Educore
EDUCORE
1 . Mail your Order ID at ebooks.support@aiets.co.in to get the 16 digit Access Code.
• Head Office : B-32, 2 . Go to www.educoreonline.com/register.htm
Shivalik, Malviya 3 . Enter your details along with your 16 digit Access Code.
Nagar, New Delhi-17
4 . Click Register & you would be successfully redirected to the Login Page.
• Sales Office : B-48, Note: If you are already registered with us, you just have to login
Disha Experts
CURRENT AFFAIRS
## A Glimpse of 2016 CA-3–59
• India At a Glance: Social-Economic-Political (Infographics)
• World At a Glance: Social-Economic-Political (Infographics)
• Emerging Trends
• Global Economic Outlook
• Causes and Effects
• Game Changers
• Paradoxes of India
• Quote - Unquote
• Mysteries Unresolved
• Mysteries Resolved
• SWOT Analysis – Indian Social Climate
• SWOT Analysis – Indian Economic Climate
• SWOT Analysis – Indian Political Climate
• Demonetization (Infographics)
• GST 2016 (Infographics)
• Books & Authors 2016
• Popular Terms
• Important Appointments 2016
• Awards & Honours 2016
• Obituary in 2016
## Modi’s visits to Nations CA-60–67
## Top 20 CA-73–81
• Top 20 Rich people in India - 2016
• Top 20 Rich people in World - 2016
• Top 20 Universities of India
• Top 20 Universities of the World
• Top 20 Industries of India @Growth %
• Top 20 Companies of India/World @ Turnover
• Top 20 Sports Personalities of India
## Article : GST– A Powerful source to curb Black money and corruption
in India CA-82–84
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
## PANORAMA GK-1–56
• Indian Panorama: Indian States and Union Territories, National
Symbols, India’s Journey 70 years (Economic, Political, Agricultural,
Scientific, Demographic, Social, Space-43 yrs); Defence and Security,
Atomic and Nuclear Science, National days, Awards, Books and Authors,
Scientists, Power Stations, First in male/ Female others, Superlative,
Founders, Heritage Sights, Different Scientific Revolutions, Sobriquets.
• World Panorama: World countries, Geographical Discoveries, National animals of
countries, Countries’ official books, International Awards, Books and Authors, 7
wonders, Countries’ Intelligence Agencies, Fathers of different fields, Superlatives,
Landmarks, National Emblems, International days, Sobriquets.
## PEOPLE FOREVER GK-57–88
istorical, Discoverer, Political, Social, Religious , Businessmen, Geographical, Artists,
H
Sports persons, Space Travellers, Literary.
## HISTORY GK-89–124
• Indian : Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern History
• World : Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern History
## POLITY GK-125–180
• I ndian Polity: Constitution – Making, Features of Its Framework,
Statutory/Constitutional bodies, Governments (Types and levels),
Institutions, Elections, Political Parties, Pressure Groups, E-Governance,
E-Courts, Lokpal, NITI Ayog, Reservation, RTI, Foreign Policy, Neighbours.
• World Polity: International Organizations, United Nations, International Relations,
Important Summits, Parliaments and Political Parties of countries.
## GEOGRAPHY GK-181–242
• P hysical: Universe–Developmental theories, Solar Systems, Earth, Seasons, Rocks,
Mountains, Precipitation, Plains, Oceans, Atmosphere.
• India: Physiography, Drainage, Soil, Climate, Vegetation, Agriculture,
Industry, Minerals, Energy, Census – 2011.
• World: Continents, Languages, Religions, Climatic Zones, Industrial
Regions, Geographical superlatives.
## ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-243–268
E cosystem and its types; Biodiversity and its types/Loss/Conservation; Endangered
species, National Parks/Sanctuaries ; Biosphere Reserves, Environmental Issues,
Pollution, Global Warming, India’s initiatives; International Conventions on climate,
Animal welfare, Environmental laws, Disaster Management.
## ECONOMY GK-269–302
Micro-Macro Economics, Public Finance, Indian Economy, World Economy.
## Sports GK-447–458
Trophies, Players in Games, National sports, Olympic Games
(Summer & Winter), Paralympics, Commonwealth, Asian Games,
Cricket World Cup, IPL, FIFA, Hockey, Tennis, etc.
## Healthcare GK-459–466
Infrastructure, Health programs, Major disease outbreaks recently
## Quizzes GK-525–549
• National
• International
• Science
• Finance
CA-3
CA-4
CA-5
CA-6 EMERGING TRENDS IN 2016
EMERGING TRENDS IN 2016 CA-7
CA-8 EMERGING TRENDS IN 2016
CA-9
CA-10 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
CA-11
CA-12 GAME CHANGERS 2016
GAME CHANGERS 2016 CA-13
CA-14 GAME CHANGERS 2016
CA-15
CA-16 GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK CA-17
CA-18 GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK CA-19
CA-20 GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK CA-21
CA-22 GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
CA-25
CA-26 PARADOXES OF INDIA
CA-27
CA-28 QUOTE – UNQUOTE
CA-29
Mysteries Unresolved
O n July 22, 2016, the ill-fated aircraft of the IAF had gone missing over Bay of Bengal.
The aircraft carried 29 personnel on board, including four officers. As per the claims of
Indian Air Force, aircraft was in touch till about 9.30 am post which it lost the contact. The
ETA (expected time of arrival) of the flight was 11.30 am. The plain was on its way to Port
Blair from Chennai. The plane got disappeared soon after taking off from Tambaram air
base. Despite the involvement of multiple aircraft and ships of the IAF in search operation,
no clue of the lost aircraft was found. Many Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guards braved
high winds and choppy monsoon seas while scouring the waters in the last known location
of the aircraft (150 nautical miles east of Chennai). Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar was
personally monitoring the situation. But all the efforts brought no result. The search and
rescue teams failed to obtain any leads.
T he cause of Subhash Chandra Bose’s death remains shrouded with mystery till date.
There have been various theories about the cause of his death, yet there has so far been
no confirmation to any of these theories. Official records state that Netaji died in a plane
crash in 1945.
Some photos taken during the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 indicate
a man resembled Bose. The person was the part of the Indian entourage
that accompanied the then Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri.
London based Sidhartha Satbhai commissioned Neil Millar, a former
veteran of the Royal Signals Regiment of the British Army, conducted
image analysis on video and photographic material. The footage pertains
to an individual referred to as ‘The Tashkent Man’. Through modern
scientific and facial analysis, the investigation points to the possibility
that the bespectacled man could be Netaji. If Netaji was present in the
Tashkent Declaration in 1966, he could not have died in the plane crash
on August 18, 1945.There is another belief that he returned to India and lived as a sadhu.
Nobody knows the truth.
There are many questions which are still lying unanswered in the minds of Indians.
Did Bose actually die in a plane crash in Taipei? Is it true that Bose returned to India and
lived as a wandering monk? Why did Indian government keep the files relating to his death
secret for 70 years? The Mystery underlines various controversies and surmises if the Bose
mystery is an International conspiracy of silence or if Indian government already knows
the answers?
T here were no substantial reasons given for the ouster of leadership of Cyrus Mistry
who had been brought in with much fanfare. Mistry was appointed in December 2012
and his removal in less than four years has sent shockwaves across the business world.
Adding to that, there is no clarity as of now why this drastic decision was taken. Despite
CA-30 MYSTERIES UNRESOLVED
accusations and public letters by Cyrus Mistry, the matter is still not clear. It is believed
that Tata Sons was unhappy with Mistry’s approach of shedding non-profit businesses. This
also includes the conglomerate’s steel business in Europe.
As speculations surround the media about why the Tata’s decided to go in for this
drastic step. Certain theories are doing the rounds. Though, Tata might be India’s most
recognised brand name but its financial performance has not been the best during Mistry’s
four-year chairmanship.
Speculation has it that Ratan Tata and Cyrus Mistry relations became stiff pertaining
to their different approaches. The mystery still remains. Nobody has been able to find the
concrete reason behind Cyrus Mistry’s ouster from TATA Sons.
A tlantis was a utopian city wiped out in a single night due to an unearthly cataclysm.
Atlantis is the only famous mythical lost cities. The first written source for the myth
of Atlantis came from the Athenian philosopher Plato (427- 437) BC. He explained that
the people of Atlantis lived in a prosperous island beyond the Pillars of Hercules. So, it is
assumed that Atlantis was located somewhere between Europe and America. That puts it
somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. It is mostly doubted if an advanced civilization like the
one described by Plato existed.
It is believed by many that the story is a myth. It was on purpose created by Plato in
order to illustrate his theories about politics. In contrast, many insist that it is very well
based on the historical disaster. In short, the idea of a city obliterated overnight is so
powerful it seems to show up everywhere. Despite many under sea discoveries matching
with the concept of Atlantis, people are still not able to reach on the decisive conclusion so
as to consider it a fact. Mystery of Atlantis still exists as a myth.
Mysteries Resolved
O n September 30, two stolen Vincent Van Gogh paintings worth millions of euros have
been recovered in an Italian country house belonging to an alleged mafia drug smuggler.
Italian investigators displayed the recovered artworks - a seascape at
Scheveningen and Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen.
Each painting is worth an estimated 50 million Euros ($56 million).The
paintings of combined value of $100 million, were stolen from the Van
Gogh museum on December 7, 2002.
Prosecutors have informed that the paintings were found wrapped
in a cloth inside a safe in a country house south of Naples. The house
belonged to Raffaele Imperiale, a 41-year-old businessman who is accused of running an
international cocaine trafficking ring together with high-ranking mobsters.
After a heist, the paintings vanished in 2002. The thieves used a ladder to climb onto
the Van Gogh Museum’s roof and break into the building. They escaped by sliding down a
rope in a robbery. Two men involved in the robbery were later caught and convicted, but
the paintings were not recovered.
Colangelo informed that the artworks were found “a few days ago”, and Italian and
Dutch experts were called in to authenticate the stolen works.
CA-32 GAME CHANGER 2016
GAME CHANGER 2016 CA-33
CA-34 GAME CHANGER 2016
GAME CHANGER 2016 CA-35
CA-36 GAME CHANGER 2016
GAME CHANGER 2016 CA-37
CA-38 DEMONETIZATION
DEMONETIZATION CA-39
CA-40 GST 2016
GST 2016
GST 2016 CA-41
CA-42
Chaos and Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in the Struggle for the Middle East–Patrick Cockburn
POPULAR TERMS
SEPTEMBER
Sep 4, 2016 Urjit Patel assumes charge as 24th Governor of Reserve Bank of India.
Sep 19, 2016 Alka Sirohi appointed UPSC chairman.
Sep 28, 2016 World Bank reappoints Jim Yong Kim for second term as President.
OCTOBER
Oct 3, 2016 S Sivakumar appointed as full-time member of 21st Law Commission of India.
NOVEMBER
Nov. 7, 2016 M Rajeshwar Rao new RBI Executive Director.
Nov. 24, 2016 Yudhvir Singh Malik appointed as new Chairman of NHA.
DECEMBER
Senior AIADMK leader O Panneerselvam appointed as the new AIADMK
Dec 5, 2016
chief and the new Tamil Nadu Chief Minister.
CA-47
Gallantry Awards
President Pranab Mukherjee has conferred the country’s highest peacetime gallantry
award Ashok Chakra to Lance Naik Mohan Nath Goswami posthumously.
On the eve of 67th Republic Day celebrations President has approved 365 Gallantry
awards and other Defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel and
others. It includes one Ashoka Chakra, 4 Kirti Chakras and 11 Shaurya
Chakras.
Ashok Chakra: Lance Naik Mohan Nath Goswami (Posthumous). He
belonged to 9 PARA (Special Force) and laid down his life while fighting
LeT militants in Kupwara district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Kirti Chakra: Subedar Mahendra Singh of 9 PARA (Special Force).
Sepoy Jagdish Chand (Posthumous) of 546 DSC Platoon.
Shaurya Chakra: Colonel Santosh Mahadik (Posthumous) of 41
Rashtriya Rifle (PARA). Major Praphul Kumar Bhardwaj of 12 PARA
(Special Force). Major Sandip Yadav of 55 Rashtriya Rifle (Armed). Major
Anurag Kumar of 9 PARA (Special Force). Lieutenant Harjinder Singh of
3 KUMAON. Naik Satish Kumar (Posthumous) of 21 Rashtriya Rifle
(Guards). Naik Kheem Singh Mehra of 21 KUMAON. Sepoy Dharma Ram
(Posthumous) of 1 Rashtriya Rifle(MAHAR).
OBITUARY IN 2016
Jan 7, 2016 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Former-Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister.
Jan 10, 2016 David Bowie–Legendary artist.
Jan 19, 2016 Ravindra Kalia–Noted Hindi writer.
Jan 21, 2016 Mrinalini Sarabhai–Legendary dancer.
Jan 25, 2016 Kalpana Ranjani–Noted Malayalam film actress.
Feb 2, 2016 S S Tarapore–Former RBI Deputy Governor.
Feb 2, 2016 Intizar Hussain–Veteran Urdu writer.
Feb 9, 2016 Sushil Koirala–Former Nepal Prime Minister.
Feb 18, 2016 Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan–Veteran singer of Gwalior Gharana.
Feb 19, 2016 Bhubaneswari Mishra–Renowned singer.
Mar 4, 2016 Purno Agitok Sangma–Former Lok Sabha Speaker.
Mar 5, 2016 Ray Tomlinson–inventor of E-mail.
Mar 16, 2016 Ustad Ali Ahmad Hussain–Famous Shehnai exponent.
Mar 26, 2016 Jim Harrison–Renowned American author.
Apr 5, 2016 Barbara Turner–Hollywood actress and screenwriter.
Apr 14, 2016 Satyanand Munjal–Hero Group co-founder.
Apr 21, 2016 Prince Rogers Nelson–Music legend.
Apr 27, 2016 V T Thomas–Kerala cartoonist.
May 11, 2016 Tony Cozier–Renowned commentator.
May 27, 2016 RG Jadhav – Noted Marathi writer.
Jun 3, 2016 Muhammad Ali–American Boxer.
Jun 12, 2016 Achyut Lahkar–Noted Playwright and Actor.
Jun 22, 2016 Amjad Sabri–a famed Pakistani Qawwal.
Jun 29, 2016 KG Subramanyan–Renowned painter.
Jul 1, 2016 Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere–Eminent Marathi literary scholar.
Jul 20, 2016 Mohammed Shahid – Indian Hockey legend.
Jul 28, 2016 Mahasweta Devi–Writer and social activist.
Jul 28, 2016 Pandit Lacchu Maharaj–Veteran tabla maestro.
Aug 14, 2016 Na Muthukumar–Tamil Lyricist.
Aug 8, 2016 Mahim Bora–Eminent Assamese litterateur.
Aug 9, 2016 Kalikho Pul–Former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh.
Aug 22, 2016 Sellapan Ramanathan–Singapore’s longest serving president.
Sep 2, 2016 Islam Karimov–President of Uzbekistan.
Sep 5, 2016 Lindsay Tuckett–World’s oldest cricketer.
Sep 24, 2016 Reoti Saran Sharma–Hindi and Urdu writer.
Sep 27, 2016 Syed Shamsul Haq–Renowned Bangla writer.
Sep 28, 2016 Shimon Peres–Former Israeli Prime Minister.
Oct 13, 2016 Bhumibol Adulyadej–King of Thailand.
Nov 22, 2016 M. Balamuralikrishna–Indian Carnatic musician and composer
Nov 25, 2016 Fidel Castro - Cuban Politician, Prime Minister.
Nov 25, 2016 Dilip Padgaonkar–Journalist, Editor in Chief.
Dec 5, 2016 Jayalalithaa Jayaraman- Indian actor and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
CA-60
Place Belgium
Date 30 March 2016
Purpose Bilateral meeting that focus on further enhancing the economic
partnership.
Highlights w Restart and expedite talks on a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty and
an extradition treaty to fight terrorism.
w Invited the Belgian government and companies to take part in
India’s ambitious projects, including Digital India, Start Up India
and Skill India.
w Amending protocol that makes the Double Taxation Avoidance
Agreement (DTAA) more comprehensive and contemporary.
1 w Technical activation of an optical infrared telescope in Devasthal in
India, jointly developed by ARIES (Aryabhatta Research Institute of
Observational Sciences) of India and the Belgian company AMOS
(Advanced Mechanical and Optical Systems).
w MoU between the Department of Biotechnology of India and the
Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) for cooperation in the field
of Biotechnology.
w E-Tourist visa facility extended by India to Belgian nationals to
promote tourism.
Place Brussels
Date 30 March 2016.
Purpose 13th EU-India Summit
Agreements w “EU-India Agenda for Action 2020” as a common roadmap to jointly guide
and strengthen the India-EU Strategic Partnership in the next five years.
w Establish and implement an Indo-European Water Partnership (IEWP).
w Referring to the ‘100 Smart cities’ flagship programme and EU urban
policy development experience, enhance EU-India cooperation on
Urban Development.
w Consolidate the good cooperation on fusion energy research, in
particular on JET(Joint European Torus), under the Euratom-India
Fusion Cooperation Agreement; as well in ITER (International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
2 w Finalise and start implementing the EURATOM-India agreement for
research and development cooperation in the field of the peaceful
uses of nuclear energy.
w Create synergies between the “Digital India” initiative and the EU’s
“Digital Single Market”.
w Strengthen dialogue and cooperation on education including
through India’s GIAN programme and EU’s Erasmus+ programme.
w Merge the EU-India Security Dialogue and Foreign Policy
Consultations into “Foreign Policy and Security Consultations”.
w Decided to establish a Common Agenda on Migration and Mobility
(CAMM) between India and the EU and the participating EU
Member States.
MODI’S VISITS TO NATIONS CA-61
Place
Date
Geneva (Switzerland)
06 June 2016
8
Purpose Strengthen the bilateral relations of two countries.
Highlights w Raised the black money issue with Swiss Government .
w Support for Indian claim to NSG membership.
CA-64 MODI’S VISITS TO NATIONS
Place Mexico 10
Date 09 June 2016
Purpose To enhance bilateral relations between both the countries.
Highlights w Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto announced his country’s
support to India’s membership for the elite NSG.
w Talks in a range of areas including trade and investment, information
technology, energy and space.
w Welcomed the opportunities offered by the convergence between
the National Digital Strategy of Mexico and the Digital India
Initiative, which share common objectives.
w Welcomed collaboration in space science, earth observation,
climate and environmental studies.
MODI’S VISITS TO NATIONS CA-65
Place Mozambique 12
Date 7 July, 2016
Purpose To strengthen India’s ties with Mozambique
Highlights w India and Mozambique have signed three Memoranda of Understanding
(MoU) in areas of drug trafficking, pulse trading and sports.
Place Africa
Date 8-9 July, 2016
Purpose Agenda was to boost economic ties with South Africa
Highlights India and South Africa have signed Memorandum of Understandings
(MoUs) and agreements in four areas of bilateral co-operation.
Signed agreements:
w MoU on Tourism.
13 w MoU on Grassroot innovation (Science and Technology)
w MoU on Information and Communication technology (ICT).
w Both countries also signed Programme of Cooperation in Arts and
Culture
Place Tanzania
Date 10 July 2016
Purpose Agenda was to improve India-Tanzania relations and held talks with
the President
Highlights India and Tanzania have signed five agreements to accelerate bilateral
ties between both nations.
Signed Agreements are:
w MoU for Establishment of Vocational Training Centre at Zanzibar
w MoU on Visa waiver agreement for Diplomatic/Official passport
holders
w MoU on Cooperation in the field of water resource management
14 and development
w Line of Credit (LoC) of US 92 million dollars for rehabilitation and
improvement of water supply system in Zanzibar
w Agreement on Joint Action Plan (JAP) between National Small
Industries Corporation (NSIC) of India and Small Industries
Development Organization (SIDO) of Tanzania.
CA-66 MODI’S VISITS TO NATIONS
Place Kenya
Date 11 July, 2016
Purpose To deepen and expand cooperation in a wide range of areas between
India and Kenya.
Highlights India and Kenya have signed seven agreements:
w MoU on Defence Cooperation.
w MoU in the field of Space Technology partnership.
w Revised Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA).
w Bilateral agreement on exemption of Visa for holders of Diplomatic passports
w MoU on Cooperation in the field of National Housing Policy
Development and Management.
w MoU on Cooperation in the field of expertise sharing, standardisation
15 and mutual trade between Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and
Bureau of Kenya Standards (BKS).
w Line of Credit (LoC) Agreement for US $29.95 million to Kenyan
Government for upgradation of Rift Valley Textiles Factory
(RIVATEX East Africa Limited) in Kenya.
w LoC Agreement for US $15 million (first tranche of $30 million) to
Kenya’s IDB Capital Limited for development of small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya.
Place Vietnam
Date September 3, 2016
Purpose To make agreements in different areas of cooperation to boost bilateral
relations.
Highlights India and Vietnam have signed 12 agreements in different areas of
cooperation like:
w Exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, double
taxation avoidance, co-operation on UN peacekeeping operation.
16 w Health, cyber security, advanced IT training, sharing of shipping
information between the Navies of the two countries and mutual
recognition of standards.
Place China
Date 4-5 September, 2016
Purpose To attend the 2016 Group of Twenty (G20) Summit held in Hangzhou,
China from 4th to 5th September 2016 in order to discuss efforts to
reform global economic governance.
Highlights Key Highlights of 2016 G20 Summit:
w G-20 leaders have pledged to continue to work for a globally fair
and modern international tax system, foster growth and refrain
from competitive devaluation of currencies.
w They will continue the work on addressing cross-border financial
flows derived from illicit activities, including deliberate trade
17 mis-invoicing, which hampers the mobilisation of domestic
resources for development.
w They vowed to go ahead on the ongoing co-operation on Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), exchange of tax information,
tax capacity-building of developing countries and tax policies to
MODI’S VISITS TO NATIONS CA-67
Place Japan
Date 10-12 November, 2016
Purpose Bilateral meeting that focus on further enhancing the economic
partnership.
Highlights w Deal has been signed by which Japan can export nuclear technology
to India giving it an edge over its neighbours so far as the use of civil
nuclear energy is concerned.
w This deal makes India the first non-NPT signatory to ink a nuclear
pact with Japan. Japan’s ‘friendliness’ towards India was tested in
1991, after it bailed India out of its balance of payments crisis.
w The India-Japan civil nuclear deal will be watched closely by China as
Beijing shares territorial concerns with both New Delhi and Tokyo.
This deal has come at a time when China is increasingly looking
to expand its footprint in the South China Sea. The perception of
19 US President Donald Trump regarding his South Asia policy is also
likely to keep China on its toes.
w India aims to ramp up nuclear capacity ten-fold by 2032 and is in
negotiations with Westinghouse Electric, owned by Japan’s Toshiba.
w India plans to build six nuclear plants in the south. The nuclear deal
takes India a step further in this direction.
w PM Modi’s visit to japan wasn’t about the nuclear deal alone. The
Indian PM, accompanied by Shinzo Abe, travelled to Kobe by the
Shinkansen bullet train. The same technology will be deployed for
the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Railway.
CA-68
P
olitics is a very significant aspect of the representatives of people who could
educational institutions. Its purpose work in the interests of the people. The
is to produce better leaders who functioning of the democratic system can
could carry the legacy of such leaders who be better understood by means of politics
have dedicated their lives to the cause in the campus. It gives a clear picture of the
of the people of the country. It is both a execution of the governing institutions of
study to acquire skill to understand the the country and gives it a better direction if
administration of power and to manage they remain in contact with the day to day
public affairs. It is an integral part of the changing scenario of the country’s politics.
functioning of public education. It is not just The youth make up a great proportion
about electing student representatives but it of the voting population and the choices
is an integral part of our system for shaping that they make would directly affect the
young minds in order to build a better citizens of their country. Therefore it is
future. The introduction of student council imminent that they should be aware of
elections has resulted in a healthy student the political scenario of their country.
voice with the effective participation of Politics in the campus helps them enhance
the young people. The youth today is more their understanding of the government
informed, more conscious of the society and and the democratic processes that form
hence there are varied perspectives and the core of the institutions that prevail in
political interests that prevail in a campus. any social system. Lesser participation
In any democracy, campus politics, in politics and abstinence from it would
political parties and student organizations amount to misrepresentation at both local
are given a significant importance. The as well as national level. It provides them
students acquiring knowledge in the campus a fundamental opportunity to devise the
become aware of the social and political course of politics in their country. The
scenario in the country and are able to make ignorance in being able to kindle the spirit
better decisions with regard to the interests of knowledge about the concerns for society
of the people of their country. That is what and the political system that governs it
democracy is. In many democratic nations, would pave way to the rise of undemocratic
the age of franchise has been lowered to principles that read a country on the path
provide students an opportunity to choose to tyranny.
In a country like India which is
considered to be the largest democracy of
the world, student politics is more relevant.
Since independence, India has witnessed
the genesis of varied political ideologies
and affiliations which play a major role in
determining the national mood towards
the making and execution of policies. Also,
it is significant in the sense that it provides
a suitable platform in order to draw the
government’s attention towards specific
student’s issues such as student welfare at
large, admission policies, academic freedom
IN INDIAN UNIVERSITIES, POLITICS AND EDUCATION GO HAND IN HAND CA-69
F
or a nation like ours, a demographic nation. For this dynamic to sustain long,
dividend is an once-in-a-lifetime our working age population needs to earn
opportunity and can lead to making or more than their parents and for this they
marring of its citizens’ present and future. must be in jobs more productive than
Land, labour, capital and time are needed agriculture. Even if they are in agriculture,
to be leveraged for creating surplus and it also needs to be enhanced and more
well-being as per economics and each one productive to bear the fruits for the
has different relative value and productivity surpassing population. Furthermore, all
level, which need to be combined for the such jobs require additional skills and
forces to multiply. But, we have placed higher educational levels which lack in our
consistent faith in India’s demographic population apparently. This can be a reason
dividend over the past few years, expecting why India’s potential dividend might risk
it to lead us to economic superdom. becoming a liability.
India’s demographic dividend has been
YOUNG INDIA much in talks recently. Its working age
population (15-59) years largely consists
The country accounts for a of youth aged between 15-34 years and
ifth of the world’s youth will aid the economy to grow quicker as
400 compared to other countries, including
355.3
Population aged China. With 100 crores employable people
350
278.6 10-24 (in million) by 2050, it gives a tough stand to USA with
300
27 crores employable people and Europe
250 World with 45 crores.
200 1,797 Less than 20% of our workforce at
million
150 present is formally or non-formally skilled
100 and rest stands unskilled. Out of the
50
50.9 23.3 unskilled population, majority is counted
14.6
0 to be employed but the fact is that more
India China Brazil Russia SA than half of them are incorrectly counted as
employed in agriculture!
On one hand where the share of the While the service sector has about
working-age population is rising, the 50% as job to GDP ratio, the non-service
dependents (under the age of 15 and industries have around 70% of the same.
over 60) are falling and this facilitates The service sector and the industry do not
the workers to save and invest and also have more scope of contribution to the GDP
increases the savings share in GDP. This and to job creation and is generally over
further enhances the growth rate of our represented in its share to GDP.
Demographic Dividend of India from 1961 to 2011
Age Group 1961 2001 2011 Difference in percentage points
14 yrs 41% 35.3% Decrease by 5.7%
15-59 yrs 53.3% 56.9% Rise by 3.6%
Above 60 yrs 5.6% 7.4% Rise by 1.8%
EMPLOYMENT - THE INDIAN DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND MAY LEAD ... CA-71
Out of over 470 million of our private and public institutions does not
workforce, just over half is either illiterate exceed 5 million/annum, so the estimated
or has not completed primary education. reasonable target of 200 million to be
As per the National Sample Survey trained implies that we need to train 20
Report, the share of workforce that has million each year till 2022. To achieve this
any vocational/formal/informal training target, a paradigm shift is required from the
is merely 10%. There is also an estimate government-driven approach to a private
that this demographic dividend will last sector-driven one.
only another 25 years or so.
Loopholes
India’s Labour Force as per Indian No industry participation
Labour Report Little practical training
Poorly qualified instructors for decades
653 mn ensured that only 3% of students
from senior secondary level were in
526 mn vocational education.
Weakly motivated, poorly paid and
472 mn
frequently absent teachers.
Problem of infrastructure in education.
Poor planning and long-term
inadequate spending.
2006 2011 2031 Furthermore, it’s only in 2035, that
the percentage of the 15-59 age group
reaches its peak (64.6%) and tapers
As per the Indian Labour Report, by 2025, off gradually over the next 15 years to
300 million youth would enter the labour 61.6% in 2050.
force and in the next three years, 25% of Thus, one thing is sure that the promise
the world’s workers would be Indians. of demographic dividend won’t last long
Also, the growth rate of the labour force in any case, beyond 2050.
will continue to be higher than that of the Also, it is a mere presumption that
population until 2021. sufficient capital will flow in the
The tragedy which we as a ‘nation economy by skilling people in order to
in making’ face is that in spite of all the create more jobs. The argument is that
promises made by the previous Prime even if the capital flows, the absorptive
Minister, for launching of missions on capacity within a time frame remains
vocational education and skill development a challenge. The enrolment for skilling
through ITIs and polytechnics; the only will happen only in case of a line of sight
thing that materialised was the creation of of jobs.
the National Skill Development Corporation
(NSDC)—a private-public partnership in
2010; which went on to train over a million
people by raising hundreds of private
vocational training providers.
In 2013, the number of ITIs have
increased from 2000 to 10,000; but this has
hampered the quality of professionalism
to a great extent. The capacity of the total
CA-72 EMPLOYMENT - THE INDIAN DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND MAY LEAD ...
How can our demographic dividend resources of capital and time will be saved.
become our strength? We need to know that capital, land
and labour come together to create value
In order to gain strength from our
when it happens. In this regard, the
demographic dividend, we need to focus on:
government’s initiative through “Make
Infrastructure creation in India” will only create the number
By large-scale and sustained long-term of jobs that stands nowhere close to 1
investment in infrastructure and energy, the million per month. More and more youth
capital and labour surplus will be absorbed if educated, will want to stay away from
relatively. agriculture, so non-agricultural jobs must
Deployment into infrastructure, energy be created. With a rising share of those
and water management through large educated at least up to the secondary level,
capital will flow into the service industry in being girls, appropriate non-agriculture
a sustained manner. jobs such as in garment manufacturing or
modern services are required to be created.
Manufacturing sector Absorption of the unskilled population who
By becoming a global-scale manufacturing leave agriculture and migrate, is needed,
hub, India can earn large and sustained surplus thence through investment in rural and
which will further help in capital build up for urban infrastructure, housing and rural
deployment in manufacturing and infrastructure. public works, they can be absorbed in
Sustenance of agricultural jobs construction.
Focusing on skilling disproportionately
Through large-scale re-generation of
is not a clever move and remains an un-
arable land, world-class water harvesting and
resourceful approach to job creation and
irrigation and crop productivity, jobs can be
poverty alleviation. If the labour is not
created and sustained in agricultural sector.
leveraged and deployed, it will be a dead
Science and Technology weight. So, we need to set our priorities
Inventions and innovations driven by right in order to gain another 50 years
science and technology will help reach of sustained growth; without which our
global markets with apt pricing power. demographic dividend will turn into a
burden; whether we skill our people or not.
Peace Good governance further helps in resolving
By sustaining long periods of relative conflict between social equity and economic
internal and external peace, the scarce development.
CA-73
Pharmaceuticals : Sun
2. $16.9 B
Pharmaceuticals
Dilip Shanghvi
Net Country of
Rank Name Source
worth Citizenship
Warren Buffett
Jeff Bezos
Mark Zuckerberg
Larry Ellison
Michael Bloomberg
Charles Koch
CA-76 TOP 20
Manufacturing, Trading
10. $39.6 B Investment: Koch United States
Industries
David Koch
Weighted
Rank Name Est. City
Score
Indian Institute of Science,
1 1909 Bengaluru 91.81
Bangalore
Institute of Chemical Technology,
2 1933 Mumbai 87.58
Mumbai
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)
3 1969 New Delhi 86.46
New Delhi
Massachusetts Institute of
5 United States
Technology (MIT)
United States
13 University of Pennsylvania
2. Biotechnology Biocon 20
4. Education Educomp 16
Employee Turnover
Sl. Company /Country CEO’s Name Industry
Strength (US$)bln.
1. Walmart/USA C. Mcmillon Retail 2,20,000 482
7. Royal Dutch Shell/Lon- Ben Van Beurden Oil and Gas 94,000 273
don
10. Kuwait Petroleum/ Nizar Adsani Oil and Gas 45,000 252
Kuwait
20. Philips 66/USA Greg Garland Oil and Gas 13,500 161
TOP 20 CA-81
Mahendra Singh
15. Cricket Padma Shri
Dhoni
I
ndia is notorious for its complex tax system is based on collecting taxes at the
system. Presently, the Constitution consumption-level. At this level, consumers
empowers Central Government to levy buy the goods and services from a retailer
excise duty on manufacturing and service or a service provider. It is one single tax
tax on the supply of services. It empowers system that will replace all different kinds
the State Governments to levy sales tax or of indirect taxes.
value added tax (VAT) on the sale of goods.
What will the GST do?
This division of fiscal powers has given
birth to a complex multiplicity of indirect Right now taxes are managed differently
taxes in the country. In this complex system, by the Centre and State Governments. There
it becomes impossible for government to are taxes like, customs duties, central excise
navigate through various direct and indirect duty and service tax at the central level, and
taxes for new businesses and startups. VAT (value-added tax), luxury tax, lottery
taxes or entertainment tax at the state level
In current indirect tax structure,
on the same commodity or service. This
there is cascading of taxes due to ‘tax on
results in making the goods and services
tax’. At manufacturing stage, no credit of
costlier. With GST, the tax base will be
excise duty and service tax paid is made
comprehensive. That means all goods and
available to the traders while paying the
services will be taxable, with minimum
State level sales tax or VAT, and vice versa.
exemptions.
Furthermore, no credit of State taxes paid
in one State can be availed in any of the GST: The Game Changer
other States. Hence, this leads to artificial
GST will be a revolutionary reform
inflation of taxes to the extent of tax on tax.
for the Indian economy. By creating a
Constant changes to taxes like Service Tax
common Indian market, GST will reduce
make things even worst. Now, things are set
the cascading effect of tax on the cost of
to change with new Goods and service tax
goods and services. Since GST collects taxes
regulation – called GST bill.
only at the purchase level, it may reduce
What is GST? the overall cost of goods manufacturing
or running the business. Along with tax
The GST (Goods and Services Tax)
compliance, it will impact the tax structure,
is a comprehensive tax system levied on
tax computation, tax payment, credit
goods and services at national level. This
utilization and reporting. It may result in a
complete overhaul of the current indirect
tax system. Accounting to all the above
mentioned factors attached to GST, it will
result in reducing corruption and inflow of
black money that exists in the current tax
system.
Existence of black money in the
current tax system
There are certain means through
which black money is generated in present
GST: A POWERFUL SOURCE TO CURB BLACK MONEY AND CORRUPTION ... CA-83
n Gurleen Garelli
T
oday the entire world is
divided on the grounds
of globalization and
Protectionism. People across the globe
are of two minds about globalization.
In principle, most of the people
believe it holds great opportunities for
the development of their country but
in practice, many citizens of advanced
economies are not so sure if it is good
for them personally.
Globalization is the free
transposition of tradable products
(goods and services) ideas, ideals,
culture and people across the world,
in seamless and integrated manner.
Globalization can be termed as the
result of opening up to the global India successfully leveraged the power
economy and the increase in trade between of IT and communications to plunge the
nations. Countries liberalize their import intermediate stage of manufacturing power.
protocols and welcome foreign investment It is required for economies to become
into sectors that are the pillars of its absolute powerhouses.
economy. Under globalization, Countries Recent time has witnessed the growth
liberalize their visa rules to permit the free of phenomena that stands as a contrast to
flow of people from country to country.
the concept of globalization. Protectionism
Moreover, globalization results opening
is the economic policy of constraining trade
up the unproductive sectors to investment
between countries by using methods such
and the productive sectors to export related
as restrictive quotas, tariffs on imported
activities. Hence, it is a win-win situation for
goods and various government regulations.
the interest of economies of the world. This
Protectionist policies predominantly, protect
results in an increasing communion and
the producers, jobs, businesses and working
integration of the economies of the world.
class of the import-competing sector in
Globalization accounts for the flattening a country from foreign competitors. This
of the World. With the advent of information skepticism exists prominently among
technology and seamless communications, Americans, Japanese and some Europeans.
any country in the world that has a pool of This school of thought poses serious domestic
educated workers can seamlessly emerge political challenges for the transatlantic and
in globalization pattern. Countries like the transpacific trade deals.
CA-86 GLOBALIZATION V/S PROTECTIONISM: IS IT A RIGHT CHOICE TO SHUT GLOBAL ...
Countries use a variety of ways and start of the 20th century. At that time, World
methods to protect their trade. One such War I gave push back to open trade, and
way is to enact tariffs, which tax imports. protectionist policies ushered in, during the
Second way is the government subsidizes Great Depression of the 1930s.
local industries with tax credits or even US Presidential candidates won votes
direct payments. Third method is by with promises of enlightening the spirit
imposing quotas on imported goods. Fourth of protectionism and deporting migrants
type of trade protectionism is a deliberated from the states. Such an approach fits well
attempt by a country to lower its currency in the populist rhetoric of Donald Trump.
value and eventually making its exports He focused on the unjust advantages
cheaper and more competitive. This can accrued to other countries, moving towards
be done through a fixed exchange rate, like impairment of domestic labour market.
China’s yuan, or by creating enough national Rising levels of disaffection can be seen as
debt that it has the same effect, like the U.S. the common denominator behind the rising
dollar decline. Fifth is restricting the entry political risks in the World. United States
of migrant and curbing their opportunities Republican Party presidential candidate
to do business, hence raising chances of Donald Trump has attacked the proposals
more employability to the local residents for trade and investment liberalisation in
Recently, protectionist rhetoric is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) signed
gaining traction amongst the voting by 12 states. He is also against negotiations
population, majorly in Europe with Brexit between the US and European Union for
and in the US with US Presidential Elections. the Transatlantic Trade and Investment
For many decades, it was uncommon to Partnership (TTIP). It can be stated that
witness such instances where electorate European anti-immigration rhetoric and
turned to the extreme left and right. Republican candidate Donald Trump’s
Victory of Donald Trump in US presidential success stem from a disaffected population
elections resound the fact that citizens looking for change.
of US are bent towards protectionism Apart from Britain and US, even
and are highly skeptical about opening Singapore has shown resentment for
gates to Globalisation. Though his victory new immigrants and foreign workers.
has sent shock waves for the World and Singapore has benefited to the core
for industries like airlines, cars and IT from open markets, a country known
outsourcing that rely on open trade. His as an immigrant society, having ageing
victory is being received as a serious threat population with a declining birth rate.
to Globalization. Immigrants are still seen as elements
In the long run, trade protectionism causing overcrowding, competing for jobs
weakens the industry. Without competition, and reducing opportunities for locals. This
companies won’t innovate and improve has forced a cutback in the employment of
their products or services. Eventually, foreigners and the setting of more modest
consumers will pay more for a lower quality targets for GDP growth. Surprisingly, an
product than they would get from foreign economy which has benefited from market-
competitors. In America and Britain, opening measures and whose trade is three
inward-looking protectionist policies have times its GDP, witnessed the opposition
attracted growing support. With that, an Singapore Democratic Party rejecting the
era of globalization may be drawing to a TPP at campaign rallies during the general
close or to the shift that happened at the election. The opposition was also seen
GLOBALIZATION V/S PROTECTIONISM: IS IT A RIGHT CHOICE TO SHUT GLOBAL ... CA-87
3rd April: Prime Minister Narendra Modi Development and Ganga Rejuvenation and
conferred the Arabian country’s highest German International Cooperation (GIZ) of
civilian honour — the King Abdulaziz Sash. Germany.
4th April: Mehbooba Mufti, president of the 13th April: Chess legend Viswanathan Anand
Peoples Democratic Party, takes oath as the honoured with the Hridaynath Mangeshkar
first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and Award. Maharashtra Governor C. Vidyasagar
Kashmir. Rao presented the award in Mumbai.
4th April: India and Saudi Arabia sign five 14th April: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
agreements, including a key pact on terror launches the “Gramoday se Bharat Uday”
financing and money laundering. Abhiyan in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.
5 th April: April 5th was observed as the 14th April: PM Narendra Modi inaugurates
National Maritime day across India. the Maritime India Summit to be held at the
5 th April: The much-awaited Gatiman Bombay Convention and Exhibition Centre
Express which will cover the distance from in Goregaon from April 14 to 16.
Agra to Nizamuddin station in 90 to 100 15th April: The ‘Bhimrao Ambedkar Awas
minutes flagged off. Yojana’ for widows was launched on the 125th
5th April: The ‘Start Up India’ initiative for birth anniversary of B R Ambedkar.
SC/ST, women was launched by PM Narendra 16 th April: Google extends free internet
Modi. The initiative is aimed at boosting service through WiFi to 10 railway stations
entrepreneurship in India. as part of its tie up with Railtel, the internet
7th April: April 7th was celebrated as the provider arm of Indian Railways.
World Health Day, a global health awareness 17 th April: Delhi Government launches
day. second phase of odd-even car rationing
7 th April: The Rajasthan Urban Land scheme to check pollution in the national
(Certification of Titles) Bills 2016 was passed capital.
by the state assembly of Rajasthan. 18th April: Maharashtra government makes
7 th April: Veteran journalist and author it mandatory to have a ‘track and trace’
Yogendra Bali passed away in New Delhi. mechanism, and hologram on liquor bottles
He was 86. to ensure the stuff inside is genuine.
8 th April: Rajasthan government passes 18th April: The Government releases a ` 200
the Rajasthan Urban Land (Certification of commemorative coin and a `10 circulation
Titles) Bills 2016 in the state assembly. coin on the occasion of the Martyrdom day
9th April: Union Government gives its nod for of Tatya Tope, one of the outstanding Indian
setting up India’s first personal rapid transit leaders of the 1857 revolt against the British.
(PRT) network for Gurgaon, Haryana. 19th April: The 2016 Laureus World Sports
10th April: Priyadarshini Chatterjee announced Awards in Berlin with Novak Djokovic
as the winner of FBB Femina Miss India winning the World Sportsman of the Year
World. Award while Serena Williams wins the
11th April: General JJ Singh, former Chief Female Sportsperson of the Year Award.
of Army Staff of India conferred the highest 20th April: The Government merges Rajiv
French civilian distinction, ‘Officier de Gandhi Khel Abhiyan (RGKA), launched by
l’Ordre national de la Légion d’Honneur’ the previous UPA government, with the Khelo
(Officer of the Legion of Honour). India programme for development of sports.
12th April: Jammu-born poet and novelist 20 th April: The Government gives its
Padma Sachdev chosen for the prestigious approval for signing the Paris Agreement
Saraswati Samman for the year 2015 for her adopted at the 21st Conference of Parties
autobiography in Dogri language. held in Paris in December 2015.
13 th April: The Maharashtra Assembly 20th April: India and Mauritius ink a MoU to
passes the Prohibition of Social Boycott Bill. promote cooperation in traditional medicine
13th April: An Implementation Agreement and homeopathy.
for Ganga Rejuvenation under the Namami 21st April: Scientists at the Vikram Sarabhai
Gange Programme was signed between Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India’s
the Ministry of Water Resources, River premier rocket lab manufacture the world’s
CA-92 NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
lightest material called silica aerogel or 1st May: The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
‘blue air.’ launched at Ballia by PM Modi.
21st April: India ranks at the 133rd position 1 st May: India and New Zealand sign air
on the 2016 World Press Freedom Index, services agreement opening the door for
which assessed how much freedom the direct flights between the two countries
media holds in 180 countries. which will boost tourism and trade sectors.
22nd April: The Government sets up a panel 1 st May: Mongolia conferred its highest
to prepare a blueprint for doubling farmers’ civilian award “North Star” on two noted
income by 2022. Indian scholars-Lokesh Chandra and
22 nd April: The Government approves Mansura Haider for their contribution to
operationalisation of new Indian Institute Mongolian studies.
of Science Education and Research (IISER) 2nd May: Gujarat Government to provide 10
at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. % reservation to economically backward of
22nd April: 22nd April is celebrated every higher castes.
year as the Earth day. 2 nd May: The Underground Metro Route
25 th April: The Eleventh Indo-Mongolia f ro m C u b b o n Pa r k- M a g a d i Ro a d i n
joint training Exercise, ‘Nomadic Elephant - Bengaluru flagged off by Union Minister
2016’ starts to promote military associations for Parliamentry Affairs Venkaiah Naidu,
between India and Mongolia. Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah, Union Minister
25th April: World Malaria Day (WMD) is an Ananth Kumar.
international observance commemorated 3 rd M ay: Worl d P res s Freed om Day
every year on 25 April. proclaimed by the UN General Assembly
27th April: Government decides no mobile in December 1993, following the
phone can be sold in the country without an recommendation of UNESCO’s General
in-built panic button and global positioning Conference.
system (GPS) from January 1, 2017, and 3rd May: Three Indians among fifty scientists
January 1, 2018, respectively. elected as Fellows of The Royal Society, a
28th April: PSLV-C33, ISRO’s Polar Satellite premier scientific academy of the U.K. and
Launch Vehicle launched the 1425 kg the Commonwealth.
IRNSS-1G, the seventh satellite in the Indian 4th May: Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Project
Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) wins the prestigious World Summit on the
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Information Society (WSIS) 2016 prize in
Sriharikota. the e-Agriculture category.
28th April: The World Day for Safety and 5th May: ICICI Bank signs a Memorandum of
Health at Work is an annual international Understanding (MoU) to establish a strategic
campaign held on 28 April and has been partnership with the New Development
observed by the International Labour Bank (NDB).
Organization (ILO) since 2003. 6 th May: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL),
29th April: India and Papua New Guinea sign launches Shourya, the fifth of a series of six
four agreements in the areas of healthcare Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs), designed in-
and information technology. house and being built by GSL, for the Indian
Coast Guard (ICG).
MAY 6th May: SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket placed
1st May: Indian shooters bag three gold and a Sky Perfect JSat’s JCSat-14 commercial
bronze medal on the opening day of the ISSF telecommunications satellite into transfer
Junior World Cup. orbit, with the rocket’s first stage landing
1st May: International Workers’ Day, also gracefully on a drone ship in the Atlantic
known as Labour Day celebrated. Ocean.
1 st May: The National LED programme 7 th May: Railways launches the Bharat
- Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All Darshan Tourist train for pilgrims to visit
(UJALA) launched in Madhya Pradesh by Shirdi, Tirupati, Jagannath Puri, Gangasagar,
Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Baidyanath Dham and Jyotirlingams among
Singh Chouhan. others.
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-93
8th May: India ranks ninth in crony-capitalism boosting cooperation in the challenging
with crony sector wealth accounting for 3.4 sector with Washington rebalancing its
per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP), military assets to Asia Pacific.
according to a new study by The Economist. 17th May: Union Minister of Road Transport
10th May: India and Mauritius sign a protocol & Highways and Shipping Nitin Gadkari
to amend taxation methods for the avoidance launches ePACE, INFRACON and an updated
of double taxation and the prevention of version of INAMPRO, three innovative IT
fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income initiatives of the Ministry of Road Transport
and capital gains. & Highways, developed in-house by NHIDCL(
10th May: The World Migratory Bird Day 2016 National Highways and Infrastructure
celebrated with the theme “Stop the Illegal Development Corporation Ltd.).
Killing, Taking and Trade of Migratory Birds”. 17 th May: Rakesh K Jain, a 65-year-old
11 th May: Rajya Sabha passes the major Indian American scientist is set to receive
economic reform Bill i.e. ‘Insolvency and the prestigious ‘National Medal of Science’
Bankruptcy Code, 2016.’ award from US President Barack Obama.
12th May: The Government gives its approval 17 th May: The Income Tax department
for signing of a Memorandum of Understanding launches a special electronic grievance
(MoU) between Securities and Exchange redressal system called ‘e-nivaran’ to fast
Board of India (SEBI) and Financial Services track taxpayer grievances and ensures early
Regulatory Authority (FSRA), Abu Dhabi for resolution of their complaints.
mutual co-operation and technical assistance 18th May: A solar power plant spread over 42
between the two regulators. acres on the Dera Baba Jaimal Singh (Radha
12th May: ICICI Bank announces the launch of Soami Sect) premises inaugurated, which the
contactless business credit card in association Government claimed is the world’s largest
with Jet Airways for small and mid-sized single rooftop facility.
enterprises (SMEs) and their employees. 20th May: The indigenously developed fecal
13th May: The National Intellectual Property incontinence management system ‘Qora’
Rights (IPR) Policy approved laying the launched.
future roadmap for intellectual property 20th May: The US House of Representatives
in India. gives its nod to a bipartisan legislation to
13th May: The World Bank Board approves a improve defence ties with India.
$625 million loan to support the Government 21th May: India’s idea of putting a red line on
of India’s program to generate electricity antibiotic packages to curb their over-the-
from widespread installation of rooftop solar counter sale is now being cited as a model
photo-voltaic (PV). that can be used globally to counter the rising
13th May: Former ISRO Chairman Prof UR threat of superbugs.
Rao becomes the first Indian to be given the 22nd May: International Day for Biological
‘Hall of Fame’ award by the International Diversity 2016 observed across the world.
Astronautical Federation (IAF). 23 rd May: ISRO launches RLV-TD from
14th May: ‘Simhastha Declaration’ released Sriharikota, first step towards reusable space
by Prime Minister Narendra Modi along with shuttle made in India.
Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena at 26 th May: The Government approves es-
Ninora village in Ujjain. tablishment of a National Investment and
14th May: The Air Forces of India and the U.S. Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ) in Odisha.
concluded their four-week “Red Flag” aerial 29th May: Indian Air Force successfully test
combat exercises at Alaska in the U.S. fires an advanced version of BrahMos land-
16th May: India successfully test-fires its attack supersonic cruise missile system in
indigenously developed Advanced Air the western sector of Rajasthan.
Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor 30 th May: Trinamool Congress Mamata
missile from Abdul Kalam Island launch Banerjee sworn in as chief minister of West
complex in Balasore. Bengal for the second consecutive term.
16th May: India and the US hold their first 31st May: Scientists discover a new property
Maritime Security Dialogue focussing on of Light based on Angular Momentum.
CA-94 NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
JUNE 8 th June: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
2 June: V.O. Chidambaranar Port bags
nd addresses the joint session of the US
National Award for Excellence in Cost Congress.
Management for the year 2015 from The 8 th June: India becomes third largest oil
Institute of Cost Accountants of India under consumer surpassing Japan with demand of
the category of Public Service Sector- Small. 4.1 million barrels a day (bpd).
3 rd June: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali 8th June: The World Oceans Day is observed
passed away at a hospital in the US city of globally on 8th June every year.
Phoenix, Arizona. 9 th June: The government decides to
4 th June: Haryana Government launches introduce International Yoga Award Scheme
Asia’s first Gyps Vulture Reintroduction with a view to promote yoga starting from
Programme. 2017.
4 th June: The International Day of Innocent 10th June: SBI and Spain’s Caixa Bank ink
Children Victims of Aggression is commemorated pact to provide loans to Indo-Spanish joint
across the world on 4 June every year. ventures and local enterprises.
4th June: India, Singapore agree to enhance 11th June: SEBI issues stricter KYC, disclosure
scale of military interaction of existing norms for P-Notes.
bilateral military interaction, at a time 12 th June: Indian Diabetes specialist
when freedom of navigation in international Shashank S Shah wins Vivian Fonseca
waterways has emerged as a major concern. Scholar Award 2016.
4th June: India ranks 70th on 2015 Good 12 th June: The World Day against Child
Country Index; Sweden voted as the best Labour is observed every year on June 12.
country in the world when it comes to serving 14 th June: RBI introduces a ‘Scheme for
the interests of its people and contributing to Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets’
the common good of humanity.
14th June: SBI and Master card Partners
5 th June: Indian-origin professor Lord with Centrum for distribution of its prepaid
Kumar Bhattacharyya awarded Regius forex card. This partnership will aid the
Professorship by Queen Elizabeth II for his distribution strength of the Bank for its
outstanding contribution in manufacturing. multicurrency prepaid card and will largely
5th June: World Environment Day is celebrated target the corporate customers of the bank.
annually on June 5 to educate global awareness 14 th June: World Blood Donor Day is
to take positive environmental action to protect observed every year on June 14.
nature and the planet Earth. 14th June: Ministry of Railways signs a JV
6th June: Himachal Pradesh becomes the Agreement with Government of Odisha for
first state in the country to have a State Data formation of Joint Venture Company for
Centre (SDC), designed using green data development of Railway Infrastructure in
centre concept, to offer 101 people-oriented the State.
service online through an integrated data 15 th June: The Union Ministry of New
base. and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launches
6th June: Axis Bank launches India’s first a scheme for setting up of 1000 Mega
certified green bond at London Stock Watt (MW) Wind Power Project connected
Exchange after it launched India’s first to transmission network of Central
internationally-listed certified green bond Transmission Utility (CTU).
to finance climate change solutions around 15th June: The Government gives its approval
the world. for the Civil Aviation Policy. This is the first
7th June: India signs a $120 million loan time since Independence that an integrated
agreement with the Asian Development Bank Civil Aviation Policy has been brought out.
to modernize irrigation and improve water 15th June: The Memorandum of Understanding
management in Odisha. between Department of Space / Indian Space
7 th June: Thailand becomes first Asian Research Organization (DOS/ISRO) and
country to eliminate mother to child HIV Canadian Space Agency (CSA) on cooperation
and syphilis. in the field of outer space.
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-95
15th June: Andhra Pradesh becomes the first 24th June: G.D. Birla Award for Prof. Sanjay
state to start Internet-based phone service Mittal from the Department of Aerospace
and it can issue phone numbers starting with Engineering, IIT Kanpur for Scientific
the ‘797’ series from August this year. Research for 2015.
16 th June: A mobile app to help senior 25th June: Social entrepreneur Zubaida Bai
citizens in distress launched by HelpAge bags UN honour for Corporate Sustainability
India in connection with World Elder Abuse Initiative among 10 “Champions and
Awareness Day. Pioneers.”
16 th June: VIDYANJALI- A new initiative 26 th June: Argentina’s skipper and ace
launched to involve volunteers into the co- footballer Lionel Messi announces his
scholastic activities of schools. retirement from international duty after
17th June: Cochin Shipyard (CSL) delivers missing a penalty shootout as Argentina lost
Fast Patrol Vessel “ICGS” to Indian Coast a fourth major final in nine years.
Guard 95 days ahead of the contractual 26th June: India, Nepal consent to use global
schedule. navigation satellite system for border pillars.
19 th June: The Government to promote Over 8,000 pillars decided to be linked along
Cargo transport through Coastal Shipping the India-Nepal border to a global navigation
and Inland Waterways. A National workshop satellite system.
on ‘Promotion of Modal Shift of Cargo to 27th June: India joins the Missile Technology
Coastal Shipping and Inland Waterways’ Control Regime (MTCR) as a full member,
organised. after it failed to get NSG membership due to
20th June: Each year 20th June is observed stiff opposition from China and a few other
internationally as World Refugee Day to countries.
raise awareness of the situation of refugees 28th June: NS Vishwanathan appointed as the
throughout the world. new deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of
21st June: Second International Yoga Day India (RBI) by the Appointments Committee
is being hosted at the Capitol Complex in of the Cabinet chaired by PM Narendra Modi.
Chandigarh, designed by French architect Le 29th June: Supreme Court sends an appeal
Corbusier with the participation of PM Modi. seeking quashing of a penal provision that
22 nd June: The Drugs and Cosmetics criminalises consensual sexual acts between
(Amendment) Bill, 2013 is to be withdrawn. adults of the same sex before the Chief Justice
Several recommendations are to be made of India to choose whether a Constitution
in the Bill by the Standing Committee of Bench should hear the appeal.
Parliament after being examined thoroughly. 29 th June: The govt considers Model
22nd June: A Memorandum of Understanding Shops and Establishments (Regulation of
(MoU) between India and Steinbeis GmbH Employment and Conditions of Service)
Co. KG for Technologietransfer, Germany Bill, 2016.
approved on technology resourcing in 29th June: Indigenously-built heavyweight
manufacturing, including sub-sectors of anti-submarine torpedo Varunastra success-
Capital Goods. fully inducted in the Indian Navy.
22nd June: The Southern Naval Command 29th June: NS Vishwanathan appointed as
celebrates the World Hydrographic Day deputy governor of the RBI. He will have a
by following a theme which emphasizes term of three years and will succeed Harun
on managing the sea and waterways in an R Khan.
efficient way.
23rd June: Indian cricket board appoints JULY
former skipper and spin legend Anil Kumble 1st July: Two indigenously developed Tejas
as the national coach for a term of one-year, Light Combat Aircraft are set to join the
thereby ending the 16-year tradition of Indian Air Force as part of the first squadron.
giving foreigners the role. 2nd July: The International Driving Permit
23rd June: A Pilot Programme in the country (IDP) issued by the State transport
to run two wheelers on Compressed Natural department has almost become an invalid
Gas (CNG) is launched to curtail rising air document as some countries, including the
pollution in Indian cities. United States, are yet to include Telangana
CA-96 NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
in the list of Indian States in their official 12th July: The urban development ministry
database. has approved an assistance of ` 658 crore
3rd July: The Ministry of Environment and for five major infrastructure projects aimed
Forests said the Adani Port and SEZ Ltd at unclogging key stretches in Delhi.
(APSEZ), may have to pay a fine far greater 13th July: SC quashes Arunachal Pradesh
than what was fixed by the UPA government Governor’s order, restores Nabam Tuki govt.
in 2012, for the environmental damage to power.
caused by the construction of its port project 14th July: Operation Sankat Mochan: 143
in Mundra, Gujarat. Indians evacuated from South Sudan. It
4 th July: Supreme Court asked the NDA is the first big evacuation effort in a year
government to investigate the “barriers” after Operation Rahat evacuated hundreds
preventing disabled persons from entering of citizens of India and other countries in
government service, especially into the July 2015.
higher ranks, as it’s state’s obligation to 14th July: Centre clears deck for IIMC to
provide them at least 3% reservation in become a deemed media university.
public sector jobs. 14 th July: India’s Defense Research and
4 th July: India’s first insurance policy Development Organization (DRDO) success-
covering public liability to an atomic power fully conducted proof firing tests of a new
plant operator has been issued to Nuclear towed gun currently being developed for
Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL). The the Indian Army.
total premium came around ` 100 crore for 16 th July: The Union Home Ministry has
a risk cover of ` 1,500 crore. decided to disband the Special Task Force on
5th July: The Kerala Government Cabinet womens safety in Delhi, a move which Delhi
clearing The Legislative Assembly (Removal Commission for Women (DCW) termed as
of Disqualifications) Amendment Bill. “highly retrograde” and “anti-women”.
5 th July: Union HRD Ministry launches 16th July: Lifeline Express, touted to be the
Prashikshak, an online teacher education world’s first hospital-train, started in 1991
portal to provide medical aid and relief to far-flung
6 th July: The Supreme Court held the and inaccessible areas, completed 25 years
railway administration liable for the tragic of its operation.
deaths of 19 youths who fatally hit a foot- 17th July: K. Keshavulu, director, Telangana
over bridge while travelling on the roof State Seed Certification Agency, Hyderabad,
of an express train, which failed to stop even has been elected as the member of the
after the incident. executive committee of the International
8th July: Agriculture Minister Radha Mohan Seed Testing Association (ISTA) for a three-
Singh launched an online portal designed year term (2016– 2019).
to monitor functioning of Krishi Vigyan 18 th July: Khangchendzonga National
Kendra’s (KVKs) also known as farm-science Park (KNP) in Sikkim has been named a
centres. world heritage site by the World Heritage
9 th July: Captain Radhika Menon, first Committee (WHC) of UNESCO.
woman captain of the Indian Merchant 18 th July: The Union Cabinet under the
Navy will receive International Maritime Chairmanship of Prime Minister Narendra
Organisation (IMO) Award for Exceptional Modi approved The Transgender Persons
Bravery at Sea. (Protection of Rights) Bill 2016.
10th July: Meghalaya Governor V.Shanmuga- 19 th July: Multiple life term will run
nathan launched the Pradhan Mantri Surak- concurrently, not consecutively pronounced
shit Matritva Abhiyan(PMSMA) in the East SC. Like any human being, a convict too has
KhasiHills District. only one life and cannot serve consecutive
11 th July: President Pranab Mukherjee sentences of life imprisonment.
conferred the 51st Jnanpith Award on 20th July: The Supreme Court has dragged
renowned Gujarati writer and litterateur the moribund Board of Control for Cricket in
Dr. Raghuveer Chaudhari at a function in India kicking and screaming into the 21st
New Delhi. century.
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-97
20 th July: An Indian Air Force AN-32 3rd August: The Constitution Amendment
transport plane went missing with 29 people Bill (122nd) passed by the Rajya Sabha to
on board. enable a uniform Goods and Services Tax
21st July: The merits of India’s candidature (GST) regime throughout India.
have been recognised by a majority of the 6 th August: The Supreme Court directed
NSG members, including in formal bilateral the Central Government for amending the
Joint Statements, minister of state for Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 and
external affairs VK Singh said in Rajya Sabha. the Indian Penal Code to incorporate penal
22nd July: The ‘Solar Power Tree’, a unique provisions making adulteration of milk
concept to generate electricity by harnessing with chemicals - adversely affecting the
the solar energy, has been launched by the health of the people - punishable with life
Union Ministry of Science and Technology. imprisonment.
7th August: Vijay Rupani, sworn in as the
24 th July: The West Bengal Government
16th Chief Minister of Gujarat.
honoured singer and music director Bapi
Lahiri with this prestigious award, on the 7th August: Kerala Congress (M) [KC(M)]
36th death anniversary of Uttam Kumar. has decided to sever its ties with the United
Democratic Front (UDF) for all practical
25 th July: The Institutes of Technology purposes and will form a separate block in
(Amendment) Bill was passed in the Lok the Assembly.
Sabha.
8th August: Eleven years after the GST was
26th July: The reputed Scimago Institutions first proposed by former Finance Minister
Rankings Report ranked the Council of P. Chidambaram, in 2005, Parliament on 8th
Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR, India) August 2016 passed the Bill.
as the 12th best government institution, on a 8th August: Dr. Dhrubajyoti Ghosh, the first
global index, comprising of 746 institutions. Indian environmental activist to receive the
27th July: Under the aegis of the Pradhan Luc Hoffman award.
Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY), 10th August: Russian President Vladimir
The Union Cabinet has sanctioned the Putin, PM Narendra Modi, and CM Jayalalithaa
establishment of a All India Institute of through a video conference dedicated the
Medical Sciences at Bhatinda in Punjab. first unit of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power
28th July: A defence deal has been signed Project (KKNPP) to the nation on 10th August
between the US and India to purchase four after 28 years of Russia and India signed the
additional P -8I aircrafts, renowned for agreement to set up the plant. The 1,000-
anti – submarine warfare, anti – surface MWe KNPP-1 is the largest single unit of
warfare, long – range marine surveillance electrical power in India.
and reconnaissance. 11 th August: The Karnataka State Road
28th July: Father of Hybrid Sorghum in India, Transport Corporation will introduce an air-
Dr. Neelamraju Ganga Prasad Rao, aged 89, conditioned sleeper (Carona) bus between
passed away in Telangana, Hyderabad. Kukke Subrahmanya and Bengaluru August
29th July: International Tiger Day celebrated. 17, 2016.
11th August: The Gujarat Land Acquisition
29th July: In Jhajjar, the Haryana Government
Bill 2016, that dilutes the Centre’s stringent
has launched an insurance cover scheme
provisions of the Land Acquisition Act 2013,
for cattle breeders in the state, under the
has been given approval by the President and
nomenclature, Pashudhan Bima Yojana.
will take effect on Independence Day.
30th July: A 114 – km long eco – friendly
12th August: The Assam Assembly unani-
rail corridor launched in Rameswaram –
mously passed the Constitution Amendment
Manamadurai stretch in Tamil Nadu.
Bill on GST on Friday, becoming the first State
to ratify the crucial tax reform legislation.
AUGUST
13th August: Pramukh Swami, the 95-year-
2 nd August: Supreme Court directed the old founder of Akshardham temples and a
Odisha government to pay additional saint of the Swaminarayan sect, passed away
compensation to victims of the 2008 anti- after prolonged illness at the Sarangpur
Christian violence in Kandhamal. temple.
CA-98 NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
15th August: Prime Minister Narendra Modi scramjet engine, a technology that scientists
launched a sharp attack on Pakistan for its claim could change the way space travel is
support to terrorism and thanked the people undertaken from the Satish Dhawan Space
of Balochistan, Gilgit and Pakistan-occupied Centre, Sriharikota.
Kashmir (PoK) for their recent messages of 29 th August: India, Myanmar to build
support. bridges, sign pact for 69 bridges, including
18th August: P.V. Sindhu into the final of the approach roads in the Tamu-Kyigone-Kalewa
women’s singles with a 21-19, 21-10 win section of the Trilateral Highway, which will
over Japan’s Nozomi Okuhara on 18th August. establish better connectivity between India
Sindhu will meet Carolina Marin of Spain on and Southeast Asia.
19th August for gold medal match. 29 th August: The West Bengal Assembly
18th August: Sakshi had earned a bronze after passed a resolution changing the name of
losing to Valeriia Koblova Zholobova. It was the State to Bengal in English and Bangla
the first medal for an Indian woman wrestler in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress
at the Olympics, and the fourth overall after government’s efforts to forge a consensus on
Karnam Malleswari (weightlifting, Sydney the resolution, the Congress, the Left Front,
2000), Saina Nehwal (badminton) and M.C. and the BJP did not support the resolution.
Mary Kom (boxing), both in London 2012.
30 th August: The Central Reserve Police
19 th August: Rising silicosis deaths in Force (CRPF) has decided to appoint Olympic
North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal silver medallist P. V. Sindhu as its brand
a concern. 189 silica dust affected workers ambassador.
have been identified in Minakhan so far
31st August: The Supreme Court quashed
and 20 of them (excluding Paik) died due
to silicosis. the CPI (M)-led West Bengal government’s
acquisition of 997 acres of agricultural land
20th August: The Appointments Committee
for industry captain Tata Motors’ Nano plant
of the Cabinet (ACC) announced the
in Singur.
appointment of Reserve Bank of India Deputy
Governor Urijit Patel, a macro-economist as
successor to Governor Raghuram Rajan.
SEPTEMBER
21st August: A Curative Bench, led by Chief 1st September: Railway launched an
Justice of India T.S. Thakur, has upheld insurance scheme at a premium of `1
a 2014 Supreme Court verdict that men for passengers travelling on e-ticket. The
cannot be “automatically” arrested on dowry insurance cover will be up to `10 lakh.
harassment complaints filed by their wives. 1st September: Chairman of Reliance
25th August: On the decision of the NITI Industries Limited, Mukesh Ambani
Aayog to scrap the MCI and replace it formally launched company’s telecom
with the National Medical Commission, Dr. service Reliance Jio.
Jayshree Mehta, president of the Medical 2nd September: The first BRICS Film
Council of India termed it the “remedy more Festival started at the Sirifort Auditorium
dangerous than the disease.” Complex, New Delhi.
26 th August: “Women be permitted to 2nd September: The Guinness World
enter the sanctum sanctorum of the Haji Ali Records has officially designated Assam’s
Dargah at par with men”, ruled the Bombay Majuli as the largest river island in the
High Court in a landmark verdict allowing world. It is situated on the Brahmaputra
the entry of women up to the mazar in the River.
revered Sufi dargah in south central Mumbai. 3rd September : The Election Commission
27th August: The Madras High Court has of India (ECI) has granted national party
decided to digitise around 20 crore pages status to All India Trinamool Congress
of case bundles as well as administrative (TMC) Party led by West Bengal Chief
files and store them digitally for easy access. Minister Mamata Banerjee.
An experienced private company has been 4th September: Nobel laureate Mother
engaged to scan all the documents. Teresa formally declared as a saint of the
28th August: India on 28th August became Roman Catholic Church by Pope Francis at
only the fourth nation to flight-test a Vatican City.
