Lab 6 Hess’ Law

Alex Gebreamlak
Lab Partners: Sebastian Garcia, Dante Mazza,
Pablo Espinal, Mark Le
SCH 4UP
December 20, 2017
Purpose:​ The purpose of this lab is to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal
decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate. This is done by conducting two other reactions and
calculating their enthalpy, and then adding the two enthalpies together. Through this lab we are
required to apply Hess’ Law and the Summation of Heats Formula.

Materials:
Refer to page 111 of class notes
Modifications:
Addition: IPads
Remove: Vernier Lab Pro, Logger Pro 3.1 software

Procedure:
Refer to page 112-113 of class notes
Modifications:
-None of the steps pertinent to the Vernier Lab Pro or LoggerPro 3.1, need to be followed. I.e.
saving files, printing results, etc. As this program or software was not used.
-Temperature sensors, not Vernier, were used to display the temperature on the Ipads.

Data:

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

Initial Final Volume of Mass of solid Qualitative

Temperature (t i ) Temperature calorimeter reactant Observations
(t f ) water dissolved

22.2°C 19.4°C 50mL 2.00g Bubbles made,

fizzing noises,
temperature
decreased.

Sodium Carbonate

Initial Final Volume of Mass of solid Qualitative

Temperature (t i ) Temperature calorimeter reactant Observations
(t f ) water dissolved

23.0°C 25.8°C 50mL 2.03g Bubbles made,

fizzing noises,
temperature
increased.
Analysis:
PART A:
1. We simply find the change in temperature
Δt = t f − t i
Δt = 19.4°C − 22.2°C
Δt =− 2.8°C

2. We simply add the two masses as we are assuming the density of HCl=H​2​O, so
1 gram = 1 milliliter.
M ass = 2 + 50
M ass = 52g
M ass = 0.052kg

3. We will use the heat capacity formula to solve for heat change. Using the heat capacity of
water.
Q = Δt · C · m
Q =− 2.8°C · (4.2 · 10 3 ) · 0.052kg
Q =− 611 J
Q = 6.1 · 10 2 J
Since the reaction is endothermic the energy is positive.

4. We will use the formula relating moles(n), to mass(m) and molar mass(M).
n=m÷M
n = 2.00g ÷ ((N a) + (H) + (C) + 3(O))
n = 2.00g ÷ ((22.989768) + (1.00794) + (12.011) + 3(15.9994))
n = 2.0g ÷ 84.007 g/mol
n = 0.023807540
n = 2.38 · 10 −2
There is 2.38 · 10 −2 mol of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

5. Since the first law of Thermodynamics states that heat energy can neither be created or
destroyed we must assume that all the heat energy from the Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
(System) is absorbed by the calorimeter water (surrounding).

This can be depicted using the formula: ΔE sys = Q − w ; where ΔE sys is the change in internal
energy of the system, Q is the heat change, and w is the work. We can assume that w = 0 as
the volume remains constant because in the lab it states that any CO​2(g)​ that is lost is negligible.
So we are left with a formula of.
ΔE sys = Q
So the energy of the system is equal to the heat change, and now all we must do is solve for Q .

Q = Δt · C · m
Q =− 2.8°C · (4.2 · 10 3 ) · 0.052kg
Q =− 611 J
Q = 6.1 · 10 2 J
Q = ΔE sys = 6.1 · 10 2 J

6. To calculate Molar enthalpy we must do the energy over the amount of moles.
Q
ΔH = n
611.52
ΔH = 0.023807540
ΔH = 25685.98 J/mol
ΔH = 25.686 KJ/mol

7. The equation is

N aHCO 3(s) + H Cl (aq) → N aCl (aq) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH = 25.686 KJ/mol

PART B:
1. We simply find the change in temperature
Δt = t f − t i
Δt = 25.8°C − 23.0°C
Δt = 2.8°C

2. We simply add the two masses as we are assuming the density of H Cl = H 2 O , also
1 gram = 1 milliliter.
M ass = 2 + 50
M ass = 52g
M ass = 0.052kg

3. We will use the heat capacity formula to solve for heat change. Using the heat capacity of
water.
Q = Δt · C · m
Q = 2.8°C · (4.2 · 10 3 ) · 0.052kg
Q = 611 J
Q =− 6.1 · 10 2 J
Since the reaction is exothermic the energy is negative.

