them
scientific and technological areas in the world, and
specially for the electrical engineering area. are very interesting and important; however, the isolation
of the power structure is not natural or is accomplished
Within this content, the solar energy appears as an with low frequency, and their control strategies are
important alternative to the increase of the energetic somewhat sophisticated. The power structure proposed in
consumption of the planet, once that, the quantity of the this paper is particularly robust and naturally isolated. Its
energy from the sun, that arrives on the earth surface in a main features are: simple control strategy and lower
day, is ten times more than the total energy consumed for harmonic distortion of current.
all the people of our planet during a year [l].
Through the photovoltaic effect the energy contained
in the sunlight can be converted directly into electrical 11. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
energy. This method of energy conversion presents some
In the engineering view, the interconnection between
advantages, such as:
the solar panels and the mains, must follow some
0 Simplicity; prerequisites, so that the energy delivered to the mains
0 Does not exist any moving mechanical part; will have high quality, and the system will have to offer
0 Its modular characteristic offers large flexibility high reliability and safety.
in the design and application of this kind of For that, the proposed power static conversion
energy generator; system must present some important items, to produce
0 Short time of installation and operation; high quality energy to the mains. These items are shown
0 High reliability, and low maintenance.
0 1999 IEEE
0-7803-5624-1/99/$10.00
17-3
vo
Vm
Mains
rf/
Third stage
I hr I r
111. DESIGN
PROCEDURE AND f = 60Hz (Mainsfrequency).
EXAMPLE Mains power supply: single-phase 220 V I60 Hz;
III.1- Specifications
Vpv = 14 V (Push-pull input voltage);
D = 0.7 (Duty cycle of the push-pull);
Po = 300 W (Mains delivery power);
fs = 20 kHz (Switching frequency);
17-3
III.;! Inductance L1 An efficiency of 80% was obtained at full load
conditions.
The inductance L1 can be obtained from the
following equations:
TekXap 3 OOM5& 217Acyr ,
VPV.D
4 =: = 98pH ;
2. f s d ,
2OFilJ2TLz
where (
AI = 0.1. p%pv) c1 Max
Q5.0Y
a = -'-"P.V- - 1 - 0.12
Vin 1-D
where Vin = 400 V(buck input voltage);
Fig. 6: Current and voltage in switch S1.
III.4 Capacitor C, 20 Vldiv; 10 Ndiv; 10 ptdiv.
The capacitor C, is given by:
III.5 Inductance Lz
Vin
= 1296mH ;
r, = 4 . f S . A i h m x
2 C ~ M B B ~
Q 74mV
IV. EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
a PMS
A prototype rated 300W was built to evaluate the 144omv
C1 Mm
15.5V
C1 Min
-800mV
C1 RMS
220.0v
C2 RMS
~.82rnv
2.7%
2.5%
2.2%
1.9%
1.6%
1.4%
1.1%
0.8%
0.5%
0.3%
0.0%
1.5%
1.2%
0.9%
0.6%
0.3%
0.0%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Harmonic magnitude as a % of the fundamental amplitude
VI. REFERENCES
[ll R. Riither “Use of the Photovoltaic Solar Energy”.
Seminar - Non Conventional Energy Sources.
Florianopolis - SC, 1998, pp. 9-25.
121 M. Calais & V.G. Agelides. Multilevel Converters
For Single-phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic
Systems -An Overview. IEEE - ISIE’98,
Julyl1998, pp. 224-229.
131 S . J. Chiang, K. T. Chang & C. Y. Yen. Residential
Photovoltaic Energy Storage System. IEEE Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 45, No. 3, June 1998.
141 H. Kobayashi & K. Takigawa. Islanding Prevention
Method For Grid Interconnection of Multiple PV
Systt:ms.