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-99
5th September: India celebrates Teachers’ 17th September: Indian Navy’s indigenously
Day on the birth anniversary of the country’s built warship ‘Mormugao’ launched in Mumbai.
second President Dr RadhaKrishnan. 18th September: Seventeen soldiers killed
5th September: Urjit Patel has taken the in a terror attack at an army base in Jammu
charge as the 24th Governor of Reserve Bank and Kashmir’s Uri near the Line of Control.
of India, succeeding Raghuram Rajan. All four terrorists were killed during the
6th September: The Union Health Ministry attack.
has recently launched the “Leprosy Case
Detection Campaign (LCDC)” to eradicate 18th September: Spain defeated India 5-0
leprosy from the country. in the Davis Cup World Group Play-off to
9th September: Union Government opens enter the World Group.
the nomination process to general public. 19th September: Union Human Resource
Now all citizens can recommend any Development Minister, Prakash Javadekar
achiever for the prestigious Padma Awards. launched PARAMISHAN supercomputing
10th September: The Union Government facility at IIT Guwahati.
has launched Urja Mitra Helpline through 20th September: India successfully test
which customers can get information on fired long range surface-to-air Barak-8
power outages from distribution companies missile, jointly developed with Israel from
by dialing 14401.
Chandipur near Balasore, Odisha.
11th September: The first BRICS Wellness
21st September: The 7, Race Course Road
Workshop has begun in Bengaluru, Karnataka
from September 10, 2016. National Fair where Prime Minister of India lives in Delhi
on comprehensive Indian Medicine system has been renamed as ‘Lok Kalyan Marg’.
(AROGYA) was also inaugurated. 22nd September: Tamil film Visaranai
12th September: Arunachal Pradesh will be India’s official entry in the Foreign
Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa removed Language Film category at the Oscars in
from post. 2017.
12th September: Deepa Malik became the 22nd September: India played 500th Test
first Indian woman Paralympic medallist match in Kanpur against New Zealand.
when she won silver medal at the 2016 Rio
25th September: Indian spinner
Games in the women’s shot put event.
Ravichandran Ashwin becomes the second
13th September: The Union Cabinet has
fastest bowler to claim 200 Test wickets.
given its approval for signing of the Bilateral
Technical Arrangement (BTA) between Ashwin achieved the milestone in his 37th
India and Switzerland on the identification Test match.
and return of Indian and Swiss Nationals 26th September: Indian Space Research
and its implementation. Organization (ISRO) successfully launched
14th September: Reliance Communications eight satellites in two different orbits in
announced that it will merge its wireless a single mission from the Satish Dhawan
telecom businesses with Aircel, which Space Centre, Sriharikotta.
will create India’s third biggest telecom 27th September: Gujarat’s World heritage
operator in terms of subscriber base.
site ‘Rani ki Vav’ acknowledged as the
14th September: India’s Devendra Jhajharia cleanest monument in country under
creates a new world record in the javelin
Sawachh Bharat Abhiyan.
throw F46 event at the Rio Paralympics.
He won the Gold medal with 63.97 metres 28th September: Indira Gandhi Interna-
throw. tional Airport (IGIA) becomes the first
14th September: India Blue team wins the airport in the Asia Pacific region to achieve
Duleep Trophy after defeating India Red by carbon neutral status.
355 runs. 28th September: World’s largest solar
16th September: Vice President Hamid power plant opens in Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu.
Ansari has reached Venezuela to attend the This project has been commissioned by
17th NAM Summit. Adani Power.
CA-100
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
29th September: India carried out surgical Management (IIM) at Jammu. The institute
strikes across the Line of Control in Pakistan will a temporary campus at Old Government
Occupied Kashmir and kills 38 terrorists College of Engineering and Technology
from academic year 2016-17.
OCTOBER 13th October: Global Hunger Index 2016
released: India ranked at 97th position
1st October: The 2016 Indian Super
league starts with an opening ceremony in 13th October: Renu Pall appointed as
Guwahati, Assam. Ambassador of India to Austria.
1st October: 3 Star Club Nepal beat East 15th October: 8th BRICS Summit started in
Bengal Club, Kolkata 2-1 in the final to win Goa.
the 64th Bharat Ratna Gopinath Bordoloi 15th October: India and Russia signed
Trophy Football Tournament. 16 agreements including ` 39,000 crore
2nd October: International Day of Non defence deal to procure most advanced anti-
Violence observed across the world to mark aircraft defence system the S-400 Triumph.
the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. 18th October: Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal
4th October: The Reserve Bank of India cut has been appointed as a member of the
its repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.25% International Olympic Committee’s (IOC)
from 6.5% which is lowest in last 6 years. Athletes’ Commission.
5th October: The Union Cabinet on 5 18th October: Ashok Leyland Ltd built and
October 2016 approved the signing of unveiled India’s first all electric bus.
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) 21st October: Bengaluru FC became the
between India and the African Asian Rural first Indian football club to reach the final of
Development Organization (AARDO) for AFC Cup. Bengaluru FC defeated defending
capacity building programmes in the field champions Johor Darul Ta’zim 3-1 in the
of rural development. second leg of the semi-final in Bangalore.
6th October: Manipur-based theatre 22nd October: India beat Iran 38-29 in the
legend Heisnam Kanhailal passed away on final to win the Kabaddi World Cup 2016.
6 October 2016 following a brief illness in 24th October: Ratan Tata appointed as the
Imphal. He was 75. Chairman of Tata Sons for four months after
6th October: Delhi International Airport removal of Cyrus Mistry from the post.
Limited (DIAL) announced on 6 October 25th October: Union Government raised
2016 that the Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi the salary of President from the current
International Airport (IGIA) achieved ` 1.5 lakh to ` 5 lakh in a month. The Vice
Platinum rating from Indian Green Building President’s salary will increase to ` 3.5
Council (IGBC). lakh a month from the existing ` 1.10 lakh
8th October: The 84th Indian Air Force Day a month.
observed across India. 26th October: Virat Kohli became the
8th October: Lieutenant Governor Najeeb fastest batsman to reach 7,500 ODI runs. He
Jung dissolves Delhi Waqf Board achieves this milestone in just 167 innings.
10th October: Virat Kohli becomes first 30th October: India defeated Pakistan 3-2
Indian captain to score two double in the final of the Asian Champions Trophy
centuries. Hockey tournament to win the title for
10th October: Indian shooter Jitu Rai second time.
awarded with the ‘Champion of Champions’ 31st October: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
title for pistol shooting in 2016 by the Celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of
International Shooting Sport Federation Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
(ISSF).
11th October: Philanthropist and
businesswoman Adi Godrej died at the age
NOVEMBER
of 70 in Mumbai. 2nd November: Kerala declared as the third
13th October: The Union Cabinet approved Open Defecation Free (ODF) state in India.
the establishment of Indian Institute of 3nd November: The Government has
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-101
finalised the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Agreements Act, 2004 which unilaterally
rates with a low of 6, followed by 12, 18 and allows Punjab to stop sharing Ravi, Beas
a high of 26 per cent. waters with other States
3nd November: Prime Minister Narendra 12th November: India’s first banking
Modi presented the Ramnath Goenka Awards robot, Lakshmi was launched by the
for Excellence in Journalism in New Delhi. Kumbakonam-based City Union Bank
3nd November: Sarabjit Singh Marwah (CUB) in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Lakshmi will
became the first Sikh to be appointed to the be first on-site huamanoid (robot) in India.
Senate of Canada.
14th November: The World Diabetes Day
5th November: The Indian women’s hockey
observed across the world.
team defeated China 2-1 in the final of
Women’s Asian Champions Trophy hockey 14th November: Children’s Day is
tournament to win the title. celebrated on the 127th birthday of India’s
5th November: Indian lawyer Aniruddha first Prime Minister Jawahar lal Nehru.
Rajput elected among the 34 individuals by 15th November: The Reserve Bank of
the General Assembly as members of the India (RBI) has formed Special Task Force
International Law Commission. to speed up the process of recalibration
6th November: Bengaluru FC defeated by of automated teller machines (ATM) to
Iraq’s Air Force Club in the final of the AFC dispense the new denomination notes.
Cup by 1-0 in Doha. 15th November: International Master
7th November: British Prime Minister Theresa Padmini Rout has won the 2016 National
May arrived India on a three-day visit. Women Premier Chess Championship.
8th November: Demonetisation of `500 17th November: The Supreme Court
and `1000 banknotes by the Government
dismissed a plea filed by Tamil Nadu to
of India.
review a 2014 apex court judgment banning
8th November: Delhi’s wicket keeper-
Jallikattu.
batsman Rishabh Pant creates record of the
fastest ever hundred by an Indian in a first- 18th November: The Indian Navy formally
class game by hitting a 48 ball ton against inducted four types of indigenously
Jharkhand in a Ranji Trophy match. developed sonars that will boost its
9th November: Pramila Jayapal became the underwater surveillance capability.
first Indian-American woman to be elected 18th November: Iran surpassed Saudi
to the U.S. House of Representative. Arabia to become India’s top crude oil
9th November: California’s Attorney supplier.
General Kamala Harris became the first 23th November: Veteran Carnatic Music
India American to win the U.S. Senate seat exponent M Balamuralikrishna passes away
from the state.
24th November: Yudhvir Singh Malik
10th November: The Union Ministry of appointed as new Chairman of NHAI.
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
has launched of Pradhan Mantri Yuva 26th November: Union Government
Yojana (PMYY) to scale up an ecosystem of constitutes Amitabh Kant Committee to
entrepreneurship for youngsters. push cashless transactions.
10th November: The Union Ministry of 26th November: Veteran Journalist Dileep
Human Resource Development (HRD) Padgaonkan passes away.
launched Smart India Hackathon 2017. It is 29th November: Union Government Introduces
the world’s largest digital national building Taxation Laws. (Second Amendment) Bill, 2016.
initiative.
11th November: Prime Minister Narendra
Modi and his Japanese counterpart Shinzo DECEMBER
Abe signed the civil nuclear agreement in 5 December: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister
nd
28th January : A team of astronomers of UK, 19th February: Japan successfully launches
USA and Australia discovered the widest ASTRO-H space observation satellite to probe
planet system so far comprising of lonely mysterious black holes. The satellite was
planet named 2MASS J2126 in a huge orbit launched by H2A rocket after it had successfully
around its star TYC 9486-927-1. lifted off at the Tanegashima Space Centre.
28th January : French Army becomes the 20th February: Christine Lagarde (60) from
first foreign army to participate in India’s France has been appointed as the Managing
Republic Day parade. Director (MD) of the international Monetary
30th January: Angelique Kerber of Germany Fund for a second five-year term.
defeated Serena Williams by 6-4, 3-6, 6-4 to 24th February: The Parliament of Pakistan
win the 2016 Australian Open Women’s final. becomes the first Parliament in world to
30th January: Leslie Berland appointed as run fully on solar power.
Chief Marketing Officer of Twitter Inc 27th February: Gianni Infantino was elected as
31st January: Novak Djokovic beats Andy. the President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale
Murray by 6-1, 7-5, 7-6 to win the sixth de Football Association) in Zurich.
Australian Open title at Melbourne Park.
29th February: Stan Wawrinka of Switzer-
land wins the 2016 Dubai ATP Tennis title
FEBRUARY in the men’s singles category.
2nd February: WHO issues preventive
measures against Zika virus for South-East MARCH
Asian countries.
2 March: Microsoft’s co-founder Bill Gates
nd
4th February: World Cancer Day (WCD)
observed with the theme ‘We can. I can’. continued as the world’s richest person in
the Forbes’ annual ranking of billionaires
7th February: The ICC suspended Pakistan
with a net worth of $75 billion.
leg spinner Yasir Shah for three months
after tested positive for banned substance. 3rd March: World’s costliest train station
11th February: The North Atlantic Treaty Oculus is opens for the residents of New York
Organization (NATO) and European Union City. The station is built on the same location
(EU) have signed an agreement to improve where the New York twin tower was situated.
Cooperation in Cyber Defence to counter 6th March: The inventor of E-mail and the @
modern forms of hybrid warfare. symbol Raymond Samuel Tomlinson passed
12th February: Physicists at LIGO away in Washington at the age of 74.
announced that gravitational waves have 8th March: International Women’s Day
been detected which will help to understand celebrated across the world.
how the Universe is shaped by mass. 8th March: Five times Grand Slam champion
13th February: Scientist for the first time have Maria Sharapova provisionally suspended
discovered Gravitational Waves (GW) that were after she admits that she tested positive for
hypothesised by Albert Einstein in 1916. banned drug during Australian Open.
13th February: The Board of Control for 13th March: China’s Lin Dan wins the All
Cricket in India (BCCI) has banned Pakistani England badminton title after defeating
umpire Asad Rauf for five years after its Tian Houwei.
disciplinary committee found him guilty of
16th March: Madame Tussauds announces
corrupt practices.
that Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s wax
14th February: West Indies wins the
figures will be shown at Madame Tussauds
Under-19 ICC Cricket World Cup after
museum in London, Singapore, Hong Kong
defeating India in the final by 5 wickets in the
Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium in Dhaka. and Bangkok from the month of April.
16th February: The 58th Grammy Awards 18th March: British mathematician Sir
were given to the winners. 1989 by Taylor Andrew Wiles named as the winner of the
Swift selected as the Album of the Year. 2016 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy
of Sciences and Letters in Oslo.
19th February: Google’s Project Loon
began its operations in Sri Lanka after first 20th March: For the first time in Pakistan,
helium-filled balloon landed in Pupuressa Sindh province has declared a public
area in Gampola town. holiday on the occasion of Holi.
CA-104
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
22nd March: World Water Day (WWD) 8th April: Hashim Thaci sworn in as the
observed globally. President of Kosovo after he was elected by
22nd March: At least 34 killed in suicide the parliament in March 2016. He succeeds
terror attacks at the airport and metro Atifete Jahjaga.
station in Brussels. 10th April: The Duke and Duchess of
25th March: Australian all-rounder Shane Cambridge, Prince William and Kate
Watson (34) declared his retirement from Middleton arrive in India.
all forms of International Cricket after the 11th April: Lee Chong Wei wins the
end of his team’s campaign in the ongoing Malaysia Open 2016 men’s singles title after
ICC World Twenty20. defeating China’s Chen Long.
29th March: Russian grandmaster Sergey 11th April: Ukrainian Prime Minister
Karjakin has wins the prestigious FIDE Arseniy Yatsenyuk announces his
World Chess Candidates Tournament held resignation in the wake of a month-long
in Moscow. political crisis.
29th March: The Asian Development Bank 12th April: Danny Willett (28) from England
(ADB) and the Unites States Agency for wins the prestigious 2016 US Masters Golf
International Development (USAID) have tournament.
signed a Memorandum of Understanding 14th April: The Republic of Nauru, a tiny
(MoU) for development of solar parks in South Pacific island nation in Pacific
India. Ocean becomes the 189th member of the
30th March: Htin Kyaw (69) sworn in as International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
the first elected civilian (non-military) World Bank, i.e. Bretton-Woods institutions.
President of Myanmar after 53 years of
15th April: Real Madrid, Manchester City,
military rule. Myanmar’s Army was in
Atletico Madrid and Bayern Munich reach
power since 1962 coup.
the semifinals of Champions League.
31st March: Faustin Archange Touadera
(58) took the oath of office as the new 18th April: Australia wins the 25th Sultan
President of Central African Republic (CAR). Azlan Shah Cup after defeating India by 4¬0
in the final held in Malaysia.
APRIL 21st April: The Sympathizer, a debut novel
of Vietnamese American professor Viet
1 April: Vietnam’s National Assembly
st
Thanh Nguyen has won the Pulitzer Prize
(NA) has elected Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan as for fiction.
the country`s first female house speaker. 22nd April: Earth Day celebrated across the
3rd April: West Indies defeat England by globe with the theme “Trees for the Earth.
four wickets to win their second T20 world Let’s get planting.”
cup in Kolkata. 22nd April: Famous musician Prince passed
3rd April: West Indies defeat Australia by away at his home in Minnesota at the age of
eight wickets to win their maiden title at the 57.
ICC Women’s World Twenty20 in Kolkata.
25th April: Ace tennis player Rafael Nadal
4th April: World Number One tennis player from Spain wins the 2016 Barcelona Open
Novak Djokovic of Serbia wins the 2016 title of Tennis.
Miami Open Title in the men’s singles
category. 25th April: World Health Organization
declares Europe as the first Malaria free
5th April: Tran Dai Quang sworn in as the zone. Europe had become the first region to
ninth President of Vietnam after he was
report zero cases of malaria in 2015.
elected by country’s National Assembly. He
succeeds Truong Tan Sang and shall have 27th April: The Tibetan government-in-
term of five years. exile re-elects Lobsang Sangey (48) as the
Prime Minister for a second consecutive
7th April: Iceland ruling coalition govern-
term.
ment has named Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson
(53) as the new Prime Minister after 29th April: Pakistani women’s rights activist
igmundur Gunnlaugsson stepped down . from Swat valley Tabassum Adnan wins the
prestigious 2016 Nelson Mandela Graça
7th April: Nguyen Xuan Phuc elected as the
Machel Innovation Award.
new Prime Minister of Vietnam.
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-105
researchers team in the world to complete 11th August: Legendary Pakistan Test
all of the steps in the regulatory process for
batsman Hanif Mohammad passes away at
the test. a Karachi hospital at the age of 81.
22nd July: Social networking giant Facebook’s14th August: Michael Phelps ends his
Internet drone named ‘Aquila’ passes its career with a total of 23 gold medals in the
first full-scale test. This was the first time
Olympic Games. He has clinched a total of
using the full-scale drone. The flight test was
28 Olympic medals which makes him one of
undertaken in Yuma, Arizona (US) the greatest Olympian of all times.
24th July: Nepal’s Prime Minister K P Oli 15th August: Jamaican Usain Bolt wins the
resigned ahead of a noconfidence vote. men’s 100m race in Rio Olympics with 9.81
25th July: Verizon Communications, an seconds. Bolt is the first athlete to win the
American telecom company buys Yahoo’s 100m gold at three straight Olympics.
core business for $4.83 billion in an allcash
15th August: Andy Murray becomes the first
deal. Yahoo will be a part of AOL. player to win two Olympic tennis singles gold
27th July: The World Health Organisation medals after defeating Juan Martin del Potro.
(WHO) officially declares Brazil free of 16th August: China launches the world’s
measles, after no case of the disease was first quantum satellite named Quantum
registered in the year 2015. Experiments at Space Scaler (QUESS) satellite.
28th July: The European Union (EU’s) 17th August: China and ten member
executive has appointed Michel Barnier, countries of Association of Southeast
as its Chief Negotiator for the United Asian Nations (ASEAN) agree to form a
Kingdom’s exit from the bloc.
framework for a code of conduct to ease
31st July: Skydiver Luke Aikins makes tension in disputed South China Sea.
history by becoming the first person to
17th August: The first South Asian
jump 25,000 feet without a parachute. He
completed the stunt landing almost in the Association for Regional Cooperation
middle of a 100ft by 100ft net. (SAARC) Youth Parliamentarians Conference
on `Peace and Harmony for Development’
AUGUST was held in Islamabad, Pakistan.
18th August: The world’s largest (longest)
1st August: Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton aircraft the Airlander 10 has embarked its
from Great Britain has won the 2016 maiden flight at an airfield in Cardington in
German Grand Prix title of Formula One. central England. It is a hybrid airship made
2nd August: Novak Djokovic (World No. by Hybrid Air Vehicles in United Kingdom.
1) of Serbia wins the 2016 ATP Toronto 19th August: Barcelona beats Sevilla by 3-0
Masters also known as the Rogers club title to win the Spanish Super Cup.
in the men’s single category.
20th August: Usain Bolt wins the third
4th August: Communist Party of Nepal
gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics in 100m,
Maoist Chairperson (CPN MC) Pushpa
Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ elected the 39 th 200m and 4x100m men’s relay titles. He
Prime Minister of Nepal. completed this achievement for a three
consecutive Olympic events.
5 August: Rio Olympics 2016 starts with
th
than 11,000 athletes from 206 countries 21 August: Indo-Canadian Sikh MP Bardish
st
taking part in this mega event. Chagger becomes the first woman in Canada
6th August: American shooter Virginia to hold the post of Leader of the government
Thrasher wins the first gold medal of 2016 in Canada’s House of Commons.
Rio Games. 22nd August: The world’s highest and
9th August: American swimmer Katie longest glass-bottomed bridge was opened
Ledecky set a new world record to fetch to visitors in central China. The bridge
gold in the women’s 400 metres freestyle at connects two mountain cliffs known as the
the Rio Olympics. Avatar Mountains in Zhangjiajie, Hunan
10th August: American swimmer Michael province.
Phelps wins his first gold medal in the 24th August: The 2016 Summer Olympics
4 × 100 m freestyle relay in Rio Olympics, concluded with a ceremony held at the
his 19th Olympic gold medal overall. Maracana Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
CA-108
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016
24th August: United State tops the medal 14th September: Army Green has won the 2016
table in the 2016 Rio Olympic with a total of Durand Cup Football Title by defeating Neroca
121 medals. Next two positions are held by FC. It was the 128th edition of the Durand Cup.
Great Britain and China respectively. 16th September: The International Day for
27th August: Scientists in Japan studying the Preservation of the Ozone Layer observed
earthquakes for the first time have detected for the preservation of the Ozone Layer.
a rare deep-Earth tremor, known as an S 17th September: Writer Meghna Pant wins
(secondary) wave microseism. Microseisms the Fellows of Nature (FON) South Asia
are very faint tremors. Short Story Award in Nature writing.
29th August: NASA’s solar-powered Juno 19th September: China and Russia have
spacecraft successfully executes its first carried out joint naval exercises dubbed
flyby of Jupiter. as Joint Sea-2016 in the resource-rich
29th August: Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg South China Sea (SCS) off China’s southern
from Germany has won the 2016 Belgian Guangdong province.
Grand Prix of Formula One. 25th September: The world’s largest radio
telescope began operating in mountainous
SEPTEMBER region of Guizhou in China. The Five hundred
metre Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope
1st September: Michel Temer sworn in as will search for signs of intelligent life in space.
the President of Brazil after the removal of
25th September: The Olympic Council of
Dilma Rousseff from the office through the
Asia (OCA) formally announced that the
Senators’ voting.
Japan’s Aichi prefecture and its capital city
3rd September: Canada’s British Columbia Nagoya will be the cohosts of the 2026
province has become the first foreign Asian Games.
government to issue of masala bonds, a 28th September: Jim Yong Kim has been re-
rupee-denominated bond. It had issued appointed as President of World Bank for a
` 500 crore rupee denominated overseas second five-year term beginning 1 July 2017.
bonds (masala bond) on the London Stock
Exchange (LSE) 28th September: The Colombian Government
and left-wing FARC (Revolutionary Armed
4th September: Leaders from 20 major Forces of Colombia) rebels have signed a
economic countries take part in the G20 historic agreement that formally brings an
summit in Chinese city of Hanghzou. end to 52 years of civil war.
4th September: Nobel laureate Mother Teresa 29th September: The world’s first three-
formally declared as a saint of the Roman parent baby was born in Mexico to a Jordanian
Catholic Church by Pope Francis at Vatican City. couple with the help of a controversial new
6th September: World’s first face transplant fertility technique that incorporates DNA
done on Isabelle Dinoire in French. from three people in the embryo.
8th September: 2016 Paralympic Games
begins at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. OCTOBER
8th September: The United States (US) 1st October: The European Union (EU)
and China have ratified the 2015 Paris ministers have approved the ratification of
agreement on Climate Change to cut global Paris Agreement (on Climate Change). This
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. decision brings the Paris Agreement closer
9th September: The 28th and 29th to entering into force.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2nd October: Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi
(ASEAN) Summit was held in Vientiane, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to be
Laos from 6th to 8th September 2016. the next chief guest at India’s Republic Day
11th September: Angelique Kerber of parade of 2017.
Germany defeats Karolina Pliskova to win 2nd October: International Day of Non -
the US Open Women championship. Violence observed across the world to mark
12th September: Stan Wawrinka (World the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.
No. 3) from Switzerland wins the 2016 US 3nd October: Yoshinori Ohsumi of Japan
Open men’s singles title. This is Wawrinka’s wins the 2016 Nobel Prize for physiology or
maiden US Open title and his third major title. medicine for work on cell ‘recycling’.
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2016 CA-109
4th October: British scientist David Thouless, with China’s One Belt and One Road (OBOR)
Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz win Initiative.
the 2016 Nobel Prize for Physics for studies of 6th November: Bengaluru FC defeated by
unusual states of matter. Iraq’s Air Force Club in the final of the AFC
5th October: JeanPierre Sauvage, Bernard Cup by (1-0) in Doha.
Feringa and Sir Fraser Stoddart win Nobel 8th November: World’s first hydrogen-
Prize in chemistry for the development of powered and zero-emission passenger train
nano machines, made of moving molecules. named Coradia iLint unveiled in Germany.
7th October: Colombian President Juan 9th November: Republican Party candidate
Manuel Santos has been awarded with the Donald Trump has been elected as the 45th
2016 Nobel Peace Prize. president of USA.
8th October: The United States lifts sanctions
11th November: China successfully launches
against Myanmar after two decades.
experimental X-ray pulsar navigation
10th October: British Oliver Hart and Bengt satellite XPNAV-1. It is world’s first pulsar
Holmstrom form Finland wins Nobel in navigation satellite or spacecraft.
Economics for work on contracts.
14th November: Pakistan Prime Minister
13th October: American music legend and
Nawaz Sharif inaugurates the operational
song writer Bob Dylan wins the Nobel
Literature Prize. He is the first songwriter activities of the revamped strategic Gwadar
to win the prestigious award. port in the south-western Balochistan
Province.
13th October: King of Thailand Bhumibol
Adulyadej passed away at the age of 88 in 15th November: Facebook’s Connectivity
Bangkok. Lab has set a world record transmitting at
14th October: The United Nations General nearly 20 Gbps for 13.2 kilometers using
Assembly (UNGA) formally electe Antonio Milli Meter Wave (MMW) technology.
Guterres (67) as the new Secretary-General 16th November: The International Day
of the United Nations. for Tolerance is observed globally to
20th October: Noted British statistician generate public awareness of the dangers of
Sir David Cox (92) awarded inaugural intolerance.
International Prize in Statistics. 17th November: China’s ‘Sunway Taihulight’
20th October: The World Bank has pledges 2 has won the fastest supercomputer title
billion US dollars aid package to Bangladesh in the recently released 48th edition of
to tackle climate change over the next three Top500 list of supercomputers.
years. The aid package is part of the World 17th November: Russia officially withdraws
Bank’s fund for the poorest countries. from International Criminal Court (ICC)
23rd October: The first woman to conquer after President Vladimir Putin signed an
Mount Everest Junko Tabei of Japan has executive order in this regard.
passed away at the age of 77. 22th November: Thai Princess Maha Chakri
26th October: Paul Beatty becomes the first Sirindhorn conferred with the first ‘World
American writer to win the Man Booker Sanskrit Award’ for her contribution
prize for his novel “’The Sellout”. towards promotion of the language.
28th October: Two Yazidi women Nadia 24th November: China successfully
Murad Basee and Lamiya Aji Bashar launches fourth data satellite Tialnian I-04.
selected for European Union’s prestigious
Sakharov Prize for Human Rights for year 26th November: Cuba’s Former President
2016. Fidel Castro Passes away.
31st October: The Ross Sea of the Southern 28th November: Lt. Gen. Qamar Bajwa
Ocean in Antarctica is declared as world’s appointed as Pakistan Army Chief.
largest Marine Protected Area (MPA).
DECEMBER
NOVEMBER 1 December: Scientists in Israel have
st
5th November: Latvia becomes the first created the first ‘water-wave laser’ that
country in the Baltic Sea area to sign a emits a beam through the interaction of
Memorandum of Understanding to link up light and water waves.
CA-110
Finance minister Arun Jaitley presented the • ` 5,500 crores allocated to PM Fasal
Union Budget 2016-17 in the Lok Sabha on Bima Yojana
29th February 2016. Here are some of the • 300 rurban clusters to be set up under
highlights of the budget: Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban
• Amidst global headwinds, the Indian Mission
economy has held its own • 100% rural electrification to be
• Infaltion has come down even though achieved by 1st May, 2018
there was a fall in monsoons • ` 87,765 crores for rural development
as a whole have been allocated in the
• Foreign exchange reserves are at highest
budget
ever level
• 6 crore additional households to be
• CPI inflation has declined to 5.4% covered under digital literacy scheme in
• The growth of GDP has accelerated to next 3 years
7.6% • Appreciation for 75 lakh middle class
• Government has to prioritize and lower middle class for willingly
expenditure. Focus on the rural and giving up LPG subsidy
social sectors, infrastructure and • New restructured scheme to increase
recapitalization of bank the governance capabilities of PRIs to
• Recapitalization of banks will be done be launched: Rashtriya Gram Swaraj
during next financial year Abhiyan
• Nominal premium and highest ever • ` 9,000 crores allocated to Swaccha
compensation in case of crop loss under Bharat Abhiyaan
the PM Fasal Bima Yojana • Allocation of ` 35,984 crore for farm
• Aim to double the income of farmers sector
in five years. ` 35,984 crores total • Govt to set apart ` 412 crore to
encourage organic farming
allocation for farmers’ welfare
• ` 2.87 lakh crore to be given grant-in-aid
• Farm, rural sector, infra, social sector to
for gram panchayats and municipalities;
have more government expenditure
it is quantum jump of 228%
• Dedicated irrigation fund worth ` • Stand Up India scheme allocated
20,000 crore to be set up under NABARD ` 500 crore for SC, ST and women
• A unified agriculture market e-platform entrepreneurs
will be dedicated to the nation on the • 2 projects under Stand Up India to be
birthday of Dr. BR Ambedkar promoted per bank branch per category
• 5 lakh acres to be brought under organic • 62 new Navodaya Vidyalayas will be
farming over three years opened in the next 2 years
• 65 eligible habitats to be connected • National Skill Development Mission has
via 2.23 lakh km of road. Current imparted training to 76 lakh youth.
construction pace is 100 km per day • 1,500 multi skill training institutes to be
• Government is launching a new set up
initiative to provide cooking gas to BPL • Objective to skill 1 crore youth in the
families with state support next 3 years under the PM Kaushal
• Will enact a law to confer benefits on Vikas Yojana
• Health insurance of upto ` 1 lakh per
deserving sections on aadhar platform.
family.
• Govt to provide incentive for deepwater
• 300 generic drug stores to be opened
gas exploration under PM Jan Aushadi Yojana
• Work for passage of insolvency • 85% of stalled road projects back on
and bankruptcy laws, to undertake track
significant reforms • ` 97,000 crore allocated to road sector
• Allocation of Pradhanmatri Gram Sadak including PMGSY
Yojna to be increased to ` 19,000 crore • Total outlay for infrastructure `
• ` 38,500 crores allocated to MNREGA 2,21,246 crores in 2016/17
CA-112
UNION BUDGET 2016
• Target of 10,000 km of national highway • Suitable changes to be made in customs
and upgradation of 50,000 km of state and excise duty rates to improve
highways in 2016/17 competitiveness and boost Make in
• ` 1,000 crore for higher education India
financing • Incentives for new manufacturing
• Govt drawing a comprehensive plan to companies and smaller enterprise
exploit nuclear energy to be implemented companies
in the next 15-20 years • Service Tax Exemption for services
• 100% FDI to be allowed through FIPB under the Deen Dayal Gram Jyoti Yojana
route in Food Products Produced and • HRA deduction up from 24,000 to
Marketed in India 60,000 per annum
• New Financial Data Management Centre • 100% deduction for profits of
to facilitate integrated data analysis undertakings from housing projects in
• Department of Disinvestment to be cities during Jun’16 - Mar’19
renamed as Department of Investment • Krishi Kalyan cess to be imposed on all
and Public Asset Management taxable services for agricultural sector
• RBI Act to be amended to give statutory • 15% surcharge on income tax for those
backing for monetary policy with incomes exceeding 1 crore per
• Amount sanctioned under PM Mudra annum
Yojana has reached ` 1 lakh crore to • Clean energy cess increased from `
cover 2.5 crore borrowers by Feb, 2016 200/ton to 400/ton on coal, lignite and
• 25,000 crore for recapitalization of peat
public sector banks • Limited period compliance window
• DBT on pilot basis in fertilizers to be for taxpayers to declare undisclosed
introduced in some districts income. Declarations to have immunity
• A bill on targeted delivery of financial from prosecutions
services using Aadhar to be introduced • Govt to introduce bill to amend
• FDI Policy: Changes proposed in Companies Act for ease of doing
areas - Insurance & Pension, Asset business; to enable registration of
Reconstruction Companies, Stock companies in a day
Exchange • Clean Energy Cess to renamed as Clean
• More number of benches of Security Environment Cess
Appellate Tribunal to be introduced by • Limited tax compliance window: 45%
amending SEBI Act to reduce pendency including surcharge and penalties and
• Fiscal deficit for FY 2016-’17 targeted at immunity from prosecution
3.5% • Levy of heavy penalty for non payment
• Tax proposals to provide relief to small of tax has led to high litigation. Proposal
taxpayers through rebates to modify scheme for penalties
• Ceiling of tax rebate for tax payers with • To reduce multiplicity of taxes and
up to ` 5 lakh annual income to be cascading - 13 taxes with collection less
raised to ` 5,000 from ` 2,000 than ` 50 crore a year abolished
• Relief of ` 3,000 per year to taxpayers • Income tax department will expand
with income below ` 5 lakh per year, 1 e-sahyog to assist small taxpayers
crore tax payers to benefit • Govt will pay interest rate of 9% over
• Deduction for rent payers raised from 6% if delay is more than 90 days
` 20,000 to ` 60,000 to benefit those • Net revenue gain of ` 19,610 crores due
living in rented houses to surplus from indirect taxes
• Consolidation roadmap for public sector • 14 crore farmers to be brought under
banks next year soil health card scheme by March, 2017
RAILWAY BUDGET 2016 CA-113
n Asha Prasad
D
uring our freedom struggle, the this burning topic. Constitution declares
freedom fighters had realized the that every citizen has the right to live
importance of rights and demanded with freedom and dignity in any part of
that the British rulers should respect the the country. Yet in reality many forms of
rights of the people. The Motilal Nehru exclusion and discrimination continue to
Committee had demanded a Bill of Rights persist. Nearly 4000 Sikhs were massacred
in 1928. Hence, when India became in Delhi and other parts of the country
Independent, and the constitution was in 1984, Several thousands of Kashmiri
being prepared, it was very obvious Pandits have been forced to leave their
to include rights in the constitutions. homes in Kashmir valley and have not
The constitution listed the rights that been able to return home for more than
would be specially protected and called 2 decades. Nearly 2000 muslims were
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. massacred in Gujarat in 2002. These are
The word “Fundamental” suggests all examples of discrimination in one form
that these rights are so important that the or other. Members of one community are
constitution has separately listed them and targeted and victimised on account of their
made special provisions for their protection. religious identity. Basic freedom of these
The constitution itself ensures that they are citizens is denied. These incidents are
not collated by the government. These are instances of religious persecution.
contained in the PART III of the constitution When we take our discussion further
and include as follows: we find many such cases which show a
Fundamental Rights – Rights to direct confrontation of fundamental Rights
Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against with religion. Supreme Court in 2015
Exploitation, Right to freedom of Religion, stated that Right of Religion is not above
Cultural and Educational Rights and Right public moratity. Confirming the sacking
to constitutaional Remedies. Recent of a government servant for bigamy, the
discussions and debates have come up supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental
with a major question – ARE THESE Right to Religion did not include practices
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ABOVE RELIGION ? which ran counter to public order, health
This question sparks off the very nature and morality. A petition had been filed
of secularism in India. Many cases have by Khurcheed Ahmed Khan against Uttar
been fought and a lot has been written on Pradesh government’s decision to remove
him from services as
Irrigation Supervisor
for contracting a
second marriage when
his first marriage was
still in existence. Mr.
Khan challenged the
constitutionality of
the provision in the
1956 rules and argued
that it violated his
ARE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ABOVE RELIGION? CA-115
right to freely practise his religion. But the these personal laws are based on original
judge (Justice A. K. Goel) dismissed his religious texts and hence are not subject
challenge quoting that “a practice did not to any kind of judicial review. Article 13 of
acquire a sanction of religion because it the Indian constitution states that any law
was permited. What was protected under that violates a fundamental right is void.
Article 25 was the religious faith and not the The Bombay High Court (State of Bombay
practice which may seen counter to public v/s Narasu Appa Mali, 1952) distinguished
oder, health or morality. Polygamy was not personal Laws from custom and need that
an integral part of religion and monogamy Article 13 would not cover personal Laws in
was a reform within the power of the state their unadulterated form.
under Article 25. Sharp distinction must This provision of the personal law was
be drawn between religious faith and void due to which Hindus and Muslims
belief and religious practices. What state were equally placed. The Bombay High
protects is religious faith and belief. If the Court thereby rejected the argument on
religious practices run counter to public the ground that Muslim personal Laws
could not be subjected to Fundamental
order, morality or health or a policy of social
Rights. If it is done so, then this would imply
welfare upon which the state has embarked
automatic validation of practices such as
then the religious practice must give way
untouchability, thereby not explaining the
before the good of the people of the state as
introduction of Article 17 which abolishes
a whole.
untouchability.
The Indian Constitution guarantees
In the early 1970’s, the shah Bano case
special protection for the several religious had invoked the criminal Law for interim
and cultural minorities in India. But it is maintenance which made no distinction
seen that discriminatory practices exit on ground of religion. The Personal Law
against these communities. Dalits or the had to bend to give way to the statutory
untouchables cannot enter the temples Right meant for women unable to make
of India (Though the Fundamental Rights a living. Sayara Bano Case aims higher. It
prohibit such discrimination). Even women has questioned the constitutional validity
were not allowed to enter certain shrines of the discriminatory practices sanctioned
and temples (Sham temple in Maharashtra under the Muslim Personal Law. The
or the Haji Ali in Mumbai). Muslim personal supreme Court is set to examine triple
talaq, polygamy, and other discriminatory
practices against women.
When the constitution was drafted,
the Indian society was in total chaos and
confusion. India was partitioned and
communal riots were rampant. In such
a situation, it was the utmost duty of the
constitution makers to draft such policies
so that the discrimination between the
different communities could be eliminated.
Article 44 tried to minimize discrimination
Law provides that muslim men can have arising from personal laws. Article 25
up to 4 wives and even enjoy the right to ensured that religious freedoms were
divorce their wife by way “ Triple Talaq”. subject to fundamental rights such as right
In such case, the court holds the view that to equality.
CA-116
R
eservation is indelibly branded Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward
as a welfare programme giving Classes (OBC). The framers of the
handouts to a set of caste-marked Constitution believed that, due to the caste
“beneficiaries” and those who receive system, SCs, STs and OBCs were historically
this benefit - the “reserved category” - are oppressed and denied respect and equal
deviant exceptions who fall outside the opportunity in Indian society and were
normal or ‘general category’ of caste-less thus under-represented in nation-building
citizens which constitutes the nation. It is activities.
this caste-less nation that gives reservation
to certain castes to compensate for the Objectives of Reservation:
“historical wrongs” done to them in the Uplift lower strata of society
distant past, and to help them overcome Ensure proper political representation
their backwardness. The idea of reservation of minority groups
as a public promise of social inclusion Ensure that minorities are not
was focused on sources of power and discriminated in job selections and
social status within the purview of the promotion
state, such as the legislature, government The reservation system aims to uplift
jobs and higher education. Whatever its the lower sections of society which, through
original good intentions, today reservation the ages, have been exploited and deprived of
has outlived its usefulness, it is a welfare rights and basic amenities. By providing these
programme gone rogue, perpetuating minorities reservation in government jobs
casteism and strangling merit. and colleges, they are supposed to become a
The reservation system finds its origin part of mainstream society and it is expected
in the age-old caste system of India, which that people will start accepting them. But
at its birth was meant to divide people on recent events and today’s political scenario
the basis of their occupation like teaching have raised a big question on the existing
and preaching (Brahmins), kingship and reservation system in India.
war (Kshatriya) and lastly business (vaish) The reservation system that we see
etc; but soon it became an instrument to today provides roughly 15% of the seats for
divide the society on caste-basis, creating Scheduled Castes (SCs), 7.5% for Scheduled
various walls between different sections Tribes (STs) and 27% for Other Backward
of the society. After independence, the Classes (OBCs). This leaves just about 50%
reservation policy became more explicit of seats for the ‘general’ category which can
and clear as the Constitution of India listed also be occupied by the minorities. Due to the
some groups as Scheduled Castes (SC), relatively small number of seats for minorities,
MAKE RESERVATION QUOTA OBJECTIVE AND PRACTICAL TO UPLIFT ... CA-117
the cut-off percentages for their seats are tried to cross this limit. Two of Indian states
lower than the general category. However, (Tamil Nadu & Rajasthan) have already
reservation continues to be a controversial crossed this limit. In August 1999, the
social and political issue and has resulted in Supreme Court ruled that for admissions
many protracted legal disputes and multitude at the super-specialty level in medicine and
of legal interpretations. engineering faculties, no special provisions
The statistics related to reservation are: like reservations for SCs, STs and BCs were
permissible. Even among the quota for
Population
reservations, there are also sub-quotas.
For example, in Andhra Pradesh, 15% of
8.2%
ST the seats in each course of study reserved
16.2% for Scheduled Castes are in turn allotted,
SC in proportion to their population, to four
75.6%
Rest categories of SCs classified as A, B, C and
D. Similarly, 25% of the seats reserved for
Backward Classes are allocated to four
categories of BCs – labeled as A, B, C and D.
Besides caste based reservations,
Fig: Population of India split up by caste there are also varieties of reservation
Reservation Split and quota system, for example, Non-
resident Indians (5%), Women (30%),
7.5% Physically handicapped, Migrants from
ST J & K, NCC Quota, Sports Quota, Anglo-Indian
15% Community, Children of Political Sufferers,
SC 50.5% Children of Defence personnel, Children of Ex
General servicemen, Government of India Nominees etc.
27%
OBC In the 21st century, it is quite
debatable if the caste of a person even
forms a reasonable basis for reservation in
government jobs and colleges. Many people
Fig: Reservation percentage split by caste
of lower castes have stepped up the social
Supreme Court of India has already ladder and are now on an equal footing
made it clear that no state should pass the with the ‘general’ population. On the other
50% barrier in reservation and in past it hand, many upper castes are still suffering
reminded state to follow its guidelines. from poverty and illiteracy. However, the
Despite warning from apex court many caste-based reservation cannot be claimed
times different state governments have to be completely irrelevant as the time in
CA-118 MAKE RESERVATION QUOTA OBJECTIVE AND PRACTICAL TO UPLIFT ...
which it was created India had many
discriminatory laws and rules made
by religious heads on various levels.
But the country needs a better basis
of reservation which includes the
poor and the backward groups and
excludes the rich and the dominating
sections among all castes.
Though “lower strata” term is
relative, the reservation system has
not changed anything drastically 2. The concept of creamy layer should be
when comparison of poverty rates and applied to SCs and STs also.
income of the bottom 20% of society is 3. Reservation should be restricted only to
relatively the same compared over the the first generation beneficiaries. The
last 40 years and this is more evident in candidates whose parents have already
rural areas. The reservation benefits are availed reservation facilities in securing
cornered by the creamy layer in SC and ST. a job should not be given the facility
One view is that since the objective of again.
reservation has not been achieved, it should 4. Concession of scholarship may be
be continued for a few more decades. The provided to SC, ST and OBC students
other view is that it is time to phase out securing more than the specified
reservations slowly. This can be done either percentage of marks (say, 48%) in high
by removing the creamy layers or by letting school and graduate courses for getting
the reservation percentages taper off to a quality education in good institutions.
vanishing point. All these measures will benefit those
General contention is that theoretically, who really deserve help.
it is inadmissible and practically difficult to True purpose of reservation should not
scrap the policy of reservation. However, be removal of poverty or unemployment
the policy of reservation has to be scientific but removal of imbalance in governance and
and rational. In the given economic and administration and removal of inequality.
political structure, caste (or birth or family) It’s high time that the mirage of poverty
should not determine one’s life chances. It as ‘criterion’ for reservation must be
is assumed that SCs (and for that matter STs abolished. Governments should sincerely
and OBCs also) represent a homogeneous and holistically undertake and efficiently
group but actually they are a heterogeneous implement practical measures such as
group. scholarships (based on merit not caste)
Therefore it may be suggested that: and thus harmoniously contribute to the
1. Not caste but income should be given creation of the ambience facilitating the
importance in determining backwardness. optimal development of India.
CA-119
• The provisions of the bill will come into • It establishes National Compensatory
force from May 24, 2016. Afforestation Fund (NCAF) under the
• The Bill seeks to introduce a uniform Public Account of India, and a State
entrance examination for all medical Compensatory Afforestation Fund
educational institutions. under the Public Account of each state.
• This would be applicable at the • The payments into the funds include
undergraduate and the post-graduate compensatory afforestation, net present
level. value of forest (NPV), and any project
• The Bill has the provision in case a state specific payments.
has not opted for the uniform entrance • The NCAF will get 10% of funds
examination, then the examination will collected and the remaining 90% will go
not be applicable at the undergraduate to respective State Fund.
level for the academic year 2016-17. • The collected funds will be utilised
• This provision will apply to state for afforestation, regeneration of
government seats in government and forest ecosystem, wild life protection
private medical colleges. and forest related infrastructure
development.
NIT, Science Education & Research • It establishes National and State
(Amendment) Bill, 2016 Compensatory Afforestation Fund
• The National Institutes of Technology Management and Planning Authorities
(NIT), Science Education and Research to manage the funds.
(Amendment) Bill, 2016 was passed by • The determination of NPV will be
the Parliament on August 2, 2016. delegated to an expert committee
• The bill was first passed in Lok Sabha constituted by the Central Government.
in July 2016. Now the bill will go for
presidential assent as per Article 111 of Lokpal and Lokayukta (Amendment)
Constitution. Bill, 2016
• The Bill seeks to establish the National • The Lokpal and Lokayukta (Amendment)
Institute of Technology (NIT), Andhra Bill, 2016 was passed by the Lok Sabha
Pradesh as an institute of national on July 27, 2016.
importance. • The bill seeks to amend the Lokpal and
• The NIT, Andhra Pradesh will be Lokayukta Act, 2013 which provides
established under the National Lokpal (at Centre) and Lokayukta (at
Institutes of Technology, Science States) statutory backing to inquire into
Education and Research (NITSER) Act, allegations of corruption against certain
2007. public functionaries and for related
• The NIT will be deemed as an institute matters.
of national importance status as on Key Provisions
August 20, 2015, the day on which • The bill enables the leader of the single
the Union government approved its largest opposition party in the Lok
establishment. Sabha in the absence of a recognised
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Leader of Opposition to be a member
of the selection committee that would
Bill, 2016 select the ombudsman.
• The Compensatory Afforestation Fund • It amends section 44 of parent Act that
Bill, 2016 was passed on July 29 by the deals with provision of furnishing of
Parliament after it was approved by the details of assets and liabilities of public
Rajya Sabha. servants within 30 days of joining the
• The bill provides for establishment government service.
of funds under the public accounts • The amendment has removed the period
of the Centre and State levels for of 30 days. Now the public servants will
compensatory afforestation. make declaration of their assets and
CA-122 Bills and Acts 2016
liabilities in the form and manner as clause that also gives the Centre the right
prescribed by government. to add to the list of non-hazardous work.
• It gives extension of the time given
to public servants and trustees and Transgender Persons (Protection of
board members of Non-Governmental Rights) Bill, 2016
Organisations (NGOs) to declare their • The Transgender Persons (Protection
assets and those of their spouses. of Rights) Bill, 2016 was approved by
• In this case public servants and trustees the Union Cabinet on July 21 to protect
and board members of NGOs must be transgenders from discrimination. Through
receiving government funds of more this Bill the Union Government has evolved a
than ` 1 crore or foreign funding of holistic mechanism for the social, economic
more than ` 10 lakh. and educational empowerment of
marginalized transgenders community.
Child Labour (Prohibition and
Key Facts
Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2016
• The Bill will benefit a large number
• Lok Sabha has passed the Child of transgender persons, mitigate the
Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) stigma, discrimination and abuse
Amendment Bill, 2016, despite against them and also bring them into
opposition by several MPs. the mainstream of society.
• The Bill, passed by the Rajya Sabha on • It will lead to greater inclusiveness
July 19, 2016. and will make the transgender persons
• The Bill seeks to improve the Child productive members of the society.
Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) • The Bill will make all the stakeholders
Act, 1986, which prohibits the responsive and accountable for
employment of children below 14 upholding the principles underlying the
years in 83 hazardous occupations and Bill.
processes. The amendment extends • It will bring greater accountability on
this ban on employment of children the part of the Union Government and
under 14 across all sectors, prohibits State Governments/UT administrations
the employment of adolescents aged for issues concerning Transgender
14-18 years in risky occupations and persons.
introduces more severe jail term and
• Background Transgender community
fines for offenders: a jail term of six
is among one of the most marginalized
months to two years and a fine of `
communities in the country because
20,000 to ` 50,000.
they don’t fit into the stereotypical
• The opposition by members was mainly
categories of gender of ‘men’ or ‘women’.
to the fact that children under 14
years will be allowed to work in family • They face problems ranging from social
businesses, outside of school hours and exclusion, ostracism and discrimination,
during holidays, and in entertainment as well as verbal, physical and sexual
and sports. MPs objected to the abuse.
definition of family which includes not • They also lack of access to education and
only parents and siblings but also the employment opportunities, ending up
siblings of either parent. into organised groups, forced begging
• The Bill brings down the list of hazardous or demanding money.
occupations from the earlier 83 to just Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
three: mining, inflammable substances,
and hazardous processes under the Bill, 2016
Factories Act. Read together, with the • Rajya Sabha passed the major economic
family enterprises clause, critics say, reform Bill moved by the Government
children can be made to work in carpet, i.e. ‘Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,
zari and bidi units, mica or diamond 2016’ on 11th May 2016.
cutting, scavenging, brick kilns, • The Lok Sabha had earlier passed the
slaughterhouses, handling e-waste or as
Bill on 5th May, 2016.
domestic help. Several MPs objected to the
Bills and Acts 2016 CA-123
• The objective of the new law is to means that for such offences, one
promote entrepreneurship, availability country may transfer the accused to
of credit, and balance the interests another country’s legal jurisdiction.
of all stakeholders by consolidating • The Bill will not allow refusing the
and amending the laws relating request for extradition on the ground
to reorganization and insolvency that hijacking is a political offence or is
resolution of corporate persons, connected to a political offence.
partnership firms and individuals • The current law, The Anti-Hijacking Act,
in a time bound manner and for 1982 which was last amended in 1994,
maximization of value of assets of will be repealed after passage of this
such persons and matters connected new Bill.
therewith or incidental thereto. • The Bill has been framed in line with
• The essential idea of the new law is the International convention including
that when a firm defaults on its debt, Beijing Protocol, 2010.
control shifts from the shareholders/ • It was introduced for more vigilant for
promoters to a Committee of Creditors, the safety and security of passengers in
who have 180 days in which to evaluate case of hijacking.
proposals from various players about • It will help to overcome drawbacks of
resuscitating the company or taking it the existing crisis management system
into liquidation. in dealing with cases of hijacking.
• The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code is
a comprehensive and systemic reform, Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill,
which will give a quantum leap to the 2016
functioning of the credit market.
• Parliament passed the Mines and
Anti-Hijacking Bill, 2016 Minerals (Development and Regulation)
The Anti-Hijacking Bill, 2016 was passed Amendment Bill 2016. The Bill amends
by the Lok Sabha on May 10 2016 to the Mines and Minerals (Development
widen ambit of law dealing with this anti- and Regulation) Act, 1957.
hijacking crime. The Bill was first passed • The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on
in the Rajya Sabha. Now the Bill will go for 16th March 2016 and in the Rajya Sabha
Presidential assent as per Article 111 of on 2nd May 2016.
Indian Constitution. • The Bill allows for the transfer of mining
Key provisions of the Bill leases which have been granted through
• The Bill defines hijacking as seizing procedures other than auction, and
control of an aircraft in service, where the minerals are used for captive
unlawfully and intentionally, by purpose.
coercion, technological means or by • The Bill adds a definition of leased
exercising force or any other form of area, as the area within which mining
intimidation. operations can be undertaken. This will
• It covers several acts within the also include the non-mineralised area
definition of hijacking. required for the activities defined under
• It includes (i) attempt and abetment mine in the Mines Act, 1952.
of hijacking (ii) organizing or directing • The Mines and Minerals (Development
others to commit hijacking and (iii) and Regulation) Act, 1957 regulates the
making a credible threat to commit mining sector in India and specifies the
hijacking. requirement for obtaining and granting
• The Bill provides for the death penalty leases for mining operations.
for hijackers even if ground airport
personnel and handling staff are killed
Real Estate (Regulation and
during such acts. Development) Act, 2016
• Under it, hijacking and the related • Rajya Sabha passed the Real Estate
offences shall be extraditable which (Regulation and Development) Bill,
CA-124 Bills and Acts 2016
2016 which aims to guard the interests • The bill amends 1st schedule of the
of numerous aspiring house buyers parent Act to bring required changes
alongside enhancing the credibility of for regulating industries manufacturing
construction industry by promoting potable alcohol. However, Union
transparency, accountability and Government will continue to be
efficiency in execution of projects. responsible for formulating policy and
• The Bill seeks to set up an effective regulating foreign collaboration for all
regulatory mechanism for orderly products of fermentation industries,
growth of the sector which is the including industrial and potable alcohol.
second largest seasonal employer after
agriculture.
Industries (Development and
• It provides that 70% of sale proceeds Regulation) Act, 1951
will have to be kept aside by the • It provides for development and
developer in an escrow account which regulation of certain industries including
is a financial instrument held by a third telecommunications, transportation,
party on behalf of the other two parties metallurgical, fermentation (which
in a transaction. includes production of alcohol) among
• The Bill will set up state-level real estate others.
regulatory authorities and appellate • The 1st schedule of the Act includes all
tribunals to monitor transactions industries that are regulated under the
relating to both residential and Act Background In the Bihar Distillery
commercial projects and their timely versus Union of India case (1997),
completion and handover. It will also Supreme Court had demarcated the
look after complaints at both appellate regulation of production of alcohol
tribunals and regulatory authorities between Centre and states.
within 60 days ensuring timely • The apex court had ruled that Union
resolution of disputes. Government should regulate the
• The Real Estate Bill enables the people production of alcohol for industrial
meet their genuine aspirations of owning use and states should regulate the
a house including those of urban poor production of alcohol for potable
by giving a fillip to affordable housing purpose (domestic consumption).
initiative under which the Government • It also had held that where the removal
intends to enable construction of 2 crore or clearance is for industrial purposes,
by the year 2022 under Prime Minister’s the levy of excise duty and all other
Awas Yojana (Urban). control should be with the Union
Government. The Bill conforms to the
Industries (Development and Supreme Court’s decision.
Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2015 Constitution (Scheduled Castes)
• The Industries (Development and Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2015 was
passed by the Parliament on April 29, • Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order
2016. The Bill amends the Industries (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was passed by
(Development and Regulation) Act, the Parliament on April 28 to include
1951. It was first was passed in Lok certain communities in the list of
Scheduled Castes (SC) from 4 states.
Sabha in December 2015 and later in
The bill seeks to amend Constitution
Rajya Sabha in April 2016. Now it will
(Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 to
go for Presidential assent as per Article
include certain communities from
111 of the Indian Constitution.
Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Kerala and
Key facts West Bengal in the list. It also has
• The bill seeks to bring industries provisions for exclusion of certain
engaged in the manufacture of potable communities from Odisha and removal
alcohol under the exclusive control of of area restriction in respect of certain
States in all respects. communities.
Bills and Acts 2016 CA-125
7th August 2015 by the Minister of Civil of atrocities, such as tonsuring of head,
Aviation, Mr. P. Ashok Gajapathi Raju. moustache, or similar acts, which are
• The Bill amends the Carriage by Air derogatory to the dignity of members of
Act, 1972. The Act regulates carriage the SC/ST community, garlanding with
by air and gives effect to the Warsaw chappals, denying access to irrigation
Convention, 1929, the Warsaw facilities or forest rights, dispose or
Convention as amended by the Hague carry human or animal carcasses, or to
Protocol, 1955, and the Montreal dig graves, using or permitting manual
Convention, 1999. scavenging, dedicating an SC/ST woman
• Civil aviation minister Ashok Gajapathi as devadasi, abusing in caste name,
Raju remarked that the bill would bring perpetrating witchcraft atrocities,
legislative character to international imposing social or economic boycott,
character with respect to compensation preventing SC/ST candidates from filing
for air passengers. of nomination to contest elections,
hurting an SC/ST woman by removing
Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, her garments, forcing a member of
2016 these communities to leave house,
village or residence, defiling objects
• The Election Laws (Amendment) Bill,
sacred to members of SC/ST, touching
2016, introduced by Law Minister DV
or using words, acts or gestures of a
Sadananda Gowda, seeks to amend sexual nature against members of the
Section 11 of the Delimitation Act, 2002 community.
and Section 9 of the Representation of
the People Act, 1950. The Juvenile Justice (Care and
• The bill seeks to amend two electoral Protection of Children) Act, 2015
laws to allow a limited delimitation
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
exercise in West Bengal for granting of Children) Act, 2015 has come into
voting rights to people who became force from January 15, 2016 and repeals
Indian citizens following the exchange the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of enclaves with Bangladesh. of Children) Act, 2000.
• With the term of the 294-member West • The Bill was passed by Lok Sabha on
Bengal Assembly ending on 29th May 7th May, 2015 and Rajya Sabha on
and elections to be held ahead of that, 22nd December, 2015 and received
there is need for early passage of the bill Presidential assent on 31st December,
and the Government is hopeful that it 2015.
would be passed by both the houses in • Under Section 15, special provisions
the next two days without discussion.
have been made to tackle child offenders
Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of committing heinous offences in the age
group of 16-18 years.
Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015
• The amended law for prevention of President assent to the Sugar Cess
atrocities against the Scheduled Castes (Amendment) Bill, 2015
and the Scheduled Tribes was enforced
• President Pranab Mukherjee gave his
from January 26, 2016 after the Central
assent to the Sugar Cess (Amendment)
Government’s approval.
Bill, 2015 on 8th January, 2016.
• The SC/ST Bill was unanimously passed
• This will raise the ceiling of the impost
by the Rajya Sabha on December 21,
from ` 25 to ` 200 per quintal, a measure
2015 without a debate, and had been
that will help sugarcane growers and
awaiting a formal notification. The Lok
Sabha had passed the bill on 4thAugust, cash starved mills.
2015. • The Sugar Cess (Amendment) Bill,
• After the enforcement, there will be 2015 was introduced in the Lok Sabha
stricter prosecution for new offences by Mr. Ram Vilas Paswan, Minister of
CA-128 Bills and Acts 2016
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public not be any financial implications except
Distribution on December 11, 2015. The for the meetings of the National and
Bill proposes to amend the Sugar Cess State surrogacy Boards and Appropriate
Act, 1982. Authorities which will be met out of
the regular budget of Central and State
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 governments.
• The 228th report of the Law Commission
• Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime of India has also recommended for
Minister Narendra Modi gave its prohibiting commercial surrogacy and
approval for introduction of the allowing ethical altruistic surrogacy to
“Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016” on the needy Indian citizens by enacting a
24th August. suitable legislation.
• The Bill will regulate surrogacy in India
by establishing National Surrogacy
Admiralty (Jurisdiction and Settlement
Board at the Central level and State of Maritime Claims) Bill, 2016
Surrogacy Boards and Appropriate The Union Cabinet has given its approval
Authorities in the State and Union to enact Admiralty (Jurisdiction and
Territories. The legislation will ensure Settlement of Maritime Claims) Bill 2016.
The proposal to enact to this bill was
effective regulation of surrogacy, forwarded by Union Ministry of Shipping
prohibit commercial surrogacy and to repeal five archaic admiralty statutes.
allow ethical surrogacy to the needy Admiralty jurisdiction is related to the
infertile couples. powers of the High Courts in respect of
• All infertile Indian married couple claims associated with transport by sea and
who want to avail ethical surrogacy navigable waterways.
will be benefited. Further the rights of The Bill consolidates the existing
surrogate mother and children born out laws relating to admiralty proceedings on
of surrogacy will be protected. The Bill maritime claims, admiralty jurisdiction of
shall apply to whole of India, except the courts, arrest of vessels and related issues.
state of Jammu and Kashmir. This legislative proposal will also fulfil a
• The major benefits of the Act long-standing demand of the maritime
would be that it will regulate the legal fraternity. It also repeals five obsolete
surrogacy services in the country. British statues on admiralty jurisdiction in
While commercial surrogacy will be civil matters. They are (i) Admiralty Court
prohibited including sale and purchase Act, 1840 (ii) Admiralty Court Act, 1861,
of human embryo and gametes, ethical (iii) Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890,
surrogacy to the needy infertile couples (iv) Colonial Courts of Admiralty (India)
will be allowed on fulfillment of certain Act, 1891, and (v) Provisions of the Letters
conditions and for specific purposes. Patent, 1865,
As such, it will control the unethical
practices in surrogacy, prevent Salient Features of Admirability
commercialization of surrogacy and Bill, 2016
will prohibit potential exploitation of • Confers admiralty jurisdiction on High
surrogate mothers and children born Courts located in coastal states of India,
through surrogacy. thus extending upto territorial waters.
• No permanent structure is proposed • The jurisdiction will be extendable by
to be created in the Draft Bill. Neither the Union Government notification
there are proposals for creating new upto exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
posts. The proposed legislation, while or any other maritime zone or islands
covering an important area is framed in constituting part of India.
such a manner that it ensures effective • It applies to every vessel irrespective of
regulation but does not add much place of domicile or residence of owner.
vertically to the current regulatory It does not apply to naval auxiliary,
structure already in place at the Central warships and vessels used for non-
as well as states. Accordingly, there will commercial purposes. Inland vessels
Bills and Acts 2016 CA-129
and vessels under construction are proposes model law for all states. However,
excluded from its application. But it water being a State subject under VII
empowers Union Government to make Schedule of Constitution the law will be not
it applicable to these vessels also by a binding on States for adoption.
notification.
• It lists the jurisdiction for adjudicating Key Features of Bill
on a set of maritime claims. A vessel can • Every person has a right to sufficient
be arrested in certain circumstances quantity of safe water for life within
in order to ensure security against a easy reach of the household regardless
maritime claim. of his/her socio-economic factors.
HIV and AIDS (Prevention and • All basin states have equitable rights
Control) Bill, 2014 over the use of river water provided such
use does not violate the right to water
The Union Cabinet has given its approval to for life of any person in the river basin.
introduce amendments to the HIV and AIDS
States must recognise the principle that
(Prevention and Control) Bill, 2014.
the rivers are public trustees and not
• Prevent and control the spread of HIV owned by the basin-States.
and AIDS. It prohibits discrimination
• All the basin States are equal in rights
against persons with HIV and AIDS. No
person will be compelled to disclose and status, and there is no hierarchy
his HIV status except with his informed of rights among them. Here equality of
consent, and if required by a court order rights means not equal but equitable
establishments keeping records of shares in river waters. Managing
information of PLHIV must adopt data water at river basin-level and right
protection measures. measurement of State’s contribution to
• Obligations on establishments to river system in order to resolve conflicts.
safeguard rights of persons living • Establishing River Basin Authority
with HIV arid create mechanisms for (RBA) for each inter-State basin to
redressing complaints. Lists various ensure optimum and sustainable
grounds on which discrimination development of rivers and valleys.
against HIV-positive persons and those Establishing institutional arrangements
living with them is prohibited. to deal with inter-state water disputes
in order to “obviate” disputes through
• These include the denial, discontinuation,
negotiations, mediation or conciliation.
termination or unfair treatment with
regard to employment, educational • Proposes other mechanisms such as
National water quality and footprint
establishments, health care services,
standards, Integrated river basin
renting property etc. Prohibits,
development and management plan and
requirement for HIV testing as a pre-
graded pricing system.
requisite for obtaining employment or
accessing health care or education. Merchant Shipping Bill, 2016
• Prohibits any individual from publishing Union Cabinet approved the introduction
information or advocating feelings of of Merchant Shipping Bill, 2016 in the
hatred against HIV positive persons and Parliament. Simultaneously, the Cabinet
PLHIV. also approved repealing of the Merchant
Shipping Act, 1958 and the Coasting Vessels
National Water Framework Bill, Act, 1838.
2016 The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 has been
The Central Government has brought final amended 17 times between 1966 and 2014
draft of the National Water Framework resulting in an increase in the number
Bill, 2016 to provide uniform national legal of sections to more than 560 sections.
framework to manage water in a better and However, these provisions have been
efficient way. The comprehensive draft Bill shortened to 280 sections in the Bill.
CA-130 Bills and Acts 2016
Salient Features Taxation Laws (Second Amendment)
• It allows substantially-owned vessels Bill, 2016
and vessels on Bare Boat-cum-Demise The Union Government has introduced the
(BBCD) to be registered as Indian flag Taxation Laws (Second Amendment) Bill,
vessels. 2016 in the Parliament. The bill amends
• It recognises Indian controlled tonnage existing tax laws to impose a higher rate of
as a separate category. tax and penalty in respect of undisclosed
• It provides for issuing the licences to incomes. It proposes, Taxation and
Indian flag vessels for coastal operation Investment Regime for Pradhan Mantri
and for port clearance by the Customs Garib Kalyan Yojana, 2016 (PMGKY), an
anti-poverty scheme. It seeks to attract
authorities.
more people to disclose their unaccounted
• It calls for making separate rules for cash and also to put in a framework in place
coastal vessels to develop and promote to use that for the welfare of the people
coastal shipping. especially in the rural areas. It also ensures
• It introduces welfare measures for that tax defaulting assessees and black
seafarers by providing them with money holders are subjected to tax at a
the wages till they are released from higher rate and stringent penalty provision
hostage captivity of pirates and reach Key features of Bill
back home safely. • Mandatory for black money declarants
• It directs owners of vessels to take to deposit 25% of amount disclosed in
insurance of crew engaged on vessels Pradhan Mantri Garibi Kalyan Yojana
including fishing, sailing, etc. This (PMGKY) 2016 for a 4 year lock-in
period without interest.
applies for the vessels whose net
• Those who choose to declare their
tonnage is less than 15 tons. ill-gotten wealth stashed till now in
• It says that the requirement of signing banned `1,000 and Rs. 500 currency
of articles of agreement by the crew will notes under the PMGKY scheme will
no longer be necessary. have to pay a tax at the rate of 30% of
• It calls for registration of few residuary the undisclosed income.
category of vessels not covered under • Additionally, 10% penalty will be
any statute and makes provisions for levied on the undisclosed income and
security-related aspects. PMGK Cess (Surcharge) at the rate of
• It adds provisions relating to seven 33% of tax (33% of 30%).
different conventions- Intervention • Further, the declarants will have
Convention 1969, Search and to deposit 25% of the undisclosed
Rescue Convention 1979, Protocol income in a scheme to be notified by
the government in consultation with
for Prevention of Pollution from
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Ships Annex VI to Marine Pollution • The money from PMGK will be used for
Convention, Convention for Control projects in irrigation, infrastructure,
and Management of Ships Ballast Water primary education, primary health,
and Sediments 2004, Nairobi Wreck housing, toilets and livelihood so that
Removal Convention 2007, Salvage there is justice and equality.
Convention 1989 and International • For those who continue to hold onto
Convention for Bunker Oil Pollution undisclosed cash and are caught they
Damage, 2001. will be levied with flat 60% tax plus a
• It also provides for survey, inspection surcharge of 25% of tax (15%), which
and certification of vessels to enable will amount a levy of 75%.
simplified regime for convenience of • Besides, if the assessing officer can
charge a 10% penalty in addition to
Indian shipping industry.
the 75% tax.
CA-131
• In order to give relief to small and Ramayan Circuit and National Committee
marginal farmers who would have on Krishna Circuit” under Swadesh Darshan
to borrow at 9% for the post harvest Scheme of Ministry of Tourism held under
storage of their produce, the Central the chairmanship of the Minister of Tourism
Government has approved an interest & Culture Dr. Mahesh Sharma on 14th June.
subvention of 2% i.e an effective interest Key facts
rate of 7% for loans upto 6 months. • Under Ramayana Circuit, 11 destinations
• To provide relief to the farmers affected spread across 6 states have been
by Natural Calamities, the interest proposed. The destinations covered are:
subvention of 2% will be provided Ayodhya, Nandigram, Shringhverpur &
to Banks for the first year on the Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh); Sitamarhi,
restructured amount. Buxar & Darbhanga (Bihar); Jagdalpur
(Chattisgarh); Bhadrachalam (Telangana);
National Green Highways Mission Hampi (Karnataka); and Rameshwaram
Union Minister of Road Transport & (Tamil Nadu). Expert committee suggested
Highways and Shipping Nitin Gadkari to include Chitrakoot (Madhya Pradesh),
launched the initial plantation drive on Nashik & Nagpur (Maharashtra) and
1,500 km of National Highways at a cost of Mahendragiri (Odisha) in the proposed
about ` 300 crore under the National Green circuit.