4. We will use the formula relating moles(n), to mass(m) and molar mass(M).
n=m÷M
n = 2.00g ÷ (2(N a) + (C) + 3(O))
n = 2.00g ÷ (2(22.989768) + (12.011) + 3(15.9994))
n = 2.0g ÷ 105.9887360 g/mol
n = 0.01886993
n = 1.89 · 10 −2
There is 1.89 · 10 −2 mol of Sodium Carbonate

5. Since the first law of Thermodynamics states that heat energy can neither be created or
destroyed we must assume that all the heat energy from the Sodium Carbonate (System) is
absorbed by the calorimeter water (surrounding).

This can be depicted using the formula: ΔE sys = Q − w ; where ΔE sys is the change in internal
energy of the system, Q is the heat change, and w is the work. We can assume that w = 0 as
the volume remains constant because in the lab it states that any CO​2(g)​ that is lost is negligible.
So we are left with a formula of.
ΔE sys = Q
So the energy of the system is equal to the heat change, and now all we must do is solve for Q .

Q = Δt · C · m
Q = 2.8°C · (4.2 · 10 3 ) · 0.052kg
Q = 611 J
Q =− 6.1 · 10 2 J
Q = ΔE sys =− 6.1 · 10 2 J

6. To calculate Molar enthalpy we must do the energy over the amount of moles.
Q
ΔH = n
−611.52
ΔH = 0.01886993
ΔH =− 32407.11545 J/mol
ΔH =− 32.407 KJ/mol

7. The equation is

N a 2 CO 3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2N aCl (aq) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH =− 32.407 KJ/mol

PART C:

Equation 1: N aHCO 3(s) + H Cl (aq) → N aCl (aq) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH 1 = 25.686 KJ/mol

Equation 2: N a 2 CO 3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2N aCl (aq) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH 2 =− 32.407 KJ/mol
Final Equation: 2N aHCO 3(s) → 2N a 2 CO 3(s) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH 3 = ?

If we multiply Equation 1 by 2 and multiply equation 2 by − 1 then we will get our answer.

2N aHCO 3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2N aCl (aq) + 2CO 2(g) + 2H 2 O (l) ΔH 1 = 51.372 KJ/mol
2N aCl (aq) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) → N a 2 CO 3(s) + 2HCl (aq) ΔH 2 = 32.407 KJ/mol
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2N aHCO 3(s) → 2N a 2 CO 3(s) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l) ΔH 3 = 83.779 KJ/mol

83.779 KJ/mol is our experimental value.

PART D:

2N aHCO 3(s) → 2N a 2 CO 3(s) + C O 2(g) + H 2 O (l)

ΔH 3 = Σ(n · ΔH° products ) − Σ(n · ΔH° reactants )
ΔH 3 = (− 1131.0) + (− 393.5) + (− 285.8) − (2(− 950.8))
ΔH 3 = 91.3 KJ/mol

91.3 KJ/mol is our theoretical value.

Conclusion:
1.
|experimental value− theoretical value|
%Discrepancy = theoretical value · 100%
|83.779−91.3|
%Discrepancy = 91.3 · 100%
%Discrepancy = 8.24%

There was a discrepancy of about 8% .

2. In this lab our experimental value was lower than the theoretical value yielding an 8%
discrepancy. This can be attributed to a plethora of reasons. Firstly, the environment in which
the lab took place was not a perfectly closed system. The styrofoam cups would allow some
energy to escape, while the cups needed to be lifted up or have holes poked through them to
observe the qualitative traits of the reaction, to stir the solution, and take temperature readings.
Secondly, the assumption that any CO​2(g)​ lost was negligible can also be attributed to our
discrepancy, as this would have skewed with the calculations done in question 5, in regards to
using the first law of thermodynamics. As we assumed no work was done by the system, due to
the assumption that volume remained constant. Thirdly, this discrepancy was foreseeable
because of the many assumptions mentioned before the lab was given out, as all these
assumptions would’ve skewed our calculations in some way.