Highways Mission in New Delhi on 1st July. • Under Krishna circuit, 12 destinations
Key features spread across 5 states have been
• NGHM was launched under the Green proposed. The destinations covered
Highways Policy, 2015 to provide are: Dwarka (Gujarat); Nathdwara,
a holistic vision of developing eco- Jaipur & Sikar (Rajasthan); Kurukshetra
friendly and green National Highways. (Haryana), Mathura, Vrindavan, Gokul,
• The mission aims to provide a green Barsana, Nandgaon & Govardhan
canopy along 100,000 km of highways (Uttar Pradesh); Puri (Odisha). The
and create jobs for 1 million youth. destinations were approved by the
• It has been initiated to engage expert committee.
corporates, Public Sector units, • Further, projects worth more than
Government organizations and other Three Hundred Crores Rupees were
institutions for developing green approved in-principle in Uttar Pradesh
corridor along National Highways under both the circuits.
through plantation and allied activity • The Ministry of Tourism has launched
on median, avenue and other available the Swadesh Darshan Scheme in 2014-
nearby land patches . 15 with an aim to develop theme
• The funds for the mission will be met by based tourist circuits in the country
Green Fund corpus which is 1% of the on the principles of high tourist value,
total project cost set aside for plantation competitiveness and sustainability in
purposes. The afforestation across an integrated manner by synergizing
National Highways is expected to help efforts to focus on needs and concerns
in sequestering approximately 12 lakh of all stakeholders to enrich tourist
metric ton carbon annually. experience and enhance employment
• It will also generate jobs and can be a opportunities.
game-changer for agriculture and rural • Under the Swadesh Darshan scheme,
economy. In future, the mission will thirteen thematic circuits have been
be linked with the Mahatma Gandhi identified, for development namely:
National Rural Employment Guarantee North-East India Circuit, Buddhist
(MNREG) scheme. Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Coastal
Circuit, Krishna Circuit, Desert Circuit,
Ramayana Circuit & Krishna Circuit Tribal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Wildlife
under Swadesh Darshan Scheme Circuit, Rural Circuit, Spiritual Circuit,
The “1st Meeting of National Committee on Ramayana Circuit and Heritage Circuit.
CA-134
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016
Chandranna Bima Yojana • Under the scheme, 3 crore LED Bulbs
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu will be distributed in Madhya Pradesh
in the next 6 months.
Naidu has launched Chandranna Bima
• People of Madhya Pradesh will get
Yojana in Vijayawada on 1st May. The Yojana
subsidised 9W energy efficient LED
launched on the occasion of May Day is an
bulbs by paying just 85 rupees per LED
insurance scheme for the working class
bulb.
people. • The scheme will help reduce electricity
Salient features of the scheme bills of consumers, contribute to the
• All unorganised workers in the State energy security of India and also help in
in the age group of 18 to 70 years are environment protection.
eligible to be registered as unorganised • It will help in saving energy around 24
workers and enrolled as beneficiaries of crore units every year.
the Chandranna Bima Scheme.
• All unorganised workers will be Bhimrao Ambedkar Awas Yojana
registered under the Unorganised The Bhimrao Ambedkar Awas Yojana for
Workers Social Security Act, 2008 widows was launched on 14 April by the
and enrolled as beneficiaries under Jharkhand Chief Minister Raghubar Das.
Chandranna Bima Scheme. The objective of the scheme is to create
• SERP shall facilitate registration equality and harmony in society, ensuring
of unorganised workers and their all round development.
enrollment in the Chandranna Bima Highlights of the Yojana
Scheme, data entry, maintenance of data • The programme is with a budget
base, hard copies of signed applications allocation of 80 crore rupees and a
and other connected matters. target of 11000 units (houses) for
• Assistant Labour Officer of the Labour widows was set in 2016-17 financial
Department shall be the Registering year.
Authority. • An amount of 75000 rupees would be
• The registered unorganised workers granted to build a house in districts in
will be enrolled as members under State hilly terrains and 70000 rupees in plains
Accident Death and Disability Scheme and the amount would be distributed
and under Aam Admi Bima Yojana among the beneficiaries in three
(AABY) and will also be covered under instalments in their bank accounts.
the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima • The widows would also get pension.
Yojana (PMSBY).
Adarsh Vidyalaya Project
UJALA Scheme Adarsh Vidyalaya (AV) project was
The National LED programme – Unnat launched by the Odisha Government on
Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) April 7 to provide modern schools facilities
was launched by the Union Government on on the lines of Kendriya Vidyalayas in the
May 1. The scheme was launched by Union underdeveloped rural areas of the state.
Minister for State (IC) for Power, Coal and It was launched by Odisha Chief Minister
Renewable Energy Piyush Goyal in Bhopal, Naveen Patnaik at Sasan Ambagaon village
Madhya Pradesh. in his home constituency Hinjli in Ganjam
Key facts district.
• The UJALA scheme is being implemented Key features
by Energy Efficiency Services Limited
(EESL), a joint venture of PSUs under • Schools under AV project will provide
the Union Ministry of Power. free education to students of the classes
• It is LED based Domestic Efficient from VI to XII along with free uniforms
Lighting Programme (DELP). and other study materials.
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016 CA-135
• These schools will be affiliated under the • Armed forces personnel who retire
Central Board of Secondary Education voluntarily would be not covered
(CBSE) and shall have hostel facility in under OROP scheme. However, it will
future. be applicable to personnel who have
• Under this project, one Adarsh Vidyalaya already retired prematurely.
will be set up in each of the 314 revenue
blocks of the state. Stand up India scheme for SC/ST &
• They will be managed by the Odisha Women
Adarsh Vidyalaya Sangathan (AVS) The Stand-up India scheme was launched
and will be formed on the lines of the on April 6 by Prime Minister Narendra
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS). Modi to provide credit to Scheduled
• In these schools, English will be the first Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and
language and Odia will be the second women borrowers in the non-farm sector.
language as medium of instruction. The scheme is intended to promote
• The project will be implemented in entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women
phases and in the first phase 100 such and further gives a push to government’s
schools will start functioning on 5 April financial inclusion programme.
2016. Main features of the scheme
• The teacher-pupil ratio of these schools • Composite loan between 10 lakh
will be 1:25 and classroom-student ratio rupees and up to 1 crore rupees will be
of 1:40. 50 per cent of total seats will be provided to SC/ST and women and also
reserved for the girls and scheduled inclusive of working capital component
categories. for setting up any new enterprise.
One Rank One Pension Scheme • Debit Card (RuPay) for withdrawal
One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme was of working capital: Credit history of
given ex-post facto approval on 7 April by borrower to be developed of these
the Union Cabinet for implementation of under-banked sections of society.
retrospectively with effect from 1st July, • Refinance window through Small
2014. Decision in this regard was taken by Industries Development Bank of India
Union Cabinet meeting chaired by Prime (SIDBI) with an initial amount of 10,000
Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. OROP crore rupees.
will provide ex-servicemen of the same rank • Creation of a corpus of 5,000 crore
and same length of service uniform pension rupees for credit guarantee through
regardless of date of retirement. National Credit Guarantee Trustee
Key facts Company (NCGTC).
• The benefits of OROP will be given • Handholding support for borrowers
with effect from 1st of July 2014 and it with comprehensive support for pre
will benefit ex-servicemen of all three loan training needs, facilitating loan,
services- Army, Navy and Air Force. factoring, marketing, etc.
• The benefits will also be extended • Web Portal for online registration and
to family pensioners including war support services will be provided.
• Under the scheme, 1.25 lakh bank
widows and disabled pensioners.
branches will provide loans up to 1
• All arrears will be paid in four half-
crore rupees to SC/ST and women
yearly instalments. However all widows,
family pensioners including those in entrepreneurs. Thus it will help in
receipt of Gallantry award will be paid creating 2.5 lakh entrepreneurs
arrears in one instalment. throughout the country.
• Pension will be re-fixed every five years Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin
and future enhancements in rates of
pension would be automatically passed The implementation of the rural housing
to the past pensioners. scheme of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-
CA-136
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016
Gramin was given approval by the Union Mukhyamantri Santwana Harish
Cabinet on March 25. Under the scheme, Yojana
financial assistance will be provided
Mukhyamantri Santwana Harish Yojana
for construction of pucca houses to
was launched on March 8 by the Karnataka
all houseless and households living in
Government to provide free treatment
dilapidated houses.
to road accident victims for the first 48
Key facts
hours in the nearest government or private
• The expenditure involved in implementing
hospital.
the project is ` 81975 crore in a span of
The scheme is named after Harish Nanjappa,
3 years from 2016-17 to 2018-19.
who donated his eyes moments before his
• Under the scheme, it is proposed
death in a road accident in February 2016.
to provide assistance to one crore
Highlights of the scheme
households for construction of pucca
• The scheme will provide assistance to
house.
victims of road accidents across the
• It will be implemented in rural areas
state irrespective of their financial
throughout the country except in Delhi
status or nationality.
and Chandigarh.
• The beneficiaries will be identified • Immediate medical relief will be
using Socio Economic and Caste Census provided to victims during the Golden
(SECC)-2011 data ensuring total Hour with financial aid up to 25000
transparency and objectivity. during the first 48 hours of treatment.
• The cost of houses would be shared • The victims will receive medical care for
between Centre and States Governments first 48 hours and get treatment at any
in the ratio 60:40 in plain areas and hospital. All hospitals will be directed
90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states. not to reject accident victims.
• Under this scheme, annual list of • A software covering hospital registration,
beneficiaries will be identified from the patient registration, claims submission
total list through participatory process and packages will be installed for the
by the Gram Sabha. proper implementation of the scheme.
• Funds will be transferred electronically
• Emergency toll free helplines will also
directly to the account of the beneficiary.
be set up to help accident victims.
• He will be able to track the progress
of his payments through the app.
Inspection will be done through a Swachh Himachal Padhai bhi, Safai bhi
mobile app. ‘Swachh Himachal – Padhai bhi, Safai bhi’
• Locally appropriate house designs, campaign was launched by Himachal
will be mainly practised to address the Pradesh Cricket Association (HPCA) on
natural calamities. February 20 in Dharamsala. With this
• The beneficiary is entitled to 90 days of unique campaign, HPCA became the first
unskilled labour from MGNREGA. This cricket association in the country to work
will be ensured through a server linkage towards Swatch Bharat Abhiyan initiated by
between PMAY and MGNREGA. the Union Government.
• The additional requirement of building Key facts
materials, bricks using cement
stabilised earth or fly ash will be taken • The campaign aims at involving youth to
up under MGNREGA. promote good health and sanitation in
• National Technical Support Agency urban and rural areas in the Himalayan
will be established to provide state.
technical support to the Centre and • Its objective is to showcase Himachal’s
States to ensure their quality of beauty as India’s cleanest and greenest
construction of the houses. state.
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016 CA-137
• Under the scheme, the game of cricket world by raising the total production to
will be linked with Swatch Bharat over twice the current level.
Abhiyan and youth will be termed as • To raise exports to a significant level
Swatch Captain and teachers as Swatch of at least 40% of total production and
Coach. They will start cleanliness thus gain 2.5% share in global exports
drive with the help of students from of capital goods.
universities, educational institutes and • To improve technology depth in Indian
then in their local neighbourhood. capital goods from the current basic and
intermediate levels to advanced levels.
Udyam Aakansha scheme
• Objectives: Increase total production
Chhattisgarh Government has launched to achieve total production in excess of
‘Udyam Aakansha’ Scheme for promoting
5 lakh crore rupees by 2025 from the
micro, small and medium enterprises in the
current 2.2 lakh crore rupees.
state on February 9.
• To increase domestic employment
Highlights of the scheme
from the current 15 lakhs to at least 50
• The scheme would facilitate free online lakhs by 2025 thus providing additional
registration and self-certification to the employment to over 35 lakhs people.
investors interested in investment on • To increase the share of domestic
micro, small and medium enterprises production in India’s capital goods
and service businesses. demand from 56% to 80% by 2025
• The investors can enrol themselves and in the process improve domestic
online through website of the Industries capacity utilization to 80-90%.
department which will be based on self-
• To improve skill availability by training
certification process.
50 lakhs people by 2025.
• For the online registration, investors
need not submit any documents nor • To improve ‘technology depth’ in
have to pay any fee. capital goods sub-sectors by increasing
• Chhattisgarh is among some leading research intensity in India from 0.9% to
states where this scheme has been at least 2.8% of GDP.
initiated.
Bihar joins UDAY Scheme
• Keeping in view the objective of
promoting the ease of doing business, • Bihar has become the sixth state to
the process of registration and self- join Union Government’s UDAY (Ujwal
certification for entrepreneurs has been Discom Assurance Yojana) Scheme for
simplified. financial restructuring of debt of power
distribution companies.
National Capital Goods Policy 2016 • Other 5 states are Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh,
National Capital Goods Policy 2016 was Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat to
unveiled by Union Ministry of Heavy become part of the scheme.
Industries on 15 February 2016. The policy, • A tripartite Memorandum of Understanding
with the theme Building India of Tomorrow, (MoU) was signed between Bihar
seeks to achieve the vision of Make in government, State Power Distribution
India initiative and establishes India as a companies (DISCOMs) and Union Power
global manufacturing hub by unlocking the ministry.
potential for capital goods sector.
• Under the scheme, Bihar government
Main Features
would take over 75% or 2,332 crore
• Vision: To increase the share of capital
rupees of the state DISCOM’s total debt
goods contribution from present 12 to
of 3,110 crore rupees as of September
20% of total manufacturing activity by
2025. 2015.
• Mission: To become one of the top • The balance 778 crore rupees outstanding
capital goods producing nations of the debt will be re-priced or issued as state
CA-138
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016
guaranteed DISCOM bonds at coupon • The skills imparted under the Yojana
rates of around 3%. will now be benchmarked against
• The debt restructuring of state international standards and will
DISCOMs will lead to annual saving complement the Prime Minister’s Make
in interest cost to the tune of around In India campaign.
` 117 crore. • The Kaushalya Yojana will also address
• The financial restructuring of debt under the need for imparting training to the
this scheme will help Bihar to speedily differently-able persons and chip in
provide power to around 160.60 lakh private players including international
households in 1,152 villages that are players to impart the skills to the rural
still without electricity. youths.
Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya
Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan was Yojana for urban areas
introduced by the Union Finance Minister It extends the coverage to all the 4041
Arun Jaitley on 29 February 2016 in the statutory cities and towns, there by covering
Union Budget for 2016-17. The scheme
almost the entire urban population.
is aimed at energising rural India and
Currently, all the urban poverty alleviating
transforming lives of rural population.
programmes covered only 790 towns and
Key Features of the scheme cities.
• The scheme seeks to develop Main Highlights of the Urban Scheme
governance capabilities of Panchayat
The scheme will focus on
Raj Institutions (PRIs) to deliver on the
• Imparting skills with an expenditure of
Sustainable Development Goals.
15000 rupees to 18000 rupees on each
• Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan has
been proposed with allocation of ` 655 urban poor.
crore. • Promotion of self-employment through
• The scheme will help Panchayat setting up individual micro-enterprises
Raj Institutions deliver Sustainable and group enterprises with interest
Development Goals. subsidy for individual projects costing
• It will cover 52,000 village panchayats. 2 lakhs rupees and 10 lakhs rupees for
group enterprises.
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen • Training urban poor to meet the
Kaushalya Yojana huge demand from urban citizens
Under the Yojana, the Union Ministry of Rural by imparting market oriented skills
Development will launch skill development through City Livelihood Centres.
training centres on a large scale to address • Enabling urban poor form Self-Help
the problem of unemployment particularly Groups for meeting financial and social
in rural India. needs with a support of 10000 rupees to
each group.
Main Highlights of the Rural Scheme
• The Yojana aims at training 10 lakh (1 National Dialysis Services
million) rural youths for jobs in three Programme
years, that is, by 2017.
With an aim to help poor patients suffering
• The minimum age for entry under the
from renal (kidney) disease, who require
Yojana is 15 years compared to 18 years
regular dialysis, the government has started
under the Aajeevika Skills Programme.
a ‘National Dialysis Services Programme’.
• Skill development training centres
to be launched so as to address the Highlights of the scheme
unemployment problem in the rural • The scheme will provide health cover
area. up-to ` 1 lakh per family.
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016 CA-139
• For senior citizens of the age 60 years • EMI Facility for meeting the cost of
and above belonging to this category, Stove and Refill cost.
an additional top-up package up to
` 30,000 will be provided. Pradhan Mantri Yuva Yojana
• About 2.2 lakh new patients of end The Union Ministry of Skill Development
stage renal disease get added every year and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) launched
resulting in additional demand for 3.4 the Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana to boost
crore dialysis sessions. up an ecosystem of entrepreneurship for
• With approximately 4,950 dialysis young people.
centres in India, largely in the private
Highlights of the Yojana
sector and concentrated in the major
• The scheme was launched for the time
towns, the demand is only half met.
period of over five years (2016-17 to
• Every dialysis session costs about
2020-21) with a project cost of 499.94
` 2,000 - an annual expenditure of more
crore rupees.
than ` 3 lakh. Besides, most families
have to undertake frequent trips, often • It will offer entrepreneurship education
over long distances, to access dialysis and training to around 7 lakh students
services, incurring heavy travel costs in 5 years through 3050 Institutes.
and loss of wages. • It will also offer easy access to
• Finance Minister has also proposed information and mentor network, credit
to exempt certain parts of dialysis and advocacy to build a way-out for the
equipment from basic customs duty, youngsters.
excise/CVD and SAD to further reduce • The institutes under the Yojana include
the cost. 2200 Institutes of Higher Learning
(colleges, universities, and premier
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana institutes), 300 schools, 500 ITIs and
On May 1, the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala 50 Entrepreneurship Development
Yojana (PMUY) was launched. The scheme Centres.
will benefit the poor, especially the women. • These institutes will carry out the
The scheme aims to provide cooking gas training through Massive Open Online
connections to five crore below-poverty- Courses (MOOCs).
line beneficiaries over the next three years. Other Launches
Salient features of the scheme • The Ministry also unveiled the
• Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs guidelines for State Engagement under
(CCEA) approved 8000 crore rupees for Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
the next 3 years starting from financial 2.0 (2016-2020). It allocated around
year 2016-17. 3000 crore rupees for the States to
• PM Ujjwala Yojana will provide 5 crore achieve its target of training 10 million
LPG connections to BPL Families. people in over 4 years.
• A budgetary provision of the scheme is • It also launched the Lab Guidelines
2000 crore rupees. towards standardisation of lab
• 5 crore LPG connections will be equipment across skill development
provided to BPL families with a support training centres in India.
of 1600 rupees. • MSDE announced the institutionalisation
• Connections will be given in the name of of National Entrepreneurship awards
women beneficiaries. for first generation achievers below
30 years for the very first time. The
• Identification of BPL families will
Entrepreneurship Awards will be given
be made in consultation with State
on 16 January 2017.
Governments and Union territories.
CA-140
POLICIES AND SCHEMES 2016
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva • The Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva
Abhiyan Abhiyan is applicable for all pregnant
women. It will provide medical checkups
The scheme aims at providing pregnant
women ante-natal services and required completely free to pregnant women.
treatment for free at government health • The checkups will take place at the
centres and hospitals on 9th of every month. medical centres, government and
The scheme had also found its mention in private hospitals and private clinics
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s monthly across the country.
radio address Mann Ki Baat in June 2016. • These free of cost tests will include
Salient Features blood pressure, sugar level, weight,
haemoglobin test, blood test and
• To provide healthy life to pregnant
screening.
women
• Women will be marked differently using
• To lower the maternity mortality rate
coloured stickers based on their health
• To make pregnant women aware of
problems so that doctors can easily
their health issues and diseases
detect the problem.
• To ensure safe delivery and healthy life
of the baby
CA-141
W
hether robotics or automation production of anything from a packet of
is a blessing or a curse to chips to a luxury sedan - no; the precision
humanity has been a topic and consistency of robots is impossible to
of huge debate over the past couple or achieve through human labour; it would be
even more decades. In order to be able to both monotonous and taxing to the human
solve this puzzle, it is important that we brain.
understand robotics as well as its basis; Also, having automated systems means
henceforth we would be using the terms being able to undertake dangerous tasks
automation and robotics synonymously. like mining, tunnelling, lifting etc. without
The basis of automation is convenience; for having to be physically involved. Tasks like
instance, I have to talk to somebody who is building huge structures and mining out
in a different city or country or continent; resources, which once claimed many lives,
I pick up the phone, or use video calling and are now performed with ease, precision,
have the necessary conversation - how very and minimal risk. Had it not been for
convenient. Automation, simply defined, robotics, it would never have been possible
is the application of control systems to to make the progress we have made in the
operate equipment or software with no or field of structural engineering, or discover
minimal human intervention. and draw on the natural resources that we
presently have.
Given that automation began with
the intent of freeing up people from basic
chores which combinedly took up a lot of
manhours, let us begin with looking at the
pros of automation:
To start with, the major benefit of
having automated systems is that it frees
us up from spending a lot of time at a lot of
our daily chores: want your clothes washed,
just put them in the washing machine and it Another advantage of having robotic
will do everything from rinsing to washing systems is being able to achieve more in
to drying them; feeling hungry, just put lesser time, without losing out on precision.
a couple of slices in the toaster and your This has proved advantageous in the fields
snack is ready; want your house clean, of automobiles, structural engineering, and
just switch on the vacuum cleaner and in even art; the last two, hugely benefiting
less than an hour, you have every nook from automated concepts like 3D printing,
and corner of your abode sparkling clean; precision cutting laser systems, etc. which
these are the most basic benefits of having have allowed designers and artists, the
automated systems. freedom to imagine and fulfil way beyond
Having automated systems also brings what they ever could have.
consistency to the tasks undertaken, be Automated systems like huge wind
it the basic chores mentioned above, or turbines and ducts have allowed us to
major industrial usage; without automated recreate various weather phenomena
systems and robots, would it have been like hurricanes, cyclones, and tornadoes,
possible to have such a large scale helping understand all of these better and
CA-142 AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS: A WAY TO FREEDOM OR SLAVERY?
also deal with them with minimal loss of life To avoid any sort of discrepancy in the
and property. functioning of these systems, it is imperative
Having automated systems like that these be maintained well and updated
satellites and rovers have allowed us in as and when required, which many a time
monitoring and managing everything results in a major dent in our pockets.
from communication to travel to weather Having way too many automated
changes well in time, besides allowing us systems also means not so much work
access and knowledge about areas and for handcrafting artisans and physically
planets that we would otherwise have driven labourers. These systems have
never been able to reach.
gradually begun to eat into the employment
Automated systems have also helped
of skilled labour as well, as these systems
us store and use data and statistics better
hold advantages like precision, pace,
so that all known scenarios are accounted
and perseverance, to levels which would
for when making decisions; this would
manually be impossible to achieve.
otherwise have been impossible given the
Another shortcoming of automated
limited control we have of our subconscious.
These systems have also made us systems is that these are pro-data and
become more organized by helping us mechanical; these systems consider only
maintain schedules and appointments those data that have been fed into them,
with ease and precision, and that per our either as part of the program that runs them,
individual preferences. or the data input provided to them. It would
Despite all of the mentioned advantages, thus be disastrous to trust or use them for
there are also various drawbacks to decision making with regard to critical or
having robotic systems (no mention any sensitive situations.
apocalyptic scenario where in skynet takes An extremely major disadvantage of
over the world): these systems is the threat of hacking, which
The first and major downside of having could lead to loss of critical information
automated systems is becoming overly or resources, and even disaster (in case
dependent on them; given that these these systems are associated with largely
systems are now used in almost every destructive weapon arsenal).
aspect of our daily routine, not having them Going back to our introductory example
even for a few hours seems to cause panic. of using phones or video calls to converse
Having all of these automated systems with people based in a different city,
like escalators, washing machines, vacuum country, or continent: though that would be
cleaners, etc... means the body does not a boon, using the same phone to converse
get basic exercises like walking, washing with somebody in the same room as you
clothes, climbing stairs, etc... which adds or the next room would be moronic. Thus,
up overtime, making us lethargic and is the
just like every tool developed by humans,
cause of many physical ailments like obesity
robotic or automated systems too have
and psychological ones like depression.
their positives and negatives, and it is up to
us users to use them sensibly.
To quote, in the end, one of the greatest
minds of the millenium, Albert Einstein: “I
fear the day that technology will surpass
our human interaction. The world will
have a generation of idiots.” It is thus in
our hands, whether to use technology
as a tool or be a tool in the hands of
technology.
CA-143
n Mahima Kohli
O
n 1 July 2015, Prime Minister Narendra witness a huge transformation in the way
Modi outlined his vision for a Digital its government and people interact and
India, “where high-speed digital highways function. Digitalisation is a crucial step to
unite the nation; 1.2 billion connected Indians bring in transparency, better governance,
drive innovation; technology ensures the and to reduce corruption and red tape
citizen-government interface is incorruptible.” in the country. But with every grand
The campaign has been launched with vision, there are hidden complications
the aim of creating a digitally empowered and consequences, and Digital India is no
society and knowledge economy and exception. In a country that ranks 97th
bringing good governance to citizens out of 118 countries on the 2016 Global
through synchronized and co-ordinated Hunger Index (GHI), the idea of spending
engagement of the entire government. It Rs 1.13 lakh crore (roughly $17 billion) on
comprises three components: creation of digitalising the entire nation does feel more
a digital infrastructure, delivering services like a fantasy than a prudent plan.
digitally, and digital literacy. Bharat
Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), the India’s dismal performance on
custodian of Digital India, is creating basic the Global Hunger Index
infrastructure for the same through its The Global Hunger Index (GHI),
National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) developed by the International Food Policy
project, which was launched in 2011 to Research Institute (IFPRI), describes the
provide broadband and mobile connectivity state of countries’ hunger situation. India’s
to all 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats of India. score on the GHI scale has consistently
If all these plans are implemented to been dismal, with the country being rated
even a certain level of efficiency, India will with ‘serious’ hunger levels in the latest
The government has also recently its population suffers from immediate
launched a video conferencing platform economic troubles. Digitalising will also
called Pragati, which is revolutionising give rise to unparalleled amounts of
government meetings through its 400 video e-waste. Digital India campaign must
include a plan to limit e-waste generation
conferencing studios that conduct 28,000
and its careful disposal, because e-waste
video conferencing calls every month. This
includes many toxic substances that are
saves unprecedented amounts of money,
hazardous to the environment and human
time and effort that go into organising
health if not handled in an environmentally
official tours, meetings, etc. Of course, in sound manner. Another potentially
the end, the labour required to lay down catastrophic event could occur if Servam
optical fibres and other infrastructure for were to be hacked, because governmental
the campaign will generate employment, data is a goldmine for national and
especially in rural areas, encouraging international hackers with invariably
rural youth and labour to avoid distress malicious intent. Appropriate and state-of-
migration and find work near home. the-art technological innovations must be
Long way to go to make Digital employed, therefore, to make the servers
impenetrable for the sake of the country’s
India truly successful strategic, economic and technological
There are many issues underlying security.
the implementation of Digital India that Notwithstanding the sorry state of
need deeper pondering and planning. The India’s fight against poverty and hunger,
foremost is of fiscal prudence. It is still the idea of Digital India is futuristic and
unclear how much the campaign is actually certainly holds merit. While India is making
going to cost, though the government has slow progress on both socio-economic and
announced a budget of Rs 1.13 lakh crore. technological fronts, there are significant
Given India’s growing fiscal deficit year challenges ahead that need careful handling
after year, the government must exercise and prioritising by the government to
judiciousness in its financial allocation make India a digital power with a well-fed
to grand schemes of digitalisation while population.
CA-146 PEOPLE 2016
PEOPLE
2016
NATIONAL
Federation rankings in 2012. In 2013, she
created history by becoming first Indian
Anuradha Roy women’s singles badminton player to
win a bronze medal at the 2013 World
Indian writer Anuradha Roy has won Championships. She was awarded with
the prestigious $50,000 DSC Prize for Padma Shri, India’s fourth highest civilian
South Asian Literature 2016 for her novel honor in March 2015.
‘Sleeping on Jupiter’. This year’s DSC Prize
Festival was held in Sri Lanka on 16th Rekha
January. Her novel Sleeping on Jupiter deals Bollywood actress Rekha was honoured
with the subject of violence against women with the third Yash Chopra Memorial Award
with story revolving around girl named on 26th January 2016. The Maharashtra
Nomi and is set in Jarmuli, a city of temples. Governor C Vidyasagar Rao presented the
Anuradha Roy is novelist, journalist and award to the actress in recognition of her
editor. Her first novel ‘An Atlas of Impossible talent and contribution to the film industry.
Longing’ has been translated into 15 languages Bhanurekha Ganesan was born on 10
across the world. Till date she has authored October, 1954 in Chennai, better known
three novels viz. An Atlas of Impossible Longing by her stage name Rekha, is a well known
(2008), The Folded Earth (2011) and Sleeping film actress. Noted for her versatility and
on Jupiter (2015). acknowledged as one of the finest actresses
in Hindi cinema. Rekha started her career
The DSC Price for PV Sindhu in 1966 as a child actress in the Telugu film
India’s ace shuttler Pusarla Rangula Ratnam. She is an alumnus of the
Venkata Sindhu won the popular Church Park Convent in Chennai.
silver medal in women’s She considers Telugu to be her mother
singles badminton event at tongue. She also speaks Hindi, Tamil and
2016 Rio Olympics. In the final match of English fluently.
women’s singles badminton event, Sindhu
lost to Spain’s Carolina Marín (World No.1) by Aurobindo Mukherjee
21-19, 12-21, 15-21 score. Earlier in her Veteran film director Aurobindo Mukherjee
quarterfinal match, she had defeated Japan’s passed away on 11th February, 2016 at his
Wang Yihan (World No.2) by 22-20, 21-19 residence in Kolkata.
score. She also won china open on 19 A. Mukherjee was the maker of cult Bengali
November, 2016. classics like ‘Mouchak, ‘Agniswar” and
PV Sindhu was Born on 5 July 1995 in ‘Nishipadma’, all of them starred matinee
Hyderabad, Telangana. She had received idol Uttam Kumar in the early 1970s. He
international attention after getting listed was younger brother of famous novelist
into the Top 20 list of Badminton World Balaichand Mukhopadhyay who is popularly
PEOPLE 2016 CA-147
known as Bonophool. He had joined force which has strength of over 80,000
Tollywood in 1950s. Mukherjee is also personnel.
credited to have introduced a young Jaya
Pandit Ram Narayan
Bhaduri to movies in ‘Dhanyee Meye’ in 1971.
Padma Vibhushan Pandit Ram Narayan
Lance Naik Hanamanthappa has been chosen for the prestigious Bharat
Siachen braveheart Lance Naik Hanaman- Ratna Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Classical Music
thappa Koppad passed away on 11th Award for 2015-2016 in sarangi.
February, 2016 three days after he was The eight-member panel of jury which
miraculously rescued from beneath 35 feet unanimously recommended Pandit Ram
of snow after an avalanche hit his post in Narayan for the prestigious award comprised
Siachen Glacier at the height of 19,600 feet. of industry experts such as Pandit Suresh
Koppad was the lone survivor among 10 Talwalkar, musicologist Nath Naralkar and
soldiers buried by the avalanche in Siachen others. He recorded solo albums and toured
on 3rd February. He was flown to Delhi in America and Europe in the 1960s. Narayan
an IAF aircraft and was admitted to R&R also taught Indian and foreign students. He
Hospital. He had slipped into a deeper state was awarded India’s second highest civilian
of coma after his pneumonia worsened honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2005.
and his kidneys became non-functional.
P K Nair
He belonged to the 19th Battalion of Madras
Regiment and is survived by his wife Renowned film archivist and film scholar
Mahadevi Ashok Bilebal and two-year-old P.K. Nair, who had won the epithet ‘celluloid
daughter Netra Koppad. man’ for his impeccable body of work as
the founder of the National Film Archive
Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan of India (NFAI) passed away on 4th March
Renowned Hindustani classical vocalist 2016 at Sahyadri Nursing Home in Pune.
Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan passed away on He started working with the NFAI in 1965
February 18, 2016. He was 107. He was as assistant curator and later became its
a highly acclaimed Hindustani classical director in 1982.
singer of Gwalior Gharana who had created He retired in April 1991 and is said to have
around 2,000 compositions and was collected over 12,000 films, of which 8,000
also a prolific writer and poet under the were Indian. These include the works of
pseudonym Rasan Piya. legendary filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray,
Ustad Abdul Rashid Khan was Born in Uttar Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, V Shantaram, Raj
Pradesh in 1908 in a family of musicians. He Kapoor and Guru Dutt. Nair was awarded
was a descendant (16th generation) of Tansen, the Satyajit Ray Memorial Award in 2008.
a classical music composer in the court of the ‘Celluloid Man’, a documentary on Nair
Mughal Emperor Akbar. He had received his was made by Shivendra Singh Dungarpur
initial training from his father Chhote Yusuf had won two National Awards at the 60th
Khan and uncle Bade Yusuf Khan and also National Film Awards, including Best
from other elders of their family. Biographical Film and Best Editing. The
Alok Kumar Verma film was released in India on 3 May, 2013
to coincide with the centenary of Indian
Senior IPS officer Alok Kumar Verma (58) cinema.
took charge as the new Commissioner
of Delhi Police on 29th February, 2016. Ritu Beri
He succeeded B S Bassi who had been at Noted designer Ritu Beri has been appointed
conflict with the AAP government on a advisor to the Khadi and Village Industries
range of issues in the last one year. Commission (KVIC) on 15 June, 2016 for
He has assumed charge of Delhi Police promotion of khadi in India and across the
during the ongoing criticism over handling world. The Commission appointed the star
of the JNU row. Verma is a 1979 batch IPS fashion designer for a period of one year
officer of the AGMUT (Arunachal Pradesh- during which she will advise on ways to
Goa-Mizoram and Union Territory) cadre promote khadi.
and was previously serving as the Director In her 25 year stint in the fashion industry
General of Tihar jail. He became the 20th Beri has designed clothes for international
police commissioner of the Delhi police and national celebrities including Bill
CA-148 PEOPLE 2016
Clinton, Prince Charles, Nicole Kidman and Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971. She has
Ivana Trump. also received the Padma Shri, the Indian
fourth highest civilian award in 2001.
P. Susheela The Kabir Samman for poetry for the year
Renowned playback singer P. Susheela 2007-08 was also awarded to her by the
Mohan entered the Guinness Book of Government of Madhya Pradesh.
World Records and Asia Book of Records Deepak Mishra
for singing most number of songs in Indian
languages. Susheela has over 30,000 songs Deepak Mishra, IPS has been apponted as
to her credit which include solo, duet and Additional Director General of CRPF from
chorus backed songs in over six Indian the date of assumption of charge of the
languages. post and upto 30.11.2018 (i.e. date of his
retirement on superannuation) or until
Guinness Book of Records credited her for further orders.
singing 17,695 songs (solo, duet and chorus
backed songs) in twelve Indian languages, Mishra is IPS officer of the 1984 batch of
Asia Book of Records has recognised her the Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram and
for singing close to 17,330 songs. She made Union Territory (AGMUT) cadre.
her singing debut in 1952 Tamil film “Petra Rahul Johri
Thai”, and went on to give classics such as BCCI (Board of Control for Cricket in India)
“Missamma”, “Savaale Samaali”, “Siri Siri has appointed media professional Rahul
Muvva” and “Meghasandesham”. She has Johri as its first chief executive officer
been conferred with various awards and (CEO). After spending two decades in the
honours which include five National Awards media industry, Johri will assume his new
and the Padma Bhushan honour in 2008. role on 1st June 2016. Johri will be based at
Lt Gen N P S Hira the BCCI headquarters in Mumbai and will
report directly to the Honorary Secretary,
Lt Gen N P S Hira, Chief of the Army’s Anurag Thakur.
Northern Command has been appointed as
Johri was the Asia Pacific’s executive vice-
the Deputy Chief of Army Staff. He assumed
president and general manager for South
office on 14th March. 2016
Asia with Discovery Networks where he
He commanded his Battalion in Assam had been working for 15 years.
(Op. Rhino) during the high violence period.
The unit bagged 32 gallantry awards and Dipa Karmakar
COAS (Chief of Army staff) citation under The 23 year Tripura girl, Dipa
his command. Hira also commanded 12 Karmakar created history by
Infantry Brigade which was deployed on the becoming the first Indian
Line of Control in Uri sector. The Brigade woman gymnast to qualify for
earned an Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Olympics as she booked a berth
Shaurya Chakra and many more gallantry for the Rio Games after a strong performance at
awards during his command. the final qualifying and test event. She
He also commanded the 10 Infantry garnered a total score of 52.698 points in the
Division in Jammu and Kashmir on the Line Olympics qualifying event to book a berth for
of Control with distinction for which he was artistic gymnastics in Rio Games.
awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. Dipa had created history by becoming the
Padma Sachdev first Indian woman gymnast to win a medal
- a bronze, in the Commonwealth Games in
Jammu-born poet and novelist Padma
Glasgow in 2014. She then became the first
Sachdev has been chosen for the prestigious
Indian woman gymnast to feature in the
Saraswati Samman for the year 2015 for
finals of World Championships.
her autobiography in Dogri language. Her
autobiography ‘Chitt-Chete’, published in MC Mary Kom
2007, was selected from 22 works in as Indian woman boxer MC Mary Kom added
many languages published between the another honour to her list of accolades
years 2005-2014. as she was named one of the eight
Sachdev has published her several poetry ambassadors for the upcoming World
collection including Meri Kavita Mere Geet Championships by the International Boxing
(My Poems, My Songs) that has won the Association (AIBA).
PEOPLE 2016 CA-149
Iron Sharmila
Iron Sharmila’s ends her protest against the Armed Forces. The 44 year old Irom Chanu
Sharmila had been fasting since last 16 years, protesting against the anarchy spread in
Manipur due to the Armed Forces. Sharmila, hailing from Manipur, had demanded repeal
of the Armed Forces since 2000. The lion – hearted lady’s appeal have been heard and she
would break her fast on the morning of 9th August, before a judicial magistrate, following
which she would be released from the judicial custody. To ensure that the iconic rights
activist is alive, she was forcibly fed through a nasal tube since 2000.
Jayalalithaa Jayaraman
Jaylalithaa’s life in politics is well documented. Her steady
growth from a party secretary to a member of Rajya Sabha to
the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu is a long saga of adventure,
struggle and success. Whatever one might judge her and her
politics, it is impossible to disassociate Jayalalithaa’s name
from the politics of modern India.
Once a classical dancer, later a popular actress, she became
the face of the state’s politics in the 21st century. Jayalalithaa
revered as ‘Amma’ by lakhs of her loyalists has had one of the
most interesting expeditions any modern politicians have had. However the great saga
of the Iron lady came to end as Amma is no more. Jayalalithaa who suffered a cardiac
arrest passed away on 5 December 2016. She was 68.
Jayalalitha was born in Mysore on 24 February 1948. She hails from a Tamil Iyengar
family. Her father Jayaram, a lawyer by profession, passed away when she was just two
years old. She completed her schooling from Bishop Cotton Girls’ High School, Chennai,
and Sacred Heart Matriculation School in 1964. However, she took up films shortly
after that. Her career saw her working in films of different languages, including English,
Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu.
In 1982, Jayalalitha became a member of the AIADMK, a party founded by M.G.
Ramachandran. It marked her entry into politics. In 1984, Jayalalitha came to the
forefront during the elections to the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assembly in Tamil
Nadu in December 1984.
On 24 June 1991, she became the youngest ever and the second female Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu. She held the position till 12 May 1996. The 1998 general election of the Lok
Sabha saw the AIADMK and its alliance securing 30 out of 40 seats. In February 2002,
she was elected from the constituency of Andipatti. She remained the Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu from 2 March 2002 to 12 May 2006.
Again in the 2011 Legislative Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, the AIADMK and its
allies bounced back, winning 203 seats out of 234, with the AIADMK securing 150 seats
on its own.
Jayalalitha had to step down from her post of the Chief Minister in September 2014
when a trial court in Karnataka held her guilty in an 18-year-old disproportionate
assets (amounting to ` 66.65 crore) and corruption case. The court had sentenced her
to a four-year jail term with a fine of ` 100 crore, but she challenged this verdict in
Karnataka High Court. On 11 May 2015, the Karnataka High Court acquitted Jayalalitha
in the Disproportionate Assets case.
J. Jayalalitha was sworn-in as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for a record-equaling
fifth time on 23 May 2015. Again she took oath as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for a
record sixth time on 23 May 2016. No one can deny the fact that she worked tirelessly
for her party. She has passed away at a lesser age, but her legacy will stay forever.
CA-158 PEOPLE 2016
O Panneerselvam
AIADMK leader O. Panneerselvam, 65, was sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
following the death of Chief Minister Jayalalithaa. He was administered the oath of
office and secrecy by Governor Ch. Vidyasagar Rao at a solemn ceremony held in the
Raj Bhavan, Chennai on 6th Dec 2016. This is for the third time he has sworn in as Chief
Minister of Tamil Nadu.
Panneerselvam was born on January 14, 1951 in Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu. He started
his political career as chairman of Periyakulam Municipality (1996 to 2001). Previously
in Jayalalithaa’s government he had served as Minister of Revenue Department (March
2002 to December 2002), Minister for Public Works (December 2002 to May 2006) and
Finance Minister (May 2011 to September 2014).
Earlier he had served CM for two brief periods from 2001-02 and 2014-15 after
Jayalalithaa was unseated from the post by the courts on various grounds. Panneerselvam
has been a trusted aide of AIADMK supremo Jayalalithaa. After her death, he was elected
the leader of the Legislature Party. He will have remaining four years term of the
Jayalalithaa Government.
INTERNATIONAL
Novak Djokovic
World number one and
David Warner defending champion Novak
Djokovic won the 2016 Australian
Australia’s opening batsman David Warner
Open. Djokovic defeated Andy
has won the Allan Border Medal and also
Murray 6-1, 7-5, 7-6 in the final.
the Test Player of the Year on 27th January.
With this win Djokovic clinched his sixth
He became the 11th player to receive the Australian Open title and 11th Grand Slam
Allan Border Medal for 2016, Australian trophy which puts him 5th at the all-time
cricket’s greatest individual honour. leading Grand Slam title winners.
David Andrew Warner, born on 27 October Novak Djokovic is a Serbian professional
1986 is an Australian cricketer and the vice tennis player who is currently ranked
captain of the team in all 3 formats of the world No. 2 in men’s singles tennis by the
game. An explosive left-handed opening Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
batsman, Warner is the first Australian He is considered one of the greatest tennis
cricketer in 132 years to be selected for players of all time.
a national team in any format without
experience in first-class cricket. He currently Geetakshi Arora
plays for New South Wales, the Sunrisers Geetakshi Arora, a post graduate student
Hyderabad and the Sydney Thunder. He of the South Asia Institute at the School of
became vice-captain of Australia across Test Oriental and African Studies, University of
and ODI formats of the game, in August 2015. London has won the first Noor Inayat Khan
Angelique Kerber Prize for 2016. She won the prize which
consists of £1,000 and a certificate for her
Germany’s Angelique Kerber won her first dissertation on “Goddess Myths in Graphic
Grand Slam title at the Australian Open Novels: Reimagining Indian Feminity”.
on 30th January. She won against world
Noor Inayat Khan worked as a secret agent
no. 1 serena williams. The seventh seeded
during the Second World War and was sent
Kerber won the thrilling final by 6-4 3-6 6-4
to Nazi-occupied Paris in 1943 where she
at Melbourne Park. This made her the first
worked as a wireless operative sending
German to win a major singles title since
intelligence reports to the Allies. She was
Steffi Graf at the 1999 French Open.
betrayed, arrested and killed in Dachau
Angelique Kerber is a German professional Concentration Camp at the age of 30. She
tennis player who is currently ranked world was a descendant of Tipu Sultan.
No.1 in women’s singles tennis by the
Noor Inayat Khan Memorial Trust has
Women’s Tennis Association (WTA). Having
inaugurated the Noor Inayat Khan Prize in
made her professional debut in 2003,
memory of the second world war heroine.
Kerber rose to prominence upon reaching
Shrabani Basu is the founder and chair of
the semifinals of the 2011 US Open, at which
the trust. The prize consists of 1000 pounds
time she was ranked no. 92 in the world.
and a certificate.
CA-160 PEOPLE 2016
Mother Teresa more than two decades, she has increasingly
The Vatican announced on 15th become involved in global humanitarian
March that Pope Francis will efforts and political activism.
declare Mother Teresa of Prince
Kolkata a saint on 4 September,
Legendary American musician Prince passed
2016 one day before the 19th
away on 21st April, 2016 in Chanhassen,
anniversary of her death.The Pope cleared
Minnesota, US after suffering from flu-like
the way for Mother Teresa’s canonization
symptoms for over two weeks. He was
last December, after deciding that the 2008 57. Prince sold tens of millions of albums
healing of a Brazilian man with a brain worldwide in a career that spanned several
infection and kidney disease had been due decades.
to her intercession.
The artist rose to superstar status with
St. John Paul II beatified Mother Teresa the release of his landmark album “Purple
in 2003, after recognizing as miraculous Rain.” That album sold millions of copies
the healing of an Indian woman whose and spent 24 consecutive weeks at the
caregivers had prayed to the late missionary. top of the Billboard 200, in part because
Affectionately known as the “saint of the of songs “When Doves Cry” and “Let’s Go
gutter” for her unconditional love for the Crazy.”In 2004, Prince was inducted into the
poor, abandoned and marginalized, Mother Rock and Roll of Fame, which hailed him as
Teresa earned several international honours, a musical and social trailblazer.
including the “Nobel Peace Prize” in 1979.
She had founded the Missionaries of Charity, Muhammad Ali
a religious order dedicated to care of the The former world heavyweight
“poorest of the poor,” in Kolkata, in 1950. champion Muhammad Ali died
on 3rd June, 2016, in the US
Andrew Wiles
city of Phoenix.
British mathematician Sir Andrew Wiles He was former three times
has won 2016’s Abel prize which is widely world heavyweight champion
regarded as the Nobel for mathematics. (1964, 1974 and 1978) who had record-
Wiles won the Abel Prize from the setting boxing career, which had made him
Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters one of the best-known figures of the 20th
for providing a proof for Fermat’s Last century. He was also known globally for his
Theorem. civil rights activism. Muhammad Ali was
His work and life are also described in born as Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. on January
great detail in Simon Singh’s popular book 17, 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky, US. He had
Fermat’s Last Theorem. Wiles became started his boxing career at young age of 12
hooked on Fermat’s Last Theorem as a ten- years.
year-old when he read about it in a book Margaret Atwood
called “The Last Problem” by ET Bell at his
local library in Cambridge. Margaret Atwood, Canadian author has won
2016 Pen Pinter Prize for her contribution
Ashley Judd towards political activism, speeches and act
Hollywood actress and activist Ashley Judd against violation of Human Rights.
was appointed as the goodwill ambassador PEN Printer prize and Pinter International
for the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA) on writer of Courage Award was establised by
15th November. Judd was commended English PEN in the year 2009.
by the UNFPA for her strong dedication
Lionel Messi
to social justice and passionate advocacy
of the right of every girl and boy to enter Argentina’s skipper and ace
adulthood safely and empowered. footballer Lionel Messi
Ashley Judd is an American actress and announced his retirement
political activist. She grew up in a family of from international duty after
successful performing artists as the daughter missing in a penalty shootout
of country music singer Naomi Judd and the as Argentina lost a fourth
sister of Wynonna Judd. While she is best major final in nine years. Messi is a five-time
known for an ongoing acting career spanning FIFA player of the year, winner of four
PEOPLE 2016 CA-161
Champions League titles and eight Spanish La Prize after Guatemala’s Rigoberta Menchu
Liga crowns with Barcelona. Messi holds the had won it in 1992. He was born on 10 August,
records for most goals scored in La Liga, a La 1951 in Bogota, capital city of Colombia. He
Liga season (50), a calendar year (91), a single was elected Colombian President for first
season (73), a Champions League match (5), time in 2010 and was re-elected in 2014.
and most Champions League seasons (5). Earlier he had served as defence minister
from 2006 until 2009.
Yoshinori Ohsumi
Yoshinori Ohsumi (71) of Japan has won Bob Dylan
the 2016 Nobel Prize for physiology or American singer-song writer,
Medicine for his pioneering work on artist and writer Bob Dylan (75)
autophagy. With this he becomes the 23rd has won the 2016 Nobel Prize in
Japanese national to win a Nobel prize Literature for “having created
and overall the sixth Japanese medicine new peotic expressions with the
Nobel laureate. Mr. Ohsumi had received a great American song tradition”. He is the first
PhD from the University of Tokyo in 1974. American to win the prize since novelist Toni
Currently, he is a professor at the Tokyo Morrison in 1993. He was born as Robert Allen
Institute of Technology (TIT). Zimmerman on May 24, 1941 in Duluth,
Minnesota. His debut album was ‘Bob Dylan’
David Thouless, F Duncan M Haldane
released in 1962. He had adopted the name
and Michael Kosterlitz
Dylan after the poet Dylan Thomas. He is one of
British trio of physicists David Thouless, F the best-selling artists (musician) of all time and
Duncan M Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz has sold more than 100 million records. He has
have won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 58 singles, 37 studio albums, 11 live albums and
for their work on exotic states of matter. 6 collaborations to his name. Besides, his lyrics
They will share the 8 million Swedish have incorporated various political, social,
kronor prize. David J Thouless is Emeritus philosophical and literary influences.
Professor at the University of Washington,
Seattle, US. Duncan M. Haldane is the Eugene Paul Beatty
Higgins Professor of Physics at Princeton Paul Beatty (54) has won the 2016 Man Booker
University, US. J Michael Kosterlitz is the Prize. With this he becomes the first US author
Harrison E. Farnsworth Professor of Physics to win this prestigious literary award for his
at Brown University, US. social satire “The sellout”. He was born in Los
Angeles in 1962. He had received an MFA in
Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J Fraser Stoddart creative writing from Brooklyn College and an
and Bernard L Feringa MA in psychology from Boston University. His
Trio of Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J Fraser novels are The White Boy Shuffle (1996), Tuff
Stoddart and Bernard L Feringa have (2000), Slumberland (2008) and The Sellout
won the prestigious 2016 Nobel Prize (2015). In 2016, he was bestowed with the
in Chemistry for developing molecular National Book Critics Circle Award (Fiction)
machines. Royal Swedish Academy of for his novel ‘The Sellout’.
Sciences has chosen them for this award
Kate Atkinson
for their individual efforts in developing
molecular machines. These three laureates British writer Kate
will share the 8 million Swedish kronor Atkinson on 4 January,
(around $933,000) prize equally. 2016 won the novel-of-
the-year prize at Britain’s
Juan Manuel Santos Costa Book Awards 2015
The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize has been for the second time in
awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel three years. She fetched the award for (A
Santos. He was selected for the prestigious God in Ruins) a story of war and its
award by the Norwegian Nobel Committee aftermath. With this, Atkinson became the
for his resolute efforts to bring the more than first author to receive the Costa novel prize
50-year-long civil war of Colombia to an end. three times: for ‘A God in Ruins’ in 2016,
He is second Colombian to win Nobel Prize ‘Life After Life’ in 2013 and ‘Behind the
after writer Gabriel Gracia Marquez who had Scenes at the Museum’ in 1995.
won the literature Prize in 1982. Santos is also Kate Atkinson was born in 1951 in York,
second Latin American to receive Nobel Peace England. She studied English literature at
CA-162 PEOPLE 2016
the University of Dundee and obtained her to a mother, Fannie, who was an activist
master’s degree in 1974. She subsequently of Zionist affairs. His family was Jewish.
studied for a doctorate in American literature, He attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston
entitled ‘The post-modern American short School and the Bronx High School of
story in its historical context’. Her first novel, Science. He later attended Phillips Academy
‘Behind the Scenes at the Museum’, won the in Andover, Massachusetts. He then served
1995 Whitbread Book of the Yearahead of in the US Navy from 1944 to 1945.
Salman Rushdie’s ‘The Moor’s Last Sigh’. Intizar Husain
Alan Rickman Veteran Urdu fiction writer and poet Intizar
Actor Alan Rickman, known for films Hussain died on 2 February, 2016 in Lahore.
including ‘Harry Potter’, ‘Die Hard’ and ‘Robin He was 92. He was born on 7 December 1923
Hood’: Prince of Thieves, died of cancer on in India; he migrated to the newly formed
14 January, 2016 in London, England. He was Pakistan in 1947. He was among the 10
69. One of the best-loved and most warmly finalists for the Man Booker International
admired British actors of the past three Prize for fiction in 2013. He was the first
decades, Rickman gained wider notice for his Pakistan national and the first Urdu writer
film performances as Hans Gruber in Die Hard ever to be nominated for the international
and Severus Snape in the Harry Potter film award. He was conferred upon the Officer of
series. Rickman was born in West London, to the Order of Arts and Letters by the French
a working-class family, the son of Margaret Ambassador to Pakistan Philppe Thiebaud in
Doreen Rose (née Bartlett), a housewife, and September 2014. His acclaimed novel Basti
Bernard William Rickman. Rickman’s father was published in 1979 and later translated
was a factory worker, house painter and into English. He also addressed the history
decorator, and former WWII aircraft fitter. of Pakistan and the subcontinent. He was
His ancestry was English, Irish and Welsh; a regular literary columnist for Pakistan’s
his father was Catholic and his mother a leading English-language daily Dawn.
Methodist. Rickman’s family also included H Deep Saini
brothers David and Michael, and sister Sheila.
When he was eight years old, Rickman’s Renowned Indian scholar and plant physiologist
father died of lung cancer, leaving his mother H Deep Saini on 9 March, 2016 was appointed as
to raise him and his three siblings mostly the Vice Chancellor of the prestigious University
alone. He played romantic leads like Colonel of Canberra. Currently the Vice-President of
Brandon in Sense and Sensibility and Jamie in the University of Toronto and Principal of the
Truly, Madly, Deeply. However, he often was University of Toronto Mississauga campus in
praised for playing roles of numerous villains Canada he will succeed Vice Chancellor Stephen
in Hollywood big-budget films, like German Parker in September 2016.
terrorist Hans Gruber in Die Hard and the Hargurdeep Saini, also known as Deep Saini,
Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince is a notable scientist and plant physiologist.
of Thieves. In 1995, he earned a Golden He has previously served as the dean of the
Globe Award, an Emmy Award and a Screen Faculty of Environment at the University of
Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of the Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario. An alumnus
title character in Rasputin: Dark Servant of of Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana,
Destiny. He won a BAFTA Award for his role and later the University of Adelaide, Australia,
in Robin Hood. he joined many Indian-origin educationists
holding high positions in Canadian universities.
Marvin Minsky He began his academic career in Canada in 1982
Marvin Minsky, the pioneer of when he joined the University of Alberta as a
artificial intelligence, died on 24 post-doctoral fellow. He is currently a member
January 2016. The mathematician of the NSERC’s Biological Systems and
and the scientist died at the age of Functions grant selection panel, the Associate
88. Minsky, a professor emeritus at the MIT Editor of the Canadian Journal of Botany.
Media Lab, helped in work that helped
inspired the creation of the personal computer Merrick Garland
and the Internet. President Barack nominated appeals court
Marvin Lee Minsky was born in New York judge Merrick Garland to be the next US
City, to an eye surgeon father, Henry, and Supreme Court Justice on 16 March 2016.
PEOPLE 2016 CA-163
District seat, could become the first Indian- born as Donald John Trump on June 14,
origin woman to sit in the U.S. Congress. 1946 in New York City, United States. He is
She is an Indian-American activist and the chairman and president of Trump
politician from the state of Washington. Organisation, a principal holding company for
As a member of the Democratic Party, his real estate ventures and other business
she has represented the 37th legislative interests. He had joined his father’s company
district in the Washington State Senate in 1968 after graduating in economics from
since 2015. She founded Hate Free Zone, University of Pennsylvania. In 1971, he took
which later became OneAmerica, a group control of company and renamed it Trump
organising and advocating for many diverse Organisation. As of 2016, Forbes Magazine
communities of colour. had listed him as the 324th wealthiest person
Kamala Harris in the world and 156th in the US.
California’s Attorney General Kamala Harris Fidel Castro
(51) created history by becoming the first Cuba’s former president and leader of the
India-American to win the US Senate (upper Communist revolution Fidel Castro passed
chamber) seat from the state. She defeated away due to old age on 25 November, 2016.
fellow Democrat Loretta Sanchez from her He was 90. He was commander in chief of
own party. She will replace Barbara Boxer the 1959 Cuban revolution 1959 and had
who had announced her retirement in 2014 successfully built a communist state on the
after serving more than two decades in doorstep of the United States during Cold
the Senate. Kamala Harris is an American War. He had ruled Cuba as a one-party state
politician, lawyer and member of the for almost half a century (from 1976 to 2008)
Democratic Party. She is the daughter of before handing over the powers to his brother
an Indian-American mother Dr. Shyamala Raul Castro in 2008 due to ill health. He was
Gopalan Harris and a Jamaican-American born as Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz on August
father Donald Harris. 13, 1926 in Birán, Holguin Province, Cuba.
Dilma Rousseff In 1953, he was imprisoned after leading an
unsuccessful rising against Batista’s regime.
Brazilian incumbent President Dilma However was released in 1955 from prison
Rousseff was re-elected for her second under an amnesty deal.
four-year term on 26 October, 2014.
She belongs to the center-left Workers’ Qamar Javed Bajwa
Party and her second term will finish in Lt. Gen. Qamar Javed Bajwa was appointed
December 2018. Rousseff who is 66 years Pakistan’s new army chief (or Chief of
old first became President in 2010, thus Army Staff, COAS) on 10th December, 2016.
becoming the first woman President of He will succeed Gen. Raheel Sharif who
Brazil. She is popular among the poor in has formally retired from service. He was
Brazil because of her government’s welfare elevated to the rank of four-star general
policies. Dilma Rousseff (66) after being by the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Gen.
elected as a President in 2010 became the Bajwa has extensive experience of handling
first female President of Brazil. Prior to her affairs in Pakistan-ocupied Kashmir and
appointment as President, she was chief the northern areas of Pakistan. He belongs
of staff to former President Lula da Silva, to infantry’s Baloch Regiment. He has
since 2005. She served as the Minister of commanded the 10 Corps, Pakistani army’s
Energy under former President Lula da largest corp responsible for the area along
Silva. Her political spine developed as a the Line of Control (LoC). He has also served
Marxist militant who opposed the 1964- with a UN mission in Congo as a brigade
1985 dictatorship. commander alongside former Indian army
Donald Trump chief Gen Bikram Singh.
Real estate mogul-turned Harinder Sidhu
politician and Republican Indian-origin Harinder Sidhu has been
Party candidate Donald appointed as Australian High Commissioner
Trump (70) was elected as to India. She replaces outgoing High
45th President of United Commissioner Patrick Suckling. She is
States of America (USA) on second envoy from Australia with Indian
8th November, 2016. Donald Trump was roots after Peter Varghese who had
CA-166 PEOPLE 2016
ancestral roots to southern Indian state in a post-cold war world. He was the first
of Kerala. Harinder Sidhu’s was born in African to hold the position. He helped secure
Singapore and later migrated to Australia. peace deals between Israel and Egypt.
Her family hailed from Punjab. She holds a Born on 14 November 1922 in Cairo, Egypt,
Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Laws Boutros Boutros-Ghali was an Egyptian
degrees from the University of Sydney. Prior politician and diplomat who was the sixth
to this appointment, she was serving as s Secretary-General of the UN. An academic
senior career officer with the Department and former Vice Foreign Minister of Egypt,
of Foreign Affairs and Trade. She was also he oversaw the UN at a time when it dealt
serving as First Assistant Secretary of the with several world crises, including the
Multilateral Policy Division. Previously, she break-up of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan
had served overseas in Moscow (Russia) and Genocide. In 1992, he submitted An Agenda
Damascus (Syria). In her previous roles she for Peace, a suggestion for how the UN
also had served as First Assistant Secretary in could respond to violent conflict. However,
the Department of Climate Change. She also he was criticised for the UN’s failure to act
had served as Assistant Director-General in during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, which
the Office of National Assessments and Senior officially left over one million people dead,
Adviser in the Department of the Prime and he appeared unable to muster support
Minister and Cabinet. in the UN for intervention in the continuing
Tsai Ing-wen Angolan Civil War.
Tsai Ing-wen was sworn-in as Faustin Archange Touadera
the President of Taiwan on 20 Faustin Archange Touadera has won the
May, 2016. With this, she 2016 Presidential election of Central African
became the first woman to Republic (CAR) held on 14 February, 2016.
hold the post in Taiwan. Tsai Born 21 April 1957, Faustin-Archange Touadéra
was born in Zhongshan is a Central African politician and academic who
District, Taipei, Taiwan, on 31 served as Prime Minister of the Central African
August 1956, the youngest of 11 children of Republic from January 2008 to January 2013.
her father. Her given name, Ing-wen, could He received his secondary education at the
be translated as “heroic literature” or Barthelemy Boganda College in Bangui before
“English language”. During her middle school attending the University of Bangui and the
period, she studied in Taipei Municipal University of Abidjan. He earned a mathematics
Zhongshan Girls High School. She studied law doctorate in 1986, supervised by Daniel
at the behest of her father. After graduating at Gourdin at the Lille University of Science and
the College of Law, National Taiwan University, Technology in France and another doctorate,
in 1978, Tsai obtained a Master of Laws at also in mathematics, which was supervised by
Cornell University Law School in 1980 and Marcel Dossa at the University of Yaoundé I in
then a Ph.D. in law at the London School of Cameroon in 2004.
Economics (1984). Upon her return to
Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson
Taiwan, she taught law at the School of Law of
Soochow University and National Chengchi Iceland ruling coalition on 6 April 2016
University, both in Taipei. She was also named Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson as the
appointed to the Fair Trade Commission and Prime Minister of the country. The coalition
the Copyright Commission. She served as also decided to hold elections in the
consultant for the Mainland Affairs Council autumn. Johannsson, 53, is Agriculture and
and the National Security Council. She also led Fisheries Minister and deputy leader of the
the drafting team on the Statute Governing Progressive Party (PP).
Relations with Hong Kong and Macau. Earlier, the polls were scheduled to take
place in the spring of 2017. He will succeed
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson who resigned
The former United Nations Secretary-General on 5 April 2016 after his name was
Boutros Boutros-Ghali passed away on 16 leaked in the Panama Papers. The leaked
February, 2016 in Cairo, Egypt. He was 93. documents from a Panamanian law firm,
Boutros-Ghali served as UN Chief from January Mossack Fonseca, showed Gunnlaugsson
1992 to December 1996 and became the first owned an offshore firm with his wife that
secretary general to be deprived of a second held millions of dollars in debt from failed
term as he struggled to impose the UN’s writ celandic banks.
EVENTS 2016 CA-167
EVENTS
2016
NATIONAL
Target/Application: The message of India-
China partnership for the New Delhi Book
Fair 2016 was “Renaissance of Civilizations-
103rd Indian Science Congress
Understanding through exchanges“. Over
Place: Mysuru, Karnataka 1,000 titles in major Indian languages
Agenda/Issue: Prime Minister Narendra from ancient to contemporary times
Modi inaugurated the 103rd edition of were displayed with the intention to help
the Indian Science Congress (ISC) on promoting culture and languages.
January 3, 2016 in Mysuru, Karnataka. The Padma Awards
theme of this edition of the Congress was
“Science and Technology for Indigenous Place: New Delhi
Development in India.” Agenda/Issue: President of India announced
Target/Application: During the inaugural the names of recipients of year 2016 Padma
speech Prime Minister gave a new mantra awards and approved conferment of 112
and target five Es – “Economy, Environment, Padma Awards on 26 January, 2016.
Energy, Empathy and Equity”. The Congress Target/Application: The Padma awards
aims to bring together eminent scientists, are conferred by the President of India at
research scholars to popularize science and the Rashtrapati Bhawan around March/
foster a scientific temperament. This was April every year. Padma Awards, the
a 5 day event which ended on 7 January, country’s highest civilian awards, are
2016 that witnessed deliberations and conferred in three Categories viz. Padma
presentation of papers by the scientific Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma
fraternity from across the globe. Many Shri. This year’s list comprises 10 Padma
scientists from different universities and Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 83 Padma
research delivered plenary talks at the Shri Awardees. The Awards were given in
congress on subjects like Space Science, various disciplines: art, social work, public
Nano Science, Technology & Applications affairs, science and engineering, trade and
for the Swachh Bharat Mission and Diseases industry, medicine, literature and education,
and drug development.This will help to sports, civil service which will inspire other
integrate and fuse various application of luminary to excel in these fields.
sciences into the governmental schemes
and policies. Giriputrika Kalyana Pathakam Scheme
Launched
24th World Book Fair Place: Andhra Pradesh
Place: New Delhi Agenda/Issue: Andhra Pradesh Government
Agenda/Issue: The 24th edition of New has launched Giriputrika Kalyana Pathakam
Delhi World Book Fair held at Pragati Maidan Scheme to support the tribal women in their
in New Delhi from January 7-9. This year the quest for livelihood on 22 January, 2016. The
theme of fair was “Vivid Bharat – Diverse scheme seeks to reduce rampant infant mortality
India” based on Cultural Heritage of India. and child marriages among tribal people.
CA-168 EVENTS 2016
Target/Application: The scheme will enterprises in the state on Feb 9, 2016.
provide a onetime financial assistance The scheme would facilitate free online
of ` 50,000 to each tribal woman who registration and self-certification to the
gets married. The amount will be directly investors interested in investment on
disbursed to the bank accounts of the micro, small and medium enterprises and
beneficiary through District Tribal Welfare service businesses.
Office. To avail the benefits of this scheme, Target/Application: CM Raman Singh had
each beneficiary would have to fulfil some issued directives to simplify the process
mandatory conditions. of registration and self-certification for
BSNL 4G Service Launched entrepreneurs so that they could take its
advantage. The scheme would facilitate free
Place: Chandigarh online registration and self certification to
Agenda/Issue: Bharat Sanchar Nigam the investors interested in investment on
Limited (BSNL) has started 4G services micro, small and medium enterprises and
at Chandigarh in Punjab circle promising service businesses. The investors can enroll
a speed of up to 100 Mbps on Jan 13, 2016. themselves online through website of the
With this launch, BSNL became fifth Industries department which will be based
telecom service provider in India to launch on self certification process.
4G service after Airtel (1st), Aircel (2nd),
Vodafone (3rd) and Reliance Jio (4th). ENVIS Portal Launched
Target/Application: Now, customers will Agenda/Issue: A new Environment
be able to download large files upto 1 GB Information System (ENVIS) portal and
within few seconds which at present takes mobile application is launched on 17
hours on current 2G/3G networks. BSNL February, 2016. It is a central sector Scheme
will also provide 4G services to government of the MOEFCC implemented since 1982.
agencies for video camera surveillance, Target/Application: The portal http://
traffic management solutions and home- envis.nic.in runs parallel with the Digital
land security service in India. India Objective, which works on improving
India’s First Aviation Park Launched the digital literacy in the environment
Place: Gujarat sector and deliver services digitally all
Agenda/Issue: District to strengthen the over the country. The purpose of the
aviation sector, Gujarat is going to have a scheme is to integrate country-wide
aviation park, on 10th Feb, 2016. efforts in environmental information
It is an integrated aviation park that aims to collection, storage, collation, retrieval and
provide a single platform for manufacturing dissemination.
activities and human resources related to 2016 Hockey India League
the aviation sector.
Place: Ranchi.
Target/Application: The first phase of
Agenda/Issue: Jaypee Punjab Warriors
the park is scheduled to get operational by
clinched the 2016 edition of the Hockey
the end of fiscal year 2016-2017. Gujarat
India League after beating the Kalinga
State Aviation Infrastructure Company
Lancers on 21 February, 2016. In the final
Ltd (GUJSAIL) is planning to develop this
park on Public Private Partnership (PPP) match played at the Birsa Munda Hockey
model.This aviation park will have slew Stadium in Ranchi, they defeated Kalinga
of facilities including an airstrip, helipad, Lancers by 6-1 goals.
training school and space for setting up Target/Application: Hockey India League
small manufacturing units among others. (HIL) is a professional field hockey league
It has immense potential to create direct in India organized by Hockey India, the
and indirect employment for highly-skilled governing body for the sport in India.
resources in the area of aerospace and avionics. The league was established in 2013 and
is sanctioned by International Hockey
Udyam Aakansha Scheme Launched Federation (FIH). Currently, there are six
Place: Chhattisgarh franchisee based teams having players from
Agenda/Issue: The Chhattisgarh government India and around the world. 2015 edition of
has launched Udyam Aakansha Scheme the league was won by Ranchi Rays.
for promoting micro, small and medium Rupinder Pal Singh (Delhi Waveriders) was
EVENTS 2016 CA-169
Himachal Pradesh Declared India’s between India and Sri Lanka since 2013. The
Second Open Defecation Free State previous edition of the exercise between
Place: Himachal Pradesh both nations was successfully conducted in
Agenda/Issue: Himachal Pradesh becomes September 2015 at Pune, Mahrashtra.
the second State in the country after Sikkim Target/Application: The main focus of this
to achieve the Open Defecation Free State edition of joint exercise is to enhance inter-
on 28th October, 2016. operability while carrying out Counter
Target/Application: Himachal Pradesh has Terrorism (CT) and Counter Insurgency
successfully achieved total rural sanitation (CI) operations under the UN Mandate. This
coverage of 100% in the state. Besides, all bilateral military exercise will be conducted
12 districts in state were declared as well as in two stages in which both armies will
verified as ODF. get familiar each other’s respective
methodology of such operations, arms and
National Ayurveda Day equipment and the command and control
Agenda/Issue: The first National Ayurveda systems.
Day was observed on 28 October on the
occasion of Dhanwantari Jayanti. India, China Conduct Second Joint
Tactical Exercise
Target/Application: Union Government
has decided to celebrate National Ayurveda Place: Ladakh
Day every year on the occasion of Agenda/Issue: India and China have
Dhanwantari Jayanti. This day marks birth conducted second joint military exercise
date of Lord Dhanvantari, which occurs “Sino India Cooperation 2016” in Ladakh
before two days before Diwali on Dhanteras. region along the Line of Actual Control
Judicial Committee on OROP Report (LAC) in Jammu and Kashmir on 20th
October, 2016.
Place: New delhi
Target/Application: The exercise compliments
Agenda/Issue: The Union had appointed Hand in Hand series of India-China joint
one man judicial the committee under the military exercises that aims to enhance
Chairmanship of retired Chief Justice of cooperation and maintain peace and
Patna High Court L Narasimha Reddy in tranquility along border areas of both
December 2015. It submitted its report on countries.
26th October, 2016.
Target/Application: The OROP scheme Himansh, India’s Remote, High-altitude
aims to provide ex-servicemen of same Station Opened in Himalayas
rank and same length of service uniform Place: Spiti, Himachal Pradesh.
pension regardless of date of retirement Agenda/Issue: A high altitude glaciological
provided that the ex-servicemen concerned research station in Himalaya called Himansh
had retired from the same rank and they began functioning in a remote region in Spiti,
had served for an equal number of years. Himachal Pradesh on 11th October, 2016.
Under this scheme, pension will be re- Himansh station will provide much needed
fixed every five years of ex-servicemen and fillip to the scientific research on Himalayan
future enhancements in rates of pension glaciers and its hydrological contribution.
will be automatically passed to the past The research lab has been established by
pensioners. the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
India-Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise Research (NCAOR) in Spiti Valley, one of the
Mitra Shakti 2016 most uninhabited parts of the country.
Place: Ambepussa, Sri Lanka. Target/Application: Researchers will
Agenda/Issue: The fourth edition of the use this station as a base for undertaking
India-Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise surveys that would digitize the glacier
‘MITRA SHAKTI 2016’ began at Sinha motion and snow cover variations with
Regimental Centre in Ambepussa, Sri Lanka exceptional precision. The Himalayan
on 24th October, 2016. Mitra Shakti series region has the largest concentration of
of bilateral exercises is one of the major glaciers outside the polar caps. It is called
bilateral defence cooperation initiatives the “Water Tower of Asia”.
CA-178 EVENTS 2016
India’s first Social Boycott Bill Passed be also used for Weather, climate modeling
in Maharashtra and seismic data processing.
Place: Maharashtra Advanced Guided Missile Destroyer
Agenda/Issue: The Maharashtra Assembly Mormugao launched
passed the Prohibition of Social Boycott Place: Mumbai, Maharashtra
Bill, which seeks to crack down on extra- Agenda/Issue: Indian Navy’s indigenously
judicial bodies on 13th April 2016. With built most Advanced Guided Missile Stealth
this Maharashtra became first state in the Destroyer ‘Mormugao’ was launched in
country to adopt a comprehensive law to Mumbai, Maharashtra on 17th September,
root out oppression carried out by parallel 2016. It has been Christened ‘Mormugao’
justice delivery system (kangaroo court) in after the Mormugao port of Goa, the home
the name of age old traditions, caste and State of Union Defence Minister Manohar
religion. Parrikar.
Target/Application: Under this Act, Target/Application: The stealth vessel
anyone found guilty of imposing any was built by government-run Mazgaon
social boycott on an individual or a group Dock Shipbuilders Ltd and belongs to
of individuals can be imprisoned up to Visakhapatnam class of ships being
three years and can be fined Rs1 lakh. It constructed under Project 15B. Mormugao
disallows social boycott of any individual has a displacement of 7,300 tonne with
or groups by caste panchayats or groups of maximum speed of over 30 knots. It is
individuals or by its members or by social fitted also with the Barak-8 long-range
or economically influential persons. The missiles. It is equipped with surface-to-
offence registered under the act will be surface missiles, surface-to-air missiles and
congnizable and bailable. It will be tried by anti-submarine rocket launchers. It is also
a judicial magistrate of the first class. capable of carrying two anti-submarine
warfare helicopters.
New Advanced Towed Artillery Artillery
Gun System Counter Terrorism Conference 2016
Agenda/Issue: India’s Defense Research Place: Jaipur
and Development Organization (DRDO) Agenda/Issue: President Pranab Mukherjee
successfully conducted proof firing tests of inaugurated the Counter-Terrorism Conference
a new towed gun currently being developed on 2nd February, 2016. The conference
for the Indian Army on 15th July, 2016. recognises that terrorism is undoubtedly
the single gravest threat that humanity is
Target/Application: The new gun will facing today.
allegedly be capable of firing five rounds in
Target/Application: He strongly condemned
short duration with a maximum range of 40 the recent terror attacks in the region and
kilometers, depending on the ammunition he said the states who encourage and
type. support provide sanctuary to terrorists
Super Computer PARAM-ISHAN should be identified and held accountable.
Place: IIT Guwahati The conference recognised that strong
measures against such states must be taken.
Agenda/Issue: PARAM ISHAN has been
The conference also expressed the need for
jointly developed by IIT Guwahati and C urgent measures to counter and prevent the
-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced spread of terrorism, violent extremism and
Computing). It has a peak computing power radicalization. Countering terrorism can
of 250 Teraflops and three hundred tera be successful by shaping public opinion,
bites capacity. society building and growing a concerted
Target/Application: PARAM ISHAN is the and integrated counter- terrorism policy.
fastest and most powerful computer in
Hydro-Electric Projects in Himachal
North East, Eastern and Southern region of
Pradesh
India outside Bengaluru (Karnataka). It was
inaugurated on 20th September 2016. It will Place: Himachal Pradesh
help to augment the research initiatives and Agenda/Issue: Prime Minister Narendra
also in creating an ecosystem for attracting Modi inaugurated three hydro-electric
right talents to the field of research. It can projects (HEPs) with a generating capacity
EVENTS 2016 CA-179
Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) designed in- systemic reform, which will give a quantum
house and built by GSL. leap to the functioning of the credit
Target/Application: This 105-metre new market. The Code will consolidate and
generation OPV is powered by twin diesel amend existing laws related to insolvency
engines and is fitted with state-of-the-art resolution and reorganization of corporate
navigation and communication equipment. persons, partnership firms and individuals
ICGS Shaurya will be commissioned into in a time bound manner. It provides for
service in 2017. It will be deployed for setting up Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board
search and rescue operations, pollution of India (IBBI) to regulate professionals,
control and external firefighting. It will also agencies and information utilities (IUs)
be deployed for monitoring sea lanes of engaged in resolution of insolvencies of
communication and ocean surveillance. companies.
As per the code, in case of insolvency
Crony-Capitalism Index
the interest of the workers must be fully
Agenda/Issue: India is ranked ninth in protected and they should be given dues for
2015 Crony-Capitalism Index with crony 24 months. The code seeks to give a push
sector wealth accounting for 3.4 per cent to the ease of doing business in the country.
of the gross domestic product (GDP). The
index was based on new study by ‘The Country’s 1st Contactless Credit Card
Economist’ which had used data from a Agenda/Issue: India’s largest private
list of the world’s billionaires and their sector bank ICICI Bank has launched
worth published by Forbes on 6th May, country’s first contactless business credit
2016. The crony-capitalism index aims card in association with Jet Airways for
to indicate whether the livelihood of the small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) on
people from certain country or city with 27th January, 2016.
a capitalist economy are easily affected by The card has been christened as the ‘Jet
crony capitalism. It is not an internationally Airways ICICI Bank Business Advantage
recognized index due to its limitations. Card’.
In this study each individual is labelled as Target/Application: The card is powered
crony or not based on the source of their by ‘VISA payWave’ contactless technology.
wealth. The technology enables cardholder to
Target/Application: In India, the non- make payments by simply tapping card at
crony sector wealth amounts to 8.3 per contactless enabled terminals in more than
cent of the GDP, as per the latest crony- 48 countries including India. The card can
capitalism index. In 2014 ranking India also be used by dipping or swiping at non-
stood at the ninth place. Top countries in contactless merchants.
the list are Russia (1st), Malaysia (2nd),
Simhastha Declaration
Philippines (3rd) and Singapore (4th). Top
ranking in the list indicates countries are Agenda/Issue: India and Sri Lanka
engaged more in crony capitalism. Russia released ‘Simhastha Declaration’ at Ninora
ranks worst in the index. The country’s crony village in Ujjain on 14th May, 2016. PM
sectors amounts to 18 per cent of its GDP. Narendra Modi in his address appealed
saints to conduct Vichar Kumbh every year
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Bill, with devotees and discuss social issues like
2016 the need to educate the girl child or plant
Place: New Delhi trees.
Agenda/Issue: The Parliament has passed Target/Application: Simhastha Declaration
the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Bill, has 51 sacred points for betterment of
2016 on 11th May, 2016. The code seeks to mankind that will start new discourse not
ensure time-bound settlement of insolvency, only in India but around the world. It is
faster turnaround of businesses and create a also a prescription on how a duty-centred
unified data base of serial defaulters. system that had been the origin of Indian
Target/Application: The Insolvency and philosophy of life is relevant in today’s
Bankruptcy Code is a comprehensive and India.
CA-182 EVENTS 2016
GST Constitutional Amendment Bill Passed failed to comply with this provision which
Place: New delhi may lead to constitutional breakdown.
Agenda/Issue: Rajya Sabha has passed the Target/Application: The political turning
Constitution Amendment Bill to smoothen point in Arunachal Pradesh began in
the progress of of GST on 8th August, 2016. December 2015 after 21 out of 47 ruling
Target/Application: The primary objective Congress legislators in the 60-member
house rebelled along with 11 BJP and 2
of the GST is to get rid of unnecessary
independent legislators and extended
taxation. GST is a uniform indirect tax levied
support to Kalikho Pul to form new
on goods and services across a country.
government. Later on Kalikho Pul has
2016-17 Global Competitiveness Index been sworn-in as the 9th Chief Minister
Agenda/Issue: India ranks 39th in 2016- of Arunachal Pradesh after Governor JP
17 Global Competitiveness Index among the Rajkhowa used his discretionary powers to
138 countries. The index was released as appoint him.
part of the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) India Celebrated its 67th Republic Day
Global Competitiveness Report for 2016-17
Place: New Delhi
on 27th September, 2016.
Agenda/Issue: India celebrated 67th
Target/Application: India’s overall Republic Day on 26th January 2016 by
competitiveness has increased due displaying its cultural diversity, economic
to improvements in institutions and progress and military might on Rajpath,
infrastructure along with recent reforms New Delhi. French President Francois
such as opening the economy to foreign Hollande was the chief guest at the Republic
investors and increasing transparency in Day parade. With this he beamce 5th highest
the financial system. Switzerland (1st), dignitary from France to be Chief Guest of
Singapore (2nd), United States (3rd), Indian Republic Day parade.
Netherlands (4th) and Germany (5th).
Target/Application: In this Republic Day
India Ranks 130th in 2017 Ease of parade, women empowerment was seen as
Doing Business Index women contingent of CRPF participated in
Agenda/Issue: India has been placed at the parade. Apart from this, women officer’s
130th position among the 190 countries contingents of Indian Nay, Air Force and
in the recently released World Bank’s ease Coast Guard also participated as 2nd in
of doing business index for the year 2017 command. For the first time in the history
published on 27th October. of Republic Day parade foreign contingent
participated. It was 76-member contingent
Target/Application: The ease of doing
35th Infantry Regiment of the French Army
business index is annually released by
led by Lt Col Paul Bury.
World Bank in its Ease of Doing Business
Report. It was introduced in 2004. National Conference on Women Legislation
Place: New Delhi.
Agenda/Issue: The President inaugurated
the first Conference of Women Legislators
President’s Rule in Arunachal Pradesh in New Delhi on 5th March, 2016. The
Place: Arunachal Pradesh conference intends to hone the skills of
Agenda/Issue: President Pranab Mukherjee legislators to perform their legislative
imposed President’s Rule in Arunachal and non-legislative roles with greater
Pradesh on 26th January, 2016. Under effectiveness.
Article 356 (1) of the Constitution after Target/Application: The theme of the
state assembly failed to comply with conference was ‘The Role of Women
the provisions of Article 174 (sessions Legislators in Nation Building” (Mahila
of the state legislature, prorogation and Janpratinidhi – Sashakt Bharat Ki Nirmata).
dissolution) of the Constitution. As per the The two-day conference will provide
provisions of Article 174, the session of women legislators a platform to interact
state assembly was to be held six months with their counterparts from across the
after the last sitting. But the state assembly country. It will also bring together women
EVENTS 2016 CA-183
union ministers, chief ministers, MPs and Afghanistan on 4th June, 2016. India has a
eminent women from the judiciary and the strategic partnership with Afghanistan and
bureaucracy. is implementing number of infrastructure
projects worth 2 billion dollars to help
National Waterways Bill
rebuild the country’s infrastructure. As part
Agenda/Issue: Rajya Sabha passed the of India’s goodwill diplomacy it has been
National Waterways Bill 2015 on 9th March supporting an Afghanistan-led, Afghanistan-
2016 to clear decks for the conversion of owned, broad-based and inclusive process
106 rivers and creeks across India into of peace and reconciliation.
transport waterways. Target/Application: The Afghan-India
Target/Application: The bill will convert Friendship Dam, earlier known as Salma
111 rivers across the country into National Dam, on the river Chist-e-Sharif in western
Waterways which would boost movement of Herat neighbouring Iran, will irrigate
goods and passengers via rivers and reduce 75,000 hectares of land and generate
the transportation costs substantially. 42MW of power.
Inland waterways mainly comprise rivers,
lakes, canals, creeks and backwaters. 8th BRICS Summit Concludes in Goa
It extends about 14,500 km across the Place: Goa
country. However, potential of this mode of Agenda/Issue: The eighth BRICS summit
transport has not been fully exploited so far. was held in Goa from 15 to 16 October 2016.
Good Country Index The summit concluded with adaptation of
Goa Declaration. The two day summit was
Agenda/Issue: India ranks 70th on 2015 attended by the Prime Minister Narendra
Good Country Index in the list of 163 countries Modi, Chinese President Xi Jinping,
published on 3rd June, 2016. Good Country Russian President Vladimir Putin, Brazilian
Index (GCI) is the biannual index founded by President Michel Temer and South African
Simon Anholt, a British government adviser President Jacob Zuma. The theme for the
with an aim is to find ways of encouraging summit was “Building Responsive, Inclusive
countries to collaborate and co-operate more, and Collective Solutions”.
and compete less. The index seeks to measure
how countries contribute to the global good. Target/Application: BRICS nations
condemned terrorism in all its forms and
Target/Application: Sweden has been stressed that there can be no justification
voted as the best country in the world for such acts. International terrorism,
when it comes to serving the interests of especially the Islamic State (IS) is an
its people and contributing to the common unprecedented threat to international peace
good of humanity while India figured low at and security. BRICS nations reaffirmed the
70th position on a list of 163 nations. commitment to increase effectiveness of
Afghan-India Friendship Dam the UN counter terrorism framework. First-
Place: Herat ever BRICS-BIMSTEC Outreach Summit
was also held on side-lines of 2016 BRICS
Agenda/Issue: PM Narendra Modi, Ashraf
Summit. The ninth BRICS Summit will be
Ghani inaugurates Afghan-India Friendship
hosted by China in 2017.
Dam in Herat province in Western
INTERNATIONAL
customs day 2016 was “Digital Customs:
Progressive Engagement”.
International Customs Day Target/Application: The day was instituted
Agenda/Issue: The International by the World Customs Organization (WCO)
Customs Day (ICD) has been observed on to commemorate the day in 1953, Belgium.
January 26 every year to recognize the It focuses on the working conditions and
role of custom officials and agencies in challenges that customs officers face in
maintaining border security. The theme their jobs. The 2016 theme is “Digital
of the celebration of the International Customs – Progressive Engagement”.
CA-184 EVENTS 2016
The Largest Known Solar System The Union for International Cancer Control
Discovered (UICC) had founded the WCD in 2008 by
Agenda/Issue: Scientists have discovered formally writing the goals of the World Cancer
the largest known solar system in the form Declaration. The primary goal of observing
of gas giant located one trillion kilometres the day is to reduce illness and death caused
away on 1st February. This solar system has by it by 2020. UICC is a Geneva based leading
large planet known as 2MASS J2126-8140 international non-governmental organisation
(NGO) founded in 1933.
that takes nearly a million years to orbit its
star. West Indies Wins ICC U-19 Cricket
Target/Application: The planet 2MASS World Cup 2016
J2126-8140 has mass between 12 and 15 Place: Mirpur
times of Jupiter and is located about 100 Agenda/Issue: West Indies won the ICC
light-years away from Earth. Astronomers Under-19 Cricket World Cup for the first
by using lithium signature have estimated time over three-time winner India by five
the age of planet somewhere between 10 wickets played at Mirpur (Bangladesh) on
million and 45 million years old. The newly 14th February, 2016.
discovered solar system is 140 times wider Target/Application: Acemen Ryan John
than Pluto’s path around our Sun. and Alzarri Joseph each took three wickets
12th South Asian Games as West Indies bowled out India for 145
after the West Indian captain chose to
Place: Guwahati
field first on winning the toss. This was
Agenda/Issue: Prime Minister inaugurated the the 11th edition of the tournament and
12th edition of South Asian Games (SAG) at the overall 17th edition of international U-19
Indira Gandhi Athletics Stadium in Guwahati, cricketing teams participated. It was held in
Assam on 5th February, 2016. Bangladesh. Indian side was captained by
This event is being jointly hosted by Ishan Kishan.
Guwahati and Meghalaya capital, Shillong
66th Berlin International Film Festival
in which over 2,500 athletes from 8 SAARC
nations viz. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Place: Berlin, Germany.
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan Agenda/Issue: The 66th Berlin International
and the Maldives are participating in it. Film Festival was held in Berlin, Germany
Tikhor, a one-horned rhino that represents from 11 February to 21 February 2016.
endangered fauna of Assam found in American actress Meryl Streep was the
Kaziranga National Park was the mascot of President of the Jury.
the event. Target/Application: The jury consisted
Target/Application: South Asian Games of American actress Meryl Streep as the
is biennial multi-sport event held among President of the Jury, Lars Eidinger, Nick
the athletes from 8 South Asian (SAARC) James, Brigitte Lacombe, Clive Owen Alba
countries. It is often hyped as the South Rohrwacher and Małgorzata Szumowska.
Asian version of Olympic Games. India has Other prizes include, Honorary Golden
ruled over this multi-sport event right from Bear: Michael Ballhaus. Silver Bear for
the beginning and has bagged the most best director: Mia Hansen-Løve (France)
number of medals – 1,728 which includes for Things to Come. Silver Bear for Best
900 Gold, 542 silver and 286 bronze. Actress: Trine Dyrholm (Denmark) for The
Commune. Silver Bear for Best Actor: Majd
World Cancer Day Mastoura (Tunisia) for Hedi. Silver Bear for
Agenda/Issue: World Cancer Day (WCD) Best Script: Tomasz Wasilewski for United
was observed on 4 February across the States of Love. Jury Grand Prix (Silver Bear):
world to raise awareness of cancer and to Death in Sarajevo by Danis Tanović.
encourage its prevention, detection, and World Wildlife Day
treatment. The theme for year 2016 WCD
Agenda/Issue: World Wildlife day was
was “We can. I can”
observed across the world on 3rd March.
Target/Application: The main aim of the It is designated as World Wildlife Day
World Cancer Day is to significantly decrease to celebrate and raise awareness of the
illness and death caused by cancer by 2020. world’s wild fauna and flora.
EVENTS 2016 CA-185
Target/Application: The theme for 2016 to address the question of whether life has
theme was “The future of wildlife is in our ever existed on Mars. Its sole purpose is to
hands”, with African and Asian elephants search (trace) evidence of methane (CH4)
being the main focus of global campaigns. and other atmospheric gases that could be
The date is the day of the adoption of the signatures of active biological or geological
Convention on International Trade in processes on Mars.
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) in 1973, which plays an important 10th Asian Film Awards
role in ensuring that international trade Place: The Venetian Casino and Hotel in Macau.
does not threaten the species’ survival. Agenda/Issue: The 10th Asian Film Awards
International Women’s Day ceremony was held at the Venetian Theatre
in The Venetian Casino and Hotel in Macau
Agenda/Issue: International Women’s Day
China on 17th March, 2016. The Assassin
was observed on 8th March to highlight the
has bagged 8 awards in different categories
achievements of women while calling for
greater equality. The 2016 theme is “Planet in the 2016 Asian film Awards. It is directed
50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender by Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao-Hsien.
Equality”. Target/Application: The award show
Target/Application: It reflects acceleration is held annually by the Hong Kong
of the 2030 Agenda, building momentum International Film Festival Society to
for the effective implementation of the new recognize the excellence of the film
Sustainable Development Goals. professionals in the film industries of
International Women’s Day was first observed Asian cinema. It was Inaugurated in 2007.
as a popular event after 1977 after the United It is held in Hong Kong for last seven years
Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has and the 8th moved to one of Asia’s fastest
proclaimed to observe March 8 as the UN Day growing entertainment hubs, Macau.
for Women’s Rights and World Peace. West Indies Clinch 2016 ICC World T-20
World’s Longest all-women Flight Place: Kolkata
Agenda/Issue: Air India flew the “world’s Agenda/Issue: West Indies clinched
longest” all-women operated and supported their second World T20 title after beating
flight from New Delhi to San Francisco on England in the final by 4 wickets in the final
6th March, 2016. The flight was operated match played at Eden Gardens, Kolkata on
as part of International Women’s Day 27th March, 2016.
celebrations. With this win, West Indies became the only
Target/Application: The flight travelled team to win the ICC World Twenty20 title
a distance of around 14,500 kilometre in twice. Earlier it had won its first title in
close to 17 hours ahead of the International 2012 by defeating Sri Lanka.
Women’s Day celebrations on 8th March.
Target/Application: West Indies became
ExoMars 2016 Spacecraft the first team to win both the men’s and
Agenda/Issue: An unmanned spacecraft women’s World Twenty20s. Player of the
named ExoMars 2016 was successfully match was Marlon Samuels (West Indies).
launched jointly Europe and Russia to search Player of the series was Virat Kohli (India).
for biosignatures on Mars (or Martian life) in
past or present on 14th March, 2016.
Lee Chong Wei Wins 2016 Malaysian
The spacecraft was launched on a Proton-M
Open
rocket operated by Russia’s Roscosmos Agenda/Issue: Lee Chong Wei won his
from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. ExoMars 2016 11th Malaysia Open title by defeating world
is the first of a two-phase of ExoMars number one Chen Long from China 10th
(Exobiology on Mars) program. April 2016.
Target/Application: ExoMars program is Target/Application: The title is Chong
an astrobiology mission of European Space Wei’s 11th Malaysia Open crown after
Agency (ESA) and Russian Federal Space having won in 2004, 2005, 2006 and
Agency (Roscosmos). Its primary Goal is consecutively from 2008-2014.
CA-186 EVENTS 2016
Indo-Mongolia joint exercise ‘Nomadic (Euro Cup 2016) by defeating host France.
Elephant’ 2016 on 10th July, 2016. It was Portugal’s first
Place: Mongolia. UEFA European Championship title.
Agenda/Issue: The 11th Indo-Mongolia Target/Application: With this victory,
joint training Exercise, ‘Nomadic Elephant Portugal has earned the right to compete at
- 2016’ has started on 25th April. It seeks the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup hosted
to promote military associations between by Russia. Golden Boot: Antoine Griezmann
India and Mongolia. The first joint exercise (France) – 6 goals, 2 assists. Silver Boot:
was held in 2004 and since then it is Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal) – 3 goals,
annually held. 3 assists. Bronze Boot: Olivier Giroud
(France) – 3 goals, 2 assists. Young Player of
Target/Application: Aim of exercise is
the Tournament: Renato Sanches (Portugal)
to develop synergy and interoperability
– aged 18.
between the two armies to fight in Counter
Insurgency and Counter Terrorism (CICT) Airlander 10: World’s Biggest Aircraft’s
environment under the United Nation First Flight
mandate. In this edition, a platoon of the Place: Cardington, England.
Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army along Agenda/Issue: The first flight of Airlander
with a team of two observers is taking part 10 is a historic success and marks the
in the event. commencement of Airlander 10’s Flight
World Refugee Day Test Programme at an airfield in Cardington
Agenda/Issue: Each year 20th June is in central England on 17th August, 2016.
observed internationally as World Refugee It is a hybrid airship made by Hybrid Air
Day. It is observed to raise awareness of the Vehicles in United Kingdom.
situation of refugees throughout the world. Target/Application: Airlander 10 has
been widely hailed as an innovation that
Target/Application: The observance of the
will have a hugely positive impact on the
day seeks to draw attention to the plight of
world by providing low carbon aviation and
refugees and also to celebrate their courage
brand new capabilities in the sky. It can fly
and resilience and renew commitment to
at up to 4,880 metres and reach speeds of
solve refugee problems.
148 kilometres per hour. It can also carry a
Global Human Capital Index 10-tonne payload. It can stay airborne for
Agenda/Issue: India ranked 105th out of more than two weeks unmanned and up to
130 countries on global human capital index five days if manned.
on the 2016 Human Capital Index (HCI), World Risk Index 2016
which was released in the World Economic Agenda/Issue: India ranks 77th on 2016
Forum (WEF) report on 28th June, 2016. World Risk Index among the 171 countries.
The report was released by Geneva-WEF The index was released as part of the
in the Chinese city of Tianjin at its Annual World Risk Report 2016 released by the
Meeting of New Champions which is also United Nations University Institute for
known as `Summer Davos’ summit. Environment (UNUIE) and Human Security
Target/Application: Finland, Norway and (UNU-EHS) and Bundnis Entwicklung
Switzerland hold the top three positions, Hilft in cooperation with the University of
utilising around 85 per cent of their human Stuttgart in Germany on 25th August, 2016.
capital. Japan leads when it comes to 55 year- Target/Application: The no.1 position on
olds and over. India has got better rankings the index has gone to the Island state of
HCI’s indicators such as quality of education Vanuatu, which displayed the greatest risk
system (39th), staff training (46th) and ease in 2016.
of finding skilled employees (45th).
First Russia-Pakistan Military Exercise
2016 UEFA European Football Druzhba-2016
Championship
Place: Pakistan
Place: Paris, France Agenda/Issue: The first military exercise
Agenda/Issue: Portugal has won the 2016 between Russia and Pakistan named
UEFA European football championship Druzhba-2016 (Friendship-2016) completed
EVENTS 2016 CA-187
in Pakistan on 10th October, 2016. The declared as world’s largest Marine Protected
military exercise is taking place at the Army Area (MPA) to protect the Earth’s most
High Altitude School in northern Pakistan’s pristine marine ecosystem on 28th October,
Rattu and at a special forces training centre 2016. It was declared in Commission for
in Cherat. the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Target/Application: The two week long Resources (CCAMLR) meeting in Hobart,
joint military drills aims at bolstering and Australia.
building military cooperation between the Target/Application: The Ross Sea is
two countries. It will involve experience one of the last intact marine ecosystems
sharing and develop coordination in in the world. It covers 1.6 million square
carrying out practice combat tasks in a kilometers. Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean
mountainous environment, including is home to 38% of the world’s Adelie
operations against illegal armed groups. penguins, 30% of world’s Antarctic petrels
With this, Pakistani Army and Russian and around 6% of world’s population of
Ground Forces (RGF) have come together Antarctic minke whales.
for the first time in military exercises
reflecting growing military ties between India on 133rd Position in 2016 World
two former Cold War rivals. Press Freedom Index
China-Russia Joint Naval Exercises Agenda/Issue: India was placed at the
133rd position on the 2016 World Press
Place: Guangdong, China
Freedom Index on 20th April, 2016.
Agenda/Issue: China, Russia conduct joint
naval exercises Joint Sea-2016 in South China Naval Exercise IBSAMAR 2016 between
Sea of China’s southern Guangdong province India, South Africa, Brazil
on 19th September, 2016. The eight-day naval Place: Goa
exercises (from September 13 to 19) were Agenda/Issue: The fifth edition of
held in a non-disputed area in SCS off China’s IBSAMAR naval exercises between Brazil,
southern Guangdong province. India and South Africa held in Goa on 19th
Target/Application: The exercises follow a February, 2016. IBSAMAR is abbreviated as
spike in tensions after Permanent Court of India-Brazil-South Africa Maritime. This is
Arbitration in The Hague rejected China’s the for the first time the exercise is held in
claims in the SCS and slammed it for India as all the previous editions were held
causing environmental damage there. They in South Africa since it began in 2006.
had carried out live-fire drills, sea crossing
and island landing operations, and island Target/Application: The primary aim of
defence and offence exercises among other. the exercise is to increase interoperability
amongst the three navies, as well as develop
International Day for the Preservation common understanding and procedures
of the Ozone Layer for maritime security operations. The
Agenda/Issue: The International Day thrust of the exercises will be on anti-
for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is submarine warfare (ASW), air defence,
observed every year on September 16 for flying operations, surface firing, search and
the preservation of the Ozone Layer rescue and tactical procedures. Indian navy
Target/Application: 2016 theme: “Ozone is represented by INS Mumbai– a missile
and climate: Restored by a world united”. destroyer, INS Shalki– a Shisuhumar class
It recognizes the collective efforts of the diesel electric submarine and INS trishul– a
parties to the Montreal Protocol and Vienna stealth frigate.
Convention towards the restoration of the
Afghanistan’s Highest Civilian Honour
ozone layer over the past three decades and
the global commitment to combat climate Agenda/Issue: PM Narendra Modi
change. conferred Afghanistan’s highest civilian
honour Amir Amanullah Khan Award on
Antartica’s Ross Sea Declared as 5th June, 2016. The award was bestowed
World’s Largest Marine Protected Area upon him at the inaugural function of the
Place: Hobart, Australia. Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Salma Dam)
Agenda/Issue: Antartica’s Ross Sea was by Afghan President Ashraf Ghani.
CA-188 EVENTS 2016
Target/Application: It is the Highest biennially during June and July of even-
Civilian honour bestowed by Afghan numbered years from Honolulu, Hawaii. It
government to Afghan national as well as is hosted and administered by the United
foreigners in appreciation of their services. States Navy’s Pacific Fleet (headquartered
Amanullah Khan. He was the ruler of the at Pearl Harbur) in conjunction with the
Emirate of Afghanistan from 1919-1929. His Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, and Hawaii
rule was marked by dramatic political and National Guard forces under the control of
social change. He was the first Afghan ruler the Governor of Hawaii.
who attempted to modernize Afghanistan RIO Paralympics 2016
on Western designs.
Agenda/Issue: The 2016 Summer
2016 Red Flag Aerial Combat Exercises Paralympic Games began on 7th September
Place: Alaska, U.S. 2016 and concluded on 18th September
Agenda/Issue: The multilateral Red Flag 2016. Deepa Malik has created history by
Aerial combat exercises between US, NATO winning silver medal in Women’s shotput
and allied forces and India Air Force (IAF) at the 2016 Rio Paralympics. With this she
concluded in Alaska, US on 13th May, 2016. becomes first Indian woman to win a medal
Objective of IAF’s participation in this at the Paralympics. It is India’s 3rd medal in
inter-continental exercise was to showcase the ongoing Paralympics games at Rio de
its capability in undertaking integrated Janeiro, Brazil.
air operations and gain also operational Mariyappan Thangavelu has won India’s
lessons. first gold medal at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.
Target/Application: Exercise Red Flag is He won the gold medal in the Men’s High
an advanced aerial combat training exercise Jump T-42 event with jump of 1.89 metres.
hosted at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. Target/Application: India had won its
Red Flag – Alaska is held at Eielson Air first ever Paralympics Gold medal in the
Force Base, Alaska, being a successor to the 1972 Heidelberg Games. It was won by
previous COPE THUNDER exercise series Swimmer Murlikant Petkar. Besides, India
in the Western Pacific and Alaska. The had claimed Gold and Bronze medals at
exercise was conducted multiple simulated 2004 Athens Paralympics. The Gold medal
scenario to provide realistic settings with was won by Javelin thrower Devendra
a Red Force, defending their airspace and Jhajharia and the Bronze medal was won by
assets and a Blue Force acting as offensive Rajinder Singh in powerlifting event. In the
side. Red Force was constituted by US F-16 last edition of Paralympics held in London
fighters, while the IAF planes along with in 2012, India had won just a silver medal.
other USAF aircraft such as F-15, F-16 and
F-22 and US Navy F-18, constituted the Blue Gotthard Base Tunnel Operationalised
Force. Agenda/Issue: The world’s longest and
deepest railway tunnel Gotthard Base
RIMPAC 2016 Tunnel was inaugurated in Switzerland on
Place: Hawaii, United States. 1st June, 2016. The full service of twin-
Agenda/Issue: World’s largest bore tunnel will begin in December 2016.
international maritime exercise named The Gotthard Base Tunnel is 57-kilometer
RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) 2016 began long and connects northern and southern
in Pacific Ocean at Hawaii, United States Europe and also shortens travel time for
on 30th June, 2016. RIMPAC 2016 will see many rail routes. It has overtaken Japan’s
participation of Navies from 26 countries. Seikan tunnel, which measures 53.9
This year it is the 25th edition of biennial kilometers, as the longest rail tunnel in the
exercise in the series that began in 1971. world.
Target/Application: This year it is the 25th Target/Application: The twin-bore
edition of biennial exercise in the series that Gotthard Base Tunnel is the first flat low-
began in 1971. “Capable, Adaptive, Partners” level route through the Alps Mountain and
was the theme of RIMPAC 2016. The is situated 2.3 km deep under the Alps. It
RIMPAC is the world’s largest international was built in 17 years by 2,400 workers, at
maritime warfare exercise. It is held a cost of over 12 billion dollars as a part of
EVENTS 2016 CA-189
nuclear weapons in a way that promotes to the UNFCC have adopted Marrakech
international stability. It has citied North Action Proclamation for Our Climate and
Korea’s repeated provocations as a key Sustainable Development. The adaptation
challenge to achieve the goal of safer world of Marrakech Action Proclamation sends
for all. out a strong signal to the world on climate
action and shift towards a new era of
India, France ink deal for 36 Rafale
implementation and action on climate
Fighter Jets
and sustainable development. India has
Agenda/Issue: India and France have welcomed Marrakesh Action Proclamation
signed an Inter-Governmental Agreement as most of its demands including the
for the purchase of 36 Rafale fighter jets on issue of providing finance to developing
September 23 at a cost of 7.87 billion Euros. nations to tackle climate change has been
Target/Application: The defence deal incorporated.
includes the aircraft in fly-away condition, Target/Application: Countries affirmed
simulators, weapons, spares, maintenance, their commitment to full implementation
and Performance Based Logistics support of the Paris Agreement which also reflects
for five years. The Rafale is a twin- respective capabilities in light of different
engine fighter, multi-role fighter aircraft national circumstances of countries.
manufactured by French aviation company They proclamated that It is urgent duty of
Dassault. These aircrafts is capable of countries to respond global warming which
carrying out all combat missions such as is warming the climate at an alarming and
interception, air defence, in-depth strikes, unprecedented rate. It is necessary for rapid
ground support, reconnaissance, anti-ship entry into force of the Paris Agreement with
strikes and nuclear deterrence. its ambitious goals, its inclusive nature and
Procurement of 145 Ultra Light Howitzers its reflection of equity and common but
Guns from the US differentiated responsibilities.
Agenda/Issue : The Defence Acquisition World Economic Forum
Council (DAC) has given its approval to Agenda/Issue: The annual World Economic
purchase 145 Ultra-Light Howitzers (ULH) Forum (WEF) meeting took place from
guns from the US on 1st December. The 20 to 23 January in Swiss resort of Davos,
procurement of ULH will be through the Switzerland with participation of political
Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route from leaders and business from around the
the US and it will cost around 750 million world. In this edition of WEF meeting, the
dollars. agenda includes the outlook of the global
Target/Application: Ultra-Light Howitzers economy and measures to fight terrorism.
(ULH) Guns is being manufactured by BAE Target/Application: Leaders from about
Systems’ Global Combat Systems division. It 40 countries and more than 2,500 business
is smaller and lighter. It weighs 4,100 kg and people attended the meeting. The 4-day
can be easily transported by helicopters. It conference covered the discussions on
has effective firing range of 24 km. It will be tumbling oil prices and China’s uncertain
deployed in high altitude areas in Arunachal economic prospects. It also discussed the
Pradesh and Ladakh, bordering China issue of growing terror threats in the wake
under the Mountain Strike Corps (raised in of the November 2015 terrorist attacks in
2013). Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Paris (France) and influx of migrants and
is an apex body of Union Defence Ministry refugees in Europe.
for clearing defence procurement proposals
Talgo Train Trial Run
forwarded by the Indian Army, Navy and Air
Force. Agenda/Issue: Indian Railways has
conducted the first ever trial run for high-
COP22 Adopts Marrakech Action speed Talgo trains of Spain on the 90-km
Proclamation Bareilly-to-Moradabad stretch in Uttar
Agenda/Issue: The COP22 was held Pradesh on May 28.
7-18 November in Marrakech, Morocco. Target/Application: The first phase of trial
Nearly 200 nations attending the COP22 run was conducted at speeds between 80
CA-194 EVENTS 2016
KMPH and 115 KMPH (km per hour) by a activities, including deliberate trade mis-
joint team of the Railway Design Standards invoicing, which hampers the mobilisation
Organisation (RDSO) and Spanish train of domestic resources for development.
manufacturer Talgo. It consisted of nine- Postponement of 19th SAARC Summit
coach Talgo train hauled by a 4500 HP
diesel engine. The train covered 90-km Agenda/Issue: Pakistan has postponed
distance in 1 hour 10 minutes. In the second the 19th South Asian Association for
and third phase, Indian Railway’s is going Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit
to conduct trail run on Mathura-Palwal on 15-16 November after India and four
(Rajdhani) route and Mumbai-Delhi route other countries announced to boycott the
respectively to test the riding, safety and Summit. The summit was schedule to be
stability of Talgo trains. held on November 9th and 10th, 2016 in
Islamabad, capital city of Pakistan.
Colombia and FARC Rebels Deal Target/Application: Pakistan’s decision
Agenda/Issue: Colombia has signed a is a boost for India’s diplomatic efforts
revised peace agreement with FARC rebel to corner Pakistan over the terror attack
groups on September 26 aimed at ending at Uri. It also comes a day after Pakistan
half a century of war that has killed more suffered humiliating Indian cross-border
than 220,000 and internally displaced raids (surgical strikes) on terrorist launch
millions. The agreement has been reached pads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).
less than two months after a plebiscite Earlier India and three other countries
narrowly rejected the original agreement. Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan in
The talks to reach the deal were taking place a synchronized effort, had informed the
in Havana (Cuba) for the past four years. SAARC Secretariat that their leaders will
Target/Application: The new agreement not attend the summit citing concerns over
aims to satisfy all those objections made cross-border terrorism in the region.
by millions of Colombians who rejected the
India and Japan Civil Nuclear
original deal in the referendum. President
Cooperation Agreement
Juan Manuel Santos, was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize last month for his efforts to end Agenda/Issue: India and Japan have
the war. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of signed a bilateral Civil Nuclear Cooperation
Colombia (FARC), Colombia’s largest rebel Agreement on 11 November, 2016. With
group was founded in 1964 as the armed this, India has become the first non-NPT
wing of the Communist Party. country with which Japan has signed a
Civil Nuclear Agreement. The civil nuclear
2016 G-20 Summit agreement between the two countries was
Agenda/Issue: The 2016 Group of Twenty not realized so manly because India did
(G20) Summit was held in Hangzhou, not fit into Japan’s ‘Hikaku San Gensoku’
China from 4th to 5th September 2016 to or three non-nuclear principles. These
discuss efforts to reform global economic principles adopted in a resolution by
governance. It was the eleventh meeting of Japanese parliament provide that Japan
the G20. It was the first ever G20 summit would neither possess nor manufacture
to be hosted in China and the second Asian nuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their
country after 2010 G20 Seoul summit was introduction into Japanese territory.
hosted in South Korea. The theme of 2016 Target/Application: The talks for
G20 Summit was “Toward an Innovative, Civil Nuclear Agreement between the
Invigorated, Interconnected and Inclusive two countries had started when a joint
World Economy”. statement in 2006 with joint statement
Target/Application: G-20 leaders have by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
pledged to continue to work for a globally and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
fair and modern international tax system, However, the discussions took five years
foster growth and refrain from competitive to move to negotiation stage in 2010. The
devaluation of currencies. They will cause of delay was political opposition
continue the work on addressing cross- within Japan from anti-nuclear lobbies
border financial flows derived from illicit and media. Till now, India has also signed
EVENTS 2016 CA-195
civil nuclear deal with 10 other countries PM Narendra Modi had picked Amritsar as
viz. United States, Russia, South Korea, the venue in line with his policy of hosting
Mongolia, France, Namibia, Argentina, international conferences outside the
Canada, Kazakhstan, and Australia. capital to open the world closer to other
cities of India. In addition, Amritsar was
India joins the Hague Code of Conduct
the apt choice as it adds to the theme of
Agenda/Issue: India has joined the Hague connectivity as the city has been on the
Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Grand Trunk Road which once connected
Proliferation (HCoC), a global ballistic Sonargaon in Bangladesh to Peshawar in
missile proliferation regime on June 2. Pakistan.
India has joined the Code highlighting its Target/Application: Three significant
readiness to further strengthen global non- issues which were discussed in the
proliferation objectives. However, India has conference are elimination of terrorism
made it clear that it will not have any impact and all its manifestations which include
on the national security as well as country’s dismantling of all terrorist safe havens
missile programmes. and disruption of all kinds of financial,
Target/Application: Hague Code tactical and logistical support for
of Conduct against Ballistic Missile terrorist activities. The declaration also
Proliferation (HCoC) is a voluntary, legally enumerated the grave challenges posed
non-binding international confidence to the region emanate from terrorism,
building and transparency measure violent forms of extremism, radicalization,
that seeks to prevent the proliferation separatism and sectarianism. It mentioned
of ballistic missiles that are capable of that together these pose a serious
delivering weapons of mass destruction threat to territorial integrity, economic
(WMD). It was established on 25 November development, sovereignty, bilateral and
2002 as a result of international efforts to regional cooperation. The need for highly
regulate access to ballistic missiles which effective de-radicalization and counter-
can potentially deliver WMDs radicalization strategies was also felt.
Concerns were also felt over growing
Heart of Asia Conference
violence in Afghanistan by groups like Al
Place: Amritsar Qaeda, LeT, JeM etc. The MoU between China
Agenda/Issue: The Heart of Asia-Istanbul and Afghanistan on Jointly Building the Silk
Process (HoA) was founded on November Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century
2nd, 2011 in Istanbul, Turkey. The Heart Maritime Silk Road was also welcomed by
of Asia provides a platform for sincere the declaration. Almost all the participating
and results-oriented regional cooperation and supporting countries along with
by placing Afghanistan at its center, in international organizations attended the
recognition of the fact that a secure and conference. Guest countries included
stable Afghanistan is vital to the prosperity Austria, Bulgaria, Latvia and Uzbekistan.
of the Heart of Asia region. The Sixth Ministerial Conference of the
This platform was established to address Heart of Asia Process ended with the
the shared challenges and interests of adoption of the annual Miniseterial
Afghanistan and its neighbours and regional Declaration, which sets the course for the
partners. The Heart of Asia is comprised of upcoming year of the Process.
14 participating countries, 17 supporting The Declaration reiterates the committment
countries, and 12 supporting regional and of the participating countries, supporting
international organizations. countries, and supporting regional and
The Sixth Heart of Asia Ministerial international organizations to the Heart of
Conference which began on 3rd Dec has Asia Process. It also recognizes the central
adopted the “Amritsar Declaration” with its role of this platform in enchancing regional
prime focus on terrorism. It stresses on all cooperation to address shared challenges
the countries concerned to take an account and to promote security, stability and
of the deteriorating situation and enhance socioeconomic development in the Heart of
regional economic cooperation. Asia region.
CA-196
n Anjali Chahal
I
ndus water treaty was signed between flow simultaneously’. A meeting was
India and Pakistan on Sep 19, 1960 held to weigh India’s options to hit back at
by Indian PM JawaharLal Nehru and Pakistan in aftermath of Uri attack. Official
Pakistan president Ayub Khan to share sources say India might use provisions
the waters of six rivers between both the in Indus water treaty to turn the heat on
countries. The Indus agreement deals with Pakistan. One of the measures taken by
six rivers according to which the waters the government has been that the Indus
of eastern rivers of Ravi, Satluj and Beas commissioners will meet only in the
are allocated to India and the waters of absence of terrorism which implies that if
western rivers- Indus, Jhelum and Chenab the meetings don’t happen, any redressal
are allocated to Pakistan. of grievance won’t happen at the first
The pact has survived three major stage and any dispute that arises won’t
wars between both countries but is now be resolved. Modi’s government is also
under threat of breakdown. It was one of reviewing the suspension of the Tulbul
the most liberal pacts as India allows more project according to which India can control
than four times of water to flow to Pakistan the water of Jhelum that would disrupt
as compared to the availability to India but things for Pakistan.
still there has been bickering over sharing But can India easily scrap the pact
of water. India’s concerns has been that it without any grave repercussions for both
is a lower riparian state when it comes to the countries? Pakistan’s dependence on the
Himalayan rivers like the Bramaputra, the Indus system cannot be overstated. About
water becoming centre point of Kashmir 65% of its geographical area, including
issue, and that no punitive measures such the entire Punjab province, is part of the
as turning off the Indus tap works to mend
Indus basin. The country has the world’s
Pakistan’s ways.
largest canal irrigation system, thanks to its
The recent tensions between both the
countries following a terrorist strike in development of the basin, which accounts
Kashmir where an army base was attacked for more than 90% of its irrigated area.
in the garrison town of Uri near the Line of Turning the tap off can be detrimental
control and 18 Indian personnel
were killed. The questions has
been raised by some Indian
spokespersons to scrap the
treaty as a tactic to warn Pakistan
to stop using violent ideology
against India but there is another
school of thought which believes
that scrapping the treaty is not a
good diplomatic option to handle
Pakistan’s intentions.
PM Narender Modi made a
statement reviewing the treaty
that ‘Blood and water cannot
BLOOD AND WATER CANNOT GO TOGETHER: INDUS WATER TREATY .... CA-197
ISSUES
2016
NATIONAL
Out of the 80 castes in Haryana, only 16 - Ahir, Arora, Khatri, Bhisnoi, Brahmin, Gossain,
Gujjar, Jat Sikh, kalal, Mahajan /Bhnia, Meo, Muslim, Rajput, Ror, Saini and Tyagi - do
not find mention in the lists of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes notified by the
Haryana Government. Naturally the most prominent and powerful caste in Haryana
accuse this decision as a treachery against them.
The recent Jat Reservation Agitation by Jat people of North India, especially in the state of
Haryana started on 12th February, and turned violent on 20th February. The protesters
were seeking inclusion of their caste in the Other Backward Class (OBC) category, which
would make them eligible for affirmative action benefits.
Besides Haryana, the protests also spread to the neighbouring states, such as Rajasthan.
The protests have caused a loss of approximately 340 billion (US$5.0 billion) in northern
India. The Northern Railways has suffered a loss of 2 billion (US$29 million) while more
than 10 lakh passengers have been affected. Jats, Jat Sikhs, Rors, Tyagis and Bishnois, are
seeking reservation under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category. They had been
promised that the Economically Backward Category (EBC) quota will be increased from
10% to 20% by the state government. In addition to this they were also promised the
annual income ceiling from ` 2.5 lakh to ` 6 lakh to accommodate more people under
the category.
reservation for economically backward Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward
classes (EBC) among upper castes. Families Classes (OBC). This decision will break
that earn less than Rs 6 lakh per year will Supreme Court’s reservation limit of 50 per
qualify for the quota. This new reservation cent as the State Government is even now
will not affect the present reservation provides 50 per cent reservation to SC, ST
available to Scheduled Castes (SC) / and OBC.
Channelization of the Forest Development 6,000 crores per annum to the States/UTs
Corpus for conservation, protection, improvement
and expansion of forest and wildlife
Date: 25 July, 2016 resources of the country. Availability of
Place: New Delhi these amounts will not only help the States/
Field: Constitutional UTs and local communities to ensure better
Problems: Deforestation management of their forest resources but
Massive deforestation in India has posed will also result in creation of more than 15
a serious threat to our environment. crores man-days of direct employment. A
Despite several attempts no significant major part of these amounts will be used
improvement was marked. Lack of fund to restock and improve quality of degraded
and proper channelization of money for forests, which constitutes more than 40% of
this purpose is an important factor for not the total forest cover of the country.
achieving the desired goal.
This Bill establishes National Compensatory
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Bill will
Afforestation Fund (NCAF) under the Public
facilitate make available more than Rs.
CA-206 ISSUES 2016
Account of India, and a State Compensatory utilised for afforestation, regeneration of
Afforestation Fund under the Public Account forest ecosystem, wild life protection and
of each state. The collected funds will be forest related infrastructure development.
South India’s First Children’s Court who migrated from the then West Pakistan
were given ‘refugee’ status and settled by
Date: 24 August, 2016 the Indian Government elsewhere in the
Place: Hyderabad country, those who migrated from PoK
Field: Judiciary (mainly from Muzafarabad and Mirpur
South India’s first Children’s Court in areas) are yet to be settled and live
Hyderabad is going to dispose of children even today without ‘refugee’ status. The
related cases on a war-footing basis. government’s position has been that, since
Telangana has become the third state after they have migrated from PoK, which is
Goa and Delhi to have a child friendly court legally a part of India, they are technically
and sixth in the country with features not qualified to be categorized under the
like separate waiting rooms for children ‘refugee’ bracket.
and a video camera trial for the accused, The Govt. has proposed a ` 2,000-crore
mandated under the Protection of Children package for people displaced from PoK
from Sexual Offences (POSCO) Act-2012. living in India.
POCSO stipulates child-friendly court
rooms be put in place across all states at the Bihar to Link Exams to Aadhaar Number
earliest in the interest of children in need of Date: 3 September, 2016
care. Place: Patna
Earlier due to lack of such courts the Field: Education
children criminals had to face serious To clean up the examination system, post
violation of human rights. the toppers scam in the state, the Bihar
Displaced People from PoK School Examination Board (BSEB) has
Date: 28 August, 2016 decided to begin a new process in a full-
Place: New Delhi fledged manner from next year by linking
Field: Home Affairs Aadhaar card number of the students
Those people forced to leave their homes in with their examination forms to avoid
what now constitutes the Pakistan occupied duplication. This new initiative is the first
Kashmir (PoK) in 1947 after the tribal raids. to be implemented by any state board in
Subsequently, there were two more phases the country. The move will not only add to
of movement after the 1965 and 1971 wars greater transparency in the exam process
between India and Pakistan. While those but also facilitate easy access to documents.
ISSUES 2016 CA-207
Commercial Surrogacy
The term generally refers to any surrogacy arrangement in which the surrogate mother
receives compensation for her services, beyond reimbursement of medical expenses.
The alternative to commercial surrogacy is altruistic surrogacy. In altruistic surrogacy,
a woman volunteers to carry a pregnancy for intended parents without any monetary
compensation in return.
PROS
• Commercial surrogacy allows women to be compensated fairly for their yearlong
commitment to intended parents.
• Commercial surrogacy is legally regulated to protect the rights of the surrogate as
well as the intended parents.
• Commercial surrogacy is an alternative for intended parents who do not want to
take favors from close friends or family members to make the sacrifices required
for altruistic surrogacy.
• In commercial surrogacy, contracts are thoroughly negotiated. Monetary
compensation to be received by the surrogate is determined ahead of time. This can
prevent disputes over reimbursements during and after the pregnancy.
• It influences harmony, since most of women pursue surrogacy because they want to
help build other families.
CONS
• Commercial surrogacy is more expensive than altruistic surrogacy.
• Some opponents of commercial surrogacy are of the opinion that it exploits
vulnerable women.
• Commercial surrogacy is illegal in some countries which forces some intended
parents to pursue international surrogacy. This may result in legal and ethical
complications.
Commercial surrogacy, carried out legally and ethically, can be a wonderful way for
people to come together to help hopeful parents.
Recently, in India, a bill to ban commercial surrogacy was introduced in the Lok Sabha.
The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 was presented by Health Minister J P Nadda.
The bill is intended to focus on protecting women from exploitation and ensure the
rights of the child born through surrogacy. If it is approved, commercial surrogacy will
face a ban in India.
Under special circumstances, only infertile couples with medical letters will be allowed
to approach surrogate mothers. Even those that meet these criteria go through further
restrictions .Few of the required conditions are that the couple has to be Indian and the
woman must be aged between 23 to 50 and the man’s age must be between 26 and 55.
There is also a clause which states that the couple has to be married for at least 5 years.
Aadhaar Card Must for LPG Subsidy According to Botanical Survey of India
(BSI) almost one of every four species of
Date: 5 October, 2016 flowering plants found in India is endemic
Place: New Delhi to the country. Tamil Nadu garners the
Field: Public Distribution highest number of species with 410. Tamil
It has been observed that people who are Nadu is followed by Kerala with 357 and
not eligible getting subsidy of LPG. In order Maharashtra with 278. Four different
to curb this illegal practice the Supreme varieties of roses, two herbs and two
Court has already directed in favour of climbers and 12 species of jasmines are
Adhar Link. exclusively found in India. There are also
Now, the government has made Aadhaar 40 species of bamboos, which are endemic
mandatory for availing cooking gas (LPG) to India. A total of 58 generea of flowering
subsidies. Currently 12 cylinders of 14.2- plants have been found to be endemic to
kg each are given at subsidised rates per India. The Botanical Survey was formally
household in a year. The subsidy on every instituted on 13 February 1890 under the
cylinder is transfered in advance directly direction of Sir George King, who had been
into bank accounts of individuals, who superintendent of Royal Botanic Garden,
then buy the cooking fuel at market rates. Calcutta since 1871. King was the first ex-
As LPG subsidy is an expenditure incurred officio Director of BSI.
from Consolidated Fund of India therefore Whitener in Uttarakhand Banned
the use of Aadhaar card is a mandatory
requirement for availing of the benefit. Date: 25 October, 2016
Place: Uttarakhand
T.N. Tops List of Endemic Flowering Plant
Field: Judicial
Date: 3 October, 2016 Whitener is a new addiction among young
Place: Tamil Nadu teenagers in India today. Sniffing shoe
Field: Ecology whitener, or eraser white ink has caught
ISSUES 2016 CA-209
on among many kids in India today. This has ordered a complete ban on the sale of
substance is poured on a handkerchief or whitener in the state. The decision came
into a bag and then inhaled. Doing this for following the death of a teenager (14-year-
some time makes the sniffer dizzy, high and old) in Bhowali town of Nainital district
disconnected. The chemical toluene is what after he sniffed an excess of whitener for
affects the sniffer as it has a hallucinatory a kick. Besides, the court also ordered that
effect on the sniffer. What makes white items such as Iodex and Feviquick should
ink or WINK attractive to teenagers is not be sold to children below 18 years
how cheap white ink is and the effect it of age in view of prevalent abuse of these
has on them. The Uttarakhand High Court among teenagers.
SC Freezes BCCI’s Financial Transactions For a long time a tussel is going on between
Date: 21 October, 2016 BCCI and the Supreme Court. After Lalit
Place: New Delhi Modi’s corruption case a transparent board
Field: Legal was required.
CA-210 ISSUES 2016
Supreme Court on 21 October 2016 froze Act. The Apex court has struck down the
all financial transactions between the BCCI words “adult male” from the pertinent
and state cricket associations. The apex provision in the DV Act to lay down that
court directed the apex cricket body not a woman can also file a complaint against
to disburse any funds, even for the match another woman, accusing her of domestic
purposes, till BCCI resolved to abide by violence. Under Section 2(q) of the 2005
Justice RM Lodha panel recommendations. Act, a complaint can be made only against
The apex court also directed BCCI president an “adult male person”, thereby insulating
and Secretary to give undertaking on women from being accused of offences
affidavit, before the Lodha panel and apex mentioned under the law.
court by 3 December, 2016, stating how Minimum Wage for Farm Worker Rs 350
much time they would need to implement Per Day
reforms. It directed the Lodha panel to ask
the auditors to scrutinise the high-value Date: 1 November, 2016
contracts given by BCCI and also fix a ceiling Place: New Delhi
of high-value contracts involving media Field: Agriculture
rights. It asked the Lodha panel’s secretary Farm workers in India were neglected for a
long time.
to send a copy of the apex court order to the
The states were free to fix wages for various
ICC chairman Shashank Manohar.
categories of workers as there was no
Boxing Federation of India Gets benchmark minimum wage across the
Recognitition as National Sports country. The Union Labour Ministry now
Federation for Boxing decided to fix the minimum wage at `350
Date: 28 October, 2016 per day for unskilled agricultural labour
Place: New Delhi in C-class towns in central sphere to be
Field: Sports effective from November 1, 2016. Currently,
In this regard The Union Ministry of Youth agriculture workers in the central sphere
Affairs and Sports has recognized Boxing are paid as per the rates prescribed under
Federation of India (BFI) as the National the national floor level minimum wage,
Sports Federation (NSF) for Boxing. This which is `160 per day.
decision will give massive fillip to the Construction Near Uttarakhand Glaciers
recently-formed BFI and also give a boost Date: 8 November, 2016
to the sport of boxing which had suffered Place: Nainital
due to absence of an NSF in the discipline Field: Environment and Ecology
since 2012. AIBA, the International Body The Himalayan state of Uttarakhand alone
for boxing had recognized these newly has 968 glaciers spread across an area of
elected office bearers of BFI. Considering 2,857 sq km. These glaciers are a source of
the election report and other documents major rivers including the Ganga and the
submitted by BFI, the Ministry of Youth Yamuna. In recent times these glaciers are
Affairs & Sports granted recognition as facing severe problem of rapid reduction in
NSF for Boxing. BFI will help Indian boxers snow cover due to climate change and the
prepare for 2020 Olympics with more melting of ice.
national & international exposure, and Taking note of the fact the Uttarakhand HC
training. imposed a blanket ban on any construction
within a radius of 2 km from major lakes
Women could also be Prosecuted under
in Nainital. The HC also ordered a ban on
Domestic Violence Law
cutting of trees within a five km radius
Date: 7 October, 2016
of the lake and directed the Haridwar
Place: New Delhi
district police chief to remove an illegally
Field: Legal
constructed mosque in the district within
It has been observed that not only men
48 hours. All the municipal boards and
but also women are hugely responsible of
Nagar Panchayats have been ordered to
domestic violence.
set up sewage treatment plants within 6
Taking note of the serious issue the Supreme
months. Plastic in any form within 20 km of
Court ruled that not only men, but women the glaciers and burning of fossil fuel within
can also be prosecuted under the Protection 10 km from the glaciers has also been
of Women against Domestic Violence (DV) banned by the High Court Bench.
ISSUES 2016 CA-211
The Indore-Patna Express train derailed of net neutrality from charging differential
in Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh rates for data services which will prohibit
early morning about 3.10am on November Facebook’s Free Basics and Airtel Zero
21, 2016. It is one of India’s worst train platform by Airtel in their current form.
accidents in six years with nearly 133 people All service providers are barred from
killed and more than 200 injured when 14 offering or charging discriminatory tariffs
coaches of the express train derailed near for data services on the basis of content.
Pukhrayan, about 100 km from Kanpur. US, Chile, Netherlands and Brazil have
In 2010, a passenger train crashed into a adopted net neutrality which doesn’t allow
freight train in Bengal, killing 146. S1, S2, S3 discrimination of the Internet content
and S4 suffered severe damage while four or charge users differently based on the
AC coaches were derailed too. content, site, or platform they consume.
Tarun Ramadorai Committee
Date: 4 August, 2016
National Organic Farming Research Place: New Delhi
Institute Field: Finance
Date: 5 Febrary, 2016 In India household finance has been seen
Place: Gangtok, Sikkim through the lens of financial inclusion,
Field: Agriculture which has come to mean access of low
There is scientific evidence that organic income households to finance with an
agriculture differs from conventional accent on credit and savings products.
agriculture not only gradually but However, there is much more going on in
fundamentally. Implementing organic the field of household finance. The first
methods consequently seems to provide dimension is the intensive vs. extensive
a new quality in how the agro-ecosystem margin. Do households really use the market
works. Organic farming seems to improve as much as they should, or as efficiently
soil fertility in a way and to an extent which as they could? A second dimension is the
cannot be achieved by conventional farming range of products. This is related to the
even if the latter consistently respects kind of products that households use. These
some ecological principles. Sikkim was range from credit (accessing loans through
declared the country’s first wholly organic informal sources instead of formal),
state this year after it converted around payments, insurance (relying on kinship
75,000 hectares of agricultural land into networks or savings instead of insurance
sustainable cultivation. products in times of crisis), derivatives (risk
Therefore the idea of setting up National transfer), and investment (using real estate
Organic Farming Research Institute or gold instead of financial products). In
(NOFRI) for extending technological each of these areas, we need to understand
support to organic farming in the country what households are doing and why. A third
at Gangtok, Sikkim is an encouraging dimension is the income heterogeneity.
move. The organization will offer research Most often, access to finance is seen as low
and technological support to organic income households not being able to access
production system in the country in general bank accounts, or formal credit. However,
and north-eastern region in particular. access to finance issues also pervade
It will also give vocational and advanced middle income and rich, rural and urban
training to stakeholders for promotion of households as well.
organic farming in the country. Sikkim is the Poor people have intermittent incomes
only state in the country which has adopted and face high risk. They need sophisticated
organic farming on a universal basis. finance, but are very often cut off from
TRAI against Differential Pricing it. Most wealth is with the rich, where
Date: 8 February, 2016 faulty financial decisions at the level of
Place: New Delhi the household, and failures of the financial
Field: Telcom, Net neutrality system, can give inefficient resource
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India allocation at the level of the country.
(TRAI) on 8th February decided in favour Research on household finance, should not
CA-214 ISSUES 2016
restrict itself to the problems of low-income economic performance, as it excludes taxes
households. Household finance is a part of and subsidies - the growth was a bit higher
finance as a field, not just a part of poverty at 7.3 per cent, against 7.2 per cent in the
studies. previous year.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has UIDAI Bans Sharing of Aadhaar Details
constituted a committee to look at Date: 13 September, 2016
various facets of household finance in Place: Hyderabad
India. The Committee will be chaired by Government of India now comprehends
Tarun Ramadorai, Professor of Financial the dangers of identity thefts and misusing
Economics, University of Oxford. The of data when it comes to Aadhaar cards.
Committee will assess the role of new In one of the strongest worded warnings
financial technologies and products. Government. has stopped public agencies
Avinash Kant Committee for e – commerce from any unauthorized usage of Aadhaar
Date: 11 August, 2016 card data, and have declared that consent
Place: New Delhi of the user is must before using the data
Field: Commerce for any purpose. Violation of this rule can
Recently the e-commerce and FDI is taking attract heavy penalty as well as prison
a pivotal role in India. Therefore it was term. Earlier, Government. had stopped
necessary to review the pros and cons of merchants from unauthorized collection of
this sector. Aadhaar data, and had issued warning for
In this direction Amitabh Kant will head the same.
a committee to ease the policy regime for UIDAI, the organization which issues and
the e-commerce players, including FDI maintains Aadhaar data has laid special
rules. Other members of the committee will emphasis on the user’s consent before
include representatives from four states, using the data. And once the consent has
including Maharashtra and Karnataka along been issued, the external agency which
with delegates from the Union Commerce collects the data can only use the data for
Ministry and Department of Electronics the specific purpose for which consent has
and IT. This committee will examine the been provided. Using Aadhaar card data
various grievances in the e-commerce for identity theft is also punishable by law
sector alongside making recommendations now. This strict warning was long overdue,
for further policy liberalization. especially in the wake of increasing Aadhaar
related fraud and identity thefts.
India’s Economic Growth Slowed down At a time when all railways tickets will have
in First Quarter of Current Fiscal Year compulsory Aadhaar authentication and
Date: 1 September, 2016 when people are going to use Aadhaar based
Place: New Delhi digital lockers, then such diktat on public
Field: Economy usage of data is indeed commendable.
India’s economy grew at its slowest pace In this regard Unique Identification
in five quarters in the April-June period, Authority of India (UIDAI) asked agencies
falling below expectations amid sluggish in possession of Aadhaar number of an
investment and farm output. That dents the individual to not publish or post the
prospects of hitting the 8 per cent mark for information publicly. The core biometric
the full financial year but the Government information, collected by the Authority,
is hopeful that a bountiful monsoon and cannot be shared with anyone for any
increased pay and pensions along with reason. Any violation of the Aadhaar Act
various structural reforms could still take will constitute an offence and is punishable
growth closer to that figure. under the Act. The agencies that collect the
Hower, India’s gross domestic product Aadhaar number will also have to specify
(GDP) slowed to 7.1 per cent for the first whether submission of the number or proof
quarter of this fiscal, from 7.5% in the like of Aadhaar is mandatory or voluntary.
period of 2015-16, due to mainly lower The regulations also provide for obtaining
activity in farm, mining and construction consent of the Aadhaar number holder for
sectors. In terms of gross value added collection, storage and use of the same for
(GVA) - considered a better measure of specified purposes.
ISSUES 2016 CA-215
also decided to call regular monthly and the highest for luxury and de-merits
meetings of senior officials of Reserve Bank goods that would also attract an additional
of India (RBI), CBI and banks to monitor cess. Goods and Services Tax is a proposed
probe in suspected bank frauds of 50 crore system of indirect taxation in India merging
rupees and above. most of the existing taxes into single system
of taxation. The lowest rate of 5% would be
GST Council Approves 4 Tier Rate for common use items while there would be
Structure for GST two standard rates of 12% and 18% under
Date: 3 November, 2016 the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime
Place: New Delhi targeted to be rolled out from April 1, 2017.
The highest tax slab will be applicable to
Field: Taxation items which are currently taxed at 30-
The introduction of GST has undergone 31% (excise duty plus VAT). As per the
many troublesome phases. So many changes rate structure agreed upon by the council,
has taken place in the original draft. a zero tax rate will apply to 50% of the
Recently GST Council approved a four-tier items present in the consumer price index
GST tax structure of 5%, 12%, 18% and basket, including food grains such as rice
28%, with lower rates for essential items and wheat.
Ishaat Hussain Replaces Cyrus Mistry chairman until a new person is appointed in
as Interim Chairman of TCS his place. Mr. Mistry was replaced without
holding any board meeting. TCS did not
Date: 9 November, 2016
require to hold a board meeting to replace
Place: Mumbai Mistry as Chairman because Article 90
Field: IT services, IT consulting of the company’s Articles of Association
TATA is passing through a turbulent time. allows its majority shareholder to nominate
An internal conflict is going on between a chairman without board resolution. Tata
Ratan Tata and Cyrus Mistry. Sons which holds 28.01 % stake in IHCL
Tata Sons, the largest shareholder in Tata also decided to hold an extraordinary
Consultancy Services, with 73.26% stake, general meeting for the removal of Cyrus
has removed Cyrus Mistry as the chairman P Mistry as director from the board of the
of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), and Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL), the
nominated Mr. Ishaat Hussain as the company which runs the Taj group of hotels.
interim chairman of the IT major with Cyrus Mistry and Ratan Tata is having some
immediate effect. Mr. Hussain will remain tussel regarding the management decisions.
CA-218 ISSUES 2016
2,071 Industrialists owe ` 3.89 lakh crore bad loans. In terms of instructions of RBI,
to Banks every bank has to have its own recovery
Date: 22 November, 2016 policy, including the manner and procedure
Place: New Delhi of write-offs. Loans are written off after
appropriate provisions have been made to
Field: Banking
take advantage of tax benefits and capital
It is hard to know that ` 3.89 lakh crore optimization. In respect of technical write-
loan pending on 2,071 industrialists. It is offs, RBI has permitted write-offs at the
estimated that each of the industrialist has head office level while recovery efforts are
borrowed ` 50 crore or more. It is equally still continued at the branch level. Therefore
ironical that the amounts have turned it is clear that these loans are taken for tax
into non-performing assets (NPAs), or benefits.
Electoral Reforms
Electoral reform is an amendment in electoral systems to enhance the channel through
which public desires are expressed in election results. Reforms include:
• Voting systems, citizen initiatives, referendums , recall elections,
• Vote-counting procedures
• Rules about political parties, typically changes to election laws
• Eligibility to vote
• Nomination rules and ballot access
• Electoral constituencies and election district borders
• Ballot design and voting equipment
• Election monitoring by candidates, political parties, etc.
• Safety of voters and election workers
• Measures against bribery and conflicts of interest
• Financing of candidates and referendum campaigns
• Factors affecting the rate of voter participation
• State funding to political parties
Major electoral reforms:
Election staff deemed to be on deputation: The election staff is now deemed to be on
deputation of Election Commission for the duration of elections. In this period, all such
staff personnel are under superintendence of the Election Commission. Towards this
purpose, the RoPA was amended in 1988 and a new section {Section 13CC} was included
in the same.
More proposers in Upper House Elections: Number of electors required to sign
as proposers in nomination papers for elections to Rajya Sabha and State Legislative
Councils has been increased to 10% of the electors of the constituency. Similarly, ten
such electors, whichever is less, are required to prevent impractical candidates.
RoPA amended to facilitate EVM: The Representation of the Peoples Act (RoPA) 1951,
was amended to facilitate use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in elections.
ECI given teeth to tackle booth capturing: Section 58A has been inserted in the
Representation of the Peoples Act, 1951. This has been done by providing adjournment
of poll or countermanding of elections because of booth capturing. On such reports,
Election Commission may declare the poll at the particular polling station as void and
appoint a date for fresh poll or override election in that constituency.
Insult to national honor may lead to disqualification: Any offence of insulting the
Indian national flag or the Constitution of India or offence of preventing singing of
national anthem are impending insults to National Honour Act, 1971. This shall hereafter
lead disqualification for contesting elections to Parliament and state legislatures for a
period of six years.
Increase in security deposits and number of proposers: As a measure to check the
multiplicity of non-serious candidates, the security amount has been increased. In the
case of an election to the House of the People, the amount of security has been increased
from `500 to `10,000 for the general candidate and from `250 to `5,000 for a candidate
who is a member of a Scheduled caste or Scheduled Tribe. For elections to a State
Legislative Assembly, the general candidates will make a deposit of `5,000 and `2,500 if
they belong to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.
Number of Proposers increased for Presidential Elections:
Under the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections (Amendment) Ordinance, 1997,
the number of proposers and seconders for presidential candidates have been increased
to 50 each (as against the earlier 10), and the security deposit to ` 15,000 (earlier
deposit ` 2500).
CA-220 ISSUES 2016
For the Vice-Presidential candidates the number of proposers and seconders is 20 and
amount of the security deposit has been increased `15,000. It is a must for proposers
and seconders to be members of the Electoral College comprising elected members from
the state assemblies and Parliament.
Restriction on contesting election from more than two constituencies: Under
eligibility conditions, a candidate is not allowed to contest election from more than two
parliamentary or assembly constituencies at General Election.
Provisions on Death of candidate: No election recalled on the death of a contesting
candidate. If the deceased candidate was from a recognized national or state party, the
party will be given an option to nominate another candidate within seven days of the
issue of a notice.
Taking arms to or near to Polling station is Cognizable Offense: carrying any kind
of arms as defined in Arms Act 1959 within the neighbourhood of a pooling station is
now a cognizable offence. It is punishable with imprisonment up to two years or with
fine or with both.
Holidays on Polling Day: All registered electors who are employed in any business,
trade industrial undertaking or any other establishment shall be entitled to a paid
holiday on the day of poll. The daily wagers will also receive their wages for that day.
Prohibition on sale of liquor: No liquor or intoxicants shall be sold, given or distributed
at any shop, eating place, hotel or any other place, whether public or private, within a
polling area during the period of 48 hours ending with the hour fixed for the conclusion
of poll.
Model Code of Conduct: The Code of Conduct lays down guidelines as to how political
parties and candidates should conduct themselves during elections. This includes:
From the time the elections are announced by the Commission, Ministers and other
authorities cannot announce any financial grant, promise construction of roads , lay
foundation stones of projects of schemes, , carry out any appointments in government
and public undertakings which may influence the voters in favour of the ruling party.
The Commission has been effectively using the MCC as a tool to ensure honest, free and
fair elections in India.
32 Years too old, for UPSC made because thousands of students who
spend years preparing for the examination
Date: 29 July, 2016 might find their careers at stake, if suddenly
Place: New Delhi declared ineligible.
Issue: Change of civil service age is a major
17000 Public Toilets In Delhi
long standing issue.
Recently UPSC-appointed Committee has Date: 29 July, 2016
recommended to the Union Government Place: Delhi
that the upper age-limit for appearing in Field: Sanitation
the examinations such as the IAS and IPS The Delhi Government is planning to make
be reduced to 26 years from the current the national capital open defecation free,
32 for general category students over the on account of which 17000 toilets will
next 5-7 years. Over the years, the age limit be constructed at a cost of Rs. 150 crore.
for the general category has gone up from Around 211 locations have been identified
24 years to 32 in the year 2014. However, for this purpose by the Delhi Urban Shelter
nothing has been mentioned about the Improvement Board (DUSIB). A database of
age criteria for SC/ST, for whom the upper toilets have been prepared in such localities
age limit is 37 years. The current upper- and the agency is about to start the
limit for general, able-bodied candidates construction work. This initiative will also
is 32. The Committee recommended it be educate slum dwellers not to defecate in the
reduced to 27 over five years after being open, regarding the problems associated
followed for two years. This suggestion was with the same.
ISSUES 2016 CA-221
Committee for Seventh Central Pay The solution that the 7th Pay Commission
Commission Issues panel unveiled said that all personnel who
have put in 17 years of service should
Date: 13 September, 2016
be given equal opportunity for Central
Place: New Delhi staff. The panel was overwhelmed by
The 7th Pay Commission report is the reactions of Group A Services, who
considered controversial by different demanded that the services should have
experts. It spans a big controversy that has equal opportunities to man the senior-most
to do with the near monopoly currently posts and it should not be the preserve of a
enjoyed by the IAS and how to end it, small group.
once and for all. This controversy has In this regard a 22-member panel is
acquired increased urgency after the turf formed to look into the issue. The panel
war between the officers of the Indian will be headed by DoPT (Department of
administrative and revenue services. Personnel and Training) secretary. From
the Government side, it will have Member
As per the 7th Pay Commission, IAS officers (Staff) Railway Board, secretaries of
get two extra increments at promotion Department of Telecommunications and
stages and it wanted to extend the same Department of Posts, Financial Adviser,
to the IPS and the Indian Forest Service. Defence Ministry, two joint secretaries
Other all-India Services and Central from DoPT and another Joint Secretary
Services (Group A) are not getting proper (Personnel) in Finance Ministry as its
representation either. The IAS officers members. From the staff side a Deputy
always had a two-year edge compared to Secretary of the DoPT will be Member-
other services. Secretary of the panel which has 13 people.
Unrest in Kashmir
The 2016 unrest in Kashmir,is also being referred to as Burhan aftermath. A series of
violent protests in the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir started with
the killing of Burhan Wani. Burhan Wani was a militant commander of the Kashmir-
based Hizbul Mujahideen. He was killed by Indian security forces on 8 July 2016. His
killing triggered anti-Indian protests in all 10 districts of the Kashmir Valley. Protesters
spurned curfew with attacks on security forces and public properties.
With imposing curfew in all 10 districts of the valley, mobile services were suspended by
the Government. Kashmir valley remained under 53 days of consecutive curfew which
was lifted from all areas on 31 August. However, it was reimposed in some areas the next
day. In order to control the violence and repeated attacks on police, Jammu and Kashmir
Police and Indian paramilitary forces used pellet guns, rubber bullets, tear gas shells
and assault rifles. This resulting in deaths of more than 85 civilians, with over 13,000
civilians injured. Two security personnel died and over 4,000 personnel were injured
in the riots. Neighbouring country, Pakistan tried to take advantage of the situation and
tried to make the issue a butt of criticism across the World.Pakistan’s Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif expressed “shock” over the killing of Burhan Wani and other civilians
by the Indian security forces. He also said that it was “deplorable that excessive and
unlawful force was used against the civilians”. The Indian Government responded to
the strategic indulgence of Pakistan by saying that the Pakistan Government’s view on
Wani’s killing reflected its association with terrorism and strictly advised it to refrain
from interfering in the internal affairs of India.
When caste based reservation is a
Punjab Govt Includes Few Castes in
debatable issue in India recently the Punjab
Backward Classes List
Government has approved the inclusion of
Date: 26 September, 2016 Gosai/Goswami, Yadav/Aahir and Rabari
Place: Chandigarh Communities in the list of Backward Classes
Field: Caste Based Reservation of the state. The Cabinet also decided
CA-222 ISSUES 2016
to extend the Bhagat Puran Singh Sehat under Section 3, AFSPA. The Parliament had
Beema Yojna to provide health insurance to enacted AFSPA in 1958 to confer special
40 lakh blue card holders, farmers, traders powers upon the armed forces in disturbed
and labourer families which was expiring areas declared under the Act. It provides
on October 31. army officers and jawans legal immunity
Henceforth the Cabinet gave its nod to for their actions in disturbed areas. Under
extend this policy from November 1, 2016 this act, a member of the Indian armed
to October 31, 2017.
forces cannot be prosecuted or tried in
This decision may encourage other states to
any criminal or civil court for any act
take this type of decision.
committed by him or her while performing
AFSPA Extended to 3 Districts of duty in a disturbed area. Moreover, no court
Arunachal Pradesh or quasi-judicial body can question the
Date: 10 November, 2016 government’s decision to declare any area
Place: New Delhi disturbed. Presently, the AFSPA is in force
Field: National Security in Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland,
Considering Naga underground factions’ Manipur (except Imphal municipal area),
increased indulgence in extortion and Arunachal Pradesh (in above 3 districts
inter-factional rivalry, the Union Ministry plus a 20-km belt bordering Assam) and
of Home Affairs has extended Armed Meghalaya (along 20-km area bordering
Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Assam). Earlier in August 2015, the Union
three districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The Government had signed a ‘framework
districts (Tirap, Changlang, and Longding) agreement’ with NSCN-IM to find a final
have been specified as ‘disturbed areas’ solution to the six-decade-old Naga issue.
INTERNATIONAL
The world’s most expensive train station
is going to be functional in New York. It is
ready for its grand opening. Constructed
End of Ebola Outbreak in West Africa
at the cost of $4 billion, nearly twice
Date: 13 January, 2016 the original estimate, the World Trade
Place: Geneva Center Transportation Hub is ready
Field: Health for the thousands of PATH commuters
Issue: Disease who will flow through the facility that
World Health Organization (WHO) connects to 11 subway lines. Designed
declared the end Ebola virus disease in by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava,
Liberia, stating that all known chains of the centerpiece of the hub is the Oculus, a
transmission have been stopped in West cavernous hall that features white steel ribs
Africa. Guinea was birthplace of deadliest reaching to the structure’s apex to form
Ebola outbreak in history and was initially a skylight called the Wedge of Light. The
centred on country’s remote south-eastern skylight will open 22 feet on a nice spring
region of Nzerekore in 2013. Later it had day as well as in observance of 9/11. The
spread to its neighbouring countries Liberia expansive space sits on a heated, white
and Sierra Leone and also seven other Italian marble flooring. Outside of the
countries. It has already claimed the lives of heart of transportation hub, steel arches jut
more than 11,300 people and infected over from the center of the rib-like structure in
28,500, according to the reports by WHO. a design that appears to be a bird being
The epidemic in West Africa has already released from a child’s hands. Sized at 350
caused more than 20 thousand deaths. feet long, roughly the size of a soccer field,
World’s Most Expensive Train Station the Oculus will have 75,000 square feet
of retail space. Once complete, the white-
Date: 27 February, 2016
winged building will also be used as an
Place: New York event space, likely hosting fashion shows,
Field: Transport concerts or food tastings. The design of the
ISSUES 2016 CA-223
Europe Becomes World’s First Region 4 per cent of global Gross Domestic Product
to End Malaria: WHO each year.
To create awareness in this regard the
Date: 20 April, 2016
World Day for Safety and Health at Work is
Place: Copenhagen
an annual international campaign observed
Field: Health
on 28 April and has been observed by the
In the year 2015, there were 214 million
International Labour Organization (ILO)
cases of the malaria across the world and it
since 2003. The annual World Day for
had killed around 438,000 people, most of
Safety and Health at Work promotes the
them in sub-Saharan Africa.
prevention of occupational accidents and
WHO (World Health Organisation) has
diseases globally. The theme for World
declared that Europe has become the
Day for Safety and Health at Work 2016 is
world’s first region to wipe out malaria,
“Workplace Stress: a collective challenge”.
with zero cases reported last year. When a
country has zero locally acquired malaria World Malaria Day
cases for at least three consecutive years, it Date: 25 April, 2016
is eligible for official certification of malaria Place: Worldwide
elimination by the WHO. Field: Health
World Day for Safety and Health at Work World Malaria Day (WMD) is an international
Date: 28 April, 2016 observance commemorated every year on
Place: Globally 25 April and recognizes global efforts to
Field: Health control malaria. The day was established
Every day, 6,300 people die as a result of in May 2007 by the 60th session of the
occupational accidents or work-related World Health Assembly. WMD is one of
diseases – more than 2.3 million deaths eight official global public health campaigns
per year. 317 million accidents occur on currently marked by the World Health
the job annually; many of these resulting in Organization (WHO), along with World
extended absences from work. The human Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World
cost of this daily adversity is vast and the Immunization Week, World Tuberculosis
economic burden of poor occupational Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Hepatitis
safety and health practices is estimated at Day and World AIDS Day.
than those reported from known sources being undertaken by Indian Air Force (IAF)
in those regions. The unreported and and will be headed by Union Minister of
underreported sources accounted for about State (MoS) for External Affairs General
12% of all human-made emissions of sulfur (Retd.) VK Singh.
dioxide. The discrepancy could have a large Antarctic Ozone Hole
impact on regional air quality.
The satellite-based data is the first to Date: 1 July, 2016
provide regular annual information on Place: Australia
these volcanic emissions as they are located Field: Environment
on remote locations and not monitored. The seasonal thinning of the ozone
layer of the earth’s atmosphere above
Operation ‘Sankat Mochan’ Antarctica, allowing abnormal amounts
Date: 13 July, 2016 of ultra-violet light to reach the earth’s
Place: New Delhi surface in those regions. The Antarctic
Field: Foreign Affairs ozone hole is a dramatic thinning of ozone
There are over 550 Indians at Juba and in the stratosphere over Antarctica each
another 150 in areas where the oil wells spring. This damage is not only due to the
are located. South Sudan has been hit by availability of ozone-depleting substances
violence which has claimed hundreds of in the stratosphere, but also specific
lives till now. The conflict is because of meteorological conditions that facilitate the
clashes between government troops and destruction of ozone over Antarctica.
forces loyal to Vice President Riek Machar. The ozone holes in 2000 and 2006 were
Thousands of Indians are working in the the largest on record, measuring around
Gulf countries and they are in serious threat 29.8 and 29.6 million square kilometres
due to growing militarism of ISIS. respectively more than three and a half
In this regard Operation Sankat Mochan is times the size of Australia, and at times
the first big evacuation effort in a year after extended over populated areas.
Operation Rahat that evacuated hundreds For the first time it is found that the
of citizens of India and other countries in thinning in the ozone layer above Antarctica
July 2015. is starting to heal. The healing of ozone
‘Sankat Mochan’ will evacuate Indian layer was due to the long term phasing out
citizens stranded in South Sudan’s capital (banning) of ozone-destroying chemicals
Juba. Sankat Mochan in Hindi means (ODCs) such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
reliever from troubles. The operation is in Montreal Protocol 1987.
India Formally Joined the Paris Climate two out of five children below five years of
Change Agreement age are stunted in India. Stunting measures
Date: 3 October, 2016 chronic malnutrition and affected children’s
Place: UN height would be considerably below the
Field: Environment average for their age.
The Paris Agreement calls on countries to However, India ranked 97th out of 118
take actions post-2020 to combat climate countries on the International Food Policy
change and intensify their efforts needed Research Institute’s (IFPRI) Global Hunger
for a sustainable low carbon future. It Index (GHI) in 2016. The Global Hunger
is meant to limit global warming “well Index (GHI) is a multidimensional statistical
below” 2 degrees Celsius and as close to tool used to describe the state of countries’
1.5 degrees Celsius as possible to increase hunger. The GHI measures progress and
economic ability to adapt to extreme failures in the global fight against hunger.
climate. India has decided to formally join The GHI is updated once a year.
the Paris Climate Change Agreement. It is
been done by submitting its instrument Cybersecurity Engagement Centre in
of ratification at UN headquarters in New India
York on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Date: 22 October, 2016
Gandhi. India accounts for about 4.5% of Place: US
global greenhouse gas emissions. Field: Cybersecurity
Highest Number of People Living Below Cyber security condition in India is
Poverty Line in India detoriating day by day. As there is no
Date: 4 October, 2016 concrete and comprehensive agency to
Place: Washington DC monitor the issue the culprits easily carry
Field: Poverty on their mission.
India has the world’s largest poor In this regard Microsoft has launched its
population for the same reason why it first full-scale Cybersecurity Engagement
has the world’s second largest non-poor Center (CSEC) in Delhi. It is first-of-its-kind
population. Cybersecurity Centre in India and overall
In the past 20 years, India has been quite 7th in the world including in Tokyo, Seoul,
fast in bringing down the number of poor. Beijing, Singapore, Berlin and Washington
In 1981, nearly half were under the World DC. The CSEC will bring together Microsoft
Bank’s poverty line. Now, the numbers are capabilities to foster deeper Cybersecurity
less than 20%. That is significant. The only collaborations with public and private
other major country to pull off poverty this sector organisations. It will offer services
drastically is China. such as cyber monitoring, threat detection
In 1981, about 400 million Indians were using machine learning based technology
above the World Bank defined poverty line. and take evasive measures to combat cyber
Today, the number above that line is close threat.
to 1 billion. In short, 600 million Indians got
above the poverty line somewhere in the India Ranks 87th on the WEF’s Global
last generation. Gender Gap Report 2016
As per World Bank’s recent report India Date: 26 October, 2016
accounted for the largest number of people Place: Geneva
living below international poverty line in Field: Gender Equality
2013, with 30 per cent of its population India is among the 20 worst performing
under the $1.90-a-day poverty measure. countries on labour force participation
Global Hunger Index, India Ranks 97/118 front and ranks low in terms of earned
incomes by women. Also in literacy rate and
Date: 13 October, 2016 sex ratio at birth, India scores low. India’s
Place: New Delhi labour participation rate fell to 29 per cent
Field: Poverty in 2010 from 37 per cent in 2005. Many
While India has improved its score on explanations have been offered that give a
various parameters over the past few years, rosy picture than the likely reality.
CA-230 ISSUES 2016
In women’s education, there are hindrances According to the latest Freedom of the Press
from primary school stage, the dropout report the number of countries showing a
rates of girls is higher because of lack of decline in freedom for the year is 72, the
separate toilets for girls in most villages. largest since the 10-years. Just 43 countries
Girls’ safety concerns in travelling long made gains. Over the past 10 years, 105
distances from home to schools are also a countries have seen a net decline, and only
consideration in withdrawing girls from 61 have experienced a net improvement.
schools at puberty. Girls are taught to look Ratings for the Middle East and North Africa
after siblings, cooking and to help around region were the worst in the world in 2015,
the house because of the age old marriage followed closely by Eurasia. Over the last
and child bearing role assigned to them. decade, the most significant global reversals
Most businesses are male owned and there have been in freedom of expression and the
are only a handful of women at the helm of rule of law. The report says, only 13 per
family businesses. Perhaps it is a cultural cent of the world’s population enjoys a free
press, which means places where coverage
issue also.
of political news is robust, the safety of
On the whole, India cannot hope to shine
journalists is guaranteed, state intrusion
if half the population is deprived, insecure,
in media affairs is minimal, and the press
and anaemic and has many barriers to entry
is not subject to onerous legal or economic
in paid jobs as compared to men. What the
pressures. In terms of stories related to
Gender Gap Index shows is a reflection of environment and land development, the
reality that no matter how rapidly India report highlighted the story of two Indian
grows, women’s status in society needs journalists, namely Sandeep Kothari and
faster improvement. Jagendra Singh, who were killed.
India was ranked low at 87th place globally
in terms of gender equality despite a jump The Global Climate 2011-2015: Hot and
of 21 places from last year largely due Wild
to progress on the education front while Date: 8 November, 2016
Iceland has topped the chart. Place: Geneva, Switzerland
China Unveiled J – 20 Stealth Jet Fighters Field: Environment, Health
The year 2015 made history, with exhausted
Date: 2 November, 2016 temperature records, intense heatwaves,
Place: Zhuhai, China unusual rainfall, destructing drought and
Field: Defence unusual tropical cyclone activity, according
The J-20 fighter is called Beijing’s answer to to the World Meteorological Organization.
the US F-22 stealth fighter and the F-35 that That record-breaking trend has continued
would be soon bring into the action in the in 2016. The record temperatures were
Pacific by the United States and Japan. It is accompanied by rising sea levels and
a long-range, radar-avoiding stealth combat decrease in Arctic sea-ice extent, continental
aircraft, first flew in 2011 but had not glaciers and northern hemisphere snow
been shown to the public. The unmanned cover. The average temperature in 2015 had
already reached the 1 degree-Celsius mark.
systems would be another feature. India
We just had the hottest five-year period
being deeply concerned with this latest on record, with 2015 declaring the title of
development is acquiring fighter aircraft hottest individual year announced by WMO.
with stealth features and this is why the The global average surface temperature in
Rafale aircraft being acquired from France 2015 broke all previous records by a wide
which has special stealth features. marging, at about 0.76° Celsius above the
1961-1990 average because of a powerful
Freedom of the Press Declining
El Niño and human-caused global warming.
Date: 3 November, 2016 With 93% of excess heat stored in the
Place: Washington oceans, ocean heat content down to 2 000
Field: Freedom of Press meters also hit a new record.
ISSUES 2016 CA-231
Australia Ratifies Paris Climate Change Air pollution is among the top causes of
Agreement premature death worldwide, causing only
Date: 10 November, 2016 slightly fewer deaths than tobacco smoking.
Place: Canberra, Australia In both China and India, indoor air pollution
Field: Environment deaths are falling and the rate is now lower
Australia is on the track to beat 2020 target than the outdoor air pollution death rate.
and committed to meet 2030 targets under
the agreement.
In order to meet the goal Australia ratified Nikesh Arora’s Exit from SoftBank Group
the Paris climate change agreement, on 10
Date: 21 June, 2016
November, 2016 to curb carbon emissions
and reduce the risk of dangerous climate Place: Tokyo
change. With the ratification, Australia Field: Banking
aims towards limiting global warming to Nikesh Arora’s unexpected departure from
two degrees and set five-yearly targets for SoftBank Group Corp. has raised eyebrows.
cutting emissions and reduce 2005 levels Earlier he had left Google Inc. and joined
emissions by 26 to 28 per cent by 2030. SoftBank Group with a huge salary of $135
More than 100 nations representing 70 per million. The main reason of his exit is that
cent of the world’s emissions and three- SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son, who handpicked
quarters of global GDP, have ratified the the Silicon Valley deal maker to be his successor.
deal. However, Donald Trump’s election Nikesh Arora also faced a barrage of criticism
to the US presidency has put the global from investors over lackluster investments,
action on climate change under threat with some shareholders having mounted a
as he would withdraw America from the campaign to oust him, questioning his record
Paris agreement, and stop spending on and suggesting his role as an adviser to
UN climate change programs. The Paris private-equity firm Silver Lake constituted a
Agreement is an agreement within the conflict of interest. The exit is controversial as
United Nations Framework Convention on Mr. Arora is considered as a highly talented
Climate Change (UNFCCC) that deals with business brain internationally.
greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, India Ranked 112th in World Economic
adaptation and finance starting in the year Freedom Index
2020. The agreement commits that no
country can back out until November 2020 Date: 17 September, 2016
at the earliest. Place: Washington DC
Field: Economic Freedom
In 2015, 1.6 million Died Due to Pollution The uneven spread of economic freedom
in India, China : Greenpeace in India is a reminder to state-level
Date: 2 December, 2016 policymakers that there is much they too
Place: Delhi can do to improve the welfare of their
Field: Environment Pollution citizens. Corruptions, black money along
It is shocking to know that around 1.6 with uneven growth are some of the major
million people died in India and China in hindrances of Indian economic freedom.
2015 due to air pollution caused by fossil The recent Index shows India has fared
fuel, particularly coal, according to recent badly in all categories i.e. legal system and
report of Greenpeace. property rights (86), sound money (130),
The use of fossil fuel particularly coal is the freedom to trade internationally (144)
main cause behind this tragedy. The report and regulation (132) except the size of
outlines that out of the 10 countries with the government (8) as per the Economic
the highest air pollution death rates, half Freedom Index. India has slipped by 10
were middle-income counties including positions to 112th. The Index of Economic
India. Air pollution generally reduces as a Freedom is an annual index and ranking
country’s GDP increase. But China and India created by The Heritage Foundation and
have particularly bad air pollution despite The Wall Street Journal in 1995 to measure
recent economic growth is a major cause of the degree of economic freedom in the
concern. world’s nations.
CA-232 ISSUES 2016
1st January every year. The issues is important as the two neighbouring nations are always
in conflict and both are nuclear capable states.
However recently Pakistan’s Sindh Assembly India Abstains on Vote for LGBT Rights
has passed the Hindu Marriage Bill making at U.N.
the province the first in the country to allow Date: 2 July, 2016
the minority community to register their Place: UN
marriages, amid calls from a leading Hindu
Field: Human Rights
group to remove a controversial clause
LGBT people in India face certain legal and
in the landmark bill. The bill was passed
social difficulties not experienced by non-
after several conditions for recognising LGBT persons. Sexual activity between people
marriages which include the bride and of the same gender is illegal, and same-sex
groom to be 18 years or older, parties to couples cannot legally marry or obtain a
the marriage should to give consent, and civil partnership. India does, however, legally
two witnesses must be present at the time recognize Hijras as a third gender, separate
of the marriage. Any person who fails to from men or women. As the world’s oldest
get his marriage registered will be liable to democracy legalises gay marriage nationwide,
pay a fine of Rs1000. Hindus are Pakistan’s it is time for the world’s largest democracy to
second largest religious minority, with an perform some much needed introspection -
estimated population of 3.3 million. are we, as a people, society, and country ready
to legalise gay marriage?
World without Nuclear Weapons: In this regard India avoided taking a position
G7 Stand on the need to end discrimination based
Date: 11 April, 2016 on sexual orientation at the Human Rights
Council of the UN, as the Supreme Court is
Place: Hiroshima, Japan yet to “pronounce” on the issue of rights of
Field: Nuclear Disarmament LGBT persons. The issue of LGBT rights in
A blind contest of nuclear weapons India is a matter being considered by the
development is a major threat to humanity. Supreme Court under a batch of curative
Recently the G7 has expressed its concern petitions filed by various institutions and
in this direction. organisations. The Supreme Court is yet
to pronounce on this issue. India has been
The G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting is an
cited by several human rights reports as
important meeting for foreign ministers to
one of the countries where the rights of
hold discussions on international affairs of LGBT persons are yet to be secure.
the time, which later becomes the base for
discussions by the G7 Summit. The 2016 China Contradicts NPT Consensus
G7 Foreign Ministers’ Summit held from Date: 1 August, 2016
10 to 11 April 2016 in Hiroshima was the Place: New Delhi
first of ten related ministerial meetings held Field: Nuclear Treaty
leading up to the G-7 summit scheduled for China’s 2013 deal for the Chasma-3 reactor
May 26 and 27 in the Ise-Shima region in in Pakistan contradicts the consensus
Mie Prefecture. The member countries of document of the 2010 NPT Review
the G-7 group are Japan, the United States, Conference, which reaffirms that new
the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy supply arrangements for the transfer
and Canada, along with the President of of nuclear materials and technology
the European Council and the President of should require that the recipient accept
the European Commission. This time the International Atomic Energy Agency full-
foreign ministers of the Group of Seven, scope safeguards and international legally-
or G7, countries have called for a “world binding commitments not to acquire
without nuclear weapons” in what was nuclear weapons. It is believed that in
called the “Hiroshima Declaration”. aiding Pakistan with its nuclear energy
programme, China has chosen to override
The declaration calls for creating the NSG guidelines and shown no regard for the
conditions without nuclear weapons in a reservations expressed by its members who
way that promotes international stability. control international nuclear commerce.
CA-238 ISSUES 2016
India Boycotts SAARC Summit in The Indian Govt. decided to suspend all
Islamabad talks on India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty
in the wake of the Uri attack.
Date: 28 September, 2016
The treaty deals with sharing of water of six
Place: New Delhi rivers — Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Indus, Chenab
Field: International Co-operation and Jhelum between the two countries.
Stepping up its diplomatic offensive to It was signed by then Prime Minister
isolate Pakistan globally following the Uri Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan
terror attack, India has taken its stand not Ayub Khan in Karachi on September 19,
to take part in the upcoming South Asian 1960. As per treaty, control over three
Association for Regional Cooperation eastern rivers —Ravi, Beas and Sutlej was
(SAARC) summit in Islamabad in November. given to India. While control over three
This decision was taken in view of the western rivers — Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
continuous cross border terrorism by was given to Pakistan. It allows India to
Pakistan which has created environment use only 20% of the water of Indus river,
which is not conducive to successful which flows through it first, for irrigation,
holding of Summit. India’s reservations power generation and transport. Most
over summit are; increasing cross-border disagreements and disputes have been
terrorist attacks in the region and growing settled via legal procedures, provided for
interference in internal affairs of member within the framework of the treaty. The
states by Pakistan. treaty has survived India-Pakistan wars of
India Decides to Suspend Talks on 1965, 1971 and the 1999 Kargil standoff
Indus Waters Treaty besides Kashmir insurgency since 1990. It
Date: 26 September, 2016 is most successful water treaty in world.
Place: New Delhi The stand is a strong diplomatic move in
Field: Political Decision response to terrorism.
ISSUES 2016 CA-239
Bangladesh Hangs Islamist Mir Quasem of Latin America’s longest-running war will
Ali for 1971 War Crimes turn the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia) guerrillas into a political party
Date: 4 September, 2016
fighting at the ballot box instead of the
Place: Dhaka
battlefield they have occupied since 1964.
Field: Terrorism
Jamaat-e-Islami leader Mir Quasem Ali Afghanistan Signs Peace Deal With
was executed after deciding not to seek Hard-Line Militant Group Hezb-e-Islami
presidential clemency, the last option for Date: 22 September, 2016
a death row convict to avoid the gallows. Place: Kabul
Ali, a financial backer of the Jamaat and Field: Terrorism
a business tycoon, was hanged at around
Afghanistan on 22 Sept, 2016 signed a
10:30 pm (Bangladesh time) at the high
peace agreement with one of the country’s
security Kashimpur jail in Gazipur district
largest militant groups Hezb-e-Islami led
near Dhaka. Quasem, who had led the
by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. This agreement
ruthless Al-Badr militia — that supported
paves the way for Hekmatyar to make a
Pakistan Army in the port city of Chittagong
political comeback. As per the agreement,
during nation’s Liberation War in 1971 —
Hekmatyar will be granted amnesty for his
became the sixth individual to go to gallows
offences and the prisoners of Hezb-e-Islami
for ‘crimes against humanity’, over four
will be released by the government. The
decades after Bangladesh emerged as an
deal also includes provisions for his security
independent country through a war against
at government expense. The deal marks a
Pakistan .
symbolic victory for President Ashraf Ghani,
India Took US Renewable Energy who has struggled to revive peace talks
Dispute to WTO with the more powerful Taliban. Widely
Date: 12 September, 2016 known as butcher of Kabul, Hekmatyar was
Place: Geneva a prominent anti-Soviet commander in the
1980s. He is accused of killing thousands in
India has complained to the World Trade
the Kabul during the 1992-93 Civil War. His
Organization (WTO) about support given
forces also carried out attacks against the
to the renewable energy industry in United
US and Afghan forces since 2001.
States. The complaint alleges these 8 states
in US have prop up their renewable sector UN Adopts SDG 2030: Beginning of a
with illegal subsidies and domestic content New Era
requirements, an obligation to buy local
Date: 25 September, 2016
goods rather than imports. These 8 US
states are Washington, Montana, California, Place: UN
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware, Field: Human Resource Development
Michigan and Minnesota. By filing the The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
complaint, India has triggered a 60-day officially known as Transforming our
window for US to settle the dispute, after world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
which India could ask the WTO to adjudicate. Development is a set of seventeen aspirational
Earlier in 2013, India had filed questions at Global Goals with 169 targets between
the WTO about suspected subsidies in solar them. Spearheaded by the United Nations,
programmes in four US states—Delaware, through a deliberative process involving
Minnesota, Massachusetts and Connecticut. its 193 Member States, as well as global
civil society, the goals are contained in
Colombian Marxist Rebels FARC Sign paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution.
Peace Deal
At the United Nations Sustainable Development
Date:26 September, 2016 Summit on 25 September 2015, world
Place: Colombia leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for
Field: International Relations Sustainable Development, which includes
Colombia’s center-right government and a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals
the Marxist FARC rebel group signed a (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and
peace deal to end a half-century war that injustice, and tackle climate change by
killed a quarter of a million people. The end 2030.
CA-240 ISSUES 2016
Pakistan Postponed SAARC Summit although it does have some limited effect on
Date: 1 October, 2016 U.S. economic and strategic interests as well
as on counternarcotics policy. Washington
Place: Islamabad
isolated Burma since the State Law and
Field: International Relation Order Restoration Council came to power
Pakistan decided to postpone the SAARC in 1988, and especially since it refused
meet in the wake of five South Asian to transfer power in 1990 to the National
countries, including India, expressing their League for Democracy, which had defeated
inability to participate in the summit. India, the SLORC in an open election. Burma’s
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Sri ruling junta officially abolished the SLORC
Lanka had already pulled out of the SAARC in November 1997, only to replace it with
summit indirectly blaming Pakistan for the equally repressive State Peace and
creating an environment which is not right Development Council.
for the successful holding of the meet. India
The United States has refused, among
was the first country to opt out of the SAARC
other things, to recognize the government’s
summit. In the wake of September 18
change of the country’s name to Myanmar,
terrorist attack in Uri town of Jammu and
but it has maintained limited diplomatic and
Kahsmir, India decided not to participate in
the Summit. SAARC member states include economic ties as well as counternarcotics
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, cooperation with Rangoon.
Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Since 1990 the U.S. policy of isolating
Burma has been rejected by America’s
Indo-Pak Border would be Sealed by trade partners in Asia, who happen also
2018 to be Burma’s major trade partners, but it
has received some symbolic backing from
Date: 7 October, 2016
Washington’s Western allies.
Place: New Delhi Recently U.S. has lifted sanctions against
Field: Security Myanmar that have been in place for nearly
Amid the deteriorating relations between two decades. The decision was taken after
India and Pakistan following the Uri cross Obama’s announcement that the US was
border terror attack and rising infiltration ready to lift sanctions on the Asian country
bids, India has decided to seal the India- during Myanmar State Counsellor Aung San
Pakistan border by December, 2018. The Suu Kyi’s visit to Washington in September
Central government has formulated time- 2016.
bound action plan to completely seal the
entire stretch of 3,323-km-long border Kyrgyzstan Govt. Resigned
between the two countries. Border between Date: 24 October, 2016
both countries was created based upon Place: Sputnik, Kyrgyzstan
the Radcliffe line in 1947. 4 states share Field: International Politics
this international border with Pakistan. Of The government of Kyrgyzstan resigned
this 1,225 km falls in Jammu and Kashmir after Almazbek Atambayev’s party quit
(including Line of Control), 1,037 km in the ruling majority coalition. The Social
Rajasthan, 553 km in Punjab and 508 km in Democratic party, which has the largest
Gujarat. faction in parliament, broke up with its
An Israel type highly secured fencing may allies over their refusal to back proposed
come up along the Indo-Pak border to constitutional reforms. The proposed
check infiltration from across the border amendments raised concerns among the
as the govt. is exploring the possibility of opponents, who claimed Atambayev would
installing such a barrier in the sensitive go on to take the role of the prime minister
frontiers of Punjab & Jammu. after his presidential term ends next year.
Economic Sanctions on Myanmar Lifted Gambia Quits International Criminal Court
Date: 7 October, 2016 Date: 27 October, 2016
Place: US Place: Dakar, Africa
Field: International Relations Field: International Dispute
Burma has not traditionally been a top The ICC, set up in 2002, is often accused of
foreign policy concern for Washington, bias against Africa and has also struggled
ISSUES 2016 CA-241
with a lack of cooperation, including from on the Persian gulf through which majority
the US, which signed the court’s treaty but of the crude supplies enter the energy
has never ratified it. markets of Europe, America and Asia. With
the development of the Economic corridor
Therefore Gambia withdrew from the
through the Karakoram pass China would
International Criminal Court, the third
have access to the seas even for the land
African country to declare its departure. locked Xinjiang, Tibet which would provide
The announcement came after similar tremendous economic momentums. It
decisions this month by South Africa and would also provide a gateway to the energy
Burundi. rich caspian region and the markets of
India is Non-committal on Market the central Asian republics. Strategically
Economy Status for China it would provide China to encircle India
Date: 17 November, 2016 and provide a foothold to play a role in
the affairs of the New Delhi, which sees
Place: New Delhi
the port as part of the Chinese ‘String of
Field: Business
Pearls’ aimed at encircling India, worries
The main reason India is reluctant to grant that Chinese warships could soon dock at
MES to China is that it will severely curb Gwadar, and allow Beijing to have presence
India’s ability to impose anti-dumping in the Persian Gulf through which a majority
duties on “unfairly priced” Chinese imports. of the world’s shipping enters the energy
It will have negative impact on India’s markets of Europe, Americas and Asia. But
manufacturers in chemicals, steel, electrical at the moment, we can only wait and watch.
and electronics sectors as they will be
severely hurt by unfairly low-priced Israel Names First Ambassador to
Turkey since 2010
imports from China.
India is not inclined to automatically grant Date: 15 November, 2016
the coveted ‘Market Economy Status’ (MES) Place: Jerusalem
to China under World Trade Organisation Field: International Relation
(WTO) norms in December 2016. Under Relations between Israel and Turkey took a
WTO norms, once a country gets MES downturn during the term of Recep Tayyip
status, exports from it are to be accepted at Erdoğan as Turkish Prime Minister. Though
the production costs and selling price as the Erdoğan had paid an official visit to Israel in
benchmark. Prior to this status, a country 2005 and initially had maintained business-
is considered as a Non Market Economy as-usual relations, his perceived anti-Israeli
(NME). rhetoric is considered to have symbolized
an intentional shift of Turkish interests
in the Middle East and realignment from
Gwadar Port in Pakistan secular Israeli-oriented to Islamist pro-
Date: 14 November, 2016 Arab stance of Turkish Republic.
Place: Pakistan However, in December 2015, Turkey and
Field: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Israel began to negotiate on restoring
diplomatic relations by holding a secret
Gwadar port is an extension of China’s “One meeting, in the aftermath of the 2015
Belt, One Road” initiative and encompasses Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown by Turkey
a series of infrastructure, power and the previous month, and the subsequent
transport upgrades that Islamabad hopes crisis with Russia and the increasing
will kick start its long-underperforming isolation of Turkey. The two countries
economy. The Belt and Road or One Belt, reached an agreement on 27 June 2016 to
One Road is a development strategy and start the process of normalization of ties.
framework, proposed by Chinese paramount In a recent development Israel nominated
leader Xi Jinping. Gwadar port is located a new ambassador to Turkey, its first since
strategically at the head of the Arabian Sea. the two countries normalised ties after
With the development of Gwadar China the 2010 crisis triggered by Israel’s deadly
would be in a position to keep a close eye storming of a Gaza-bound ship.
CA-242 ISSUES 2016
Russia Withdraws from International mentioned that Russia is pulling out of the 2002
Criminal Court Rome Statute, which establishes the ICC’s status
Date: 15 November, 2016 and powers. However, Russia had never ratified
Place: Russia the statue meaning it was never member
subject to its jurisdiction. Russia was against
Field: International Dispute
by ICC’s declaration that It’s 2014 annexation
Russia has officially withdrawn from of Ukraine’s Crimea peninsula was an armed
International Criminal Court (ICC) after conflict. Russia is also under international
President Vladimir Putin signed an executive pressure over its campaign of air strikes in Syria
order in this regard. The executive order over the issue of bombing civilians and civilian
ISSUES 2016 CA-243
targets. Russia has denied those allegations. July 1998 end entered into force in July 2002.
Besides, ICC is also examining allegations of ICC is seen as a successor to Nuremburg
war crimes committed by Russian and Georgian trials after World War II and ad-hoc UN war
forces during a brief 2008 war. ICC based in crimes tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
Hague, Netherlands is an intergovernmental and Rwanda. The multilateral treaty of Rome
organization and international tribunal. It has Statute serves as the ICC’s foundational and
the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the governing document. Currently, there are 124
international crimes of genocide, crimes against states which are party to Rome Statute and
humanity and war crimes. It was established therefore members of the ICC (India and China
by the Rome Statute which was adopted in are not its members).
I
n the current situation of alarming rise
in the level of pollution, it is important
to take significant steps to save our
environment from getting exploited
terribly. Considering rising pollution as
one of the life threatening issues in the
world today, experts are of the opinion that
there is a need to introduce some tools to
take control of the present situation. One of
these tools is carbon sequestration. It is the
accumulation of carbon in terrestrial bodies
as opposed to atmospheric forms. Basically,
carbon is stored in sinks that range from the planet would rapidly overheat. To deal with
world’s oceans and forests to agricultural this, there is a natural counter system called
soils. The humans dealing with these Natural carbon sinks.
storage sites are equally proportionate to Nature provided trees, the oceans, earth
global temperatures to a great extent. and the animals themselves as carbon sinks.
A carbon sink is anything that absorbs All organic life on this planet is carbon base.
more carbon than it releases as carbon Grasslands, agricultural lands, northern,
dioxide. It is being seen as a mechanism boreal forests, tropical rainforests, peat
for tackling climate change and global bogs, freshwater lakes, wetlands, coastal
warming. It accumulates and stores some ecosystems such as seagrass beds, kelp
carbon-containing chemical compound for forests, salt marshes and swamps and
an indefinite period. Carbon sinks are playing coral reefs also play role of natural carbon
significant role for our environment. Basically, sinks. Green plants play a significant role in
carbon sinks are holding tanks for carbon or
controlling carbon dioxide levels, because of
carbon compounds, like carbon dioxide. The
the process of photosynthesis. The process
process by which carbon sinks remove carbon
occurs in the cells of microscopic organisms
dioxide from the atmosphere is known as
and within the leaves of a plant. The process
carbon sequestration.
needs sunlight to change carbon dioxide
There are two types of carbon
and water into a carbon sugar. It is believed
sequestration. One is natural and the other
that half of all carbon that is extracted from
is artificial. Natural carbon sequestration
the atmosphere is through photosynthesis.
is a cycle that’s been happening on this
planet for billions of years. It is simply the The problem is that we’ve removed
process by which nature achieves a balance countless trees from this planet and it is
of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere going to take a lot of time before the millions
suitable for sustaining life. Animals and of trees planted in the last couple of years
plants exhale carbon dioxide as a byproduct mature enough to provide sequestration
of respiration, forest fires belch carbon benefits. The challenge on the part of
dioxide, volcanic eruptions and magma human being is that instead of rapidly
also pump carbon dioxide into the air. discontinuing the activities responsible for
With huge amount of carbon dioxide in heating our planet; researchers are looking
the atmosphere, there needed to be a way for alternate ways continue lifestyles. One
of removing it otherwise the surface of the such alternative is artificial carbon sinks.
CARBON SINKS: PROTECTION SHIELDS AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING CA-245
Artificial carbon sinks are landfills, The major issue that has engulfed
carbon capture and storage processes. the world is that human activities burn
Manmade carbon sinks can be created by fossil fuels like coal and oil are inducing
existing underground formations, or even huge levels of carbon dioxide into the
the oceans, to store carbon dioxide. Artificial atmosphere. The intensity is much faster
carbon sequestration is a good example of to be removed by natural processes. This
man-made carbon sinks. Artificial carbon poses a serious problem because as the
sequestration refers to various processes concentration of carbon dioxide builds up
through which carbon emissions are in the atmosphere, it traps more of the sun’s
captured and then buried. There are several heat which is one of the reasons of shooting
methods proposed to do so. One proposed up of the average global temperatures over
method is ocean sequestration. In this the last few decades.
method, carbon dioxide is injected deep
Man sometimes interferes with carbon
into the ocean, forming lakes of carbon
dioxide. Another method is geological sinks in a positive way. Efforts are underway
sequestration where the carbon dioxide to rejuvenate natural sinks degraded
is pumped into underground chambers over time. These include reforestation,
like old oil reservoirs and coal seams that improved soil conservation, creating new
are unable to be mined. Another method forests, forest conservation etc. The Paris
is Mineral sequestration. In this method, agreement 2015 on climate change was
carbon dioxide is injected into areas rich in a landmark. It focused on the use of land-
Magnesium or Calcium. As per researchers, based sinks such as forests at the heart of
Carbon dioxide will react with the elements the global blueprint for uprooting global
and combine to form calcium carbonate and warming.
magnesium carbonate. Apart from that, a India is working towards making a
lot of research is going on in areas like, a) positive change. The Intended Nationally
Capturing and storing carbon dioxide by Determined Contributions (INDC) of India
injection into the underground empty rock has been submitted to the United Nations.
formations that used to hold fossil fuels, It is being discussed at the climate meet in
like depleted oil reservoirs. b) Replication Paris. It proposes the creation of additional
of natural process of mineral carbonation. carbon sink of 2.5 billion to 3 billion tonnes
c) Fertilizing the surface of southern of carbon dioxide.
oceans with iron to stimulate the growth of
Since, a lot of efforts are being made
microorganisms. d) Manufacturing artificial
to control alarming situation of global
trees complete with leaves treated with
warming. Researchers warn that if the
chemical compounds.
ocean and forest sinks are not able to keep
Humans are responsible for a lot of
pace with rising greenhouse gas emissions,
greenhouse gases, disturbed global carbon
then the extra carbon in the atmosphere
cycle. In 2007, oil, coal, and gas combustion
could increase warming from the range of 5
introduced 8.5 billion tonnes of carbon to
to 30% more than current rate.
the carbon cycle. Until then, this carbon was
stored underground for million of years, Each day, with more carbon pouring
and away from the atmosphere. To strike a into the atmosphere, it is becoming
balance in nature, reforestation or planning increasingly difficult for the natural sinks to
new forests has been the suggestion made drain it away. With more carbon emissions
by several experts and international bodies. going in than being used, balancing the
Carbon sinks is a popular strategy for the carbon budget looks like tougher than
nations with large forests interests such as ever. It stands as a warning to entire human
Canada, United States, and Latin American race to fight the battle against global
nations and some Asian countries such as warming which certainly aims at perishing
Indonesia. the existence of Earth and mankind at large.
CA-246 IDEAS 2016
IDEAS
2016
NATIONAL
--Bhubaneswar, Pune, Jaipur, Surat, Kochi,
Ahmedabad, Jabalpur, Visakhapatnam,
Smart Cities Sholapur, Davangere, Indore, New Delhi
(New Delhi municipal council area),
Date: 28 January, 2016 Coimbatore, Kakinada, Belagavi, Udaipur,
Place: New Delhi Guwahati, Chennai, Ludhiana and Bhopal.
Field: 1st phase of 20 Cities Doppler Radar
The core idea behind the Smart Cities is Date: 28 February, 2016
to promote cities that will provide core
Place: Gopalpur, Odisha
infrastructure and give a decent quality of
life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable Field: Weather forecasting
environment and application of IT enabled Problems: Cyclones
smart solutions. It will improve governance Effects: Advance warning
and public services and make the city The Doppler effect or the Doppler shift is
smart through area-based development. the change in frequency or wavelength of
It aims holistic development and will a wave or other periodic event for
fulfill the aspirations and needs of the an observer moving relative to its source.
citizens of urban areas. It ideally aims A Doppler radar is a specialized radar that
to develop all elements contained in the uses this effect to produce velocity
institutional, physical, social and economic data about objects at a distance. It does
infrastructure. This can be a long-term goal this by bouncing a microwave signal
and cities can work towards such holistic off a desired target and analyzing how
development, incrementally, by adding the object’s motion has altered the
on layers of ‘smartness’. frequency of the returned signal. This
Out of 98 shortlisted of the first phase, variation gives direct and highly accurate
20 cities are selected through the Smart measurements of the radial component
City Challenge competition in which Rs of a target’s velocity relative to the radar.
1.52 crore citizens from 97 cities and Doppler radars are used in aviation,
towns participated. PM Modi launched sounding satellites, meteorology, radar
execution of work on 20 Smart Cities on guns, radiology and healthcare and risk
25th June, 2016. A total investment of Rs. assessment etc.
50,802 crores over five years is proposed Doppler radar to boost the weather
with Public-Private-Partnership. The forecasting system in the cyclone prone
chosen cities will be equipped with basic eastern coast will be commissioned in
infrastructure, efficient urban mobility Gopalpur in Odisha. It will be the sixth
and public transport, IT connectivity and such radar on the country’s east coast.
e-governance mechanisms. The cities are- The others are located in Chennai,
IDEAS 2016 CA-247
future. Delhi is ranked 44th on the list of something like a bird moving “inside”
which is topped by San Jose, followed by the card. How does it get there and what
San Francisco. The ‘Future-Ready Economies makes it seem to move? What makes it
Model’ scores large, high-growth global different from an ordinary photograph? A
metropolitan areas based on attributes that hologram is a cross between what happens
enable people and organisations to access when you take a photograph and what
new tools and ideas that deliver better happens when you look at something for
connectivity, better economic performance real. Like a photograph, a hologram is a
and a greater ability to attract talent. The permanent record of the light reflected off
cities positioned in the list were evaluated an object. But a hologram also looks real
along three dimensions — human capital, and three-dimensional and moves as you
infrastructure and commerce. look around it, just like a real object. That
happens because of the unique way in
Hologram Technique to check Liquor’s
which holograms are made.
Purity
The Government of Maharashtra has
Date: 18 April, 2016 decided to paste “polyester base track
Place: Mumbai and trace” hologram, to be supported by a
Field: Science & Tech mobile app, which will help consumers find
Holograms are a bit like photographs that out whether the liquor is fake or genuine. To
never die. They’re sort of “photographic root out the menace of spurious liquor, the
ghosts”: they look like three-dimensional state Excise department proposed to make
photos that have somehow got trapped it mandatory for all liquor bottles to carry
inside glass, plastic, or metal. When you tilt a hologram and barcode with embedded
a credit-card hologram, you see an image covert and overt features.
subscription to the scheme is likely to create The idea is to accelerate the pace of socio-
a corpus of more than ` 10,000 crore, and economic development of the region so that
would thus also be a significant source of it may enjoy growth parity with the rest of
resource mobilization for the development the country.
of the country. Under this initiative the
senior citizens would get pension on fixed Digital Locker
basis either on yearly or monthly basis Date: 8 September, 2016
which will provide social security to senior Place: New Delhi
citizens. LIC of India has been given the sole Field: Transport
privilege to operate this scheme. The idea of integration of DigiLocker with
Preterm Birth Driving Licenses (DL) & Vehicle Registration
Date: 6 September, 2016 Certificates (VRC) will hugely benefit people.
Now, people will no longer need to carry
Place: Mumbai around physical copies of their Driving
Field: Health Licences and RCs. Using DigiLocker mobile
Every year, an estimated 15 million babies app, they can instead access digital copies of
are born preterm (before 37 completed the same on their mobile phones. Besides,
weeks of gestation), and this number is DLs and VRC documents will be now issued
rising. Preterm birth complications are directly to the DigiLockers of individuals
the leading cause of death among children in digital formats. These digital copies
under 5 years of age, responsible for nearly also can be shared with other government
1 million deaths in 2015. departments as identity and address proof.
Three-quarters of them could be saved with They can also be used for on the spot
current, cost-effective interventions. Across verification through the citizen’s mobile,
184 countries, the rate of preterm birth by various law enforcement authorities like
ranges from 5% to 18% of babies born. the Traffic Police. Besides, it will also result
Indian researchers are on their way to in assured authenticity of such documents
understand the mechanisms by which and reduction of administrative overhead.
preterm births (between 28 and 32 weeks All-women PCR Vans
of gestation) occur. The researchers found
Date: 11 September, 2016
for the first time that gram-positive Group
B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria produce Place: New Delhi
small balloons called membrane vesicles, Field: Women Empowerment
which contain toxins that kill both foetal and All – women PCR (Police Control Room)
maternal cells and destroy the collagen that Van is going to be introduced by Delhi
binds the cells together. Police commissioner in five primary areas –
The idea will save millions of life in the Vigyan Bhawan, Jesus & Mary College, Khan
world Market Metro Station, American Centre at
Kasturba Gandhi Marg, and Moti Lal Nehru
LIVE on e-office Marg. PCR Vans consist of one woman
Date: 7 September, 2016 driver, one woman constable and another
Place: Shilong will carry an MP-5 gun. Currently, there
are 20 women police personnel who have
Field: Science & Tech
been trained for this type of job. This idea
Live on e-office aims to improve will bring transparency while dealing with
productivity, quality, resource management, women criminals and it will boost women
turnaround time and increase transparency empowerment.
by replacing the old manual process with an
electronic file system. Toll Free Helpline Number ‘1924’
North Eastern Region has gone live on
e-office. This platform would not only digitize Date: 13 September, 2016
the entire office correspondence and file Place: New Delhi
noting but also ensure an audit trail of all Field: Post & Tel
entries and correspondence, thus providing A new toll free number ‘1924’ to register
an unprecedented level of accountability. postal complaints is a unique idea. Initially,
CA-254 IDEAS 2016
the service will be operational for 12 hours BSNL as the first telecom partner. VISIT
on working days between 0800 hrs to 2000 is a platform that connects patients with
hrs. The service will address complaints practitioners anytime, anywhere through
within 24 hours unless they are related smartphone or computer.
to policy matters. It will be available in LED Street Lights
three languages viz. Hindi, English and
Malayalam. In future, the service will Date: 26 Sept, 2016
start services in all scheduled languages. Place: Jaipur, Rajasthan
The complaints received on the toll free Field: Power
number will be registered in Computerised Rajasthan is going to be the first state to
Customer Care (CCC) Centre portal by the adopt Centre’s Street Lighting National
operators at the Dak Bhawan. Besides, Programme (SLNP) in all its urban local
while registering the complaint 11 digits bodies (ULB). Almost 5 lakh conventional
ticket number would be provided to the street lights will be replaced with LED
complainants. If the complaint is already street lights across the state. The entire
registered, the operators will provide the street light project will be funded by Energy
status of complaint as viewed in CCC portal. Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) at no cost
to the state. EESL, a Public Energy Services
Free Bus Rides for Girl Students Company under the administration of
Date: 12 September, 2016 Ministry of Power, Government of India
Place: Haryana (GoI), is the implementing agency for SLNP.
Field: Education This move will reduce 225 tonnes of CO2
Free bus rides for girl students in the per day. EESL procurements conform to
state of Haryana have been introduced. BIS specification & carry a 7 year warranty
The Haryana transport minister has given against technical defect.
a strict message to the bus drivers and Monorail
conductors, who misbehave with the girl
Date: 30 September, 2016
students and do not allow them to board
the vehicle. Haryana roadways bus drivers Place: Kolkata
or conductors also got strict message to Field: Transport
behave with girls in good manner. Free A monorail runs a single track. It is
travel facility also given to the girl students beneficial in medium capacity metros.
of Haryana in roadway buses for to and fro As West Bengal is facing exreme problem in
journey to school. transportation in the congested areas it has
App ‘VISIT’ Telemedicine app decided to introduce the system.
The 14-kilometre-long monorail route
Date: 13 September, 2016
would connect Budge Budge to Ruby via
Place: Hyderabad Taratala, New Alipore and Prince Anwar
Field: Science & Tech Shah Road and would come up at a cost of
VISIT is an on-demand healthcare service 4216 crore rupees. There would not be any
provider, partnered with Spice Digital to problem over land acquisition as minimum
launch a doctor on call service on BSNL land would be required to construct
network and plans to tie-up with other telecom pillars and elevated tracks would be laid
players to go national. Telemedicine was the connecting them.
use of telecommunication and information
technology to provide clinical health care EPFO Investment in ETF from 5 to 10
from a distance. It helps eliminate distance percent
barriers and can improve access to medical Date: 30 September, 2016
services that would often not be consistently Place: New Delhi
available in distant rural communities. It is Field: Employees Provident Fund
also used to save lives in critical care and Government will raise the Employees
emergency situations.The service, called ‘JIYO Provident Fund (EPF) investment in
Behtar Expert Talk Health Line’, had already Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) from existing
been made live in North Zone with state-run 5 per cent to 10 per cent. In the last one year,
IDEAS 2016 CA-255
and virtual chimney. Delhi Pollution Control Indian Government’s initiatives to better
Committee (DPCC) data of last five years study and quantify the Himalayan glacier
showed that air quality in the national responses towards the climate change, has
capital has seen a gradual dip before established a high altitude research station
Diwali and it continues to deteriorate till in Himalaya called HIMANSH (literally
mid-December. meaning, a slice of ice), situated above
New Arhar Variety of Pigeon-pea 13,500 ft (> 4000 m) at a remote region in
Spiti, Himachal Pradesh.
Date: 31 October, 2016
Place: New Delhi Clean Energy Equity Fund
Field: Agriculture Date: 2 November, 2016
Traditional pigeonpea varieties are all Place: New Delhi
long-duration types; they mature in about Field: Energy
300 days. They have very specific uses, and
The Indian government and three state-run
sometimes you’ll find them growing as a
firms will jointly set up an equity fund of up to
perennial plant around houses, fencing,
$2 billion for renewable energy companies
etc. As a perennial, it can survive 3–4 years
to help New Delhi meet its clean energy
easily. And the plant is also grown as a
goals. The fund is being created to support
perennial if it’s the long-poded type grown
Government’s ambitious target of adding
as a vegetable.
175 GW renewable energy generation
A new arhar (pigeon-pea) variety that
capacity by 2022. The Government will
matures in 120 days, gives the same 20
launch the fund jointly with state-run
quintal-per-hectare yields of normal 160-
power entities namely, National Thermal
180 day plants and is, moreover, amenable
Power Corporation Limited (NTPC), Rural
to mechanical combine harvesting. The
Electrification Corporation (REC) and
average yield of existing pulses varieties in
Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC).
the country is 9-10 quintals a hectare, but
the new variety developed by IIPR scientists The capital city is facing acute power
has the potential to give 20 quintals. Arhar shortage. This fund aims to solve this
(tur) is mostly grown in Maharashtra, problem which is long-standing.
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka, while it is Online PM-Awas Yojana
used almost in all parts of the country. Date: 2 November, 2016
The development will greatly solve the
Place: New Delhi
massive shortage of arhar and control the
soaring price. Field: Housing
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and
HIMANSH the High Altitude Station Common Services Centre e-Governance
Date: 9 October, 2016 Services signed Memorandum of
Place: Spiti, Himachal Pradesh Understanding (MoU) which will enable
Field: Research online submission of applications under
PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana). It will
Himalayan region has the largest
enable online submission of applications by
concentration of glaciers outside the polar
the urban poor for affordable houses under
caps, as this region is aptly called the
PMAY from November 3, 2016 at a nominal
“Water Tower of Asia” is the source of the 10
cost of ` 25/- per application. Pradhan
major river systems that provide irrigation,
Mantri Awaas Yojana was launched in June
power and drinking water for over 700
2015 to provide affordable housing to urban
million people live in India, Pakistan and
poor. It is proposed to build 2 crore houses
Bangladesh– nearly 10% of the world’s
for urban poor including economically
population. Understanding the behaviour of
weaker sections and low income groups in
these glaciers and their contribution to the
urban areas by the year 2022.
sustainable supply of water for mankind and
agriculture is one of the grand challenges of It is noted that so many needy and eligible
Indian scientific community. As part of the persons are not availing the benefit. This
initiation will bring transparency.
CA-258 IDEAS 2016
Yamuna Riverfront Project Hearing Notice and Decision, etc. Right to
Date: 2 November, 2016 Information (RTI) Act is a powerful medium
Place: New Delhi of two-way communication between the
citizens and the government.
Field: Culture & Tourism
The lifeblood of Delhi the Yamuna River Corporation Bank’s Free Service to
is getting polluted day by day. It is posing Indian Army
a serious threat to the ecology. Keeping in Date: 8 November, 2016
mind this grave threat the Delhi government Place: Mangaluru
is going to launch the ` 200-crore Yamuna Field: Defence
riverfront project at the second annual A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
‘Yamuna Aarti’ event at the Dhai Pusta, in is going to be signed between the Indian
Sonia Vihar. The objective of the project is to Army and Corporation Bank on the Defence
beautify the riverfront in the next one-and- Salary Package. The MoU is adapted to
a-half years. A ‘Nakshatra Vatika’ (garden as suit the requirements of serving soldiers,
per Vedic astrology) and a medicinal garden pensioners and families and includes free /
will be constructed at Sonia Vihar. concessional services including free drafts,
Online Platform “Nyaaya” free cheque books, free funds transfers to
any bank in India through RTGS / NEFT,
Date: 5 November, 2016 free ATM cards, Unlimited transactions
Place: Bangalore on all ATMs including that of other Banks.
Field: IT Some important attributes of the MoU
An online platform named ‘Nyaaya’ will include Personal Accident Insurance Cover
explain the country’s Central and state of ` 5 and 10 lacs, Air Insurance Cover of
laws in a user-friendly method, supported ` 5 to 50 lacs and Term Life Insurance Cover
by interactive guides and visualisations. It of ` 5 & 10 lacs. All the facilities are also
will explain sexual harassment, domestic provided to the pensioners except Term Life
violence, dowry and anti-corruption laws Insurance Cover.
among others. Currently available in LNG Fuelled Bus
English, Nyaaya wants to launch its service
in India’s 22 official languages. Nyaaya is Date: 8 November, 2016
made up of a team of three lawyers and Place: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
two engineers from across NLS Bangalore, Field: Environment
Symbiosis Law, IIT Kharagpur and Mumbai. India’s first liquefied natural gas (LNG)-
E-Court Software driven bus is going to be launched in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The LNG bus
Date: 4 November, 2016 is a joint effort of Petronet LNG Limited
Place: New Delhi (PLL), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd and Tata
Field: RTI Motors Ltd. LNG is an environmentally
A new E-Court software will be developed friendly fuel with less number of Nitrogen
for speedy disposal of Appeals/Complaints. and Sulphur atoms and particulate matters,
It will enable speedy disposal of Appeals/ as compared to petrol and diesel. Carbon
Complaints by using digital technology. emission is also lesser than Diesel. Hence
The system would allow online filing of LNG powered transportation system will
appeals/complaints and case transfer help India meet its COP21 commitment.
using latest technology. It would generate Petronet LNG Limited is a joint venture
a unique number which can be used by the company promoted by the Gas Authority
applicant for tracking the status of a case of India Limited (GAIL), Oil and Natural
filed with the Commission. Alerts will also Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian
be produced to inform the applicant at the Oil Corporation Limited (IOC) and Bharat
stage of Registration, issue of facilitation Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL).
memo, scheduling of the case hearing and Petronet LNG Limited has set up the
also at the stage of decision uploading. The country’s first LNG receiving and re-
system will provide an online search facility gasification terminal at Dahej, Gujarat, and
which allows a user to search for Dak, File, another terminal at Kochi.
IDEAS 2016 CA-259
Kahin Bhi-Kabhi Bhi Medical Facilities about violation of child rights through the
Date: 14 November, 2016 app. Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh have
Place: New Delhi recorded cases of child abuse. This idea is
Field: Health path-breaking because with registering a
Employees State Insurance Corporation complaint on the app will immediately send
(ESIC) is going to launch ‘Kahin Bhi-Kabhi an email to the Maharashtra State Child
Bhi’ medical facilities for its beneficiaries Rights Protection, which will direct it to
of Delhi. Kahin Bhi means any dispensary/ police or a child right charity.
Hospital and Kabhi Bhi means anytime. Navy to Select Candidates Through
With this initiative, all the networks of JEE (Main) Ranks
dispensaries of Delhi have been made
accessible to insured persons and their Date: 12 November, 2016
family members all the time. The initiative Place: New Delhi
aims at saving time of the beneficiaries as Field: Defence
well as minimizing the effort that he/she Indian Navy is considering to select
makes to avail the services. candidates into the 10+2 B Tech cadet
Mobile App CHIRAG scheme through JEE (Main) ranks, instead
Date: 9 November, 2016 of class 12th. Earlier, the candidates were
Place: Mumbai selected on the basis of their PCM (Physics,
Chemistry, Maths) percentage, scored in
Field: Human Rights
their class 12 board examination.
The App “Child Helpline for Information on
Rights and Address Grievances” (CHIRAG) The move can result in more candidates
will be available for download on Google taking JEE (Mains) examination in 2017,
Playstore while an IOS version would be to become eligible for the January 2018
launched shortly. The app will provide courses offered by Indian Naval Academy
information regarding functioning of the (INA). All this has become necessary
Child Rights Protection Commission while because the Navy needs a strong cadre of
spreading awareness about children’s officers with advanced technical expertise
rights. People can also lodge complaints to handle the sophisticated “platforms”.
CA-260 IDEAS 2016
First Cherry Blossom Festival Facebook’s Connectivity Lab set a world
Date: 14 November, 2016 record transmitting at nearly 20 Gbps for
Place: Meghalaya 13.2 kilometers with MMW (Milli Meter
Wave) technology. This will be used as a
Field: Culture
terrestrial backhaul network to support
Meghalaya is going to be the first state to access solutions such as Terragraph and
start India’s first Cherry Blossom Festival,
Project ARIES. Millimeter wave is the band
which is widely celebrated in Japan. The four-
of radio spectrum between 30 Ghz and 300
day festival will also provide opportunities
to showcase the unique beauty of pink and Ghz. Researchers are testing 5G wireless
white cherry blossoms as well as Meghalaya’s broadband technology on millimetre wave
traditional arts, culture and cuisine to the spectrum.
naturalists and tourists. The aim of the festival INSV MHADEI with all-women Crew
is to attract tourists to this hill state in autumn
to witness cherry blossoms blooming at every Date: 9 November, 2016
corner of the Shillong. This tourism project Place: Panaji
was implemented by Manipur-based Institute Field: Defence
of Bioresources, Sustainable Development An all-women crew of the Indian Navy is
(IBSD) and National Institute of Department about to set off in the Indian Navy Sailing
of Biotechnology. United Nations declared
Vessel Mhadei for the ‘Cape 2 Rio Yacht Race
2017 as the International Year of Sustainable
2017’. The vessel will start from Goa to Cape
Tourism for Development.
Town, South Africa by Rear Admiral Monty
Facebook Wireless Data Transfer World Khanna, Commandant Naval War College
Record in a ceremony held at the Boat Pool of INS
Date: 13 November, 2016 Mandovi, Goa. The “Cape to Rio Race” (Cape
Town to Rio de Janeiro) which will start
Place: Menlo Park, California, United States
from Cape Town on 26 Dec 16.
Field: IT
from digital channels, amongst other the next generation online immediate
things, without making large investments. payments. Transactions are made through
The platform could and easily integrate a virtual address, the VPA (Virtual Payment
into existing technologies, while also Address), which is in the format [name]@
providing a future ready architecture that [bankname]. The upper limit per UPI
would enable next generation shopping transaction is ` 1 Lakh.
experiences leveraging artificial intelligence
(AI), machine learning, natural language India’s Most Attractive Brands
processing and virtual reality (VR). Date: 3 November, 2016
Robotics for Business Processes Place: New Delhi
Field: Business
Date: 9 September, 2016
The Tata conglomerate slipped in ranking
Place: Mumbai
on India’s most attractive brands index,
Field: IT which has been topped by South Korean
The country’s largest private lender ICICI consumer electronics maker LG. Tata, which
Bank is going to deploy ‘Software was at number 4 in 2015 and number 5 in
Robotics’ in over 200 business processes 2014, is ranked at number 7 in India’s Most
across various functions of the bank. This Attractive Brands 2016 study, carried out
move will enable the banks employees to by Trust Research Advisory (TRA) and
focus more on value-added functions. The based on primary research conducted on
software robots will reduce the response close to 3,000 consumers across 16 cities.
time to customers by up to 60%. ICICI Bank This year, top three ranks were occupied by
is an Indian multinational banking and LG, followed by Sony and Samsung Mobiles.
financial services company headquartered India based firms Bajaj, Tata and Maruti
in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, with its Suzuki were ranked sixth, seven and eight
registered office in Vadodara. Chanda respectively. Airtel and Nokia took the ninth
Kochhar is the managing director (MD) and and tenth spot respectively in the TRA’s
chief executive officer (CEO) of ICICI Bank. most attractive brands list. In the sub-
More Banks in the Unified Payments category of FMCG diversified, as per TRA,
Interface (UPI) Patanjali cracked Hindustan Unilever (HUL)
to be the most the attractive brand.
Date: 3 November, 2016
Place: Mumbai First Titanium Production
Field: Banking Date: 4 November, 2016
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a Place: Ganjam, Odisha
system that powers multiple bank accounts Field: Mining
of participating banks, several banking India is going to start its test production of
services features like fund transfer (P2P), titanium at Ganjam district of Odisha. The
and merchant payments in a single project was established by Saraf Group. This
mobile application. Five new banks have is first of its kind titanium plant and the only
joined the Unified Payments Interface one in the country. During the test run, one
(UPI) bandwagon, thereby taking the of its four furnaces became functional. This
total number of banks using UPI to 26. It plant is expected to produce 36,000 tons of
includes public sector lenders, State Bank of titanium slag and 20,000 tons of pig iron per
India, Allahabad Bank and Bank of Baroda year. The raw material of the plant ilmenite
and two private banks HDFC Bank and IDFC would be procured from Odisha Sands
Bank. The applications are currently live Complex (OSCOM), a unit of Indian Rare
only for the banks’ own customers and after Earths Limited (IREL) in Ganjam district
being tested till they will be made available of Odisha as well as a private company
to the public through the android play store. which has its unit in Srikakulam in Andhra
UPI was launched by National Payments Pradesh. Earlier in August 2015, Indian
Corporation of India with Reserve Bank Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had
of India. It is an architecture and a set fully commissioned and started commercial
of standard app APIs by RBI to facilitate production at the first indigenous Titanium
CA-266 IDEAS 2016
Sponge Plant at Chavara in Kerala. This start-ups with the global marketplace. ‘Startup
plant had commercially started producing Mentorship Circle’ is truly a strong eco-system
Titanium Sponge exclusively for the space for nurturing innovation and startups to drive
programme and strategic areas especially sustainable economic growth and generate
in aerospace and defence areas. With this large scale employment opportunities. The
commissioning India became the seventh ‘Startup Mentorship Circle’ will provide a
country in the world producing Titanium common platform for captains of India Inc
sponge commercially. and startup entrepreneurs to share their
Startup Mentorship Circle experiences and resources. Confederation of
Indian Industry aims at connecting startups
Date: 5 Nov, 2016 to the global marketplace and their think-
Place:Mumbai tanks to enable firms to scale up and succeed
Field: Economy & Employment in an exponential way. The industry body
Mentorship circle aims at providing a will focus on startups which are past the
platform to Indian starups to showcase idea stage and have been in operation for 2-5
their capabilities and partner with industry. years; those that need support for the next
‘Startup It will circle’ to help in connecting stage in order to scale up.
Artificial Laxmi India’s First Banking Laxmi, India’s first banking robot is
Robot ready to make its debut soon, it is based
on the platform of ‘Artificial Intelligence
Date: 10 November, 2016
Interactive Technology’ which is really
Place: Chennai super fast and crisp to interact. The Robot
Field: Banking will be introduced by Chennai’s ‘City
IDEAS 2016 CA-267
It is the only profitable mass transport and the city so that it facilitates water
solution. Technically the most advanced, commuting. The Metro Rail will connect
Metrino-PRT has the least interference the Kochi backwaters with the main city.
to daily functioning of the city during This integrated water – transport concept
construction. It is a solution which reduces will involve jetties, roads and boat services,
traffic congestion and automotive pollution thereby providing an impetus to the safety
while raising the quality of urban life. and availability of urban water transport
This state-of-the-art public transport will save network.
authorities millions of dollars in development
costs and annual infrastructure. The Solar Power Tree
Pod taxis, a result of a project called the Date: 22 July, 2016
Metrino -- a PRT system in which pods are Place: New Delhi
suspended from an overhead rail -- has Field: Power
been under consideration for a while and The ‘Solar Power Tree’, a unique concept to
will finally debut in Gurgaon. generate electricity by harnessing the solar
Recently the city is facing water logged and energy. Some of the important features
traffic congestion in a massive scale. of this project include a special vertical
Doubling farmers’ Income configuration of solar cells, feasibility
in urban and rural areas, and a minimal
Date: 22 April, 2016 investment land wise, i.e. 5KW. Solar Tree
Place: New Delhi can be installed in 4 sq.ft. of land. This
Field: Agriculture technique harnesses 10% - 15% more
The idea of Doubling Farmers’ Income, has power compared to the conventional
at first instance, to translate into multiplying photovoltaic cell. With a battery back - up
their sales volume. The target to double of 2 hours and water sprinklers for self –
farmers’ income, will be best served by cleaning, the solar tree is a niche discovery.
empowering access to more consumption
points, markets. Such access is currently Single Budgets
restrained mainly due to physical limitations Date: 27 September, 2016
of the logistics system. Policy direction to Place: New Delhi
ramp up physical connectivity from farm
Field: Political
to consumers and easing certain regulatory
restrictions are required. Greater access A new idea is round the corner to stop the
to more markets hedges against selling practice of presenting separate budget
risks, and adds opportunity to produce for General budget and Railway Budget
more. Farm-gates need to be empowered to from next financial year (2017-18). The
reach out to more consumers so that they decision will end the 92 year old colonial
can scale up their sales and capture more legacy of presenting it separately. It will
revenue by delivering all production to also pave the way for Union Government
markets. Considering the unpredictability to walk the talk by cutting short populist
in agriculture due to market fluctuations, subsidies and push the structural reform.
and due to weather government is setting The Indian Railway system is world’s
up an electronic National Agriculture fourth-biggest rail system, which employs
around 1.3 million individuals and pays
Market and implementing a new crop
the exchequer a net profit of around
insurance scheme.
40 billion rupees ($596.81 million) yearly.
Water Metro Rail The presentation of separate Railway budget
started in the year 1924, and has continued
Date: 24 July, 2016
after independence as a convention rather
Place: Kochi than under Constitutional provisions.
Field: Transportation The presentation of a unified budget will
The Kochi Water Metro project, for the bring the affairs of the Railways to centre
first time in India is an out of box idea. stage and present a holistic picture of
This project intends to connect the islands the financial position of the Government.
between the Kochi agglomeration areas The merger is also expected to reduce
CA-270 IDEAS 2016
the procedural requirements and instead a voter registration drive is to encourage
bring into focus, the aspects of delivery youth to participate in the democratic
and good governance. This merger will exercise. From October 6 to 9, Facebook
also merge the Plan and the Non-Plan users in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Goa,
classification in the Budget and Accounts. Manipur and Uttarakhand who are 18 years
It is on the line of recommendation given and above will receive a reminder in their
by Rangrajan committee way back. With News Feed to register to vote. By clicking
these changes, the budget in coming years on the ‘Register Now’ button, people will
will become more transparent, predictable be directed to the National Voters’ Services
and a greater emphasis on expenditure and Portal which will guide them through the
less on revenue. This merger will deepen registration process.
the Centre-State relationship. However,
the Railways will continue to maintain its Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
distinct entity as a departmentally run Date: 31 October, 2016
commercial undertaking as at present. Place: New Delhi
With the merger of Union Budget and Rail Field: Culture
Budget, all the losses, loans or dues of
Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (National Unity Day)
Railways will become the responsibility
is observed across India on 31 October
of Union. The Railway minister will be
to commemorate birth anniversary of
independent of all the political pressure
Independent India’s first Deputy Prime
to manage, make railway sustainable and
Minister Sardar Vallabhai Patel. The theme
paying dividends. In such scenario, it seems
of the day for 2016 is “Integration of India”.
that Indian Railway will become more or
The idea of Rashtriya Ekta Diwas was
less like a postal department, where the
mooted by PM Narendra Modi in October
profits, losses and expenditure belong to
2014 to mark the birth anniversary of
Central budget. It is expected that with all
country’s first Home Minister Sardar
the dues, expenditure, salaries, if accounted
Vallabh bhai Patel. Sardar Vallabh bhai
under Union budget may shoot up the fiscal
Pate is known as the Iron Man of India or
deficit further.
Bismarck of India. In India’s independence
Election Commission Facebook to struggle, he played a major role in organizing
Register Young Voters peasants’ movements on Gandhian
principles in Bardoli and Kheda in Gujarat
Date: 8 October, 2016
and during the Quit India movement. His
Place: New Delhi biggest contribution to India was his role
Field: Adult Suffrage in the integration of the over 500 princely
For the first time the Election Commission of states with India during 1947-49. He is also
India (ECI) has collaborated with Facebook remembered as the Patron Saint of India’s
to register young voters in 5 states, which civil servants for establishing modern All-
are going to polls in 2017. The purpose of India services.
INTERNATIONAL
ASTRO-H is equipped with four state of
the art instruments providing the highest
ASTRO-H Satellite to Study Black Holes energy resolution ever achieved in the
Date: 17 February, 2016 E = 3-10 keV band and covering a wide
energy range, spanning four decades
Place: Kagoshima, Japan
from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. The
Field: Space Research simultaneous broad bandpass coverage
Japan’s ASTRO-H satellite is capable of and high sensitivity, coupled with the high
observing X-ray sources, like galaxy clusters spectral resolution, will open an enormous
and neutron stars, more than 10 times new discovery space for a wide variety of
fainter than its predecessor, Suzaku, which objects. ASTRO-H is expected to provide
operated from 2005 to 2015. breakthrough results in scientific areas
IDEAS 2016 CA-271
as diverse as the large-scale structure of the regime, the physical conditions in sites of
Universe and its evolution, the behaviour cosmic-ray acceleration, and the distribution
of matter in the gravitational strong field of dark matter in galaxy clusters.
Rare Einstein Ring “bionic leaf 2.0,” the new system can convert
Date: 30 May, 2016 solar energy to biomass with 10% efficiency
Place: London - a number far higher than the 1% seen in
Field: Science the fastest growing plants. It will be useful to
provide power from Cars to Mobile Phones,
One of the most symmetrical Einstein
alternative to fossil, electric cars could use
rings—a rare astronomical phenomenon—
these cells to power the engine.
created by a galaxy located 10,000 million
light years away that is hidden behind a CO2 can be turned into Stone
more massive galaxy has been detected. Date: 10 June, 2016
Einstein rings, predicted by Einstein’s Place: Iceland
theory of General Relativity, are quite Field: Science
rare but scientifically interesting. The one A technique has been developed to capture
discovered by Instituto de Astrofisica de and store the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
Canarias (IAC) and the University of La (CO2) in deep underground by turning it
Laguna (ULL) in Canary Islands is named into rock. The technique will provide a
the “The Canarias Einstein ring”. safer, faster way to sequester CO2 and limit
Bionic Leaf global warming. And it was identified as
Date: 5 June, 2016 a potentially significant way to combat
Place: Harvard University climate change. This method of the speedy
Field: Science carbonation could be a viable way to store
Bionic leaf is a newly developed artificial CO2 underground permanently and without
leaf that creates oxygen and hydrogen in risk of leakage. The unique project promises
converting solar energy into liquid fuel. a cheaper and more secure way of burying
This new energy approach uses the bacteria CO2 from fossil fuel burning underground,
Ralstonia eutropha to convert sunlight into where it cannot warm the planet. Such
fuel imitating the process of photosynthesis. carbon capture and storage (CCS) is thought
A unique “bionic leaf“ that uses solar energy to be essential to halting global warming, but
to split water molecules into oxygen and existing projects store the CO2 as a gas and
hydrogen, and hydrogen-eating bacteria concerns about costs and potential leakage
to produce liquid fuels from CO2. Dubbed have halted some plans.
Solar Impulse 2
Date: 26 July, 2016
Place: Abu Dhabi
Field: Aviation
Solar Impulse 2, the first airplane powered by renewable energy has completed the first
round world trip. The solar-powered airplane finally arrived at Al-Bateen Executive
Airport located in Abu Dhabi, where it had started its journey 505 days ago. This
airplane is extra sensitive to weather patterns and it depends on the sun for power
and also its tiny weight makes it difficult to fly through heavy cloud cover or rain. The
flight covered a remarkable 42,000-kilometre journey across four continents, two
oceans and three seas. Solar Impulse is a Swiss long-range experimental solar-powered
aircraft project, and also the name of the project’s two operational aircraft. The privately
financed project is led by Swiss engineer and businessman André Borschbergand Swiss
psychiatrist and aeronaut Bertrand Piccard, who co-piloted Breitling Orbiter 3, the first
balloon to circle the world non-stop. The Solar Impulse project’s goals were to make
the first circumnavigation of the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar
power and to bring attention to clean technologies.
CA-274 IDEAS 2016
Longest Single Cave, Double Track Africa. The first session of the meeting will
Tunnel be on the theme of ‘Achieving SDGs- Role
Date: 9 July, 2016 of Women Parliamentarians in involving
Place: Beijing Citizens’. The second session will be based
Field: Transport on theme “Containing Climate Change –
Constructing Asia’s longest 16-km single Imperatives of Global Cooperation’.
tunnel that has double tracks for high- This idea will encourage sustainable
speed trains in northwest Shaanxi province development goals. This will request the
of China is a unique idea. The tunnel cuts international financial organisations to help
through the Qinling Mountains. It is part of the least developed countries to help easier
a high-speed rail line that links Xi’an, the access to new technologies and finance to
provincial capital and Chengdu in China’s fight against climate change.
southwest Sichuan province. The 643-km World Humanitarian Day
long line has a running speed of 250 km per Date: 19 August, 2016
hour, will slash the travel time between the Place: Globally
two cities from 16 hours to just three hours. Field: Human Rights
BRICS Women Forum World Humanitarian Day is celebrated
Date: 20 August, 2016 worldwide on the 19th August. The UN and
its partners have called for global solidarity
Place: Jaipur
with more than 130 million people
Field: International Affairs around the world who need humanitarian
BRICS is the grouping of Brazil, Russia, assistance to survive. Under the theme of
India, China and South Africa. A total of ‘One Humanity’, World Humanitarian Day
43 delegates from member countries are will highlight the world coming together
participating in the meeting. The meeting in Istanbul earlier this year, to support
will see the participation of 5 women people affected by crisis and ensure that
parliamentarians from Brazil, 3 from Russia, aid workers can safely and more effectively
28 from India, 2 from China and 4 from South deliver to those in need.
Pokémon Go
Date: 11 July, 2016
Place: San Francisco, California, U.S.
Field: Technology
The world of technology is in a desperate mood to make them real having a physical
existence with all similar features like the world around us. In this line researchers and
engineers are pulling graphics out of your television screen or computer display and
integrating them into real-world environments. This new technology, called augmented
reality, blurs the line between what’s real and what’s computer-generated by enhancing
what we see, hear, feel and smell.
Niantic Inc., the American software development company’s Pokémon Go, is an
augmented reality mobile game that has brought out a revolution. It has become a global
phenomenon since it launched in Australia. The game requires players to explore the
real world to find Pokémon, collect items at Pokéstops and conquer gyms, and a lot of
work has gone into the game’s mapping. Pokémon may be a game for teens but it has
changed societal expectations of what information is presented and how it is accessed.
Pokémon GO is an interactive, mobile game that uses your phone’s GPS data and clock to
show Pokémon hidden near your current, physical location. Pokémon GO has became a
global phenomenon and was one of the most used and profitable mobile apps in 2016,
having been downloaded more than 500 million times worldwide. It was credited with
popularizing location-based and augmented reality technology, promoting physical
activity, and helping local businesses grow via foot traffic.
IDEAS 2016 CA-275
Chabahar Port
The Chabahar port is located in south-eastern Iran in the Gulf of Oman. It is the only
Iranian port with direct access to the ocean. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to
Iran has led to the much-awaited signing of the pact for India to develop the strategic
Chabahar port.
The port was partially built by India in 1990s. The pact to build the Chabahar port was
first initiated during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s government in 2003, but the deal couldn’t
get through the subsequent years.
After several rounds of negotiations between India’s consortium of JNPT, Kandla Port
Authority and Iranian authorities, the contract was finally deemed ready to be signed.
Developing the port is understood to be a major breakthrough for India’s trade with
West Asia. Following agreements have been established as per the pact:
a) India will develop and operate the Chabahar port. India Ports Global will invest $85
million in developing two container berths with a length of 640 metres and three
multi-cargo berths.
b) The signed contract will last for 10 years and is extendable. First two years of the
contract are to be observed as grace period. It means India doesn’t have to guarantee
any cargo for the port. Phase one of the port construction will take 18 months to
complete.
c) India will facilitate 30,000 TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent) of cargo at the port in
third year. By the tenth year, quantum will rise to 2,50,000 TEUs.
d) IRCON International will set up a railway line at Chabahar in order to move goods
right up to Afghanistan. The rail link of 500-km between Chabahar and Zahedan
will link Delhi to the rest of Iran’s railway network.
e) Free trade zone where a total investment of `1 lakh crore is envisaged is also a part
of the agreement.
f) India will also supply $400 million of steel rails to Tehran.
How India gains?
• Presently, Pakistan does not allow India to transport through its territory to
Afghanistan. The port will make way for India to bypass Pakistan and transport
goods to Afghanistan using a sea-land route.
• This will also give momentum to the International North-South Transport Corridor.
Iran is the key gateway in this project. The route primarily involves moving freight
from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia.
• The corridor would increase trade connectivity between major cities such as
Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku etc.
• It would counter Chinese presence in the Arabian sea through the support of
Pakistan in developing Gwadar port.
• Port can also be used to station security vessels for merchant ships off the African
coast, apart from giving the country a foothold in the western Arabian Sea. It is
important as many of its energy imports pass through the route.
CA-280 IDEAS 2016
First e-commerce Satellite startup company is an entrepreneurial
venture which is typically a newly emerged,
Date: 23 Sept, 2016
fast-growing business that aims to meet a
Place: Beijing marketplace need by developing or offering
Field: Commerce an innovative product, process or service.
China’s online marketing giant Alibaba
planned to launch the world’s first India in Global Business Optimism
e-commerce satellite next year to provide Index
people with the best vegetables after Date: 5 Nov, 2016
analyzing agricultural cultivation and Place: London, United Kingdom
harvesting data. The satellite was scheduled Field: Business
to be launched in 2017. Juhuasuan.com India improved its ranking by one spot in
announced plans to launch the satellite in a global index of business optimism, with
cooperation with the China Academy of policy reforms and Goods and Services Tax
Launch Vehicle Technology and the China (GST) expected to become a reality soon.
Space Museum. One example of benefit According to the latest Grant Thornton
to consumers would be that the best and International Business Report, India was
ranked second on the optimism index
freshest vegetables would be available to
during the third quarter (July-September
consumers after cultivation and harvesting
2016). Indonesia took the top spot, with
data was analyzed by the satellite.
the Philippines coming in third. India was
SBI’s First Domestic Bank in Yangon ranked third during the April-June period
Date: 4 Oct, 2016 after being on top for two consecutive
quarters. The improvement in the optimism
Place: Naypyidaw, Myanmar
ranking in the recent past clearly reflects
Field: Banking that the reform agenda of the government
SBI is going to open its branch in and its efforts on improving the climate
Myammar. The branch will be opened for doing business are having an impact.
in Yangon, the capital city of Myanmar. Grant Thornton is a leading business
The Yangon branch is the 54th foreign adviser that helps dynamic organisations
branch of the SBI. This branch will extend to unlock their potential for growth. Their
the global presence of SBI in 37 countries brand is respected globally, as one of the
through 198 offices. major global accounting organisations
This idea will improve economic co-operation recognised by capital markets, regulators
and foreign relations between the countries. and international standards setting bodies.
However, the recent demonitisation may
India in Top 3 country’s Start-ups affect the entire business sector of India.
Date: 7 Nov, 2016 Molinari Rail Manufacturing Unit In
Place: Bengaluru India
Field: Entrepreneurial Venture & Business Date: 12 Nov, 2016
With the total venture investment in start- Place: New Delhi
ups in 10 years is estimated at `1,11,700 Field: Transport
crore, India has emerged as one of the Molinari Rail AG has entered into a
top three global countries in terms of the strategic pact to design, manufacture and
number of start-ups founded. According deliver the auxiliary power units (APUs)
to the NASCOM report, Indian technology for 1,000 diesel locomotives to be built
start-ups landscape has seen a tremendous in India for Indian Railways. According to
growth in the emergence of innovative start- the agreement Swiss Major, Molinari Rail
ups and creative entrepreneurs. In terms of will set up a manufacturing and assembly
providing a conducive ecosystem for the centre for auxiliary power units for diesel
start-ups to thrive, India has moved up to locomotives in India by 2017. The idea
third position and has emerged the fastest will provide employment and skill to the
growing base of start-ups worldwide. A Indian Youths.
IDEAS 2016 CA-281
First National Digital Currency and West Bengal that passes through hilly
Date: 18 Nov, 2016 terrain with steep gradients and multiple
Place: Stockholm hairpin bends, making transportation,
Field: Monetary especially of loaded trucks, very difficult.
World’s oldest central bank, Central Bank of This idea will facilitate India to carry
Sweden is taking step to launch a national petroleum goods (Motor Spirit, High Speed
digital currency e-krona to solve the Diesel, Superior Kerosene Oil and LPG)
problem of a dramatic drop in the domestic from Assam to Tripura through Bangladesh
use of cash. The digital currency may be to make a buffer stock in the northeastern
introduced within two years. Sweden state.
becomes the first major country to give
This new route via Bangladesh would
consumers direct access to virtual money
save time and costs in carrying petroleum
issued by a central bank.
However, the embrace of electronic payments products from Assam to Tripura as the
has alarmed consumer organizations and existing over 400 km of mountainous route
critics who warn of a rising threat to privacy required more than 10 hours to carry these
and increased vulnerability to sophisticated essential items. Besides, the condition
Internet crimes. Last year, the number of of national highways in Meghalaya and
electronic fraud cases surged to 140,000, southern Assam is horrifying. This move
more than double the amount a decade ago, not only paves the way for future logistic
according to Sweden’s Ministry of Justice. management but also exemplifies its
Peru to Host 2016 APEC Summit commitment to be the energy accessibility
Date: 11 Nov, 2016 of India in true sense.
Place: Lima, Peru India Pledgeds USD 10.95 mn to UN
Field: Economy for 2017
The 2016 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Date: Nov 11, 2016
(APEC) Forum’s Leaders Summit will
be held in Lima, Peru. The theme of the Place: UN
summit is “Quality Growth and Human Field: International Affairs
Development” and the official logo is the India has pledged to contribute about USD
architecture of the ancient city of Caral. It 10.95 million to the United Nation (UN)
will be the second time Peru hosting the for the year 2017 for the development
APEC Summit, previously it had hosted the activities across several UN bodies. The
event in 2008. The 2016 summit will gather USD 10.95 million pledge contribution
leaders from the world’s 21 most important by India included contribution of USD
member economies, as well as over 1,500
4.5 million for the UN Development
investors and entrepreneurs. Four priority
Programme (UNDP), USD 1.92 million
areas were laid out as topics to be discussed.
for the World Food Programme, USD
These are Human Capital Development,
Regional Food Market, Upgrading SMEs and 1.25 million for the UN Relief and Works
Regional Economic Integration Agenda. Agency for Near East (UNRWA) and a
million dollars towards UN Women. India
IDEAS
Alienated Pakistan
Today Pakistan is seen alienated owing to terrorist training camps and habilitating wanted
terrorists in its territory. Pakistan failed to obtain membership of UN Human Rights Council.
Recently Pakistan tried to tarnish the image of India misusing the platform of UN. As a
result of that India hit out at Pakistan. Notwithstanding, India’s rebuke, Pakistan urged UN
to investigate is extra-judicial killing of Burhan Wani. While India slammed Pakistan for
interfering in its internal affairs, Islamabad faced similar criticism from the US.
Pakistan’s relations with Kabul too have touched a new low. Recently, Afghanistan’s National
Directorate of Security (NDS) ex-chief, released documents that explicitly exposed Pakistan’s
ISI’s (Inter State Intelligence) collusion with Afghan Taliban and Haqqani network.
Pakistan’s role as state sponsor of terrorism is under scanner with Bangladesh
government alleging ISI’s role in Dhaka attacks. Affirming straight allegation at Pakistan
and ruling out the involvement of ISIS, political advisor to Sheikh Hasina said that ISI’s
connection with Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen is clear and well known.
For past five decades, Pakistan, with its whole vigour, has been posing a severe challenge
to India using its doctrine of bleeding India with thousand cuts. India has been victim
of Pakistan’s terrorist training program. Despite evidences, India so far failed to muster
enough support to alienate and suffocate Pakistan. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran
visibly distraught with Pakistan, India has now been able to leverage enough support to
challenge the terror training patronized by Pakistan.
Pakistan’s recent alienation has come out clear on the global platform with the 19th
SAARC summit. It is a diplomatic conference originally scheduled to be held in Pakistan
on 15 & 16 November 2016.
After the Uri terrorist attack, India’s diplomatic tensions with Pakistan rose to significant
level. India announced boycott of the 19th SAARC summit, alleging Pakistan’s involvement
in the Uri attacks. Following that Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka also opted
out of the summit, resulting in an indefinite postponement of the summit. Today, Pakistan is
an alienated country.
IDEAS 2016 CA-283
COMING UP 2017
International Year of Sustainable SUMMIT to be held in Hamburg, Germany
Tourism for Development 2017: The from July 7-July 8.
United Nations General Assembly approved Presidential election 2017 India: A
2017 to be the International Year of Presidential election will be held before
Sustainable Tourism for Development. 25 July 2017, the day when incumbent
INS Viraat to be decommissioned: INS President Pranab Mukherjee’s term ends.
Viraat, world’s oldest aircraft carrier, formal The total solar eclipse: This eclipse will
decommissioning is scheduled for January be the first total solar eclipse visible from the
2017. United States on August 21 since the solar
Portugal PM Antonio Costa to be the eclipse of July 11, 1991 and the first visible
chief guest: The Indian-origin Portugal from the contiguous United States since 1979.
Prime Minister, Antonio Costa will be the The Chess World Cup 2017: The Chess
chief guest at the 14th Pravasi Bharatiya World Cup 2017 is scheduled to be held in
Divas (PBD) Convention to be held from Georgia from September 1 to September 25.
January 7 to 9, 2017 in Bengaluru.
Spacecraft to the moon: TeamIndus, a
2017 Australian Open Grand Slam: The private aerospace starup company is planning
2017 Australian Open, the 105th edition to send a spacecraft to the moon aboard an
of the Australian Open, is to take place at Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Melbourne Park on 16-29 January 2017. rocket on December 28, 2017.
Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Goa Legislative Assembly election,
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to be 2017: The Goa Legislative Assembly
the chief guest: Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi election, 2017 will be held in early 2017, to
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan will be elect the 40 members of the Goa Legislative
the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade Assembly, as the term of current Legislative
on 26 January 2017. Assembly ends on March 18, 2017.
IPL 2017: The 2017 edition of IPL will take Manipur Legislative Assembly election,
place from 5 April to 21 May 2017 in India. 2017: The Manipur Legislative Assembly
World Team Chess Championship 2017: election, 2017 will be held in early 2017 to
World Team Chess Championship 2017 to elect the 60 members as the term of current
take place in Russia from May 15–May 27. Legislative Assembly ends on 18 March 2017.
ICC Champions Trophy 2017: ICC Punjab Legislative Assembly elections
Champions Trophy 2017 to be held across 2017: The Punjab Legislative Assembly
three venues: The Oval, Edgbaston and Sophia elections are expected to be held in Punjab
Gardens in England from June 1 to June 18. in 2017, before the end of the current
PM Narendra Modi to attend the SCO tenure of the Punjab Legislative Assembly.
SUMMIT: PM Narendra Modi to attend Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
the SCO SUMMIT to be held in Astana,
election: Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
Kazakhstan between June 7–8 2017.
election will be held in 2017 for the 70 seats of
The 2017 Women’s Cricket World Cup: the Vidhan Sabha in the state.
The 2017 Women’s Cricket World Cup is to be
played in England from 26 June to 23 July 2017.
UP Legislative Assembly Elections 2017:
The legislative assembly election will be held in
French Open Grand Slam 2017: French 2017 for the 403 seats of the Vidhan Sabha in
Open Grand Slam to be held in France from Uttar Pradesh.
June 28–11 June.
The Himachal Pradesh Legislative
2017 Wimbledon Championships Grand Assembly election, 2017: The Himachal
Slam: 2017 Wimbledon Championships Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017
Grand Slam is scheduled to be held in July in will be held in late 2017, to elect the 68
United Kingdom July 3–July 16. members of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative
PM Modi to visit G20 SUMMIT: PM Assembly, as the term of current Legislative
Modi scheduled to attend the 12th G20 Assembly ends on 7 January 2018.
CA-286 COMING UP 2017
9th BRICS SUMMIT: PM Narendra Modi China establishes the largest
schedule to attend the 9th BRICS SUMMIT megacity in the world: China is going to
in 2017 to be held in China. merge nine of its cities into one, creating
IBSA Summit: PM Narendra Modi the largest metropolitan area on the planet.
scheduled to attend the next IBSA Summit This new megacity has a population of
to be held in 2017 in India. 42 million – over 7 million greater than
Tokyo, the previous record holder.
Exoplanet to be launched: NASA plans to
launch the exoplanet-seeking TESS (Transiting Merger of Railway Budget into the
Exoplanet Survey Satellite) mission to survey General Budget 2017-18: The almost
the brightest stars near the Earth. century old practice of presenting a
separate Railway Budget ahead of the
‘Artificial’ chromosome: A UK team General Budget is to be dispensed with
of scientists is building an “artificial”
from the next financial year (2017-18) with
chromosome to be inserted into the world’s merging of the Railway Budget with the
first synthetic yeast scheduled to be General Budget.
completed by the year 2017.
India’s first private moon mission 2017:
Cassini–Huygens to be destroyed: The TeamIndus, a Bengaluru-based private aerospace
unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet company, will send a spacecraft to the moon
Saturn will be destroyed in 2017 by flying on December 28, 2017, aboard an Indian
into Saturn, since it is running out of fuel for Space Research Organisation (ISRO) rocket.
orbital corrections. The mission’s aim is to land this spacecraft on
Chandrayaan-2: Chandrayaan-2 is India’s the moon, have it travel at least 500 metres
second lunar exploration mission after and beam high- definition video, images and
Chandrayaan-1 developed by the ISRO, data back to the earth.
the mission is planned to be launched to The National Defence Authorisation Act
the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite 2017 proposed to be passed by the U.S
Launch Vehicle (GSLV Mk II) in 2017. Congress: The House of Representatives
The first human head transplant: draft of the $602 billion National Defence
In 2017, Italian neurosurgeon Sergio Authorization Act (NDAA) which sets
Canavero will attempt to perform the first spending policy for the Department of
human head transplant. Canavero’s patient Defence, would shift $18 billion of wartime
is Valery Spiridonov, a 30-year-old Russian Overseas Contingency Operations, or OCO,
with Werdnig–Hoffmann disease (the most funds to avoid automatic budget cuts to
severe type of spinal muscular atrophy). military programs.
POLITY
PANORAMA
Indian u World
u
Indian Panorama
NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA
National The national flag consists of a horizontal rectangular tricolour with
Flag saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom.
The centre has a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as
the Ashoka Chakra. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya.
National The national emblem is the Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath which
Emblem was adopted on 26th January 1950. The motto inscribed on the
emblem is in Devanagari script: “Satyameva jayate” which means
Truth Alone Triumphs.
National Jana Gana The anthem was composed by Rabindranath Tagore; adopted by the
Anthem Mana Constituent Assembly on 24th January 1950.
National Vande Vande Mataram was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. It was
Song Mataram adopted as the National song of India in 1950.
National Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the national flower. It is the
Flower representation of purity as it remains flawless despite growing in
mud and water.
National Mango (Mangifera indica) also known as the ‘King of Fruits’, is the
Fruit National Fruit of India.
National Ganga is the national river of India. It is also the longest river of the
River country.
National The Tiger (Panthera tigris) known as the Lord of the Jungle is the
Animal national animal of India.
Union
English Puja Bedia, Chero
Territory
1. Andaman and Port Blair 8,073 English, 01-11-1956 878 86.27% 46 – – Andamanese,
Nicobar Islands Hindi Chariar, Chari
2. Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 Punjabi 01-11-1966 818 81.9% 9,300/ Lohri Bhangra –
3. Dadra and Silvassa 102 English, 11-08-1961 775 77.65% 698 Pongal Tarpa, Warlis, dublas
Nagar Haveli Gujarati Bhavada
4. Daman and Daman 102 Gujarati, 30-05-1987 618 87.07% 2169 Garba Mando, Vira Dhodia, Dubla
Diu Marathi (Halpati)
5. Lakshadweep Kavaratti 32 English, 01-11-1956 946 92.28% 2013 Eid-Ul-Fitr, Lava, Kolkali Koya, Malmi
Malayalam Muharram
6. NCT of Delhi New Delhi 1,484.0 Hindi 01-02-1992 866 86.34% 11,297 Diwali, Eid ul-Fitr – –
7. Puducherry Pondicherry 492 Malayalam, 07-01-1963 1,038 86.34% 2,500 Pongal Garadi Grulas, Villi
Tamil
PANORAMA GK-5
1966 • L.B. Shastri & Pakistani President Ayub Khan met in Taskent along with the
Soviet Union P.M. Kosygin, and signed “Taskent Agrement”.
• Lal Bahadur Shashtri dies in sleep, of cardiac arrest.
• Gulzarilal Nanda was (once again) sworn in as acting prime minister.
• Indira Gandhi became PM on Congress president Kamraj endorsement for
which Morarji Desai was interested.
• Punjab and Haryana divided into separate states.
1967 • 4th general elections held in February & INC got 283 seats.
1969 14 banks were nationalized which was opposed by then Finance Minister Morarji
Desai
1971 • The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 over Bangladesh liberation. Pakistani troops
surrendered & Provisional Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
came into being.
• 5th general elections of India was held 14 months before scheduled time and
Congress returned with 362 seats out of 520
1975 • On 26th June 1975 national emergency was declared.
• Opposition leaders, including, Jayprakash Narayan, Morarji Desai, were sent to
jail. Sanjay Gandhi became leading political executive overshading Indira Gandhi
1977 • Mrs. Gandhi dissolved Lok Sabha and general elections were held.
• The Congress lost around 200 seats. Both Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi lost.
• Janata Party came with majority & Morarji Desai became PM of India.
1979 • Morarji Desai resigned after Janata Party splits into three parts: headed by
Morarji Desai, Jagjivan Ram and Charan Singh.
• Charan Singh was sworn as Prime Minster, but a month later Indira’s Congress
(I) withdrew support, which forced a mid-term election.
1980 General elections of India was held & INC won 353 seats as a result Mrs.I. Gandhi
became PM. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane accident.
1984 • Indira Gandhi shot dead by two of her Sikh personal bodyguards.
• Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister of India.
• 8th general elections of India was held & INC won 404 seats.
1989 General elections of India was held & INC won 197 seats. The Janata Dal led by V
P Singh secured 143 seats, BJP 85 & Left Parties 45 seats. V.P. Singh became PM
with support of BJP & Left parties.
1991 • Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil
Tigers(LTTE).
• 10th General elections were held. INC+ got 244, BJP+ 120 & NF got 69 seats. P.V.
Narasimha Rao became PM with the support of Left parties.
1992 Babri Mosque in Ayodhya was demolished, triggering widespread Hindu-Muslim
violence.
1996 • General elections were held. UF 192(Janata Dal+) won 192, BJP 187, & INC 140
seats.
• AB Vajpayee became PM only for 13 days followed by H.D. Deve Gowda & IK
Gujral (Janata Dal). The 11th Lok Sabha produced three Prime Ministers in two
years.
1999 General elections were held. NDA(BJP+) won 254(182+), INC+ 144 & UF 64 seats.
AB Vajpayee became PM.
1999 Kargil war between India & Pakistan. India came as victorious.
2004 General elections were held. UPA got 218, NDA 181 seats & Manmohan Singh
became PM of India.
2009 General elections were held. UPA got 262, NDA 159 seats & Manmohan Singh
became PM of India.
2014 General elections were held. BJP got 282, INC 44. Narendra Modi became PM of
India.
2016 India got entry into Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) group.
INDIA'S ECONOMIC JOURNEY 70 YEARS
GK-10
PANORAMA
PANORAMA GK-11
SPACE SCIENCE
Space mission 1975-2016 INSAT-2C 7-Dec-95 Ariane-44L
Satellite Launch Launch Vehicle H10-3
Date IRS-1C 29-Dec-95 Molniya
Aryabhata 19-Apr-75 u-11 IRS-P3 21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
Interkosmos INSAT-2D 4-Jun-97 Ariane-44L
Bhaskara-I 7-Jun-79 C-1 Interkosmos H10-3
Rohini 10-Aug-79 SLV-3 IRS-1D 29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1
Technology
INSAT-2E 3-Apr-99 Ariane-42P
Payload
H10-3
Rohini RS-1 18-Jul-80 SLV-3
Oceansat-1 26-May-99 PSLV-C2
Rohini RS-D1 31-May-81 SLV-3 (IRS-P4)
Ariane 19-Jun-81 Ariane-1 (V-3) INSAT-3B 22-Mar-00 Ariane-5G
Passenger
Payload GSAT-1 18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Experiment Technology 22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
Bhaskara -II 20-Nov-81 C-1 Intercosmos Experiment
Satellite (TES)
INSAT-1A 10-Apr-82 Delta 3910
PAM-D INSAT-3C 24-Jan-02 Ariane-42L
H10-3
Rohini RS-D2 17-Apr-83 SLV-3
Kalpana-1 12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
INSAT-1B 30-Aug-83 Shuttle [PAM-D]
(METSAT)
Stretched 24-Mar-87 ASLV
Rohini INSAT-3A 10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
Satellite Series GSAT-2 8-May-03 GSLV-D2
(SROSS-1) INSAT-3E 28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
IRS-1A 17-Mar-88 Vostok
RESOURCE- 17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
Stretched 13-Jul-88 ASLV SAT-1 (IRS-P6)
Rohini
EDUSAT 20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
Satellite Series
(SROSS-2) HAMSAT 5-May-05 PSLV-C6
INSAT-1C 21-Jul-88 Ariane-3 CARTOSAT-1 5-May-05 PSLV-C6
INSAT-1D 12-Jun-90 Delta 4925 INSAT-4A 22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
IRS-1B 29-Aug-91 Vostok INSAT-4C 10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
INSAT-2DT 26-Feb-92 Ariane-44L H10 CARTOSAT-2 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Stretched 20-May-92 ASLV Space Capsule 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Rohini Recovery
Satellite Series Experiment
(SROSS-C) (SRE-1)
INSAT-2A 10-Jul-92 Ariane-44L H10 INSAT-4B 12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
INSAT-2B 23-Jul-93 Ariane-44L INSAT-4CR 2-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
H10+
CARTOSAT-2A 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
IRS-1E 20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1
IMS-1 (Third 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
Stretched 4-May-94 ASLV
World Satellite
Rohini – TWsat)
Satellite Series
(SROSS-C2) Chandrayaan-1 22-Oct-08 PSLV-C11
IRS-P2 15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2 RISAT-2 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
Astronauts comes form the Greek word “Astron” which means stars and “nautes” means sailor.
PANORAMA GK-21
TANKS IN INDIA
Quantity
Type Origin Description
(Est.)
The Indian Army ordered 124 'Arjun' Mk1 MBTs in 2000 and
placed another order for additional 124 'Arjun' Mk1 MBTs and
Arjun
248 India 124 'Arjun' Mk2 MBTs in 2010, after Arjun tank had conclusively
MBT
outperformed the T-90. Indian Army is set to acquire 124 Arjun
Mk2 tanks as a follow-on order, according to the Defence Minister.
Procured in three separate orders. Two batches (310 tanks
and knockdown kits in 2000 and a further 300 in 2006) were
T-90 1,050 Russia purchased from Russia. A further 1000 were to be produced
locally by 2020. Of those, the first batch of 10 were delivered in
August 2009.
Soviet Upgraded to advanced Ajeya Mk1 and MK2 standard mainly
T-72 2,414 Union, based on Polish PT-91 Twardy Tank features developed by
Poland DRDO
Brahmos-II fastest hypersonic missile in the world.
GK-28 PANORAMA
INDIAN SEA-BASED NUCLEAR-ARMED BALLISTIC MISSILES
Name Type Maximum range (km) Status
Dhanush Short-range 350 Developed, but not deployed
Sagarika (K-15) SLBM 700 Awaiting deployment on INS
K-4 SLBM3 500 Tested
NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINES
Class Type Boats Displacement Note
Chakra Attack submarine INS Chakra 12,770 tonnes Under a 10 year lease from
(Akula II)- (SSN) (S71) Russia since 2012.
class
Arihant-class Ballistic Missile sub INS Arihant 6,000 tonnes, Undergoing sea trials.
marine (SSBN) (S73) surfaced
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
Class Type Ships Displacement Description
Centaur Aircraft INS Viraat (R22) 28,700 tonnes STOVL carrier. Scheduled to be
-class carrier decommissioned by 2018 and
replaced by INS Vikrant
Modified Aircraft INS Vikramaditya 45,400 tonnes STOBAR carrier.
Kiev-class carrier (R33)
REPLENISHMENT SHIPS
Class Type Ships Origin Displacement
Deepak-class Replenishment oiler INS Italy 27,500 tonnes
Deepak (A50)
INS Shakti (A57)
Jyoti-class Replenishment oiler INS Jyoti (A58) Russia 35,900 tonnes
Aditya-class Replenishment oiler & INS Aditya (A59) India 24,612 tonnes
Repair ship
FIRST IN MALE
First Governor of Bengal Lord Clive(1757-60)
Last Governor of Bengal Warren Hastings(1772-74)
The first British Governor General of Bengal Lord Warren Hasting(1774-1885)
The first British Governor General of India Lord William Bentinck(1833-1835)
The first British Viceroy of India Lord Canning(1856-62)
The first Governor General of free India Lord Mountbatten(1947-1948)
The first and the last Indian to be Governor General C. Rajgopalachari(1948-1950)
of free India
The first President of Indian Republic Dr. Rajendra Prasad
The first Prime Minister of free India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
The first Indian to win Nobel Prize Rabindranath Tagore
The first President of Indian National Congress W.C. Banerjee
The first Muslim President of Indian National Badruddin Tayyabji
Congress
The first Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first man who introduced printing press in James Hicky
India
The first Indian to join the I.C.S Satyendra Nath Tagore
India’s first man in Space Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime Minister of India who resigned Morarji Desai
without completing the full term
The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India General Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji
The first Indian Member of the Viceroy’s Executive S.P.Sinha
Council
The first President of India who died while in office Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face Charan Singh
the Parliament
The first Field Marshal of India S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics C.V.Raman
India has the largest non-ceremonial horse mounted cavalry unit remaining the world.
PANORAMA GK-33
Nuclear research in India first began at the Institute of Fundamental Research (IFR) form 1944 onwards.
GK-34 PANORAMA
The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State Mrs Sucheta Kripalani
The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service Roze Millian Bethew
Commission
The first woman Director General of Police Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya
The first woman Judge Anna Chandy (She became judge in a
district court in 1937)
The first woman Chief Justice of High Court Mrs Leela Seth (Himachal Pradesh High
Court)
The first woman Judge in Supreme Court of India Kumari Justice M. Fathima Beevi
The first woman Lieutenant General Puneeta Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal P. Bandopadhyaya
The first woman chairperson of Indian Airlines Sushma Chawla
The first woman IPS officer Mrs. Kiran Bedi
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India Razia Sultan
The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra Neerja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel Aarti Saha
The first woman to receive Nobel Prize Mother Teresa
The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award Ashapurna Devi
FIRST IN OTHERS
First Wax statue of a Living Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussaud’s in 1939
First Exclusive internet magazine Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss Universe Indrani Rehman
First Judge in International Court of Justice Dr. Nagender Singh
First Graduate in Medicine Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty
India’s First University Nalanda University
India’s First Open University Andhra Pradesh Open University
India’s First Lok Sabha Member to be elected P.V.Narasimha Rao
with a record maximum number of votes
First Indian to reach Antarctica Lt. Ram Charan
First Test tube baby of India Indira (Baby Harsha)
First Post Office opened in India Kolkata(1727)
•• Biggest Auditorium (Mumbai) – Sri •• Tallest Light House – Jakhau, light hour,
Shanmukhanand Hall Gujarat
•• Largest zoo – Arignar Anna Zoological •• Tallest Statues – Statue of Jain Saint
Park Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola in
•• Largest Cave Temple – Ellora Karnataka
•• Largest Gurudwara – Golden Temple, •• Tallest Chimber – Hanuman Swami
Amritsar
statue with 135ft. tall.
•• Largest Mosque – Jama Masjid, Delhi
(built by Shah Jahan in 1644-58) •• Oldest Church- St. Thomas Church at
•• Largest Man-made Lake – Govind Sagar Palayar in Trichur district in Kerala
(Bhakra) built in 52 AD.
•• Largest Dome – Gol Gumbaz •• Oldest Monastery- Buddhist Monastery,
(Karnataka) (situated at an altitude of 3,048 m
•• Largest Cantilever Bridge – Howrah /10,000 ft) at Tawang in Arunachal
Bridge Pradesh.
•• Longest Railway Tunnel- Pir Panjal •• Largest mall- Lulu Mall Kochi
Railway Tunnel (11 km) •• Most Populous City- Mumbai
•• Longest Road Tunnel - 9.2 km long
tunnel on Jammu-Srinagar National Natural
Highway •• Longest River – Ganges
•• Largest Public Sector Bank- State Bank •• Largest Desert – Thar ( Rajasthan)
of India •• Largest Lake – Wular Rajasthan
•• Largest Botanical Garden - National •• Largest Fresh Water Lake-Kolleru in
Botanical Garden in Kolkata Andhra Pradesh
•• Largest Church- Se Cathedral at Old Goa, •• Largest Cave- Amarnath (about 44 km
10 km from Panaji.
from Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir)
•• Largest Delta- Sunderbans (75,000 sq km)
formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra Founders of Indian Institutions
in West Bengal and Bangladesh
•• Largest Stupa- Kesariya Stupa in Bihar •• Arya Samaj-Swami Dayanand Saraswati
•• Largest Library- National Library, Kolkata •• Athmiya Sabha-Raja Ram Mohan Roy
•• Largest Planetarium- Birla Planetarium, •• Brahma Samaj-Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Kolkata. •• Deccan Education Society-G.G.Agarkar,
•• Largest Prison- Tihar Jail, Delhi M.G.Ranade, V.G.Gibhongar
•• Largest Concentration of Scheduled •• Dharma Sabha-Radhakanthadev
Tribes- Madhya Pradesh •• Indian Brahma Samaj-Keshav Chandra
•• Largest Scheduled Caste- Community Sen
Santhal •• Manavadharma Sabha-Durgaram Manjaram
•• Longest River Bridge – Bandra-Worli
•• Prarthana Samaj-Athmaram Pandurang
sea link which is 5.6 km.
•• Largest Corridor – Rameshwaram •• Pune Sewa Sadan-Smt.Remabhai Ranade,
Temple Corridor G.K.Devdhar
•• Largest irrigation Canal-Indira Gandhi •• Ramakrishna Mission-Swami Vivekananda
Canal or Rajasthan Canal (959 km long) •• Sadharan Brahma Samaj-Shivananda
•• Longest Dam-Hirakund Dam on Sashtri, Anand Mohan Bose
Mahanadi river in Odisha (24.4 km •• Servants of India Society-Gopalakrishna
long) Gokhale
•• Longest Glacier-Siachen Glacier on the •• Sewa Sadan-Bahuramji M.Malabari
Indo-Pakistan border (75.6 km long and •• Sewa Samithi-H.N.Kunsru
2.8 km wide) •• Social Service League-N.M.Joshi
•• Longest Railway Bridge Nehru Setu
•• Thathwabodhini Sabha-Debendranatha
Bridge (4.62 km) long
•• Fastest Train-Gatiman Express between Tagore
New Delhi and Agra at a speed of 160 •• Theosophical Society-Madam H.P.Blavadski,
kmph Col.H.L.Olkott
India has largest English speaking population in the world.
GK-36 PANORAMA
Leader of Nations-Famous Father •• Calcutta- Job Charnock
•• America—George Washington •• Delhi- Anankapalan
•• Bangladesh—Mujibur Rehuman •• Fatehpur Sikri - Akbar
•• China—Sunyatsen •• Hisar- Ferozshah Tuglaq
•• Hyderabad - Quli Qutabshah
•• India—Gandhiji
•• Jodhpur- Rao Jodha
•• Indonesia—Sukarno
•• Mahabalipuram - Narasimhawarman
•• Mauritius—Ramgoolam •• Siri- Alauddin Khilji
•• Namibia—Sam Nujoma •• Vijayanagaram - Hariharan 1
•• Pakistan—Muhammad Ali Jinna
•• Sri Lanka—D.S.Senanayeke Agricultural Revolution
•• Tanzania—Julius Nerera •• Blue Revolution - Fisheries Development
•• Turkey—Musthafa Kamal •• Brown Revolution - Leather Production
•• Grey Revolution - Housing Development
Founders of Towns in India •• Green Revolution - Agriculture Production
•• Agra- Sikandar Lodhi •• Pink Revolution - Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
•• Ahmedabad - Ahmed Shah •• Silver Revolution - Egg Production
•• Ajmer- Ajaypal Chauhan •• White Revolution - Dairy Development
•• Allahabad- Akbar •• Yellow Revolution - Oil Seed Production
SOBRIQUETS
A sobriquet is a nickname, occasionally assumed and often given by another.
Person Primary Names
Anna C N Annadurai
Badshah Khan/ Frontier Gandhi Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Buddha Siddhartha Gautama
Chacha Jawahar Lal Nehru
Deenabandhu C F Andrews
Deshbandhu C. R. Das
Father of the Nation Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Grand Old Man of India Dadabhai Naoroji
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore
Guruji M S Gohlwalkar
Kaviguru Rabindranath Tagore
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan
Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas K. Gandhi
Man of Peace Lal Bahadur Shastri
Manitas de Plate Flamenco guitarist Ricardo Baliardo
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu
Panditji Jawahar Lal Nehru
Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai
Rajaji C Rajagopalachari
Saint of the Gutters Mother Teresa
Bandra worli sealink has steel wires equal to the Earth’s circumference.
PANORAMA GK-37
States & its Slogans •• The Land of Jungles & Jharis (Bushes) –
Jharkhand
•• Rice bowl of India, Egg bowl of Asia –
•• God’s own country – Kerala
Andhra Pradesh.
•• Heart of India – Madhya Pradesh
•• The Orchid state of India or the paradise
•• Gateway of the East – Manipur
of the Botanists- Arunachal Pradesh.
•• The adobe of the clouds – Meghalaya
•• Rice bowl of Central India – Chhattisgarh.
•• Land of the hill people – Mizoram
•• Jewel of the Western part of India– •• Falcon capital of the world-Nagaland
Gujarat. •• Granary of India, India’s bread-basket –
•• State of Apples, Dev Bhoomi (Adobe of Punjab
Gods) – Himachal Pradesh •• Land of the Gods – Uttarakhand
•• Heaven on Earth – Jammu and Kashmir. •• Hindi Heartland of India – Uttar Pradesh
The Indian National Kabaddi Team (Men & Women) has won all the Kabaddi World Cups.
GK-38 PANORAMA
World Panorama
WORLD COUNTRIES, CAPITAL, LANGUAGE & THEIR CURRENCY
The Bible is the most widely translated book available in 2,454 different languages.
PANORAMA GK-41
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS
Nobel Prize • The award is given annually on August
• It was set up in 1895 under the will of 31, the birth anniversary of Magsaysay,
Alfred Nobel. for outstanding contributions in Public
• The Nobel prizes are presented annually service, Community Leadership,
on 10 December (The death anniversary Journalism, Literature & Creative Arts
of the founder). and International Understanding.
• It is given in the fields of Peace,
Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Man Booker Prize
Physiology or Medicine (from 1901) • Instituted in 1968, is the highest literary
and Economics (from 1969). award of the world, set up by the Booker
Nobel Prize (Indian/Indian origin) Company and the British Publishers
Association along the lines of the Pulitzer
1913: L
iterature: Rabindranath Tagore; Prize of USA.
was the first Asian to win the prize
1930: Physics: C. V. Raman Right Livelihood Award
1968: M
edicine: Har Gobind Khorana; US • The Right Livelihood Award was
citizen of Indian origin established in 1980.
• It is also referred as “Alternative Nobel
1979: P
eace: Mother Teresa; Indian citi- Prize”.
zen of Albanian origin • It is given to honour those “working on
1998: Economics: Amartya Sen practical and exemplary solutions to the
2009: C
hemistry: Venkatraman Ramak- most urgent challenges facing the world
rishnan; US citizen of Indian origin today.”
2014: Peace: Kailash Sathyarthi Oscar Awards
Pulitzer Prize • Instituted in 1929, are conferred
• Instituted in 1917 and named after US annually by the Academy of Motion
publisher Joseph Pulitzer. Pictures, Arts and Sciences, USA, in
• It is conferred annually in the United recognition of outstanding contribution
States for the accomplishments in in the various fields of film making.
journalism, literature and music.
UN Human Rights Award
Magsaysay Awards
• Instituted in 1966, this award is given
• Instituted in 1957. Named after Ramon every 5 years for individual contributions
Magsaysay, the former President of
to the establishment of human rights.
Philippines.
In 1939-1943, no Nobel Peace Prizes were awarded due to World War II.
PANORAMA GK-43
The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made construction in the world for almost 4, 000 years.
PANORAMA GK-45
SOBRIQUETS
A sobriquet is a nickname, occasionally assumed and often given by another. The sobriquet
can become more familiar than the original name.
Sobriquets Primary Names
Angel of Death Josef Mengele
Bard of Avon William Shakespeare
Bard of Twickenham Alexander Pope
Bloody Mary Mary I of England
Bonnie Prince Charlie Charles Edward Stuart
Brangelina Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
Canuck Canadian, from Johnny Canuck
Der Alte (the old man) Konrad Adenauer
Desert Fox Erwin Rommel
Diamond Dave David Lee Roth, Singer
Digger Australian soldier
Dr. Death Jack Kevorkian, proponent of assisted suicide
Dubya George W. Bush
EI Caudillo Francisco Franco
Father of his country George Washington
Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
PLACES
Beantown Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Blighty Great Britain (used by British servicemen abroad and
expatriates)
Brass Fountain PPSh-41
Brew City Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Brisvegas Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Britain of South New Zealand
Chocolate City Washington, D.C., so named because of its majority African-
American population
City of Brotherly Love Philadelphia
City of Dreaming Spires Oxford, England
City of Golden Gate San Francisco, USA
City of Magnificent Washington D.C., USA
Distances
City of Seven Hills Rome, Italy
City of Skyscrapers New York, USA
Cockpit of Europe Belgium
Dark Continent Africa
Empire City New York, USA
Eternal City Rome, Italy
Forbidden City Lhasa, Tibet
South Africa has three Capital cities Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (Legislative) & Bloemfontein (Judicial).
GK-48 PANORAMA
Frisco San Francisco, California
Garden of England Kent, England
Garrincha Manoel Francisco dos Santos
Gate of Tears Bab-el-mandab, Jerusalem
Gift of Nile Egypt
Gotham New York
Granite City Aberdeen, Scotland
Great White Way Broadway, New York, USA
Hermit Kingdom Korea
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean
Hogtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Holy Land Palestine
Humming Bird Trinidad
Island of Cloves Madagascar
Island of Pearls Bahrain
Key of Mediterranean Gibraltar
Land of Cakes Scotland
Land of Canals Netherlands
Land of Golden Pagoda Myanmar (Burma)
Land of Lilies Canada
Land of Maple Canada
Land of Midnight Sun Norway
Land of Morning Calm Korea
Land of Rising Sun Japan
Land of the Golden Fleece Australia
Land of Thousand Lakes Finland
Land of Thunderbolt Bhutan
Land of White Elephants Thailand
Land of Windmills Netherlands
Manchester of Japan Osaka
Never Never Land Prairies of N.Australia
Pearl of the Antilles Cuba
Pearl of the Orient Philippines
Perfidious Albion Great Britain
Pillars of Hercules Strait of Gibraltar
Playground of Europe Switzerland
Port of Five Seas Moscow
Powder Keg of Europe Balkans
Quaker City Philadelphia, USA
Queen of Adriatic Venice, Italy
Roof of the World Pamirs, Central Asia
Lion Capital of Ashoka, the state Emblem of India was adopted on 26th January 1950.
PANORAMA GK-49
ADDITIONAL FACTS
•• The largest coffee growing country in the World is - Brazil
•• The biggest delta in the World is the - Sunderbans
•• The Japanese call their country as - Nippon
•• The biggest Island of the World is - Greenland
•• The river which carries maximum quantity of water into the sea is the - Mississippi
•• Mount Everest was named after Sir George - Everest
•• The biggest stadium in the world is the - Strahov Stadium, Prague
•• The world’s largest diamond producing country is - South Africa
•• The Eggel tower was built by - Alexander Eiffel
•• The Red Cross was founded by - Jean Henri Durant
•• The permanent secretariat of the SAARC is located at - Kathmandu
•• The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon
•• The founder of the Republic of China was - San Yat Sen
SUPERLATIVES
Tallest Animal on (land) Giraffe
Biggest Bell Great Bell at Moscow
Fastest Bird Swift
Largest Bird Ostrich
Smallest Bird Humming Bird
Longest Bridge (Railway) Lower Zambeji (Africa )
Tallest Building Burj khalifa, Dubai (U.A.E)
Tallest Office Building Patronas Twin Towers Kuala Lampur (Malaysia)
Longest Big Ship Canal Seuz Canal (Linkin red sea & Mediterranean)
Busiest Canal (Ship) Baltic White Sea Canal (152 miles)
Biggest Cinema House Roxy (New York)
Highest City Wen Chuwan (Tibet, China) 16,732 ft.
Largest City (in population) Tokyo [(3,42,00000), Est. population in 2006]
Biggest City in (area) Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia (41225 sq. km.)
Largest Continent Asia
Smallest Continent Australia
Largest Country (in population) China
Largest Country (in area) Russia
Largest Coral Formation The Great Barrier Reef (Australia)
Largest Dam Grand Coulee- Concrete Dam (U.S.A)
Longest Day June 21 (in Northern Hemisphere)
Shortest Day Dec. 22(in Northern Hemisphere)
Largest Delta Sundarbans, India (8000 sq. miles)
Longest Desert (World) Sahara, Africa (84, 00,000 sq. km.)
Largest Diamond The Cullinan (over 1 ½ 1b.)
Biggest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), (Old archi) 144 ft. diameter.
Biggest Dome (New Archi) Astrodome, Sports
Longest Epic The Mahabharata
Largest Island Greenland (renamed Kalaallit Nunaat)
There are 196 countries in the world today.
GK-52 PANORAMA
Largest Lake (Artificial) Lake Mead (Bouler)
Deepest Lake Baikal (Siberia); average depth2300 ft.
Highest Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) 12645 ft. above sea level.
Largest Lake (Fresh Water) Lake Superior, U.S.A
Largest Lake (Salt Water) Caspian Sea 3, 71,000 sq. km.)
Largest Mosque Masjid-al-Haram (Mecca-Saudi Arabia) surrounds the
Kaaba
Biggest Library National Kiev Library,Moscow & Library of the Congress,
Washington)
Highest Mountain peak (World) Mt. Everest, Himalayas
Longest Mountain Range Andes (S.America) 5,500 miles in length
Biggest Museum British Museum (London)
Tallest Minaret (Free Standing) Qutub Minar, Delhi 238 ft.
Tallest Minaret Great Hassan Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco
Deepest & Biggest Ocean The Pacific
Largest Palace Imperial Palace (Gugong), Beijing (China)
Largest Park National Park, Greenland
Largest Peninsula Arabic (32,50,000 sq. km.)
Coldest Place or Region Verkhoyansk (Syberia), Temperature – 85° C
Driest Place Death Valley (California); rainfall 1 ½ inch.
Hottest Place (World) Al-Aziziyah (Libya, Africa) 136°F
Largest Planet Jupiter
Brightest and Hottest Planet Venus
(also nearest to Earth)
Farthest planet (from the Sun) Neptune
Nearest Planet (to the Sun) Mercury
Smallest Planet Mercury
Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet)
Longest Platform (Railway) Kharagpur W.B, India (833m)
Largest Platform (Railway) Grand Central terminal, New York (U.S.A)
Largest Port Port of New York & New Jersey (U.S.A)
Busiest Port Rotterdam (the Netherlands)
Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway (6,000 miles Long)
Longest River Nile (6690 km), Amazon (6570 km.)
Longest River Dam Hirakund Dam (Odisha), India 15.8 miles.
Largest sea-bird Albatross
Largest Sea (inland) Mediterranean Sea
Brightest Star Sirius (also called Dog star)
Tallest statue Statue of Liberty, New York (U.S.A), 150 ft. high.
Tallest Statue (Bronze) Bronze Statue of Lord Buddha, Tokyo (Japan).
Longest Swimming Course English Channel
Tallest Tower C.N Tower Toronto (Canada)
Longest Train nonstop Flying Scoutsman
Longest Tunnel (Railway) Seikan Rail Tunnel (Japan), (53.85 km.)
The world’s newest country is South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011.
PANORAMA GK-53
PEOPLE FOREVER
SCIENTIFIC PERSONALITIES
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 14th March 1879 to 18th •• 25 April, 1874 to 20, July, 1937
April 1955 •• Bologna, Italy
•• Germany •• Physics
•• Physics •• Radiowave
Work : Work :
Albert •• Theory of General relativity Guglielmo •• Pioneered the work on long-
and special relativity Giovanni distance radio transmission
Einstein
•• Law of the photoelectric effect Maria •• Developed Marconi’s Law and
Marconi
Duration, Place & Field : a Radio Telegraph System
•• October 21, 1833 to 10 •• The Inventor of Radio
December 1896 Duration, Place & Field :
•• Stockholm, Sweden •• 12 August 1919 to 30th
•• Chemistry, engineering December 1971
Alfred Work : •• Ahmedabad, India
Bernhard •• Invention of Dynamite •• Physics
Nobel •• Patron of Nobel Prizes Work :
Dr. Vikram •• Founder of Physical
Duration, Place & Field : Ambalal
•• 15 Oct 1931 to 27 July 2015 Research Laboratory
Sarabhai •• Indian Institute of
•• Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu
•• Aerospace Science Management, Ahmedabad
Work : Duration, Place & Field :
A. P. J. Abdul •• Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests in •• 15th Feb 1564 to 8th Jan 1642
Kalam 1998 •• Pisa, Italy
•• 11th President of India •• Astronomy
•• Missile technology •• Physician
Duration, Place & Field : Galileo Work :
•• 7 Nov 1888 to 21 Nov 1970 Galilei •• Invented Telescope
•• Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruchirap- •• Father of Observational
palli, Tamil Nadu Astronomy
•• Physics •• Father of Modern Physics
Work : •• Father of Scientific Method
C.V. Raman •• Raman effect Duration, Place & Field :
Duration, Place & Field : •• 476 AD to 550 AD
•• 3rd march 1847 to 2nd •• Kusumapura (Pataliputra)
august 1922 (present day Patna)
•• Edinburgh, Scotland •• Mathematics
•• Physics •• Astronomy
Alexander Work : Work :
Aryabhatta
Graham Bell •• Invented telephone •• Aryabhaṭiya
•• Optical Telecommunications •• Arya-siddhanta
GK-58 PEOPLE FOREVER
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 26th December 1791 to •• September 22, 1791 to 25
18th October 1871 August, 1867
•• London, United Kingdom •• Newington Butts, United
•• Mathematics Kingdom
Work : •• Magnetism (Physics)
Charles •• Father of Computer Michael Work :
Babbage •• Invented First Mechanical Faraday •• His discoveries include the
Computer principles underlying elec-
Duration, Place & Field : tromagnetic induction, dia-
•• 25 December 1642 to 20 magnetism and electrolysis
March 1727 Duration, Place & Field :
•• United Kingdom •• 4 Jan 1809 to 6 Jan 1852
•• Physics
•• Coupvray, France
Sir Isaac •• Mathematicis •• Mechanics
Newton Work : Work :
•• His book Philosophie Naturalis
Principia Mathematics based Louis Braille •• Devised Braille system of printing
on classical mechanics and writing for the blind
•• He formulated the laws of motion Duration, Place & Field :
and universal gravitation •• July 10, 1856 to 7 Jan 1943
Duration, Place & Field : •• Smiljan, Croatia
•• 19th January 1736 to 25th •• Electrical and Mechanical
August 1819 engineering
•• Greenock, Scotland •• Physics
•• Mechanical Engineer Work :
Nikola Tesla •• Induction motor
Work :
James Watt •• Invented steam engine •• Rotating magnetic field
•• Separate condenser Parallel •• Tesla coil
motion Duration, Place & Field :
Duration, Place & Field : •• 25 Jan 1627 to 31 Dec 1691
•• 1 Feb 1550 to 4 April 1617 •• Lismore, Republic of Ireland
•• Mathematics •• Chemistry
•• Edinburgh, United Kingdom Work :
•• Physics Robert •• Boyle's law
•• Astronomy Boyle •• Founder of Modern Chemistry
John Napier
Work : Duration, Place & Field :
•• Inventor of Algorithm •• 12 November 1896 to 20
•• Napier's bones
June 1987
•• Decimal notation
•• Mumbai
Duration, Place & Field : •• Ornithology
•• 27 Dec 1822 to 28 Sep 1895 •• Natural history
•• Dole, France Salim Ali Work :
•• Microbiology
•• Bombay Natural History Society
Work :
•• Handbook of the Birds of
•• Discovered pasteurization
Louis •• Vaccination for anthrax and
India and Pakistan
Pasteur rabies •• Known as the birdman of India
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 7 November 1867 to 4 July 1934 •• 22 Dec 1887 to 26 April 1920
•• Warsaw, Poland •• Erode, Tamil Nadu
•• Physics •• Mathematics
Work : Work :
•• The Theory of Radioactivity •• Mathematical analysis
•• Discovered elements; polonium Srinivasa •• Number theory
Marie Curie Ramanujan •• Infinite series
and radium
•• First woman to win the Nobel •• Ramanujan prime
prize twice •• Ramanujan theta function
PEOPLE FOREVER GK-59
SOCIAL ACTIVISTS
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• July 24, 1945 •• May 12, 1820 to August 13,
•• Mumbai 1910
•• Florence, Italy
•• Indian business tycoon •• English Social Reformer
•• Investor •• Founder of modern nursing
Azim Premji •• Philanthropy Work :
Work : Florence •• Called “The Lady with the
Nightingale Lamp” for making rounds of
•• Chairman of Wipro Limited wounded soldiers at night
•• Founder Azim Premji during war.
foundation •• Founder of modern nursing
PEOPLE FOREVER GK-63
BUSINESS PERSONALITIES
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 3 March 1839–-19 May 1904 •• Jan 31, 1924 – April 17, 2015
•• Navsari, Gujarat •• Pontiac, Michigan, US
•• Industrialist •• American real estate developer
Work : Work :
•• Founded the Tata Group, Adolph •• First time designed the
Jamshedji India’s biggest conglomerate Alfred modern indoor shopping mall
Nusserwanji company Taubman •• He has donated large sums
Tata •• Father of Indian Industry to the University of Michigan
•• Founder of Taj Mahal Hotel Duration, Place & Field :
in Mumbai •• 10 April 1894 – 11 June 1983
Duration, Place & Field : •• Pilani, Rajasthan
•• 28 December 1932 – 6 July •• Businessman
2002 Work :
•• Chorvad, Gujarat •• Established Hindustan Motors
•• Business tycoon Ghanshyam •• Conceptualized United
Work : Das Birla Commercial Bank Limited
•• Founded Reliance Industries, •• Elected to the Central
Dhirubhai Reliance Power, Reliance Capital Legislative Assembly of
Ambani •• Started the brand “Vimal” a British India in 1926
textile company Duration, Place & Field :
Duration, Place & Field : •• 29 July 1904 – 29 November
•• July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947 1993
•• Greenfield Township, Michigan, •• Paris, France
U.S •• Entrepreneur
•• American Industrialist Work :
Work : J. R. D. Tata •• Former Chairman of Tata Sons
Henry Ford •• Founder of Ford Motor •• First licensed pilot in India
Company (1929)
•• Instrumental in developing •• Founder of Tata Consultancy
charcoal briquets, under the Services, Tata Motors, Titan
brand name “Kingsford” Industries, Tata Tea, Voltas
•• He was first to introduce the and Air India
five 8 hours-day workweek •• He was awarded Bharat
in 1926 Ratna in 1992
GK-70 PEOPLE FOREVER
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 14 June 1967 •• 1 October 1955
•• Kolkata •• Amreli, Gujarat
•• Industrialist •• Businessman,
Work : Pharmaceuticals
Kumar •• Chairman of the Aditya Birla Dilip Work :
Mangalam Group Shanghvi •• Founder of Sun Pharmaceuticals
Birla •• Chancellor of the Birla •• One of the richest persons in
Institute of Technology & India with US$16.9 billion
Science (BITS-Pilani) •• Started Sun Pharmaceutical
•• Chairman of IIT, Delhi, Industries with capital of Rs
Chairman of Rhodes India 10,000 in 1982
Scholarship Committee for Duration, Place & Field :
Oxford University •• 24 June 1962
Duration, Place & Field : •• Ahmedabad, Gujarat
•• October 28, 1955 •• Business tycoon
•• Seattle, Washington, U.S. Work :
Gautam •• Founder and chairman of
•• American business magnate
Adani the Adani Group
Work :
•• A first generation entrepreneur
•• Co-founder of Microsoft
Bill Gates •• Richest person in the world •• Established India’s largest
commercial port the modern
with an estimated net worth
‘Mundra port’
of US$81.7 billion
•• Established Bill & Melinda Duration, Place & Field :
•• 28 October 1955
Gates Foundation, in 2000
•• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Duration, Place & Field :
•• American, business executive
•• 4 July 1968 Work :
•• Mumbai •• Current Chairperson and
Indra
•• Businessman Chief Executive Officer of
Krishna-
Work :
murthy Nooyi PepsiCo
Cyrus •• Ex-chairman the Tata group •• Consistently ranked among
Pallonji •• Served as the managing the World’s 100 Most
Mistry director of Shapoorji Pallonji Powerful Women
& Company •• Serves as an Honorary Co-Chair
•• According to The Economist, for the World Justice Project
‘the most important industria- Duration, Place & Field :
list in India, Britain & Ireland’ •• 15 June 1950
Duration, Place & Field : •• Sadulpur, Rajasthan
•• June 14, 1946 •• Steel magnate
•• Jamaica Estates, Queens, a Work :
neighbourhood in New York City Lakshmi •• Chairman & CEO of
•• American Businessman, Niwas Mittal Arcelor Mittal, Owner of
Donald
Trump television, Producer, Karrick Limited, Co-owner of
politician Queens Park Rangers F.C.
Work : •• Member of: the Indian Prime
•• Republican Party nominee who Minister’s Global Advisory
won President’s election of the Council, the Foreign Investment
United States in the 2016 Council in Kazakhstan, the
•• The chairman and president World Economic Forum’s
of ‘The Trump Organization’. International Business
•• Development of Trump Tower, a Council, and the Presidential
58-story skyscraper in Midtown International Advisory Board
Manhattan in 1983 of Mozambique
PEOPLE FOREVER GK-71
SPORTS PERSONALITIES
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 10 June 1955 •• 8 July 1972
•• Udupi district of Karnataka •• Behala, Kolkata
•• Badminton •• Cricket
Work : Work :
•• Co-founders of Olympic Gold •• 3rd batsman in history to cross
Prakash Quest Sourav the 10,000 run landmark
Padukone •• Served as the chairman of the Ganguly •• He was involved in the
Badminton Association of India highest partnership of 318
•• Won his first major runs with Rahul Dravid in
international title, 1978 1999 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games in Duration, Place & Field :
Edmonton, Canada. •• 1929
•• The first Indian to win the •• Muzaffargarh District currently
men’s singles title at the All in Pakistan
England Championship. •• Track and field sprinter
Duration, Place & Field : Work :
•• 16 November 1973 Milkha •• Gold medals in the 1958 and
•• Nagandla, Prakasam district, Singh 1962 Asian Games
Andhra Pradesh •• First Indian athlete to win
•• Badminton player an individual athletics gold
Work : medal at a Commonwealth
Pullela •• Chief National Coach for the Games
Indian Badminton team •• 4th place finish in the 400
Gopichand
•• Won the All England Open metres final at the 1960
Badminton Championships Olympic Games
in 2001 •• Appointed as Director of
•• Founder of Gopichand Sports in the Punjab Ministry
Badminton Academy of Education
GK-78 PEOPLE FOREVER
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• 1 March 1983 •• 10 July 1949
•• Kangathei, Manipur •• Mumbai, Maharashtra
•• Boxer •• Cricketer
Work : Work :
•• Five-time World Amateur
Mary Kom •• The first person to score
Boxing champion Sunil
•• Only woman boxer to have centuries in both innings of
Gavaskar a Test match three times
won a medal in each one of
the six world championships •• The first Test batsman to
•• The first Indian woman score 10,000 Test Runs
boxer to get a Gold Medal in •• Interim BCCI President
the Asian Games in 2014 in primarily to oversee 7th Season
Incheon, South Korea. of Indian Premier League
Duration, Place & Field : •• Books: Sunny Days (autobio-
•• 27 June 1964 graphy), Idols, Runs n’ Ruins
•• Payyoli, Kozhikode, Kerala and One Day Wonders
•• Track and field athlete Duration, Place & Field :
Work :
•• 6 January 1959
•• Nicknamed as the Payyoli
Express •• Chandigarh, Punjab
P. T. Usha
•• Founder of Usha School of •• Cricketer
Athletics at Koyilandy Work :
•• Won silver medal in the 100m Kapil Dev •• Captained the Indian cricket
and the 200m, New Delhi Asian team which won the 1983
Games, 1982, Won gold in Cricket World Cup
400m in Asian Track and Field •• Only player in the history
Championship (ATF), Kuwait of cricket to have taken
1983, From 1983–89, Usha more than 400 wickets (434
garnered 13 golds at ATF meets,
wickets) and scored more
Won 4 gold medals and 1 silver
medal in the track and field than 5,000 runs in Tests
events in 10th Asian Games, •• The youngest test cricketer
Seoul in 1986, Won five gold to take 100, 200 and 300
medals at the 6th Asian Track wickets
and Field Championship in Duration, Place & Field :
Jakarta, 1985 •• 24 April 1973
Duration, Place & Field : •• Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra
•• 5 July 1995 •• Cricket
•• Hyderabad, Telangana Work :
•• Badminton Sachin •• Regarded as the greatest
Work : Tendulkar
batsman of all time
Pusarla •• Bronze medal at the 2009 •• Only player to have scored
Venkata Sub-Junior Asian Badminton one hundred international
Sindhu Championships, Colombo
centuries
•• Silver in the women’s singles
•• First batsman to score a
at Iran Fajr International
double century in a One Day
Badminton Challenge, 2010,
International
Won Asia Youth Under-19
Championship, 2012, India’s •• Bharat Ratna, 2013
first medalist in women’s •• Nominated to the Rajya
singles at the Badminton World Sabha
Championships, Macau Open •• Sponsors 200 underprivileged
Grand Prix Gold title, 2013. children every year through
•• Won silver medal in the Apnalaya, a Mumbai-based NGO
women’s singles event of the •• Autobiography: Playing It
2016 Summer Olympics at Rio. My Way
PEOPLE FOREVER GK-79
SPACE TRAVELERS
Duration, Place & Field : Duration, Place & Field :
•• August 5, 1930 – August 25, •• 9 March 1934 – 27 March
2012 1968
•• Wapakoneta, Ohio, U.S. •• Klushino, Russian SFSR
•• Astronaut •• Cosmonaut
Neil
Work : Yuri Gagarin Work :
•• First person to walk on the •• The first human to journey
Armstrong Moon into outer space
•• Commander of Apollo 11, •• Hero of the Soviet Union
the first manned Moon •• Became deputy training
landing mission in July 1969. director of the Cosmonaut
•• Awarded the Presidential Medal Training Centre
of Freedom, Congressional Duration, Place & Field :
Space Medal of Honour in 1978 •• October 31, 1930
Duration, Place & Field : •• Rome, Italy
•• 29 August 1959 •• Astronaut and test pilot
•• Sarnia, Ontario, Canada Work :
•• Astronaut Michael •• Flew into space twice
Chris Work : Collins •• The fourth person, and third
Hadfield •• The first Canadian to walk in American, to perform an EVA
space (Extravehicular activity)
•• He spent 14 hours 53 minutes •• Vice President of LTV
and 38 seconds in space Aerospace, 1980
PEOPLE FOREVER GK-83
HISTORY
u India
u World
MEDIEVAL
Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagar Bhakti & Sufi Movement
Mughal Dynasty Advent of Europeans Kingdom of Great Marathas
MODERN
Trade Initiation of British East India Company British Rule before 1857
Sepoy Mutiny 1857
Freedom Struggle :
Rowlatt Act (1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
Chauri Chaura (1922) Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit-India Movement (1942)
Partition of India (1947), etc.
GK-90 HISTORY
ANCIENT INDIA
There is an evidence of livestock breeding at the end of middle stone age period.
HISTORY GK-91
Barley was the first grown crop by human in the Middle East around 8000 B.C.
GK-92 HISTORY
Banwali Hisar 1974 R.S. Bisht • Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan
Haryana phase
• Good quantity of barley found here
Amri Sindh 1935 N.G. Majumdar • Evidence of antelope
Dholavira Gujarat 1985-90 R.S. Bisht • Seven cultural stages
• Largest site
• Three part of city
• Unique water management
Rangpur Gujarat 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. • Rice was cultivated
River Mahar Lal & S.R. Rao
Ropar Punjab 1953 Y.D. • Evidence of burying a dog below the
River Sutlej Sharma human burial
• One example of rectangular mudbrick
chamber was noticed
• Five fold cultures - Harappan, PGW, NBP,
Kushana - Gupta and Medieval
Alamgirpur 1958 Y.D. Sharma • The impression of cloth on a trough is
Ghaziabad discovered
• Usually considered to be the eastern
boundary of the Indus culture
Early Vedic Period/ Aryan (1500– •• Samgrama meant that gram clashed
500 BCE) with one another and caused war.
•• The Aryans were pastoral people and
•• The earliest specimen of Indo-European fought most of the war for it. Rig Veda
language is Rig Veda. Aryans were
is “gavisihthi” or search for cows as
the people who spoke Indo-European
they were the most important form of
languages basically belonging to wealth.
Central Asia, migrated to India.
•• The concept of women slave was most
•• They settled themselves in Sapta
common. Women and cows were gifted
Sindhu the land of seven rivers in
to the priests in those days.
north-western region of India which
•• Voluntary offering to the chief was
included Kubha river of Afghanistan
known as bali.
along with Indus and its five tributaries.
•• Two priests who played important role
•• According to the oldest Vedic literature
during this time were Vasishtha and
(Rig Veda) the Aryan king came into
Vishvamitra.
conflict with Dasa (branch of early
•• The people of Vedic period were theists.
Aryans) and Dasyus (original inhabitants
Vedic literature shows the existence
of the country). They were soft to Dasas
of god. The religion of the Vedic Aryan
but strongly hostile to Dasyus.
•• Gradually the region came to be known worshipped nature with one in many
as Bharatavarsha named after the concepts.
tribe Bharata. This clan consists of 5 •• Indra (rain god) was important as he
Aryan chiefs and 5 non-Aryan chiefs. played role of a warlord. 250 hymns
Dasrajna Yudha or Battle of ten Kings were devoted to him.
has been mentioned in hymns of Rig •• Agni (fire god) was devoted 200 hymns.
Veda. Varuna, Soma (plant god), female
•• The battle was fought on the bank of divinities like Aditi and Usha were
river Parusni, identical to river Ravi also worshipped but were not given
and was won by Bharatas. importance as the male gods.
First evidence of human in India was found in western Narmada region in Madhya Pradesh.
HISTORY GK-93
•• The administrative machinery worked Yajur Veda: Shatapatha (The oldest and the
under tribal chief called as Rajans. Clan largest Brahmana) and Taittariya.
based assemblies were found such as Atharva Veda: Gopatha
sabha, samiti, vidatha, gana. Women
attended sabha and vidatha. Jainism
•• Social structure of the society was based •• There were 24 Thirthankaras according
on the kinship. Common term for nephew, to Jain tradition. Rishabha Adinath
grandson and cousin was naptri. (symbol-Bull) was the first and Mahavira
Later Vedic Period (symbol-Lion) was the last Thirthankara.
•• There is historical proof of only the last two
Vedic Literature Thirthankaras, Parshwanath (23rd) and
(1500 BC - 500 BC) Mahavira (24th) while rest are obscure.
•• It is believed that the Rig Veda was
Parshvanatha
composed while the Aryans were still in
Punjab. He was a prince of Benaras who led the life
•• Vedic Literature comprises of four of a hermit and died at Shikharji, Giridih,
literary productions: Jharkhand. His four main teachings were
1. The Samhitas or vedas called chaturthi.
2. The Brahamans 1. Ahimsa (Non-injury)
3. The Aranyakas 2. Satya (Non-lying)
4. The Upanishads
3. Asteya (Non-stealing)
•• There are four vedas- Rig Veda, Sama
4. Aparigraha (Non-possession)
Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.
The first three vedas are jointly called Mahavira
Vedatrayi (trio of vedas).
Rig Veda (collection of lyrics) is the oldest He adopted all these four teachings and
text in the world. It contains 10,500 verses added Brahmacharya (Chastity) to it.
and 1028 hymns, divided into 10 mandalas. Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village
The hymns of Rig Veda were recited by called Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar.
Hotri. It is the tenth mandalas which •• He renounced his family at the age of 30
explains the four varnas. and became an ascetic.
Sama Veda (Book of chants) is important •• He attained kaivalya (perfect knowledge)
for Indian music. The hymns of sama veda at the age of 42 under a sal tree at
were recited by Udgatri. Jambhika grama on the bank of river
Yajur Veda (book of sacrificial prayers) is Rijupalika.
a ritual veda. It has both verses and prose in •• He came to be known as Kevalin (perfect
contrast with the fist two vedas. Its hymns
learned), Jina (one who conquered his
were recited by Adhveryus. It is divided into
senses), Nirgrontha (free from all bonds),
two parts- Krishna Yajur and Shukla yajur.
Arhant (blessed one) and Mahavira (the
Atharva veda (book of magical formulae)
contains charms and spells to word of evils brave).
and diseases. •• He delivered his first sermon at Pava to his
Every veda has several Brahmanas attached 11 disciples who were called Gandharas.
to it: •• He passed away at Pavapuri near Bihar
Rig Veda: Aitareya and Kaushitiki Sharif, Bihar at the age of 72 in 468 BC.
Sama Veda: Panchvisha, Shadvinsh, •• Sudharma was the only Gandhara who
Chhandogya and Jaiminaya survived after his death.
Lahuradeva in Uttar Pradesh are the site for oldest agricultural region in the Indian sub-continent.
GK-94 HISTORY
Jain Council Year Venne Chairman Result
1st 300BC Patliputra Sthulabhadra Compilation of 12 Angas
2nd 512 AD Vallabhi Devardhi Final compilation of 12 Angas
Kshmasramana and 12 Upangas
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi sultanate begins with Turkish invasion in India by Muhammad Ghori in 1173 to
1202. He nominated his faithful slave Qutub ud-Din Aibak as the governor of the newly
possessed region called India. During this period Delhi became the centre of Turkish and
Afghan Power.
Dynasty Sultan / Agent Event Highlights
Muhammad •• Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210) •• Construction of world famous
Ghori slave •• Aram Shah (1210–1211) monument Qutub Minar by Qutub-
dynasty •• Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), ud-din Aibak and finished by his
(1193-1290) •• Rukn ud din Firuz (1236) successors. They attacked temples
•• Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240) of Ajmer, Samana, Kuhram, Delhi,
•• Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242) Kol, Benaras
•• Alauddin Masud (1242–1246), •• Construction of Quwat ul-Islam at
•• Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246–1266), Delhi, Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ajmer.
•• Ghiyas uddin Balban (1266–1286),
•• Muiz uddin Qaiqabad (1286–1290),
Khilji •• Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296) •• Known for their cruelty as they
(1290-1320) •• Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316) levied taxes on the defeated
•• Umar Khan Khilji (1316) community. During the period of
•• Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316- Alauddin Khilji the famous Koh-i-
1320) noor Diamond of Warangal was
•• Khusro Khan (1320) looted somewhere around 1310
Tughluq •• Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320-1325) •• Geographically the largest dynasty;
(1320-1395) •• Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351) Muhammad bin Tughluq was
•• Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351) one of the powerful sultans who
•• Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388) changed the capital from Delhi
•• Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II (1388– to Daulatabad (present Deogir in
1389) Maharashtra) to rule the empire
•• Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390) more proficiently thus ordered
•• Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III for forceful migration of common
(1390–1393) masses. Though a good idea but he
•• Sikander Shah I (March-April 1393) failed to execute.
•• Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq •• Secondly his ideas to introduce
(1393–1413) bronze coin instead of silver coin
•• Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq also failed as the bronze coins were
(1394–1414), easy to forge
Sayyid •• Khizr Khan (1414–1421) •• The vast Tughlaq dynasty shrunk
(1400-1442) •• Mubarak Shah (1421–1434) within 10 miles of Delhi during this
•• Muhammad Shah (1434–1445) period.
•• Alam Shah (1445–1451)
Lodi •• Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489) •• The dynasty had fought one of the
(1457-1518) •• Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) greatest battles in India- Battle
•• Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526), of Panipat in 1526 with Babur
who was invited by Daulat Khan
Lodi to enter India and at the end
Ibrahim Lodi lost the battle.
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
Dynasty Emperors Important Highlights
Sangama •• Harihara Raya I(1336–1356) •• The rise of Vijayanagar dynasty was
Dynasty •• Bukka Raya I (1356–1377) the result of political and cultural
•• Harihara Raya II (1377–1404) movement against the Tughlaqs.
•• Virupaksha Raya (1404–1405) •• Presumably Harihar I and Bukka I were
•• Bukka Raya II (1405–1406) the founders of this dynasty.
•• Deva Raya I (1406–1422) •• This dynasty had to face the invasion
•• Ramachandra Raya(1422) from Bhamani Sultan Ahmed Lin.
•• Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422–1424) •• The kings of this dynasty were generous
•• Deva Raya II (1424–1446) and worked for the social welfare of the
•• Mallikarjuna Raya (1446–1465) people.
•• Virupaksha Raya II (1465–1485) •• Some of the kings were great patronage
•• Praudha Raya(1485) of literature.
Great philosopher and political thinker Chanakya was known with other names such as Kautilya and Vishnugupta.
GK-102
HISTORY
Saluva •• Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya ( 1 4 8 5 – •• The Saluva started ruling soon after
Dynasty 1491) Saluva Narasimha had a fight with
•• Thimma Bhupala (1491) the Sambetas of Peranipadu and the
•• Narasimha Raya II (1491–1505) Paligers of Ummattur but they couldn’t
sustain power for a very long period
•• Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491–1503) •• Founded by Tuluva Narasa Nayak, the
•• Vira Narasimha Raya (1503–1509) third Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagar
•• Krishna Deva Raya (1509–1529) Empire seemed to be the most powerful
•• Achyuta Deva Raya (1529–1542) dynasties.
Tuluva •• Venkata I 1542 •• Krishan Deva Raya the most powerful
Dynasty •• Sadasiva Raya (1542–1570) king of this dynasty.
•• Believed to be the golden period of
Telugu literature
•• Worshipped Nagaraja Vasuki hence
called as Nagavanshis
•• Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565 •• The last dynasty of Vijayanagar empire
•• Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572 founded by Tirumal Deva Raya
•• Sriranga I 1572–1586 •• The battle of Raksa –Tangadi happened
Aravidu •• Venkata II 1586–1614 hence the Aravidu dynasty as well as
Dynasty •• Sriranga II 1614 Vijayanagar empire came to an end by
•• Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632 the combined forces of Bijapur muslims
•• Venkata III 1632–1642
•• Sriranga III 1642–1646
Shah Jahan
(1628-1658)
•• Started ruling the dynasty as its sixth emperor.
•• Was a ruler with religious orthodoxy and used to support Islam
•• Was not much passionate about art and culture, so during his tenure
only few monuments have been developed - the exquisite Moti (Pearl)
Mosque at Delhi.
•• Reintroduced Jaziya, i.e. taxation on non-muslims.
Aurangzeb
(1658-1707)
Bodhisatva Avalokiteshwara of Mahayana Buddhism is also known as Padmapani.
HISTORY GK-105
Rajaram
•• Sahuji the son of Sambhaji was released from Mughals captivity in 1707.
•• He attacked Tarabai and Sambhaji II from the throne of Maratha with the
help of Peshwa Balaji Biswanathan and won the battle. Soon had his own
territory.
•• Didn’t posses a strong affinity towards politics he settled down in Satara.
Sahuji
Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of Kanishka.
HISTORY GK-107
Balaji
Vishwanath
•• As the eldest son to his father Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao Peshwa I took
the charge of Peshwa dynasty after his death in 1721.
•• During his tenure, Pune regained the status of capital Maratha Kingdom
from Raigad.
•• In 1734, captured the Malwa territory in the north, and in 1739, drove out
the Portuguese from nearly all their possessions in the Western Ghats.
•• He died in 1740.
Bajirao Peshwa I
•• Succeeded as Peshwa after his father Bajirao Peshwa’s Death.
•• Fought the third war of Panipat with Ahmad Shah Abdalli in 1761 but
lost the war.
•• Was shattered by the loss of his elder son and brother in the war and died
soon after the war ended.
Balaji Bajirao
(Nanasaheb)
Nana Phadnavis
Chamundarai, minister under Ganga ruler Rachmalla constructed Jain statue of Bahubali (Gomat) in 983 A.D.
GK-108
HISTORY
MODERN HISTORY
British India (1612–1947) The border dispute between Nepal and
In 1617, the British East India Company British India, which sharpened after 1801,
was given permission by Mughal Emperor had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War
Jahangir to trade in India. As a result of of 1814–16 and brought the defeated
three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854,
Company gained exclusive control over Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh
the entire Carnatic region of India. The was added two years later. Their policy was
Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule,
later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772– taking advantage of the enmity festering
1818) led to control of the vast regions of between various princely states and social
India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India and religious groups.
first fell to Burmese invasion and then to
In 1757, Clive was appointed by the
British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.
company as its first ‘Governor of Bengal’.
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and
Kashmir were annexed after the Second In same year Treaty of Allahabad was
Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir concluded by which the Mughal Emperor
was immediately sold under the Treaty of granted the Diwani rights to the English
Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu East India Company. Thus, the British
and thereby became a princely state. power in India was thoroughly established.
GOVERNORS (1757–1854)
• Robert Clive 1757–1760 • Henry Vansittart 1760–1764
• Robert Clive 1765–1766 • Harry Verelst 1767–1769
• John Cartier 1769–1772 • Warren Hastings 1772–1774
• Charles Cornwallis 1786–1793 • Richard Wellesley 1798–1805
• Charles Cornwallis 1805–1805 • James Broun-Ramsay 1848–1854
1781 War Forces of the Kingdom of Mysore •• Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at Port
and Great Britain. Novo.
1784, Pitt’s Act •• British government got supreme
control over the company’s affair and
its administration.
War 1789 -1792 Tipu Sultan and East India •• Treaty of Seringapatam was signed.
Company Tipu had to cede half of his territories
to English and paid ` 330 lakhs as
indemnity.
Awadh annexation Lord Dalhousie •• Introduced the famous Doctrine of
1856 Lapse.
The rebellion East India Company and united force of Indian leaders like (Bahadur
of 1857 Sepoy Shah, Bakt Khan, Begum Hazart Mahal of Avadh, Tanti Tope, Nana Saheb,
Mutiny Azimullah, Rani Lakshmibai, Kunwar Singh etc.), The revolt marked the end
of the East India Company’s rule, and India came under the direct rule of
the British Crown.
Feb. 1930 Chandra Shekhar Azad was shot dead in a park called Azad Park at Allahabad,
in an encounter with British police.
12 March, 1930 Dandi March lead by M.K. Gandhi took place. Together with 78 companions
he walked 375 km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
6 April, 1930 Gandhi reached Dandi and broke the Salt law.
12 Nov. 1930 First round table conference was held in London, was chaired by British
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
5 March, 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Gandhi and then viceroy of India
Lord Irwin. According to which British agreed to withdraw all ordinances and
end prosecutions and release all political prisoners.
24 August, 1932 Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar at Yerwada
Central Jail.
1935 Government of India Act was passed according to which All India Federation
was established including British India and Princely States (representative
were appointed by the rulers) forming a bicameral federal legislature.
October, 1940 Gandhi gave an order for limited satyagraha (for few individuals only).
8 August, 1942 Quit India Movement was launched by M.K.Gandhi.
1945 Congress working committee adopted a resolution to abolish landlordism.
2 Sept. 1946 Interim government of India formed the newly elected Constituent
Assembly of India. This idea was rejected by Muslim league.
9 Dec. 1946 The Constituent Assembly met for the first time.
INTERIM GOVERNMENT
External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations : Jawahar Lal Nehru
Defence : Baldev Singh
Home (including Information and Broadcasting) : Vallabhbhai Patel
Finance : Liaquat Ali Khan
Posts and Air : Abdur Rab Nishtar
Food and Agriculture : Rajendra Parsad
Labour : Jagjivan Ram
Transport and Railways : M. Asaf Ali
Industries and Supplies : John Matthai
Education and Arts : C. Rajagopalachari
Works, Mines and Power : C.H. Bhabha
Commerce : I.I. Chundrigar
Law : Jogindar Nath Mandal
Health : Ghazanfar Ali Khan
Mountbatten Plan
The Indian Independence Act 1947 also called 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan,
declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947. It gave India and Pakistan
a dominion status. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947. The boundaries
between the two dominion states were determined by a Boundary Commission which
was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff.
Katyayana, a smriti writer of Gupta period, was the first to use the expression Asprashya to denote the untouchables.
GK-112
HISTORY
SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
The Founding Years (1885-1900)
Session Place Date President
1st Session Bombay Dec. 28-30, 1885 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
2nd Session Calcutta Dec. 27-30, 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji
3rd Session Madras Dec. 27-30, 1887 Badruddin Tyabji
4th Session Allahabad Dec. 26-29, 1888 George Yule
5th Session Bombay Dec. 26-28, 1889 William Wedderburn
6th Session Calcutta Dec. 26-30, 1890 Pherozeshah Mehta
8th Session Allahabad Dec. 28-30, 1892 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
10th Session Madras Dec. 26-29, 1894 Alfred Webb
11th Session Poona Dec. 27-30, 1895 Surendranath Banerjee
12th Session Calcutta Dec. 28-31, 1896 Rahimatullah M. Sayani
13th Session Amraoti Dec. 27-29, 1897 C. Sankaran Nair
14th Session Madras Dec. 29-31, 1898 AnandaMohan Bose
15th Session Lucknow Dec. 27-30, 1899 Romesh Chunder Dutt
16th Session Lahore Dec. 27-29, 1900 N.G. Chandavarkar
7th Session Nagpur Dec. 28-30, 1891 P. Ananda Charlu
9th Session Lahore Dec. 27-30, 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji
Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya‘ was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins and adopted the title Sakari.
HISTORY GK-113
Pallavi ruler Narshimhavarman ‘Mammala’ invaded chalukyas and captured vatapi and adopted the title vatapikonda.
HISTORY GK-115
Megasthenes
Identity: A Buddhist Monk who came from China.
Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshvardhana.
Duration of Stay: 405-411 AD.
Contribution: Wrote ‘Record of Buddhist kingdoms’.
Fa Hsien
Identity: Chinese Buddhist monk.
Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshavardhan.
Duration of Stay: 630-645 AD.
Contribution: Wrote Si-yu-ki or the ‘Records of Western World.
Hiuen Tsang-tsang/
Xuanzang
Identity: Muslim scholar and polymath from Persia
Time of Visit to India: Came along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
Duration of Stay: 1024-1030 AD
Contribution: Wrote Taharikh-al-Hind, about social religious,
political nature of India during that time.
Al-Biruni/Abu
Rayhan Muhammad
Identity: Italian merchant and traveller
Time of Visit to India: Came during the Period of Rudramani Devi
of Kakatiya Dynasty.
Duration of Stay: 1292-1294 AD
Contribution: Wrote “The book of Sir Marcopolo”, describing
about Indian Economy at that time.
Marco Polo
Nicolo Conti
Identity: Ambassador of James II, king of England
Time of Visit to India: Came in India at the reign of Jahangir, the
great mogul along with William Finch.
Duration of Stay: First Visit: 1421, Revisited: 1430
William
Hawkins
Identity: Italian Traveller
Time of Visit to India: Came during the rule of Devaraya I of
Sangam dynasty of Vijaynagar empire.
Duration of Stay: First Visit : 1421 Revisited: 1430
Contribution: Author of “Voyage aux Indes.
Afanasy Nikitin
Identity: Persian traveller
Abdur Razzaq Time of Visit to India: Came to India during Bahmani Sultanate.
Duration of Stay: 1443-1444 AD
Identity: Arab navigator
Sulaiman Al Mahri Time of Visit: Middle of Ninth Century during the age of Palas and
Pratiharas
Contribution: Wrote an account on Pala Empire
Identity: Arab historian & geographer
Al-Masudi Time: Visited Gujarat in 915-16 during Pratiharas Kinghom.
Contribution: Testified the great power and prestige of the
Pratihara rulers.
Pallavas were instrumental in spreading Indian culture in South-East Asia. The Pallava types of Shikhara can be found
in temples of Java, Cambodia and Annam.
HISTORY GK-117
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia.
3500 BC Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year
to be evolved in full cuneiform script.
2300 BC The first akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities
2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third dynasty
of Mesopotamian.
1792-49 BC Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along
Euphrates River.
1530 BC Kassite came into being in Hammurabi’s rule in 1750 BC and categorized
into minorities of Mesopotamia.
1500 BC Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called
Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor.
1200 - 900 BC Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing
Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant coast.
Fahien, the Chinese pilgrim visited India during Chandragupta II and Hiuen-Tsang during Harshavardhana.
GK-118
HISTORY
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
5000 BC Farming started along the bank of Nile river.
3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent
settlement.
2650 BC Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic
development of Egyptian art.
2575-2465 BC Pharaoh Khufu built Great pyramid of Giza having a height of 481 feet.
2381-2345 BC The Old Kingdom ended during the realm of Unas.
2055 BC-1650 BC The era of middle kingdom started with reunion of Egypt.
1539 BC With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became
the leading power in the Middle East.
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the
religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton.
1336-1327 BC The realm of Tutankhamen.
1279-1213 BC The existence of Ramses Realm when Egypt experienced the height of
its power.
728 BC Nubian kings took over the power of Egypt.
639 BC The period of revival started with the expulsion of Assyrians by
Egyptians.
525 BC Persians started ruling the Egypt.
332 BC Alexander the great conquered Egypt.
305 BC A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of
Alexander the Great.
30 BC The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied
Egypt.
Jai Chand was the last Rajput king who was killed by Mohammad Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar.
HISTORY GK-119
164 BC The revolution broke out against the Seleucid kings under the leadership of
the Maccabbees brothers by Jews.
63 BC Judaea was conquered by Romans and the family of Herod the Great started
ruling.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
490-479 Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from
the huge Persian Empire.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
753 BC Rome was founded.
509 BC Roman republic was built.
390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls.
264-241 BC First Punic War between Carthage and Rome took place.
218-202 BC Second Punic War consisting of several small battles took place where Rome
was the ultimate winner.
83-31 BC Decline of Roman Republic due to the continuous phase of civil wars.
27 BC Augustus established himself as the first of the Roman emperors.
117 AD Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time.
312 AD Constantine the great got converted to Christianity.
410 AD Goths sacked Roman Empire.
476 AD The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes.
Christianity
•• It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e. Merriah).
•• He was born on 25th December to Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Jerusalam)
•• Bible is the holy book of Christians.
•• His crucifixion (hanging) on cross happened in about AD 33.
•• So, sign of ‘cross’ is considered holy for Christians.
Kanbana, Kuttana and Pugalendi are considered as ‘three gems of Tamil poetry’.
GK-120
HISTORY
Feudalism was a socio-political hierarchy which started in 8th century AD in Europe and
ended in 14th century AD.
Crusades were the series of military campaign organized under the banner of the cross so
as to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation.
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
830AD Ghana Empire was created.
1050-1100AD Expansion of Almoravid kingdom from Ghana to southern Spain.
1100-1150AD Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for producing gold and copper
artifacts and long distance trade.
1200-1250 AD •• Christian churches established in Ethiopia.
•• Kingdom of Mali was established in West Africa, with Timbuktu as a
centre of learning.
1375 AD Gao rebelled against and Songhai started to expand its realm.
1465 AD Songhai conquered Mema and after three years seized Timbaktu.
1588–91 AD Songhai was attacked by Moroccan forces with firearms and they kept on
conquering Tondibi, Timbuktu and Gao one after the other.
Qutubuddin Aibak patronised Hasan-un-Nizami, author of ‘Taj-ul-Massir’ and Fakhruddin, author of ‘Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi’.
HISTORY GK-121
MONGOL EMPIRE
Time Period Events
1206 AD Temüjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, and
started ruling the unified nomads of Mongolia homeland.
1227 AD Death of Genghis Khan.
1250–1350 AD Pax Mongolica or stabilization of Mongol empire.
1260-1294 AD Fragmentation of Mongol Empire into Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty, Chagatai
Khanate, Golden Horde.
1368 AD Fall of Yuan dynasty.
1687 AD Collapse of Chagatai Khanate.
ARAB CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
571AD •• The great Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca
•• With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab civilization started
expanding its realm
632AD After the death of Mohammad his successors continued to spread his
teachings and were known as Caliphs or Khalifas
13th Century AD The Islamic Empire came to end with the defeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turks
Harshavardhana called for a religious assembly at Kannauj which was joined by many learned people and presided over by Hiuen-Tsang.
GK-122
HISTORY
Hiuen-Tsang spent about eight years (635-643 AD) in India and wrote a text called- Si Yu ki.
HISTORY GK-123
Conse- •• End of the German, Russian, Ottoman and •• Collapse of Nazi Germany
quences Austro-Hungarian empires •• Fall of Japanese and Italian
•• Formation of new countries in Europe and Empires
the Middle East. •• Creation of the United Nations
•• Transfer of German colonies and regions •• Emergence of the United
of the former Ottoman Empire to other States and the Soviet Union as
powers superpowers
•• Establishment of the League of Nations •• Beginning of the Cold War
Sher Shah Suri was known as Hazarat-i-Ala and he defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539.
GK-124
HISTORY
Outcome of War: The Romans won the war. Russo-Japan War
Second Participants: Russia vs. Japan
Participants: Greek vs. Trojan Duration of War: 1904 – 05 AD
Duration of War: 218 BC- 201 BC Causes of War: The war fought for having
Causes of War: The war occurred when imperial authority over Manchuria and
Korea.
Carthage started expanding its power in
Spain and striving for the coastal city of Outcome of War: Japanese won the war.
Saguntum (the present day Sagunto) which Vietnam War
was allied with Rome. Participants: Democratic Republic of
Outcome of War: Finally Rome won over Vietnam allied with Soviet Union vs. China.
Carthage in the battle of Zama forcing the Duration of War: 1955 – 75 AD
Carthaginians to give up Spanish territories Causes of War: The war was fought for
and its navy. checking communism spread all over
South-Asia.
Third
Outcome of War: The war ended with the
Participants: Greek vs. Persian
victory of North Vietnam by empowering
Duration of War: 149 BC- 146 BC the Communist government in South
Causes of War: The fear of Carthaginian Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia with annexure
resurgence led to the war in the city streets of South Vietnam. The American-led forces
of Carthage had to back out from Indochina.
Outcome of War: Ultimately Romans Iraq–Iran War
destroyed the city of Carthage Participants: Islamic Republic of Iran and
Hundred Years War the Republic of Iraq
Duration of War: 1980 – 88 AD
Participants: France vs. England
Causes of War: The war started with the
Duration of War: 1337 BC -1453 BC
invasion of republic of Iran resulting from a
Causes of War: The war broke out after border dispute of two Republics.
King Edward III of England invaded the Outcome of War: Iraq failed to take over
country of France and continued to seize its the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab and
land and became its ruler. strengthen Arab separatism in the region of
Outcome of War: At the end France Khuzestan. The Iranian invasion failed and
managed to defy the England’s reign with the idea of deposing Saddam Hussein was
the help of Scotland. shattered.
Krishna Deva Rai took the titles of Yavanaraja Sthapancharya and also known as Andhra Bhoj and Andhra Pitamaha.
POLITY GK-125
POLITY
POLITY
u India u World
Important Acts
Making of Constituent Assembly
Constitution Enactment & Enforcement
Introduction
Salient Features Basic Features
of Constitution Important Quotes
Sources
Structure of List of Articles
Indian List of Schedules
Constitution List of Amendments (Till date)
MAPMAP
Indian Constitution
Preamble
Union & Territories
Citizenship
FRs, FDs, & DPs.
Union & State Executives
Union & State Composition
MIND
List I, II, III
Interstate Council
Zonal Council
Article 370 - Jammu & Kashmir
Uniform Civil Code
POLITY
Bodies
Democratic
Types of
INDIAN
Parliamentary
Government Federal
Legislature
Institutional
Indian Government
Executive
Framework
Judiciary
Union
Levels of
State
Government
Local
Electoral System
Elections Electoral Reforms
Political Parties & Composition
Pressure Groups
Principles & Look - East
Foreign Objectives Gujaral Doctrine
Nuclear Policy
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Making of Constitution
IMPORTANT ACTS
Constitutional Important Provisions
Landmark
Pitts India Act, 1784 •• Indian affairs under direct control of British government.
•• Board of control was established.
Government of India, •• Company rule replaced by British crown.
1858 •• Secretary of state for India appointed to exercise the power of the
crown. He was a member of British cabinet, responsible to it &
was assisted by Council of India with 15 members.
•• Governor General became the agent of the crown and now known
as Viceroy of India.
Indian Councils Act, 1861 •• Parliamentary system started in India.
•• Indians became non-official members of the legislature.
•• Started decentralization of power.
Indian Councils Act, 1909 •• Central Legislative Council becames Imperial Legislative Council
(Morley-Minto Reforms. with officials forming the majority.
Lord Morley was the then •• Provincial Legislative Councils had a majority of non-official
Secretary of State for members.
•• Introduced communal representation for Muslims with a separate
India and Lord Minto was
electorate system. Legalized communalism. Lord Minto created a
then Viceroy of India). communal electorate.
Government of India •• Separated central subjects from provincial subjects.
Act, 1919/ Montague •• Provincial subjects were transferred and reserved.
- Chelmsford Reforms. •• Transferred subjects were administered by Governor with help of
Montague was the ministers who were responsible to the legislature.
•• Reserved subjects were administered by Governor and Executive
Secretary of State
Council who were not responsible to the legislature.
for India and Lord •• Diarchy/ Dual system of government was introduced.
Chelmeford was the •• Bicameral legislature with upper and lower houses were formed
Viceroy of India. with direct elections.
•• Majority of members in both houses were directly elected.
•• 3 of the 6 members of Governor-General’s council had to be
Indians.
Government of India Act, •• Established All India federation of provinces & princely states as
1935 constituent units.
•• Federal, provincial & concurrent lists were introduced.
•• Abolished diarchy in provinces which now had provincial
autonomy.
•• Introduced diarchy at the Centre & bicameralism in the provinces.
•• Introduced responsible governments in provinces.
The August Offer, 1940 •• Expansion of the Governor-General’s Executive Council to include
more Indians.
•• Establishment of an advisory war council.
Cripps Proposals, 1942 •• Provision made up for participation of Indian states in the
constitution making body.
•• The leaders of the principal sections of the Indian people were
invited to take active and effective participation in the councils of
their country.
The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisaiton Act was passed in the year 2014.
GK-128
POLITY
Cabinet Mission Plan, •• There should be a Union of India, embracing both British India
1916 and the states which should deal with foreign affairs.
•• A Constituent Assembly should be set up to draw up the future
constitution of the country.
Indian Independence Act, •• Declared India as independent & sovereign state.
1947 •• Established responsible government at the Center & provinces.
•• Designated Governor General of India & Provincial Governors as
Constitutional heads or nominal heads.
Objective Resolution •• On Jan 22, 1947 the Constituent Assembly adopted Objective
resolution as advocated by Jawahar Lal Nehru. It contained
fundamental propositions of the constitution & set forth the
political ideas that should guide its deliberations.
Constituent Assembly
•• The Constituent Assembly was constituted in Nov. 1946 under the scheme formulated
by the Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
•• Total members – 389
•• Members elected indirectly from British India – 296
•• Members nominated by princely states. – 93
•• The Constituent Assembly had both Nominated & Elected members. The elected
members were indirectly elected by members of the Provincial Assemblies.
•• 1st meeting of Constituent Assembly –Dec.9, 1946.
•• Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly.
•• Temporary president of the Assembly – Dr. Sachidanand.
•• Permanent President of the Assembly – Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
•• Vice President of the Assembly – H.C. Mukherjee.
•• Constitutional Advisor to the Assembly – Sir B.N.Rau
IMPORTANT COMMITTEES
COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN
Drafting Committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Flag Committee J. B. Kriplani
Union Constitution Committee Jawahar lal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
Union Powers Committee Jawahar lal Nehru
Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
Special Committee to Examine the Draft Constitution (Chairman: Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer)
Expert Committee on Financial Provisions
Ad-hoc Committee on Supreme Court
Ad-hoc Committee on National Flag
Committee on Chief Commissioners’ Provinces
Drafting Committee 4 Dr. K.M. Munshi
It consisted of 7 members – 5 Syed Mohammad Saadullah.
1 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman) 6 N. Madhava Rau
2 N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
7 T.T Krishnamachari
3 Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
The Constituent Assembly has 11 sessions and incurred `64 lakh on making the constitution.
POLITY GK-129
The Drafting Committee took less than 6 months to prepare its draft. In all it sat only for
141 days. Indian Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly in a long time of 2
years, 11 months & 18 days.
Enactment & Enforcement of the Constitution
The Constitution was adopted on Nov. 26,1949, contained a Preamble, 395 Articles & 8
Schedules. Now, it increased to 447 Articles & 12 Schedules. It came into force on January
26,1950. This day is celebrated as the Republic Day.
Salient features of the Constitution
The term Constitution is derived from Latin word “Constituere” which means “to
establish”. A Constitution is something established as the basis of government (whether by
a constitutional convention or by process of evolution). The Constitution of our country is
a collection of legal rules which provides the framework of the governmental machinery &
also it is an effective instrument of orderly social change.
Lengthiest
Written Constitution Combination
of Rigidity &
Supremacy of Constitution Flexibility
Republican form of govt. Emergency
Provisions
Secularism Federal System
Basic with Unitary Bias
Federal character
Structure
Features
Sovereignty of the Country Integrated and
Independent
Parliamentary Democracy Judiciary
Parliamentary System
Fundamental Rights, DPs. of Government
Synthesis of Parliamentary
Sovereignty & Judicial Supremacy
Sixth Provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in 244 and 275
Schedule the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Division of power between the Union and the States in 246
Schedule terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III
(Concurrent List). Presently, The Union List contains 100
subjects (originally 97), The State list contains 61 subjects
(Originally 66) and the concurrent list contains 52 subjects
(originally 47).
Eighth Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 344 and 351
Schedule 14 languages but presently there are 22 languages. They are:
Assamese, Bengali, Bodo Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi,
Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili(Maithili), Malayalam,
Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali,
Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was added b the 21st
Amendment Act of 1967: Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
were added by the 71st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani,
Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71st Amendment
Act of 1992; And Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were
added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
Ninth Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282) of the 31 - B
Schedule state legislatures dealing with land reforms and abolition
of the zamindari system and of the Parliament dealing
with other matters. This schedule was added by the 1st
Amendment (1951) to protect the laws included in it from
judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental
rights. However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the
laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are open
to judicial review.
Tenth Provisions relating to disqualification of the members 102 and 191
Schedule of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of
defection. This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment
Act of 1985, also known as Anti Defection Law.
Eleventh Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of 243 - G
Schedule Panchayats. It has 29 matters. This Schedule was added by
the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
Twelfth Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of 243 - W
Schedule Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This Schedule was added
by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.
97th – 2011 Amend Art 19 and 12 January 2012 Added the words “or Co-operative
added Part IXB. Societies” after the word “or Unions” in
Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article
43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative
Societies and added Part-IXB, i.e. the
Co-operative Societies.
The amendment objective is to
encourage economic activities of
cooperatives which in turn help
progress of rural India. It is expected
to not only ensure autonomous and
democratic functioning of cooperatives,
but also the accountability of the
management to the members and other
stakeholders.
99th – 2014 Insertion of new 13 April 2015 The amendment provides for the
articles 124A, 124B and formation of a National Judicial
124C Amendments Appointments Commission. 16 State
to Articles 127, 128, assemblies out of 29 States including
217, 222, 224A, 231. Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat
and Telangana ratified the Central
Legislation, enabling the President
of India to give assent to the bill. The
amendment is in toto quashed by
Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
100th – 2015 Amendment of 1 August 2015 Exchange of certain enclave territories
First Schedule to with Bangladesh and conferment
Constitution of citizenship rights to residents of
enclaves consequent to signing of Land
Boundary Agreement (LBA)Treaty
between India and Bangladesh.
PREAMBLE
Meaning •• Introduction or preface to the Constitution.
•• Summary or essence of the Constitution
Components •• Source of Authority – People of India
•• Nature of Indian State – Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic & Republican.
•• Objectives of Constitution –Justice, Liberty, Equality & Fraternity.
Amendment •• 42nd Amnd Act 1976 added 3 new words – Socialist, Secular & Integrity.
Part of the •• In Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), Supreme Court held that Preamble is
Constitution an integral part of the Constitution.
Citizenship
Person domiciled
Single Citizenship in India
3 Categories entitled Refugees who migrated to
to citizenship India from Pakistan
Indian Indians living in other
Citizenship Act (1955)
Citizenship Countries.
Provides for acquisition
& loss of Citizenship after
commencement of the
Constitution.
Dual Citizenship for PIOs
Acquisition of Citizenship
Loss of Citizenship
The Constitution deals with the Citizenship from article 5 to 11 under Part II.
POLITY
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right Against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Cultural and Right to Constitutional
Religion Educational Rights Remedies
(5) Quo–Warranto
(15) Prohibition of (20) Protection in respect of (24) Prohibition of (26 ) Manage religious affairs. (30) Right of minorities
discrimination on conviction for offences. employment of to establish
grounds of religion, children in factories & administer
race, sex etc. etc. educational
institutions.
(16) Equality of (21) Protection of life & (27) Freedom from payment of
opportunity in personal liberty. taxes for promotion of any
public employment religion.
(17) Abolition of (22) Protection against (28) Freedom from attending
untouchability. arrest & detention in religious instruction
certain cases. or worship in certain
GK-135
educational institutions.
(18) Abolition of titles.
GK-136
POLITY
Directive Principles
Promote concept of
Part IV, Article
“Instrument of instructions” welfare state
36 – 51
– B.R. Ambedkar
Mixture of
socialist
Gandhian & Directive Non-justiciable
Liberal Principles
principles
36 Definition of State
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
45 Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of
six years
Article 39, 39A, 43A and 48A of Directive Principles were added by 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
POLITY GK-137
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
Fundamental Duties
List of F.Ds 51 A (a) Abide by the Constitution and respect National Flag & National
Anthem
upon
K Duty of all parents & guardians to send their children in the age
President
Position Term Oath Emolument Qualification Election Vacancy Powers
Executive
• Executive • 5 years • By Chief • ` 1.5 lakh • Citizen of • Elected • On expiry of Legislative
Head of the • Eligible for Justice per month India indirectly by term Judicial
State Re-election of India • Pension • Completed 35 electoral college • By death Emergency
• First citizen or senior ` 75,000 years age consisting • By resignation
of the country most per month • Qualified for elected members • By impeachment
judge of election as a of both houses
Supreme member of of Parliament
Court Lok Sabha & State’s
• Not hold any Legislative
office of profit Assemblies
under GOI • Following
formula is
adopted at first
stage:
×
Total population of State 1
UNION & STATE EXECUTIVES
Appoints PM, Directly Dissolution or Address Nominates Assent Laying Issue Seek Power to
Council of administers Prorogation of & Send Members of on Bills down Ordinance Advice of grant
ministers, UTs Parliament messages Parliament passed by some Supreme pardon
Attorney_General,
CAG, Judges of to houses Parliament reports Court
Supreme Court before
& High Courts, Parliament
Governors,
Administrators
of UTs, Chairman Miscellaneous Emergency
& Members of
Public Service
Commission,
Chairman & Supreme Conclude National Failure of Financial
Members of Commander & Approve Emergency Constitutional Emergency
Finance of Armed International (Art. 352) Machinery (Art. 360)
Commission, Forces Treaties & in States
Chief Election Agreements (Art. 356)
Commissioner
& Election
Commissioners,
Inter - State
Council,
Commission
GK-139
investigate the
condition of SCs,
STs & OBCs.
GK-140
POLITY
LIST OF PRESIDENTS
List of President Joining date Leaving date
Dr. Rajendra Prasad 1/26/1950 5/13/1962
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 5/13/1962 5/13/1967
Zakir Hussain 5/13/1967 5/3/1969
Varahagiri Venkata Giri 5/3/1969 7/20/1969
Muhammad Hidayatullah 7/20/1969 8/24/1969
Varahagiri Venkata Giri 8/24/1969 8/24/1974
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 8/24/1974 2/11/1977
Basappa Danappa Jatti 2/11/1977 7/25/1977
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7/25/1977 7/25/1982
Giani Zail Singh 7/25/1982 7/25/1987
Ramaswamy Venkataraman 7/25/1987 7/25/1992
Shankar Dayal Sharma 7/25/1992 7/25/1997
Kocheril Raman Narayanan 7/25/1997 7/25/2002
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 7/25/2002 7/25/2007
Smt. Pratibha Patil 7/25/2007 7/25/2012
Pranab Mukherjee 7/25/2012 Incumbent
Vice President (4) Acts as President when vacancy occurs
Qualification in the office of the President due to his
resignation. Removal, death, or otherwise.
(1) Citizen of India.
(2) Completed 35 years. Removal
(3) Qualified for election as a member of (1) He can be removed by a resolution of
Rajya Sabha. the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute
(4) Not hold any office of profit under Union/ majority & agreed to by the Lok Sabha.
State government or any Local Authority. But, no such resolution can be moved
Term unless at least 14 days advance notice
(1) 5 years. has been given.
(2) Eligible for re-election.
Prime Minister
Oath
(1) Administered by the President.
Appointment
(1) By President
Emoluments
(1) ` 1.25 Lakh per month salary. Position
Election (1) Real executive authority (de facto executive).
(2) Head of the Government.
(1) Indirectly elected.
(3) Leader of the majority party in the Lok
(2) Elected by an electoral college consisting
of the members of both Houses of Sabha.
Parliament & in accordance with the Election
system of proportional representation (1) Elected directly by the people.
by means of the single transferable vote. Term
Functions (1) 5 years
(1) Ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. (2) The PM actually stays in office as long as he
(2) Suspend or adjourn the business of the enjoys the confidence of the parliament,
House(Rajya Sabha). but the normal term is automatically
(3) Issues direction to the Chairman of reduced if the Lok Sabha is dissolved
various committees. earlier.
The election commission of India is not concerned with the election of panchayats and municipalities.
POLITY GK-141
Governor
Position •• Chief Executive of the State.
•• Act as an head agent of the Central Government.
Qualification •• Citizen of India.
•• Completed 35 years.
•• Not hold any office of profit under government.
•• Not a member of Parliament or State legislature.
Appointment •• Appointed by President.
& Tenure •• Term is 5 years.
Oath •• Administered by Chief Justice of High Court
Powers and (A) Executive Powers –
Functions •• Appoints Chief Minister & other ministers, Advocate General, chairman &
Members of State PSC, State Election Commissioner & Finance Commission,
Vice Chancellors of Universities in State.
•• Nominate one member of Anglo Indian Community to the Legislative Assembly
of his State & 1/6th members of Sate Legislative Council.
•• Recommend President that government of the Sate cannot be carried on in
accordance with the Provisions of the Constitution.
(B) Legislative Powers –
•• Summon, adjourn & Prorogue State legislature & Dissolve the State Legislative
Assembly.
•• Address the state legislature at the commencement of the first session after
each general election and the first session of each year.
•• Give or withold Assent to the bill.
The interpretation of the Constitution falls within the domain of the Constitutional Bench which must consist of at least 5 judges.
GK-142
POLITY
•• Return or reserve the Bill.
•• Submission reports from auditor General, State PSC, State Finance Commission
before the legislature.
(C) Discretionary Powers –
•• Appointing a new Chief Minister when no Single Party Commands a clear-cut
majority in Legislative Assembly.
•• Dismissal of ministry if he is convinced that it has lost majority support.
(D) Other powers –
•• Grant Pardons & Suspend the sentence of any person but cannot Pardon in
case of death sentence.
•• No demand of grants can be made except on the recommendation of the Governor.
•• Ensures that Budget of State is laid before State legislature every year.
Chief Minister
Appointment By Governor
Tenure 5 years
Qualification Member of either house of the State legislature
Powers & (1) Chief link between the Governor & the Council of Ministers.
Functions (2) Head of the Council of Ministers.
(3) Recommends to the Governor the names of persons to be appointed as
members of the Council of Ministers
(4) Allocates portfolios among Ministers.
(5) Supervises & coordinates Policies of the several Ministries & Departments.
Council of Ministers (At Centre & State Level) : Composition
Assist Ministers
with whom they are
attached & perform
administrative duties
Collective
Responsibility No Separate charge
to Lok Sabha M I NISTE
TY RS
at Central level E PU Head Important
and Legislative S O F S TA Ministries of Central
D
State level
MIN
Attend Cabinet’s
CABINET meetings & decide
MINISTERS policies
Supreme
Individual Executive
(Independent
Responsibility authority
Charge)
to President at
Central level Independent charge of
& Governor at Ministries / Departments.
State level.
Work under Supervision &
guidance of Cabinet ministers.
While debating or during general discussion on a bill, the members of the parliament have to address only to the Speaker.
GK-144
POLITY
Parliament
Indian Legislature
Union Leg
State Leg
(Parliament)
Legislative Assembly
Upper House Lower House
Sessions of Parliament
Only the president can save a person guilty in the supreme court who has been given the death sentence.
POLITY GK-145
INDIAN JUDICIARY
INTEGRATED JUDICIARY
President
Supreme Court
1. Chief Justice
Governor 2. Judges Parliament
High Courts
1. Chief Justice
2. Judges
The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) declares the house adjourned sine die, when the business of a session is completed.
GK-146
POLITY
Courts
Indian Judiciaries
The Supreme Court
Delhi High Courts
(In States)
Subordinate Panchayat
Munsif Nyaya
Magistrate Courts Courts
Courts Panchayat
Judicial Executive
Magistrate Magistrate
In pari delicto: When both the parties are Prima facie: At first sight; on the face of it.
equally in fault. Pro bono publico: Translated from the
Interim Order : Any order by a court before Latin as ’for the public good’. In PIL, this
a final order is made. refers to a petitioner acting bonafide in the
Interlocutory Application: Petition seeking public interest.
a relief even while the main petition Respondent: A party against whom a
remains in the Court.
petition is filed. A proforma respondent is a
Intervenor: A person who is not a party to party against whom no relief is sought.
the proceedings may, with the permission
Stare decisis: The principle that decisions
of the court, intervene if it is shown that the
of Courts in previous cases must be followed
outcome of the case will affect such person
in subsequent cases of similar nature.
in some way.
Judgment-debtor: Any person against Statute: A codified law that is enacted by
whom a decree has been passed or an order the Parliament or a State Legislature.
capable of execution has been made; Stay Order: A party filing a petition may
Judicial Review: A term that describes require some immediate relief, even before
the function of the judiciary being able the respondents can be heard or a final
to examine and correct the actions of all decision given.
the organs of State—the executive, the Suo Motu: The Court may take action on its
legislature and the judiciary itself. own when facts requiring legal intervention
Justiciable: A matter is justiciable if it reach its notice. The Court is then said to be
lends itself to adjudication by a court. This acting Suo Moto.
is determined by criteria laid down in law.
Void: One that law regards as never having
Litigation: The totality of the legal taken place.
proceedings in any dispute.
Vox populi: Translated from the Latin as
Locus Standi: Translated from Latin as
’the voice of the people’.
‘place of standing’, locus standi gives the
right to pursue a litigation. Under this rule, Writ: A writ is a direction that the Court
only a person or group of persons affected issues, which is to be obeyed by the
by the issue may petition the Court. authority/person to whom it is issued.
Ordinance: A codified law made, as a Writ Petition: A petition seeking issuance
temporary measure, by the President of of a writ is a writ petition.
India or the Governor of a State when the
Parliament or legislature of a state is not in
Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
session. The term Panchayati Raj (PRI) in India
Perjury: This occurs when a person gives signifies the system of rural local self
false evidence or false affidavit in a case. government. It has been established in all
Petition: A written document filed in the States of India by the Acts of the state
a court asserting a claim or a right and Legislatures to build democracy at the
seeking relief on legal grounds. grassroot level. It is entrusted with rural
Pleadings: A collective noun for all the development. It was constitutionalised
petitions, affidavits, replies, rejoinders through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment
drafted by or on behalf of the parties to a case. Act 1992.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee had recommended for the decentralization of the government in November 1957.
GK-150
POLITY
Committees on Panchayati Raj
Committee Year Important Recommendations
1. Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 •• Three – tier Panchayati Raj System – Gram Panchayat at
Village level, Panchayat Samiti at Block level & Zila Parishad
at district level.
2. Ashok Mehta 1977 •• Two – tier PR System – Mandal Panchayats at Village level &
Zila Panchayat at district level.
•• Official representation of Political Parties at all levels of
Panchayat elections.
•• Seat for SCs & STs should be reserved.
•• Constitutional recognition to PRIs.
3. GVK Rao 1985 •• Regular elections to the PRIs.
4. LM Singhvi 1986 •• Regular, Free & fair elections to PRIs.
•• Establishment of Nyaya Panchayats.
•• More financial resources to village Panchayats.
Constitutionalisation 6. Power to the Panchayats to impose
73rd Amendment Act 1993 and collect taxes in accordance with
the provisions made by the State
The Parliament has passed 73rd and 74th
government.
Constitutional Amendment Acts in 1993 to
7. Establishment of a State Finance
ensure the effective participation of rural &
Commission.
urban people in the institutions of local Self
8. Prepare & implement the plans for
government.
economic development.
•• Added part -IX (Articles 243 to 243-0) &
the 11th Schedule to the Constitution. Municipalities
•• 11th Schedule contains 29 functional items
& deals with Article 243 – G.
For the establishment of self-government
•• The important provisions of 73rd in urban areas urban bodies have been
Constitutional Amendment Act are as established. The urban institutions have
follows – been granted constitutional status by 74th
1. It made mandatory to hold the elections Constitutional Amendement (enforced
of Panchayats in due time on regular with effect from January 1,1993). In the
basis. Part IX A of the Constitution the provisions
2. Reservation of seats for women, SCs, for Municipalities have been made from
STs & OBCs in Panchayats, at all levels. Article 243 P to 243 ZG. Besides a 12th
3. Elections to the panchayats shall be Schedule also has been incorporated in the
held with in a period of 6 months from Constitution, which contains 18 subjects
the date of dissolution. relating to the jurisdiction of Municipalities.
4. Members of Block Panchayat & Zila As per this Constitutional Amendment
Panchayats are to be elected by people 3 types of urban institutions have been
directly along with the election of established on the basis of population they
members of Gram Panchayat. The heads are –
of Gram Panchayat shall be elected 1. Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area.
by directly elected members of these 2. Municipal Council for a smaller urban
bodies. area.
5. Establishment of an independent State 3. Municipal Corporation for a larger
Election Commission in every State. urban area.
The Fifth Schedule of Indian Constitution which deals with Scheduled Tribes and administration of Scheduled Tribe areas do not hold for J&K.
POLITY GK-151
Article 370
Under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, of Kashmir follow separate set of laws in
Jammu & Kashmir is granted autonomy. terms of citizenship, property ownership,
It is a ‘temporary provision’ that accords and other rights.
special status to the State. All the provisions Moreover, as per Article 370, the power of
of the Constitution are not applicable to Parliament to make laws for the said State
J&K, unlike other states. Except finance, is “limited to those matters in the Union
defence, communications, and foreign List and the Concurrent List.” It doesn’t
affairs, Central Government needs the state have the authority to increase or reduce the
government’s consensus for applying all borders of the State. For those uninitiated,
other laws. Because of this article, residents the article was drafted by N. Gopalaswami
The Supreme Court has no jurisdiction in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
POLITY GK-153
Ayyangar in 1949 against the wish of Dr How J & K Different from Other States?
BR Ambedkar, who found it discriminatory •• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
and against the interest of India. Despite are not applied to J&K but applied to other
Jawahar Lal Nehru’s promise that Article states. DPSP = states are required to do
some things for the welfare of community.
370 will be gradually abrogated, it has not
•• President can’t declare financial emergency
happened even after more than six decades
(salaries and allowances reduction etc.) in
have whiled away. relation to J&K.
It is not known to many that the article 370 •• High Court of J&K can issue writs only for
has been eroded time and again due to a enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
series of Presidential Orders. These orders •• Right to property is still guaranteed in J&K.
over a period of time have made almost all •• Permanent residents of J&K have some
Union laws applicable to J&K. Today, the special fundamental rights.
State is within the “scope and jurisdiction” •• Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG are
of almost every institution of India. applicable to J&K along with all other states.
CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES
Election Commission
It is a permanent & an independent body established by the Constitution of India directly
to ensure free & fair elections in the country. Elections to Parliament, State legislatures,
President & Vice–President are vested in it.
Composition
The Election Commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner & such other
commissioners as the President may form time to time to decide.
Appointment & Term
The CEC & other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President for a term of 6
years. The Regional Commissioners may also be appointed by the President in consultation
with the Election Commission for assisting the Election Commission. The CEC can be
removed from office before expiry of his term by the President on the basis of a Resolution
passed by the Parliament by a special majority on the ground of proved misbehavior or
incapacity. The other Election Commissioners may be removed by the President on the
recommendation of the CEC.
POWERS & FUNCTIONS
Sikkim was made an integral part of India under the 36th Constitutional Amendement.
GK-156
POLITY
Comptroller & Auditor – General (CAG) Though the AG of India is not a member
The CAG is the custodian of public purse & of the Cabinet, he has the right to address
controls the entire financial system of the in the House of Parliment but has no right
country. He is appointed by the President to vote. In the performance of his official
for a period of 6 years or till he attains duties the AG is entitled to audience in all
the age of 65 years whichever is earlier. Courts in the territory of India.
It is his/her duty to see that no money
Functions
is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of
India or of a State without the authority 1. Give advice on all such legal matters & to
of the appropriate legislation. The reports perform all such other duties of a legal
of the CAG are presented to the President character as may, from time to time, be
or the Governor, as the case may be, & laid referred to him by the President.
before the Parliament & the respective 2. Discharge the functions conferred on
State legislatures. In Lok Sabha, the Public him by the Constitution or any other
Accounts Committee considers this Report. law for the time being in force.
The current CAG of India is Shashikant 3. Appear before the Supreme Court &
Sharma. various High Courts in cases involving
Functions the Goverment of India.
He can audit & report on:
Advocate General
1. All expenditure from Consolidated
Fund of India & each state & each Each state shall have an Advocate General.
Union Territories having a legislative He is the state’s counter part of the Attorney
Assembly & see whether expenditure General of India. He is appointed by the
has been in accordance with the law. Governor of the State who holds office
2. All expenditure from the Contingency during the pleasure of the Governor. A
Funds & Public Accounts of the Union & person qualified to be a High Court Judge
the states. can be appointed Advocate– General. He
3. All trading, manufacturing, profit & loss has the right to address & take part in
accounts, etc. Kept by any Department the proceedings of the House of the State
of the Union or a State. Legislature. But he has no right to vote.
4. The receipts & expenditure of the His functions are similar to those of the
Union & of each state to satisfy himself Attorney – General.
that the rules & procedures are
designed to secure an effective check Planning Commission
on the assessment, collection & proper •• Set up by a Resolution of the
allocation of revenue. Government of India on March 15,
5. The receipts & expenditure of all bodies 1950.
& authorities substantially financed •• Non-statutory/extra constitutional
from the Union or state revenues.
body.
Attorney General (AG) •• Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first
The AG is the highest legal officer of the Chairman.
Government of India. He is appointed by the National Development Council (NDC)
President & holds office during the pleasure
•• Set up by a Resolution of central
of the President. He must have the same
qualifications as are required to be a judge government on August 6, 1952.
of the Supreme Court. •• Extra-Constitutional body.
•• Described as a Super Cabinet.
The Constituent Assembly had 15 women members - Ammu Swaminathan, Dakshayani Velayudan, Begum Aizaz Raisul,
Vijalakshmi Pandit and SarojiniNaidu to name a few.
POLITY GK-157
GK-158
POLITY
Administrative Reforms
The nodal agency of the Government for administrative reforms as well as redressel of
public grievances relating to the states and Central Government agencies is the Department
of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG). The Department comes under
the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The mission of the department
is to foster excellence in governance and pursuit of administrative reforms through
improvements in Government structures, promoting citizen centric governance with
emphasis on grievance redressel, innovations in e-governance and documentation and
dissemination of best practices.
ARC AT A GLANCE
Appointed by Government of India.
Objective Recommendations for reforming Indian public administration system.
Two commission First ARC Second ARC
• Set up in Jan. 1966. • Set up in Aug. 2005.
• Initially chaired by Morarji R • Initially chaired by Mr. Veerappa
Desai. Moily.
• Later chaired by K. Hunmanthaiya. • Later chaired by Ramachandran.
• Submitted 20 reports contained • Submitted 15 reports.
537 major recommendations.
Citizens’ Charter
• First articulated and implemented in the UK by Conservative Government of John Major
in 1991.
• Represents the commitment of the organization towards standard, quality and
time frame of service delivery, grievance redressal mechanism, transparency and
accountability.
• It is basically a set of commitments made by an organization regarding the standards of
service which it delivers.
• In India it was first introduced simultaneously in Central departments and in all state
governments in May 1997.
• 2nd ARC has recommended adoption of the “Seven Step Model for Citizen Centricity—
Sevottam”, for making citizen’s Charters effective.
• The Right to Public Service Delivery Act, based on Sevottam model, guaranteeing the
delivery of certain time bound services to the citizens have been enacted by many state
governments. Madhya Pradesh has led the way and now this act has been enacted by
Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab.
Good Governance
The World Bank initially defined Governance simply as “the exercise of political power to
manage nations’ affairs”.
Good Governance is about making sure that the exercise of power by the government helps
improve quality of life enjoyed by all citizens.
The idea of the suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency was taken from Weimar Constitution of Germany.
POLITY GK-159
POLITY GK-161
INDIAN GOVERNMENT
Govt.
Local
Decentralisation
of Authority
Govt.
State
State Concurrent
List
Central
Govt.
Federal
Distribution
of powers
List
P.M. President
Union
of State)
FEATURES OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT
List
(Head
2 Heads
Government is
Govt.)
(Head
to parliament
of
responsible
Parliamentary
sentation
governs through Repre-
Government Party
assembly or
parliament
to the public
Responsive
opinion
Democracy
socio-economic
development
freedom &
Political
Ensure
people indirectly
Representatives
are elected by
or directly.
GK-162
POLITY
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
ELECTIONS
Polling
Counting
of votes
Declaration
of Result
Political Party
Associational
Pressure Groups Non-Associational Institutional Anomic Pressure
Pressure Groups Pressure Groups Groups
Industry, Labour,
Agriculture, etc. Religion, Caste, Civil Services, Police, Adhoc interest
(Eg. ASSOCHAM, Tribe, language Defence services, Groups set up for
AITUC) or culture Public Sector specific objective
(Eg. Anglo-Indian Employees (Eg. All Assam
Christians Association) (Eg. AISA) Students Union)
World Polity
ARMS CONTROL TREATIES
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I
Banned nuclear weapon tests in the (START-I):
atmosphere, in outer space and under Treaty signed by the USSR President
water. Signed by the US, UK and USSR in Mikhail Gorbachev and the US President
Moscow on 5 August 1963. Came into force George Bush (Senior) on the reduction and
on 10 October 1963. limitation of strategic offensive arms in
Moscow on 31 July 1991.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II
Allows only the nuclear weapon states to (START-II):
have nuclear weapons and stops others
Treaty signed by the Russian President
from acquiring them. For the purposes
Boris Yeltsin and the US President George
of the NPT, a nuclear weapon state is one Bush (Senior) on the reduction and
which has manufactured and exploded a limitation of strategic offensive arms in
nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive Moscow on 3 January 1993.
device prior to 1 January 1967. So there are
five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR (later UN Specialized Agencies
Russia), Britain, France and China. Signed in UNESCO
Washington, London, and Moscow on 1 July United Nations Educational, Scientific and
1968. Came into force on 5 March 1970. Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Extended indefinitely in 1995. Headquarters : Place de Fontenoy, Paris,
France
Strategic Arms Limitation TalksI
Established : 16 November 1945
(SALT-I)
Head : Irina Bokova,
The first round of the Strategic Arms Members : 195 member states
Limitation Talks began in November 1969. Functions:
The Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and •• Mobilizing for education by providing
the US President Richard Nixon signed the every child, irrespective of its gender
following in Moscow on 26 May 1972 – a) quality education as a fundamental
Treaty on the limitation of Anti-Ballistic human right
•• Creation of World Heritage Sites to
Missile Systems (ABM Treaty); and b)
support cultural diversity and protect
Interim Agreement on the limitation of sites of outstanding universal value.
strategic offensive arms Came into force on •• Pursuing scientific cooperation
3 October 1972. •• Protecting freedom of expression
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II UNICEF
(SALT-II):
The United Nations Children’s Fund
The second round started in November (UNICEF)
1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and Headquarters : New York City
the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed Established : 11 December 1946
the Treaty on the limitation of strategic Head : Anthony Lake
offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June 1979. Members : 36 Member States
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has a preamble and eleven articles and is reviewed every 5 years.
POLITY GK-169
GK-170
POLITY
Functions: •• Promote high employment and
•• Child protection from violence, sustainable economic growth.
exploitation and abuse along with •• Reduce poverty.
social inclusion for disabled. WHO
•• Basic education and gender equality
through programmes like girls The World Health Organization (WHO)
education innovation for education Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland
learning for the peace out-of-school Established : 7 April 1948
initiative. Head : Margaret Chan, Director
•• Policy advocacies and partnership General
through data analysis, leveraging Members : 194 member states
resources and child participation. Functions:
•• Providing leadership on matters critical
ILO to health and engaging in partnerships
International Labour Organization (ILO) where joint action is needed.
Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland •• Shaping the research agenda
Established : 1919 [Head: Guy Ryder] and stimulating the generation,
Members : 187 of the 193 member dissemination of valuable knowledge.
states of the United Nations •• Providing technical support, catalyzing
plus the Cook Islands are change, and building sustainable
members of the ILO. institutional capacity.
Functions: •• Monitoring the health situation and
•• Creation of international labour assessing health trends.
standards. FAO
•• Formulation of international policies.
•• Technical assistance training. The Food and Agriculture Organization of
•• Education, research and publishing the United Nations (FAO)
activities. Headquarters : Rome, Italy
Established : 16 October 1945, in Quebec
World Bank (WB) City, Canada
Headquarters : Washington DC, USA Head : José Graziano da Silva
Established : July 1944 Members : 197 members
Head : Jim Yong Kim Functions:
Members : 189 member states •• Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity
Functions: and malnutrition.
•• World Bank provides various technical •• Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries
services to the member countries. more productive and sustainable.
•• Reduce poverty. •• Reduce rural poverty.
•• Support development. IAEA
•• Bank grants loans for a particular
project duly submitted to the Bank by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
the member country. Headquarters : Vienna, Austria
Established : July 29, 1957
IMF Head : José Yukiya Amano
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Members : 168 member states
Headquarters : Washington, D.C. Functions:
Established : 27 December 1945 •• Promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear
Head : Christine Lagarde energy by its member states.
Members : 189 countries •• Implementing safeguards to verify that
Functions: nuclear energy is not used for military
•• Foster global monetary cooperation. purposes.
•• Secure financial stability. •• Promoting high standards for nuclear
•• Facilitate international trade. safety.
World Food Programme is the largest Humanitarian Organisation which is located in Rome.
POLITY GK-171
OTHER ORGANISATIONS
World Trade Organization (WTO) Functions:
•• Administering WTO trade agreements
The World Trade Organisation dealing with
•• Forum for trade negotiations
the rules of trade between nations. The goal •• Handling trade disputes
is to help producers of goods and services, •• Monitoring national trade policies
exporters, and importers conduct their •• Technical assistance and training for
business. developing countries
Facts: •• Cooperation with other international
Location : Geneva, Switzerland organizations
Established : 1 January 1995 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Created by : Uruguay Round The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an
negotiations (1986-94) intergovernmental organization of states
Membership : 161 members considering themselves not aligned formally
with or against any major power bloc. As of
Head : Roberto Azevedo
now, the organization has 120 members and
United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi was founded by Maurice Strong.
POLITY GK-173
17 observer countries. Generally speaking The symbol of their free association is the Head
the Non-Aligned Movement members can of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial
be described as all of those countries which position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II.
belong to the Group of 77 (along with Belarus Member countries span six continents and
and Uzbekistan), but which are not observers in oceans from Africa (19), Asia (8), the Americas
Non-Aligned Movement and are not Oceanian (2), the Caribbean (12), Europe (3) and the
(with the exception of Papua New Guinea and South Pacific (10).
Vanuatu). The Commonwealth Heads of Government
The organization was founded in Belgrade Meeting, abbreviated to CHOGM, is a biennial
in 1961, and was largely the brainchild summit meeting of the heads of government
from all Commonwealth nations. Every two
of Yugoslavia’s first President, Josip Broz
years the meeting is held in a different member
Tito, India’s first Prime Minister, Jawahar
state, and is chaired by that nation’s respective
Lal Nehru, Egypt’s second President, Prime Minister or President, who becomes
Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Indonesia’s first the Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
President, Sukarno. All four leaders were
prominent advocates of a middle course for European Union
states in the Developing World between the The European Union (EU) is an economic
Western and Eastern blocs in the Cold War. and political union of 28 member states
The purpose of the organisation as stated in which are located primarily in Europe.
the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure The Maastricht Treaty established the
“the national independence, sovereignty, European Union under its current name
territorial integrity and security of non- in 1993. The last amendment to the
aligned countries” in their “struggle against constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of
Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism,
racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, SAARC
occupation, domination, interference The South Asian Association for Regional
or hegemony as well as against great Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of
power and bloc politics.” They represent South Asian nations, founded in 1985. Its seven
nearly two-thirds of the United Nations’s founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan,
members and 55% of the world population, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
particularly countries considered to be Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007.
developing or part of the third world. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled
annually; meetings of foreign secretaries, twice
The Commonwealth annually. Headquarter is in Kathmandu, Nepal.
The Commonwealth of Nations, normally •• The concept of SAARC was first adopted
referred to as the Commonwealth and previously by Bangladesh during 1977, under
known as the British Commonwealth, is an the administration of President Ziaur
intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four Rahman.
independent member states. All except two •• Afghanistan was added to the regional
(Mozambique and Rwanda) of these countries grouping on 13 November 2005.
•• On 2 August 2006 the foreign ministers
were formerly part of the British Empire.
of the SAARC countries agreed in
The member states co-operate within a principle to grant observer status to
framework of common values and goals. the US, South Korea and the European
These include the promotion of democracy, Union.
human rights, good governance, the rule of •• The SAARC Secretariat was established
law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free in Kathmandu on 16 January 1986 and
trade, multilateralism and world peace. The was inaugurated by Late King Birendra
Commonwealth is not a political union, but Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal.
an intergovernmental organisation through •• The SAARC Secretariat and Member
which countries with diverse social, political States observe 8 December as the SAARC
and economic backgrounds. Charter Day .
The World Meteorological Organisation and UNEP established the IPCC in 1988.
GK-174
POLITY
NATO United States. In 1976, Canada joined the
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization group (thus creating the G7). In 1997, the
or NATO also called the (North) Atlantic group added Russia thus becoming G8. In
Alliance, is an intergovernmental military addition, the European Union is represented
alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty within the G8, but cannot host or chair. “G8”
which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO can refer to the member states or to the
headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of
and the organization constitutes a system government.
of collective defence whereby its member Group of 77
states agree to mutual defense in response The Group of 77 (G-77) was established
to an attack by any external party. on 15 June 1964 by seventy-seven
On 1 April 2009, membership was enlarged developing countries signatories of the
to 28 with the entrance of Albania and “Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven
Croatia. Countries” issued at the end of the first
SEATO session of the United Nations Conference
The South-East Asia Treaty Organization on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
(SEATO) was an international organization in Geneva. Beginning with the first
for collective defense which was signed on “Ministerial Meeting of the Group of 77 in
September 8, 1954 in Manila. The formal Algiers (Algeria) on 10 - 25 October 1967,
institution of SEATO was established at a which adopted the Charter of Algiers”, a
meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in permanent institutional structure gradually
February 1955. It was primarily created to developed which led to the creation of
block further communist gains in South- Chapters of the Group of 77 with Liaison
East Asia. The organization’s headquarters offices in Geneva (UNCTAD), Nairobi
were located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO (UNEP), Paris (UNESCO), Rome (FAO/
was dissolved on June 30, 1977. IFAD), Vienna (UNIDO), and the Group of 24
SEATO was planned to be a South-East (G-24) in Washington, D.C. (IMF and World
Asian version of the North Atlantic Bank). Although the members of the G-77
Treaty Organization (NATO), in which the have increased to the original name was
military forces of each member would be retained because of its historic significance.
coordinated to provide for the collective GROUP OF 15
defense of the members’ country. The Group of Fifteen (G-15) was established
INTERPOL at a Summit Level Group of Developing
Interpol (the International Criminal Police Countries in September 1989, following
Organization) is largest organization the conclusion of the Ninth Non-Aligned
facilitating international police cooperation. Summit Meeting in Belgrade. The Group
It was established as the International was originally founded by 15 developing
Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and countries. While there are now 17 member
adopted its telegraphic address as its countries, the original name of the Group
common name in 1956. has been retained.
Its membership of 190 countries provides This forum was set up to foster cooperation
finance of around $78 million through and provide input for other international
annual contributions. The organization’s groups, such as the World Trade
headquarters is in Lyon, France. Organization and the Group of Eight. It is
composed of countries from North America,
GROUP OF 8 South America, Africa, and Asia with a
The Group of Eight (G-8) is a forum, created common goal of enhanced growth and
by France in 1975, for governments of six prosperity. The G-15 focuses on cooperation
countries in the world: France, Germany, among developing countries in the areas of
Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the investment, trade, and technology.
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has designated November 5 as World Tsunami Awareness Day.
POLITY GK-175
28th and Vientiane, Laos Turning Vision into Reality Kuala Lumpur, —
29th ASEAN for a Dynamic ASEAN Malaysia (2015)
Community
11th EAS Vientiane, Laos Matters include maritime Kuala Lumpur, Philippines
security, terrorism, non- Malaysia (2015) (2017)
proliferation, irregular
migration
28th APEC Peru, Lima Quality Growth and Human Philippines, Vietnam,
Development Manila (2015) Hanoi (2017)
GEOGRAPHY
u Physical u India
u World
Theories of Development
Big bang Theory
Steady State theory
Oscilating Universe Theory
Galaxy
Universe
Solar Systems
Planets and Moons
Cosmic Bodies
Seasons and Their Formation
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY–MIND MAP
Earth
Chronology of the Earth
Geological Era
Internal Structure
Movement of Earth
Factors Affecting movement of Earth
(Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces)
Outcomes of Earth’s Movement (Fold
Mountains, Earthquakes, Volcanoes)
Mountain, Plains, Plateau
Process of Formation and their types
Atmospheric Structure
Insolation and Heat Budget
Winds and their type
Atmosphere
ASTRONOMY
NASA defines astronomy as, “The study of highly compressed state and expansion
stars, planets and space.” started with premordial explosion
which was bang in superdense ball.
Universe These exploded particles travelling at
•• All existing matters and space as a a speed of thousands miles per second
whole forms the Universe. It was gave rise to our galaxies.
termed as cosmos when first conceived
Steady State Theory
as an orderly unit and its study called
as cosmology. It is believed to be •• The steady state theory was governed
expanding since its creation in the Big by Hermann Boudi and Thomas Gold.
Bang about 13 billion years ago. •• It is also known as theory of continuous
•• In astronomy & cosmology, space is the creation. According to this theory
vast 3-dimensional region that begins universe has always existed and will
where the earth’s atmosphere ends. There always exist and will always look
are inter steller & intergalactic spaces. essentially the same, so there is no over
all evolution, thus balancing the average
Fact of Universe density despite the exapansion.
Diameter 8.8×1026 m (28.5 Gpc or 93 •• As old galaxies move apart the new
Gly) galaxies are being formed.
Volume 4×1080 m3 Galaxy
Mass 1053 kg •• A Galaxy is a large collection of stars,
(ordinary gas, dust, and dark matter bounded by
matter) gravitational force. At times they are so big
Density 9.9 × 10–30 g/cm3 (equivalent that they are called as Island Universe.
to 6 protons per cubic meter Elliptical Galaxies
of space)
Elliptical galaxies can be classified on the
Age 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years
basis of their ellipticity, ranging from nearly
Average 2.72548 K spherical (E0) to highly elongated (E7).
temperature These have low portion of open clusters and
Contents ordinary (baryonic) matter low rate of new star formation.
(4.9%)
Spiral Galaxies
dark matter (26.8%)
Spiral galaxies have a central nucleus with
dark energy (68.3%) great spiral arms trailing round it resembling
•• Normal matters that are visible (star, pin wheel. Andromeda Galaxy and Milky
planet and galaxies) make up less than Way are the example of such galaxies. The
5% of the total mass of the universe rest spiral arms are thought to be areas of high-
are made of dark matters. These dark density matter, or “density waves”.
matters are not seen by the astronomers
Irregular Galaxies
but they can study their effects.
Irregular galaxies are youthful in nature
Development Theories
with no sharp and boundary thinning out
Big Bang Theory gradually, these galaxies contain large
•• Big bang theory was proposed by amount of gas and dust. This type of galaxy
Georges Lemaitre in 1927. is the result of gravitational interaction
•• According to this theory billion of or collision between formerly regular
years ago cosmic matters were in galaxies.
Mt. Vesuvius (Italy), Mt. Stromboli (Italy), Mt. Etna (Italy) and Mauna Loa (Hawaii) are examples of active volcanoes.
GEOGRAPHY GK-183
The Life Cycle of a Star the asteroids, the comets, the inter
Nebula planetary dust and the electrically
charged gases called plasma, together
A nebula is a cloud of gas (hydrogen) and make up the solar system.
dust in space. Nebulae are the birthplaces •• Our solar system consists of an average
of stars. star we call it the Sun, the planets –
Star: A star is a luminous globe of gas Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
producing its own heat and light by nuclear Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
reactions (nuclear fusion). •• The Sun is an average star. It isn’t the
•• Stars are born from nebulae and consist hottest, it isn’t the coolest, it isn’t the
mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. oldest. Nor is it brightest, biggest, etc.
•• Sun’s Mass: The Sun’s mass is in
Red Giant Star
between 99.8% and 99.9% of the
•• Red Giant stars solar system. The rest is split between
is a dying star, i.e. the later stages of planets, satellites, comets, asteroids,
the evolution of a star like the Sun, as it dust particles and gases surrounding
runs out of hydrogen fuel at its centre. the solar system.
•• In few billion years, the Sun will turn •• It is composed mainly of hydrogen and
into a red giant star, expand and engulf helium.
the inner planets, possibly even the •• Nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun is
Earth. Red Giant stars are very cool, source of all its energy.
faint and small stars, approximately one •• The glowing surface of the Sun is called
tenth the mass and diameter of the Sun. Photosphere.
Red Dwarf Stars •• The Sun has a red coloured
Chromosphere and beyond it is Corona
Red Dwarf stars are the most common &
(visible during eclipses).
longest lived stars.
•• The surface of the Sun changes continu-
•• They are the smallest of the stars with
ously. Bright regions are called Plages
low temperature, e.g. Proxima Centauri
and dark spots are called Sun spots
& Barnard’s star.
which frequently form and disappear.
White Dwarf A small very dense star that is
typically the size of planet. Sun Statistics
Black Hole is very small, hot star, the last •• Distance from the Earth – 150 mn km
stage in the life cycle of a star like the Sun. •• Diameter – 1391980 km
The gravitational pull in a black hole is so •• Core temperature – 15000000°C
great that nothing can escape from it, not •• Rotation time – 25 days
even light. So, it is invisible. •• Age – 5 billion years
•• S. Chandrasekhar has given •• Composition : H2 - 71%, He - 26.5% and
Chanderasekhar limit, which is about other 2.5%
the formation of Black Holes. •• Mass – 1.99 × 1033 kg
•• The closest star to the Earth is the Sun. Solar Eclipse
•• The closest star to our solar system is
Solar eclipse is caused when the Moon
The Proxima Centauri.
revolving around the Earth comes in
•• Light year, Astronomical unit (A.U.).
between the Earth and the Sun, thus making
Parsec is the unit of measurement of
a part or whole of the Sun invisible from a
interstellar distance that is equal to
particular part of the Earth.
3.26 light years.
Lunar Eclipse
The Solar System During the revolution of Earth, when it
•• The Sun, the eight planets (Pluto is not comes between moon and the Sun the
a planet now, considered as a dwarf shadow of the Earth hides moon either fully
planet) along with their satellites, or partially. This is called lunar eclipse.
Barren Island in India is an active volcano while Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa is an example of extinct volcano.
GK-184
GEOGRAPHY
Planet Jupiter has 67 known satellites and
A planet must meet three criteria: 4 Galilean moons. It has the biggest
(i) It must orbit the Sun, magnetosphere in the entire solar system.
(ii) It must be big enough for gravity to Saturn
squash it into a round ball, It is the second largest planet of the
(iii) It must have cleared other objects out of solar system and surrounded by ring
the way in its orbital neighbourhood. like structures. These rings are made of
•• The Terrestrial Planets or Inner premordial dust and ice particles. More
Planets are the four innermost planets over Saturn is a gaseous planet. The planet
in the solar system, which include has 62 prominent moons among which the
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. largest moon is Titan which is the second
•• The Jovian Planets or Outer Planets largest in the entire solar system.
are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Uranus
Neptune because they are all gigantic It is the seventh planet from the Sun. One day
compared to Earth, and they have a on Uranus takes about 17 hours (the time
gaseous nature. it takes for Uranus to rotate or spin once).
Uranus makes a complete orbit around the
Mercury Sun (a year in Uranian time) in about 84 Earth
It is the smallest and the closest planet to the years. It has 27 moons. It is characterized by
Sun, without a moon. Surface is full of craters. usual magnetic and electric field.
Venus Neptune
It is the second closest planet to the Sun, known It is the eighth planet from the Sun. Its
as evening as well as morning star, rotates atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen
from east to west. It is the hottest planet. The (H), helium (He) and methane (CH4). Triton
atmosphere of Venus is covered with thick is its largest moon. It is having a earth
clouds that strongly reflects sunlight. size blemish called as Green dark spot. It
has 14 satellites among which Triton and
Earth Nereid are the prominent ones.
It is the third planet from the Sun with one
Pluto (not a planet now). It is now
moon. Perfect place for life. It consists of
considered as a dwarf planet. It has the
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other slowest orbital velocity and hence, the
ingredients envelops it. Moon is the only longest year, Charon, is nearly half its size.
natural satellite of Earth.
Mars Dwarf planet– A dwarf planet is a
It is the fourth planet from the Sun with two planetary-mass object that is neither a
moons (Phobos and Deimos). planet nor a natural satellite. It shares
It is known as the Red Planet because iron its orbits around the Sun with other
minerals in the Martian soil oxidize, or rust, objects such as asteroids or comets. It
causing the soil and the dusty atmosphere is massive enough for its shape to be
in hydrostatic equilibrium under its
to look red. The planet is characterized
own gravity, but has not cleared the
by volcanoes, canyon systems, riverbeds,
neighborhood around its orbit.
crated terrains.
The first 5 recognised dwarf planets are –
Jupiter Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea & Makemake.
It is the fifth planet from the Sun and the
largest in the solar system. Its atmosphere Light year– A light-year is a unit of
is made up mostly of hydrogen (H) and astronomical distance. It is the distance
helium (He). It has the fastest rotational that light can travel in one year. It is
velocity, completing one rotation in less approximately 9.5 trillion kilometres
than 10 hours. (or about 6 trillion miles).
The zone on the globe which does not experience an earthquake is known as the shadow zone.
GEOGRAPHY GK-185
Light takes about 4.3 years to reach us from the next nearest star Proxima Centauri.
GK-186
GEOGRAPHY
•• Tallest Mountain on Earth from : Mauna Kea. Hawaii: 33,480 feet (rising to 13.796
Base to Peak feet above sea level) (10204 m, 4205 m)
•• Point Farthest from the Center : The peak of the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador at
of the Earth 20,561 feet (6267 m) is farthest from the center of
the Earth due to its location near the equator and
the oblateness of the Earth.
•• Lowest Elevation on Land : Dead Sea: 1369 feet below sea level (417,27 m)
•• Deepest Point in the Ocean : Challenger Deep. Mariana Trench. Western Pacific
Ocean: 36,740 feet (11022 m)
•• Highest Temperature Recorded : 135.80F - A1 Aziziyah, Libya, Sep. 13,1922 (57.7°C)
•• Lowest Temperature Recorded : –128.5°F - Vostok, Antarctica. July 21, 1983
(–89.2°C)
•• Water vs Land : 4.5 to 4.6 billion years
•• Atmosphere content : 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% traces of
argon, carbon dioxide and water.
•• Rotation on Axis : 23 hours and 56 minutes and 04.09053 second.
But, it takes an additional four minutes for the
earth to revolve to the some position as the day
before relative to the sun (i.e., 24 hours)
•• Revolution Around the Sun : 365 . 2425 day
•• Chemical Composition of the : 34.6% Iron, 29.5% Oxygen, 15.2% Silicon, 12.7%,
Earth Magnesium, 2.4% Nickel, 1.9% Sulphur and 0.05%
Titanium.
Jupiter is known as winter planet as its average temperature is very low (–148ºC).
GEOGRAPHY GK-187
These are the two extremely cold zones situated in the Polar regions extending to the Arctic
circle in the North and to the Antarctic circle in the South.
Seasons Formation
Revolution of the Earth around the Sun along with it spinning around its axis, which is
tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, is the main cause of season’s formation. Around the
June Solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, therefore experiencing
summer. The Southern Hemisphere on the other hand, is tilted away from the Sun and
thus, experiences winter. The opposite occurs around the December Solstice, when the
Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, while the Northern Hemisphere is tilted
away.
Seasons and their Formation
There are four seasons: Summer when the Sun’s ray falls directly over the tropic of cancer.
In autumn, the Sun’s ray falls directly over the equator. During winter it is over tropic of
Capricorn and during spring it falls back on equator.
Equinoxes is the day which happens twice a year and day and night are of equal length.
March 21 is called as Vernal equinox and 23rd September is autumnal equinox. Solstice
in the same ways occurs when the difference between the lengths of day and night are
maximum. Occurs twice in a year firstly when the Sun’s ray falls on tropic of cancer and
secondly when over tropic of Capricorn.
Eclipse
It is related to obscuring light of the sun or the moon by any other body. There are two types
of eclipse.
Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in middle of the sun and the moon. It occurs on
full moon day but not every full moon day experiences lunar eclipse.
Solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes in middle of the sun and the earth. It occurs on
the new moon day when the moon is in line with sun.
Lake Eyre (–15.8 m) is the lowest point in Australia and Kosciuszko mountain (2.228 m) is the highest point.
GK-188
GEOGRAPHY
Chronological age of the Earth
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Millions of Years Ago
Holocene 0.011477
Quaternary
Pleistocene 1.806
Pliocene 5.332
Neogene
Cenozoic Miocene 23.03
Tertiary
Oligocene 33.9
Paleogene Eocene 55.8
Paleocene 65.5
Cretaceous 145.5
Mesozoic Jurassic 199.5
Phanerozoic
Triassic 251
Permian 299
Charboniferous
Pennsylvanian 318.1
Devonian 416
Silurian 443.7
Ordiviclan 488.3
Cambrian 542
Ediacaran 630
Neoproterozoic Cryogenian 850
Tonian 1000
Stenian 1200
Proterozoic
Statherian 1800
Orosirian 2050
Paleoproterozoic
Rhyacian 2300
Siderian 2500
Neoarchean 2800
Archean
Mesoarchean 3200
Paleoarchean 3600
Eoarchean 4000
Hadean 4567
Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) is the highest while Lake Assai (–156.1 m) is the lowest point in Africa.
GEOGRAPHY GK-189
Lower 6300 km
Mantle
id 3500 Upper
qu
Li re km Mantle
co down to
1200 about
km
100 km
Solid (the upper
inner core mantle
Fe Fe + Ni
+ and crust
S (?) form the
rigid
lithosphere)
Mt. Mckinley (6,194 m) is the highest and Death Valley (–85.9 m) is the lowest point in North America.
GK-190
GEOGRAPHY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Rock
Rock is a naturally occurring mineral and relatively hard.
Proportion of Elements Found in Rock
7% Others 5.5% Others
13% Magnesium 3% Sodium
15% Silicon 8% Aluminium
30% Oxygen 28% Silicon
35% Iron 47% Oxygen
In Earth In Earth Crust
Type of Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed through lithification, compression and cementation of sedi-
ments deposited in a particular place mainly aquatic areas.
Igneous/Primary Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed from solidification and cooling of magma. Usually this magma
partially melts off the pre-existing rocks from mantle or crust of the earth. This melting
of rocks is caused by one or more processes namely: increase in temperature, decrease in
pressure, or a change in composition e.g. Basalt, Granite.
Metamorphic Rocks
When the change occurs in the form or composition of the pre-existing rock (igneous or
sedimentary) without any disintegration taking place is called as metamorphic rock.
Earth Movement
The forces affecting earth’s crust and the resultant movement can be categorized into two
broad categories and further into sub-categories.
Aconcagu (6,960 m) is the highest while valdes Peninsula (–39.9 m) is the lowest point in Latin America.
GEOGRAPHY GK-191
Upward Downward
Movement Movement
(Emergence) (Submergence)
Weathering Erosion
Upwarping Downwarping
• Physical • Ice
• Chemical • River water
• Biological • Sea
• Wind
• Underground
water
Endogenetic Forces Types of Folds
The forces which originate within the •• Symmetrical fold is the simple fold, the
Earth surface are defined as endogenetic limbs of which incline uniformly.
forces. They can result in both horizontal •• Asymmetrical Fold is the fold with
and vertical movement of the earth unequal and irregular inclination and
surface. Internal heat causing chemical length.
reactions inside the earth and transfer of
•• Monoclinal Fold is the fold with one
rock materials on the surface of the earth
by external forces results in release of limb inclined moderately with regular
endogenetic energy. slope while the other limb inclines steeply
Endogenetic forces are of two types: at right angle and the slope is almost
Diastrophic movements and Sudden vertical.
movements. •• Isoclinical Fold is a fold where compres-
These movement causes fold, fault, sive force, forces both the limbs of the fold
earthquake and volcanic activities. to become parallel but not horizontal to
Folds its axis.
These are the wave like structure formed •• Recumbent Fold is formed when
in the crustal rock due to tangential compression force is strong enough to
compressive force resulting from horizontal make both the limbs of the fold parallel as
movement caused by endogenetic forces. well as horizontal to its axis.
The explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who circumnavigated the Earth, named the Ocean ‘Pacific’ meaning peaceful.
GK-192
GEOGRAPHY
Faults Types of Volcanoes:
These are the slippage or displacement (a) Active Volcanoes: Alive now
(b) Dormant Volcanoes: Have not erupted
occuring in the crust along the fracture
for quite some time
plane. Four types of faults: i) normal, ii)
(c) Extinct Volcanoes: Have not erupted
reverse, iii) lateral and iv) step faults. for several centuries
Volcano Earthquake
It is a fissure or vent in the earth’s crust Motion ranging from faint terror to wild
communicating with the interior, from shaking of the earth surface is called
which lava, rock fragments, hot vapour and earthquake. It occurs mainly due to tectonic
gases are ejected. A volcano begins to form activities caused by continuous endogenetic
when magma, which is hot molten rock processes inside earth’s crust. The place
from where it starts is called as focus or
from deep within the earth, rises toward
hypocenter and the point directly above
the earth’s surface and collects in magma it is known as epicenter. It is measured in
chambers. Richter scale varying from 0 to 9.
Types of Plates
of several mountain groups and systems
having different ridges, ranges, mountain
Minor Plates Minor Plates chains etc.
Africa Plate Cocos Plate Types of Mountains
Pacific Plate Filipino Plate
Folded Mountains originated by
compressive forces. Young, mature and
North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate old are its sub types. E.g. Alps in Europe,
Rockies in North America, Andes in South
Antarctic Plate Caribbean Plate
America and the Himalayas in Asia.
Eurasian Plate Scotia Plate Block fault Mountain originated by
tensile and compressional forces. E.g. Black
Australian Plate Nazca Plate forest mountains on the border of France
South American Plate and Arabian Plate and Germany.
Dome Mountain originated by magnetic
Indian Plant intrusion and unwrapping of the crustal
Exogenetic/Denudational/Destructional surface.
Forces Volcanic Mountain formed by accumula-
tion of volcanic materials e.g. Mount Mauna
The forces which act above the earth surface
Loa in Hawaii, Mt. Fujiyama in Japan and Mt.
changing relief of earth surface are known
Popa in Central Myanmar.
as exogenetic forces. These processes are
Residual mountain E.g. Vindhyachal
continuously engaged in destructing the
Aravalli, Eastern and Western Ghats.
relief features created by endogenetic
forces. These forces are carried on by the Plateau
agents of erosion such as wind, water, A second order relief feature characterized
glacier etc., the process through which by flat and rough top surface and steep wall
these agents work on the earth surface are with a height difference of at least 300 m
weathering and erosion. from its surrounding areas.
•• Weathering is a process in which Types of Plateau:
breaking down of the earth surface takes (i) Intermontane Plateau (Tibetan,
place but the debris do not move from Bolivian, Peru, Columbian Plateau,
their place. Mexican, Iranian)
•• Erosion refers to the movement in the (ii) Piedmont Plateau (Appalachian
weathered material. Piedmont Plateau, Patagonian Plateau)
Denudation is a long-term sum of processes (iii) Continental Plateau (Deccan Plateau
that is caused by weathering, leading to a of India, Chota Nagpur Plateau)
reduction in elevation and relief of landforms (iv) Coastal Plateau (Coromandel Coastal
and landscapes and erosion. upland of India)
Major Landforms Lake
Lakes are static bodies of water surrounded
Mountains by land from all sides. These are not
These are the second order relief features permanent features on the earth surface.
having an abrupt natural rise from the Sometimes lakes are found near along the
adjacent surrounding area. Collective sea coast. There are two type lakes e.g.
system of long, narrow elevated land freshwater lakes and saline lake.
for some distance is a Mountain Ridge.
Several parallel long narrow mountains Oceanography
of different period is called as Mountain Ocean Structure
chain. Mountain Range is a series of
•• Ocean can be divided into two main groups
mountain ridges, peaks, and summits and
(i) the ocean (ii) the sea. Ocean covers 70%
the valley of same age but structurally
of the earth surface and has an average
different. Cordilleras are the huge set depth of more than 12,400 feet.
The Atlantic Ocean has the longest coastline and is also the busiest ocean for trade and commerce.
GK-194
GEOGRAPHY
•• Geographically the oceans have been Density of Ocean
divided into (i) the Pacific (ii) the •• Amount of mass per unit volume of
Atlantic (iii) the Indian and (iv) the substance, measured in g/cm3
Arctic ocean. •• Density of pure water is 1 g/cm3 at 4°C.
•• Pacific Ocean, the largest and oldest and ocean water is 1.0278 g/cm3 (2-3%
occupies 50% of the ocean world, followed higher than water) at 4°C.
by Atlantic (29.9%), Indian (21%). •• It increases with lowering of
•• Arctic is strictly not an ocean and not temperature of ocean. Highest density
navigable. is recorded at –1.3°C.
Continental shelf Salinity of the Ocean
•• Continental margin submerged under •• Average salinity of ocean water is 35%.
ocean water upto 100 fathoms (600 Salinity of ocean water is affected by
feet) with slope of 1° to 3° and often marine organism, plant community and
determined by the coastal reliefs. High physical properties of ocean such as
mountainous coast have narrow self. In temperature, density, waves, pressure
Atlantic Ocean it is 2 km to 80 km. and currents.
Deep Sea Plain/Abyssal Plain •• Highest salinity is observed between
•• Most extensive relief, covering 75.9% 20° - 40° N (36%).
of the total area of ocean basin. Flat and •• Boiling point of saline water is higher
rolling submarine having depth from than pure water.
3000 m to 6000 m. The Mariana Trench •• The line with same salinity is joined by
near Guam Island is the deepest of all. Isohalines.
Temperature of Ocean Source of Salinity
Ocean is divided into three layers according Salts brought by rivers is the main source. It
to temperature. contains 60% of calcium sulphate and 2%
(i) First layer upto 500 m from top having of sodium chloride.
temperature of 20° - 25°C SALTS IN OCEAN WATER
(ii) Thermocline layer - below 500 m where
temperature decreases at a rapid rate Name of Salts %
with the increase in depth. Sodium Chloride 77.8
(iii) Third layer is very cold and extends Magnesium Chloride 10.9
upto deep ocean floor. Polar region has
this layer from surface to deep ocean Magnesium Sulphate 04.7
form. Calcium Sulphate 03.6
Daily Range of temperature is the
Potassium Sulphate 02.5
difference of maximum and minimum
temperature of a day which is 0.3°C at low Calcium Carbonate 00.3
latitude and 0.2° to 0.3°C at higher latitudes. Magnesium Bromide 00.2
Annual Range of temperature: Maximum
Factors controlling salinity
temperature is recorded in August and
minimum in February in the northern •• Evaporation is positively related to the
hemisphere. Average annual range of salinity level.
temperature of ocean water is - 12°C usually. •• Precipitation has a negative relation
with it.
Factors affecting distribution of •• Influx of river water has inverse relation
temperature with salinity level.
•• Major factors include: Latitude, Unequal •• Atmospheric pressure and wind are of
distribution of land and sea, prevailing directional help in the redistribution of
wind and ocean current water salinity.
•• Minor factors include: Submarine ridges, •• Circulation of ocean water is the
local weather, location and shape of sea. controlling factor of salinity in a region.
A shallow lake formed between the sand and the sea coast is called lagoon and kayal in Kerala.
GEOGRAPHY GK-195
Clinometer is an instrument used for determing the difference in elevation between two points.
GK-198
GEOGRAPHY
MAJOR GULFS AND THEIR LOCATION
Gulf of Aden of the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula
Gulf of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean south of the state of Alaska
Amundsen Gulf in the Arctic Ocean northwest of Canada
Gulf of Aqaba in the northern end of the Red Sea, leading to Israel and Jordan
Gulf of Bahrain, part of the Persian Gulf
Gulf of Bothnia, part of the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Finland
Gulf of Cádiz, part of the Atlantic Ocean off the southern border of Spain and Portugal
Gulf of California in the Pacific Ocean in northwestern Mexico
Gulf of Carpentaria a large bay off northern Australia
Gulf of Cazones a large gulf in southern Cuba
Gulf of Corinth, which extends into Greece from the Mediterranean
Davao Gulf in the Philippines
Gulf of the Farallones, westward from the opening of the San Francisco Bay and Drakes
Bay to the Farallon Islands
Gulf of Finland, between the southern coast of Finland and the northern coast of Estonia
in the Baltic Sea.
Gulf of Genoa inside the Ligurian Sea on the northwestern coast of Italy
Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Equatorial Africa
Gulf of Izmir in the Aegean Sea between Turkey and Greece. It was formerly called the
Gulf of Smyrna.
Gulf of Khambhat in the Arabian Sea, formerly known as the Gulf of Cambay
Gulf of Kutch in the Arabian Sea
Lingayen Gulf of western Luzon, the Philippines, in the South China Sea
Gulf of Lion, a bay on the Mediterranean coastline of Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence
in France
Gulf of Maine, off the State of Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in the Atlantic
Ocean
Gulf of Mannar, between India and Sri Lanka
Gulf of Mexico, between Mexico, the United States, and Cuba
Gulf of Morbihan, a natural harbour on the coast of the Département of Morbihan in the
south of Brittany
Gulf of Nicoya, in Costa Rica, Central America.
Gulf of Oman, between the south eastern Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan and Arabian
Sea.
Gulf of Oristano, near Oristano on the Western Sardinian coast
Gulf of Panama in the Pacific Ocean south of Panama
Persian Gulf between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula
Fathometer is the instrument used for measuring the depth of the Ocean.
GEOGRAPHY GK-199
MARINE RESOURCES
The biotic and abiotic resources found in without the permission of the concern
the oceanic water and lagoons are called state.
as Marine resources. It includes marine (iii) High Sea
water, inherent energy in ocean water (e.g. It extends beyond sea limit of the
wave and tidal energy) biotic life (plants exclusive economic zone and includes
and animals), marine deposits and abiotic the vast ocean area.
elements (minerals, fossils fuels, etc). Marine Biological Resources
Marine Zone Those marine - related biological resources
(i) Territoral Sea such as flora, fauna and micro organism
It is a region lying between base line whose inter-community behaviour and
and 12 nautical miles towards sea. 12 action affect or get affected by the piece of
nautical mile is the seaward limit of marine ecosystem they are living in.
territoral sea and called as contiguous
Plankton Community
zone.
(ii) Exclusive Economic Zone Planktons are floating and drifting micro
This zone extends upto a 200 plants and animals in photic zone. These are
nautical miles from the base line. divided into phytoplankton (plant plank-
The coastal state has the right of tons) and zooplanktons (animal planktons).
survey, exploitation, conservation and Phytoplankton produces food through the
management of mineral resources of process of photosynthesis with the help of
ocean deposits, ocean floor, marine sunlight, water and atmosphere. Algae and
water energy, water and ocean Diatoms are most important member of this
organisms with exclusive economic community. Algae and diatom are called as
zone. No other country can venture marine pasture.
Isopleth is a line drawn on the map along which the value of a particular phenomenon or product is uniform.
GK-200
GEOGRAPHY
USA Yellowstone National Park 8,983 km²
Bulgaria Srébarna Nature Reserve 6 km²
Romania and Ukraine Danube Delta 4,152 km2
Russian Federation Lake Baikal 31,722 km²
Russian Federation Volcanoes of Kamchatka 43781 km²
Spain Doñana National Park 543 km²
Tunisia Ichkeul National Park 85 km²
Malawi Lake Malawi National Park 94 km²
Senegal Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary 160 km²
Dem. Republic of Congo Virunga National Park 7,800 km²
India Kaziranga National Park 430 km²
India Keoladeo National Park 28 km²
India Manas National Park 950 km²
Australia Fraser Island 1,840 km²
Australia Kakadu National Park 19,804 km²
New Zealand Te Wahipounamu 26000 km²
Honduras Río Platano Biosphere Reserve 5250 km²
Mexico Sian Ka’an 3,157 km²
Panama Darien National Parks 720 km²
Colombia Los Katios National Parks 5,970 km²
Peru Manu National Park 17,163 km²
ATMOSPHERE
The gaseous envelop which covers a celestial called normal lapse rate. The transition layer
body or planet is called atmosphere. Air is a separating troposphere from stratosphere is
mixture of gases in various proportions. It known as tropopause which is between 16
has a mass of 5.15 × 1018 kg. of which are km at equator to 8 km at pole.
concentrated within 11 km of the surface of
Stratosphere
the earth. The force of gravity plays a vital
role in holding the atmosphere close to the The layer which extends from 18 to 50
earth. km above the earth surface is called as
Gases which contributes to the formation stratosphere. In this layer temperature
of atmosphere are Nitrogen (78.084%) increases as altitude increases due the ultra
Oxygen (20.946%), Argon (0.93%), Carbon violet rays. Ozone forms to be the outer
dioxide (0.0397), Neon (0.001818), Helium limit for this layer. Turbulence free zone
(0.000024), Methane (0.000179) along with hence is ideal for flying of jet aircrafts.
Water vapour (0.001% – 0.005%). Mesosphere
Proportion of gas in Mesosphere lies from 50 to 80 km above
the Atmosphere
other
the ground level with the temperature
1% below – 100°C at 80 km. Even pressure
drops to 1 mb at 50 km to 0.01 mb at 90 km.
Oxygen
Mesopause are the upper transitional layer
21% separating mesosphere from ionosphere. It
is the zone of meteorites activities.
Ionosphere
Nitrogen
78 % The layer between mesosphere and
thermosphere is known as ionosphere.
Aurora Austrialis and Aurora Borealis occur
due to penetration of ionizing particles in
Structure of Atmosphere this layer. Temperatures rise with increasing
km height here owing to the absorption of ultra-
180
B violet radiation by atomic oxygen. Above
160 100 km the atmosphere is increasingly
Heterosphere
Troposphere Exoshpere
The first layer of atmosphere from the earth Outer most layer extending between of 700 km
surface is known as troposphere. It is at the to 10000 km. Gases like nitrogen, oxygen and
carbon dioxide are found. No meteorological
height of 12 km from the earth surface. Here
phenomenon is possible. Sometimes
temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5°C
Aurora Borialis and Aurora Austrialis occur
per km with the increase in height. This is overlapping into the thermosphere.
Isobar is a line of equal pressure and Isobath is a line of equal depth in sea.
GK-202
GEOGRAPHY
Insolation volume and hence temperature falls. Such
•• The sun is primary source of energy on a change of temperature, where neither
earth. It enters earth’s atmosphere in addition nor subtraction of heat involves is
the form of short waves. This is known known as ‘adiabatic change’.
as incoming Insolation solar radiation.
The earth receives solar radiation at the Inversion of Temperatures
rate of 1.94 calories per cm2/m. It refers to a condition where temperature
•• The amount of solar radiation received increases with increasing height of the
by earth is affected by four factors atmosphere. The five causes of inversion
which are as follows: of temperature are radiation, drainage,
1. Solar Constant: It is the rate at which frontal, advection, subsidence.
incoming solar radiation is received per •• General tendency to decrease in temperature
unit area of earth surface when the sun with increasing latitude is known as
is at its mean distance from the earth. ‘temperature gradient’. Not only the
Increase in the sun-spot increases
temperature but even its nature with
the amount of solar radiation hence
affecting insolation as well. latitude changes. The rate of change
2. Distance from Sun: The path that is of temperature is comparatively low
followed by the earth around the sun is between tropics. On the other hand the
not at the same distance throughout the gradient is high at the poles.
year. The orbit of the earth is elliptical in Isotherms: The line which join places
shape. The shortest distance of the earth having equal temperature is called
from the sun is called as Perihelion ‘Isotherms’.
(147 million km) and Apehelion is time
when the earth farthest from the sun.
The former occurs in January and the Atmospheric Pressure
latter in July.
•• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure
3. Altitude of the Sun: Solar altitude
exerted by the weight of air in the
is the relative angle of the sun with
atmosphere of Earth. The standard air
respect to earth’s horizon. The angle
pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.
formed between the sun and the earth
Air pressure decreases with increase
surface varies with the latitude at which
in altitude at the rate of 0.1 inch or 3.4
a place is situated. The area closer to
mb per 600 feet. The rate of decrease is
equators receive greater amount of
confined to the height of few thousand
solar insolation than at poles.
feet. Line joining places with equal
4. Length of Day: The amount of insolation
pressure at sea level are called isobars.
received by place also depends on the
•• The areas affect by high pressure
length the day. Longer the duration
are called as High Pressure zone or
of the day more will be the amount of
Anticyclones and the low pressure are
radiation received.
called as Low or depression or Cyclone.
Heat Budget There are seven pressure belts across
Earth balances the incoming solar radiation the globes.
with the outgoing terrestrial radiation Equatorial Low Pressure Belt
and is called as heat budget. The energy
The geographical region situated between
received if not returned back to the space
5° N to 5°S is known as Equatorial Low
in the form of long waves would increase
Pressure Belt. This belt gets longer duration
the temperature of the earth surface. This
of sunshine and sun’s ray falls at a straight
balancing of heat affects the amount of
angle on earth surface. Intense heat is
insolation absorbed.
received by the earth surface causing
Adiabatic Changes thermal induced atmosphere. It is also a
When the air parcel moving towards a low convergence zone of north-east and south-
pressure zone without the exchange of heat east trade winds. The area is calm with no
with surrounding air. It increases volume wind movement, thus known as Belt of
and reduces the heat available per unit Calm or Doldrums.
Isobronts are lines joining places experiencing a thunderstorm at the same time.
GEOGRAPHY GK-203
Local Winds
Air Mass
Maritime Tropical (mT) is hot and
A large volume of air defined by constant humid sticky weather on the tropical
physical properties i.e. temperature and water coastal regions.
vapor, spreading over hundreds or thousands
of square miles is called as air mass. Cyclones
Types of Air mass Cyclones are the low pressure centers
surrounded by closed isobars having
Continental Polar (cP) forms over cold pressure increasing outwards. Blows
and dry land mass during winter near inward from high pressure to low pressure
poles north of 50-60 N. and hence wind movement is anti-clockwise
Maritime Polar (mP) is associated with in northern hemisphere and clockwise
cool or cold, damp and gray day’s weather, in southern hemisphere. They are also
near polar coastal areas. termed as atmospheric disturbances. There
shape varied from circular to elliptical and
Continental Tropical (cT) form over sometimes even V shaped. On the basis
deserts and plains. It is hot and dry during of place of origin there are two types of
summer and only dry during winter. cyclones which are as follows:
Humidity
It is the amount of water vapour present in the air at a particular period of time and place.
Humidity of a place can be expressed in three ways:
Absolute Humidity
The measure of water vapour content of the atmosphere which may be expressed as the
actual quantity of water vapour present in a given volume of air is called absolute humid-
ity. This is measured as gms per cubic meter air. Absolute humidity changes with place
and time. The capacity of air to hold water vapour depends on temperature. Warm air
holds more moisture than cold air.
Specific Humidity
Another way to express humidity as the mass of water vapour per unit weight of air or
the proportion of the mass of water vapour to the total mass of air is called the specific
humidity. Specific humidity is not affected by changes in pressure or temperature.
Isonif are Isopleth of amount of snow and Isohyse are Isopleth of elevation above sea level.
GK-206
GEOGRAPHY
Relative Humidity
This is a ratio expressed between actual quantity of water vapour present in the air at a
given temperature (absolute humidity) and the maximum quantity of water vapour that
the atmosphere can hold at that temperature. Relative humidity determines the amount
and rate of evaporation.
•• Hygrometer is the instrument used Sleet
for measuring relative humidity. It is a mixture of snow and rain. It is a small
It comprises of wet and dry bulb pellets formed by freezing of raindrops or
thermometer. melting snowflakes.
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity = · 100 Rainfall
Humidity capacity
It is the most common form of precipitation.
•• Temperature and evaporation are It is a process wherein warm air ascends,
directly proportional to humidity.
saturates and condenses. Adiabatic cooling
•• The process of transformation of
takes place when the relative humidity
liquid into gaseous form is called as
becomes 100 per cent. The condensation
evaporation.
of water vapour takes place where large
•• Oceanic and coastal regions record
higher humidity capacity of air than the hygroscopic nuclei (salt and dust) is formed.
remote continental regions. Such droplets are called as cloud droplets
•• Humidity capacity decreases from shade. Rainfall occurs when cloud droplets
equator to polewards as the temperature change to raindrops which involves two
also decreases. processes:
•• The air having moisture content equal 1. The warm and moist air ascends
to its humidity capacity is called as to such a height that the process of
saturated air. condensation begins below freezing
Precipitation point. Both the water droplets and ice
droplets are formed. The condensation
Condensation of atmospheric water va-
takes place as the water droplets
pour that falls under the gravity is called
evaporates around ice droplets due to
as precipitation. This could be in the form
difference in vapour pressure. These
of rain, snow or hail etc. Its form depends
ice droplets become large and fall when
on the temperature at which water vapour
condenses. finally they are not able to be held back
in the condensed icedroplets.
Forms of Precipitation 2. The suspended cloud droplets in the
Hail cloud are of varrying sizes. They collide
among themselves at different rate as
It is a form of solid precipitation consisting
their size varies. They combine to form
of large pellets or spheres of ice balls with
a large droplet. In this process several
the diameter varing between 5 to 50 mm.
The falling of hail on the ground surface cloud droplets are coalesced to form
raindrops. When these cloud droplets
is called hailstorm. It is destructive as it
destroys agricultural crops and claim are large enough that they are unable to
human and animal lives. hold by ascending air they begin to fall.
Isophence are isopleth of seasonal phenomena and Isorymes are lines of equal frost.
GEOGRAPHY GK-207
Le
becomes high. sid
ew
rd
wa
ard
(ii) There should be intense heating ind
sid
through insolation process. W
e
The process of convectional rainfall involves
Orographic rainfall
intense heating of ground surface through
solar radiation. As the warm air rises, the 3. Cyclone or Frontal Rainfall
vacant shape is filled by surrounding air Cyclonic or frontal rainfall occurs due
which too warm up when come in contact to ascending of moist air and adiabatic
with already warm air. When the air cooling caused by convergence of two
reaches the temperature of its surrounding extensive air mass.
cumulo-nimbus cloud is formed and there
Clouds
is instantaneous heavy rainfall.
•• It occurs daily in afternoon in the Clouds are the visible mass of condensed
equatorial regions. water vapour floating in the atmosphere,
•• It is for short duration but pour down typically high above the general level of
heavily. the ground. It plays a major role in the heat
•• Occurs through thick dark and extensive budget of the earth and the atmosphere
cumulo-nimbus clouds. as they reflect, absorb and diffuse the
•• It is accompanied by number of thunder incoming short wave and outgoing long
and lightning.
wave terrestrial radiation.
Cloud
Types of clouds
•• Cirrus : Feather like
•• Cirrocumulus : Ripples like
•• Cirrostratus : Transparent sheet like
causes sun and moonto have ‘halos’.
Warm ascending air •• Altocumulus : Have bumpy-look
Ground Surface •• Altostratus : Sheet like
Convectional Rainfall •• Stratocumulus:Large globular masses
2. Orographic Rainfall •• Nimbostratus: Dark grey and rainy
When the warm and moist air is looking which gives continuous rain.
obstructed by any hill or mountain, it •• Stratus: Low clouds foggy in appearance
starts ascending along the slope of the •• Cumulus: Round topped and flat based
hill or mountain and get saturated after
•• Cumulonimbus: Special type of
reaching a height. As a result condenses
cumulous clouds spread out in form of
around hygroscopic nuclei. The slope of
the mountain facing the wind is called an anvil. Often indicate convectional
as windward side and the other side rain, lightning and thunder.
INFORMATION BULLETIN
1. Official name: Republic of India The Himalayan Mountains
2. Capital: New Delhi The Himalayas are the youngest mountains
3. Nationality: Indian in the world. They are structurally folded
4. Continent: Asia mountains, form an arc of about 2,400
5. Region: South Asia Indian subcontinent km long from west to east. The width
6. Area: Ranked 7th varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150
•• Total 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) km in Arunachal Pradesh. The altitudinal
•• Land 90.08% variations are greater in the eastern part
•• Water 9.92% than in the western part. There are four
7. Borders : Total land borders : 15,106.70 parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.
km (9,386.87 mi) Zaskar range lies west of Himalayas and
•• Bangladesh: 4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi) Indus gorge is beyond it.
Bordering States - West Bengal, Assam, The Great or Inner Himalayas
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram It is known as ‘Himadri, it is the most
•• C hina (PRC) : 3,488 km (2,167 mi) continuous range with loftiest peaks.
Bordering States - Jammu & Kashmir, Average height of peaks here is 6,000
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, meters. Asymmetrical folds having granite
and Arunachal Pradesh) in the core are snow covered throughout
•• Pakistan: 2,910 km (1,808 mi) the year.
Bordering States- Jammu and Kashmir, The Lesser Himalayas or Himachal
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan This lies south of the Great Himalayas and
and Gujarat north of Shiwalik with altitude varying from
•• Nepal: 1,751 km (1,088 mi) 3,700 m to 4,500 m. Average width of this
Bordering States – Bihar, Uttarakhand, range is 60-80 km. This range is mainly
Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, and West Bengal composed of highly compressed and altered
•• Myanmar: 1,643 km (1,021 mi) rocks. Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, Mahabharat
Bordering States – Manipur and and Mussorie ranges are found as we move
Nagaland west to east.
•• Bhutan: 699 km (434 mi) The Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas
Bordering States: West Bengal, Sikkim, It is an outermost range and is also known
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam as lesser Himalayas. The altitude varies
8. Highest point: K2 or Godwin Austin between 900 - 1100 km and the width
(claimed) 8,611 m (28,251.3 ft) varies between 10 -50 km in this range.
Kangchenjunga (administered) 8,598 m The longitudinal valleys lying between the
(28,208.7 ft) Himachal and Shiwaliks are called ‘Dun’ and
9. Lowest point: Kuttanad; –2.2 m (–7.2 ft) are composed of unconsolidated sediments.
10. Longest river: Ganges, Brahmaputra Trans Himalayas
11. Largest lake: Chilka Lake (Odisha) It includes Karakoram and Ladakh Ranges.
Karakoram Range (Krishnagiri) lies north
Major Physiographic Divisons
of Indus. Extended from Pamir crossing
The landmass of India can be divided into Gilgit river reaches Ladakh. Elevation
following major physiographic divisions. is above 5500 m and width is 120-140
The Himalayan Mountain, Northern plain, Km. Ladakh Range is situated in Kashmir
Peninsular plateau, Indian desert, Coastal between Indus and its tributary Shyok.
plains, the islands. Highest peak is Mt. Rakaposhi (7880).
Valleys in India
The Highest peak is Andaman and Nicobar Island is the Saddle Peak.
GK-212
GEOGRAPHY
The Deccan Plateau The Islands
It is triangular in shape, Satpura range makes The Lakshadweep Islands are in the
its northern boundary. The Mahadev, Kaimur Arabian Sea. Its area is 32 sq km. This group
Hills and Maikal ranges make its eastern of islands is rich in terms of biodiversity.
part. It extends into the north east which The Andaman and Nicobar Islands group of
encompasses Meghalaya, Karbi-Anglong islands can be divided into two groups. The
Plateau and North Cachar Hills. Garo, Khasi Andaman is in the north and the Nicobar
and Jaintia hills are the prominent ranges is in the south. These islands too have rich
starting from west to east. biodiversity.
Quartz is the chief rock that has formed the Aravalli Ranges.
GEOGRAPHY GK-215
•• It joins the Hooghly 48 km below •• Then all three streams unite at Triveni
Kolkata. north of the Mahabharat Range to form
•• The total length of the river is 541 km. the Kosi.
•• Its catchment area is 25,820 sq km. Peninsular Rivers
Ramganga The Peninsular Rivers are mostly having
•• It rises in the Garhwal district of their origin from Western Ghats running
Uttarakhand. parallel with western coast from north to
•• It enters the Ganga plain near Kalagarh. south. They are seasonal in nature as the
•• Its basin covers 32,493 sq km. source of water is rainfall only. The rivers
Ghaghra form deltas at their mouth. Some of the
•• It originates near the Gurla Mandhota rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna
peak, south of Manasarovar in Tibet. and Cauvery are drained into the Bay of
•• It is known as the karnali in Western Bengal whereas the other prominent rivers
Nepal. like Narmada and Tapi both fall into the
•• It joins Ganga a few kilometres Arabian Sea.
downstream of Chapra in Bihar. The West Flowing Rivers
•• The total catchment area of the river is
127,950 sq km out of which 45% is in Narmada
India. •• It is the largest of all the west flowing
Kali rivers of the Peninsula.
•• It rises from the Amarkantak plateau in
•• It rises in high glaciers of snow covered
region of trans-Himalayas. Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh.
•• It forms the boundary between Nepal •• It flows through a rift valley between
and Kumaon. the Vindhyan Range on the north and
•• It is known as the Sarda or Chauka after the Satpura range on the south.
it reaches the plains near Tanakpur. •• The Dhuandhar (Clouds of Mist) falls
is formed by the Narmada river in
Gandak
Jabalpur.
•• It originates near the Tibet-Nepal border. •• It makes an estuary studded with
•• Kali Gandak, Mayangadi, Bari and several islands. Aliabet is the largest
Trishuli are the major tributaries of it. island.
•• Its drainage area is 46,300 sq km out of
•• The Sardar Sarovar Project has been
which 7620 sq km is in India.
constructed on this river.
Burhi Gandak
Tapi (or Tapti)
•• Originating from the western slopes
•• It is the second largest west flowing
of Sumesar hills near the India-Nepal
border, it joins the Ganga opposite river of the Indian peninsula.
Munger town. •• It is also known as ‘the twin’ of the
•• Its length is 610 km and drainage area Narmada.
is 12,200 sq km. •• It originates from Multai in Betul
district of Madhya Pradesh.
Kosi
Sabarmati
•• The Kosi river consists of seven
streams, namely, Sut Kosi, Tamba Kosi, •• This 320 km long river is the name given
Talkha, Doodh Kosi, Botia Kosi, Arun to the combined streams-the Sabar and
and Tamber and is popularly known as the Hathmati.
Saptkaushiki. •• It rises from the hills of Mewar in
•• Seven rivers mingle with each other to the Aravalli Range. Its tributaries are
form three streams named the Tumar, Hatmati, Sedhi, Wakul, Meshwa, Vatrak,
Arun and Sun Kosi. etc.
Rann of kutch is believed to have once been a part of the Arabian Sea.
GK-216
GEOGRAPHY
Mahi Inland Drainage
•• It rises in the Vindhyan range and Some rivers of India do not reach upto the
debouches into the Gulf of Khambhat. sea and constitute inland drainage. These
•• Its length is 533 km. rivers are mostly present in the drier regions
•• It drains an area of 34,862 sq km. of the country like Western Rajasthan,
•• The main tributaries are Som, Anas and Ladakh and Aksai Chin etc. Ghaggar river
Panam. is the most important example of inland
•• Mahi river cuts tropic of cancer twice. drainage. It is a seasonal stream rising
Luni (or the Salt River) from the lower slopes of Himalayas and
•• Its water is brackish below Balotra. is said to flow on the dried bed of ancient
•• Its source lies to the west of Ajmer river Saraswati. It forms boundary between
(Rajasthan) in the Aravallis. Punjab and Haryana for much of its length
•• The river is known as the Sagarmati in and gets subsumed in Rajasthan desert.
its upper course and from Govindgarh, Another such river is Luni, which is the
where Sarsuti joins it, becomes Luni. largest river of Rajasthan. It originates near
Finally, it gets lost in the Rann of Pushkar and flows South-West of Aravalis
Kachchh. till it reaches Rann of Kutch.
The highest range of the western ghats is called the Sahyadri Range.
GEOGRAPHY GK-217
Prashar Lake, Renuka Lake, Suraj Taal, Chandra Taal Himachal Pradesh
Badkhal Lake, Brahma Sarovar, Karna Lake, Sannihit Sarovar, Haryana
Surajkund Lake, Tilyar Lake, Blue Bird Lake
Dal Lake, Pangong Tso, Sheshnag Lake Jammu & Kashmir
Bellandur Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Sankey Lake, Agara Lake, Karanji Karnataka
lake, Kukkarahalli lake, Lingambudhi Lake, Pampa Sarovar
Ashtamudi Lake, Maanaanchira Lake Kerala
Upper Lake, Lower Lake Madhya Pradesh
Moti Jheel Uttar Pradesh
Gorewada Lake, Lonar Lake Maharashtra
Umiam Lake Meghalaya
Loktak Lake Manipur
Palak Dil Lake, Tam Dil Lake Mizoram
Anshupa Lake, Chilka Lake, Kanjia Lake Odisha
Kanjli Wetland, Harike Wetland, Ropar Wetland Punjab
NATURAL VEGETATION
Natural Vegetations or the forest type of India vary from place to place depending upon
several factors such as climate, soil, rainfall, temperature as well as their seasonal variation
along with varied edaphic and biotic conditions. Various botanist and ecologist have given
different classification on the basis of climatic and adaptive factors. On the basis of such
suggestion a generalised classification can be done with 5 main types and 16 sub types of
vegetation.
Nubra Valley lies in the Ladakh Valley is a high altitude cold desert.
GK-222
GEOGRAPHY
Spatial Distribution of Natural vegetation in India
LANGUAGES
According to the schedule eight of our constitution, there are 22 officially recognized
languages in India; among all, Hindi dominates the scene as it is spoken by 41.03% of people
followed by Bengali (8.11 %), Telugu (7.19 %), Marathi (6.99), Tamil (5.91 %) and Urdu
(5.01%). Sanskrit, Bodo, Manipur, Dogri and Konkani are the languages which have least
speakers in India. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali were added to the Eighth Schedule
with the passing of the 100th Amendment to the Constitution of India in 2003, taking the
The little Andaman and the South Andaman is separated by the Duncan Passage.
GEOGRAPHY GK-223
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
A wide range of crops can be grown in (iii)Lower Gangetic Plain Region
India as the land is supported by element Located in West Bengal (except the
essential for crop growth such as relief,
hilly areas), eastern Bihar and the
soil, climate, abundant sunshine and long
growing seasons. Brahmaputra valley lie in this region
with the rainfall of 100 cm-200 cm. Rice
Kinds of Crops is the main crop which at times yields
The major Indian crop can be divided into three successive crops (Aman, Aus and
following categories: Boro) in a year. Jute, maize, potato, and
Food crops pulses are other important crops.
Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millet, Jower, Bajra, (iv) Middle Gangetic Plain Region
Ragi, and pulses like Gram, Tur (Arhar) Large parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Cash crops are covered and receive 100 cm and
Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Oilseeds, 200 cm of rainfall. Rice, maize, millets
Ground Nut, Linseed, Sesame, Castor seed, grow in kharif; wheat, gram, barley,
Rapeseed, Mustard peas, mustard and potato in rabi are
Plantation crops important crops.
Tea, Coffee, Spices, Cardamom, Ginger, Turmeric, (v) Upper Gangetic Plains Region
Coconut, Areca nut and Rubber Central and western parts of Uttar
Horticulture Pradesh and Haridwar and Udham Nagar
Apple, Peach, Pear, Apricot, Almond, districts of Uttarakhand fall into it. Rainfall
Strawberry, Walnut, Mango, Banana, Citrus is between 75 cm-150 cm. Wheat, rice,
Fruit, Vegetables. sugarcane, millets, maize, gram, barley,
oilseeds, pulses and cotton are the main
Agro-climatic Regions
crops.
(i) Western Himalayan Region (vi) Trans-Ganga Plains Region
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi
and the hill region of Uttarakhand fall
into it. Valley floors grow rice, while and the Ganganagar district of
the hilly tracts grow maize in the kharif Rajasthan come under it. Rainfall
season. Winter crops are barley, oats, varies between 65 cm and 125 cm.
and wheat. Apple orchards and other The main crops are wheat, sugarcane,
temperate fruitls such as peaches, cotton, rice, gram, maize, millets,
apricot, pears, cherry, almond, litchis, pulses and oilseeds etc. The region
walnut, etc. Saffron is grown in this faces the threat of water logging,
region. salinity, alkalinity, soil erosion and fall
(ii) Eastern Himalayan Region of water table.
Arunachal Pradesh, hills of Assam, (vii) Eastern Plateau and Hills
Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur,
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and
Mizoram, Tripura, and the Darjeeling
district of West Bengal come into this Dandakaranya come under it. 80 cm-
region. Annual rainfall is 200-400 cm. 150 cm of annual rainfall is received.
The main crops are rice, maize, potato, Rice, millets, maize, oilseeds, ragi, gram,
tea. Orchards of pineapple, litchi, potato, tur, groundnut and soyabean
oranges and lime are also found. grow on rainfed areas.
The largest reserves of Kyanite are found in the Lapsa Buru area in Jharkhand.
GEOGRAPHY GK-225
(viii)Central Plateau and Hills the main crops in the rain-fed areas,
Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Bhander while in the irrigated areas, sugarcane,
Plateau, Malwa Plateau, and rice, and wheat, are cultivated.
Vindhyachal Hills receive rainfall 50 (x) Southern Plateau and Hills
cm-100 cm. Crops like millets, wheat,
Interior Deccan includes parts of
gram, oilseeds, cotton and sunflower
southern Maharashtra, the greater
grow in this region.
parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
(ix) Western Plateau and Hills and Tamil Nadu uplands from Adilabad
Malwa plateau and Deccan plateau district in the north to Madurai district
(Maharashtra). 25 cm-75 cm. of annual in the south. Annual rainfall is between
rainfall. Wheat, gram, millets, cotton, 50 cm and 100 cm. Millets, oilseeds,
pulses, groundnut, and oilseeds are pulses grows here.
AGRO-CLIMATIC
ZONES OF INDIA
Mining and Smelting of copper in India are managed by Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL).
GK-226
GEOGRAPHY
(xi) Eastern Coastal Plains and Hills maize, millets, pulses, turmeric and
Coromandal and northern Circar coasts cassava. Nearly half of the cropped
of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha come into area is under coconut plantation. The
it. Annual rainfall here varies between 75 area is covered with thick forests and
cm and 150 cm. Main crops include rice, agriculture is in backward stage.
jute, tobacco, sugarcane, maize, millets, Major Growing Seasons in India
groundnut and oilseeds. Cultivation of
spices (pepper and cardamom) and Kharif (July to October)
development of fisheries is also done. Major crops are rice, maize, sorghum, pearl
(xii) Western Coastal Plains and Ghats millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals),
Malabar and Konkan coastal plains arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut
and the Sahyadris are included in it. (oilseeds), cotton, etc.
Annual rainfall is more than 200 cm.
Rabi (October to March)
Rice, coconut, oilseeds, sugarcane,
millets, pulses and cotton are the Major crops wheat, barley, oats (cereals),
main crops. The region is famous for chick pea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard
plantation crops and spices.
(oilseeds) etc.
(xiii)Gujarat Plains and Hills
Zaid (March to June)
They includes hills and plains of
Kathiawar, and the fertile valleys of Muskmelon, Watermelon, Vegetables of
Mahi and Sabarmati rivers. Annual cucurbitacae family such as bitter gourd,
rainfall varies between 50 cm and 100 pumpkin, ridged gourd etc.
cm. Groundnut, cotton, rice, millets,
oilseeds, wheat and tobacco are the International Boundaries with India
main crops. It is an important oilseed • India shares its international boundaries
producing region. with Pakistan in the West, Nepal, China
(xiv)Western Dry Region and Bhutan in the North-East.
Extended over Rajasthan, West of the • It is surrounded by Burma and
Aravallis, this region has an erratic Bangladesh to the East.
rainfall of an annual average of less
• Sri Lanka is located in the South of India.
than 25 cm. Horticultural crops like
• Radcliffe line separates India and
watermelon, guava and date palm
grow here. Pakistan.
• The McMahan Line is the effective
(xv) Island Region
boundary between India and China.
It includes Andaman-Nicobar and
Laksha-dweep which have typically • The Durand Line is boundary between
equatorial climate (annual rainfall India–Afghanistan and Pakistan–
less than 300 cm). Main crops are rice, Afghanistan.
MINERALS IN INDIA
Minerals are the natural resources which are materials, cement materials, clay, chromite,
used in many industries as raw materials. Iron lime, dolomite, and gold, but deficient in
ore, manganese, bauxite, copper, etc. are such copper, lead, mercury, zinc, tin, nickel,
minerals. petroleum products, rock phosphate,
Minerals are of two types: metallic and non- sulphur, and tungsten.
metallic. Iron ore and copper are metallic Mineral resources like potassium are totally
minerals while limestone and dolomite are absent and have to be imported. Minerals
non-metallic minerals. like crude petroleum (which accounts
Metallic minerals are further sub-divided into
for about 80% of the total value of Indian
ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Those
metallic minerals which have iron content imports), diamonds (uncut), sulphur, and rock
belong to ferrous group. The metallic minerals phosphorus are imported.
belonging to non-ferrous group do not have The state with the highest mineral output is
iron content. Jharkhand. India is rich in ferrrous metals
India is rich in iron, mica, manganese, but its reserves of non-ferrous metals are
bauxite; self sufficient in antimony, building poor.
Mineral Resources
Aluminium - Kerala.
Antimony - Antimony deposits are found in Punjab and Karnataka.
Asbestos - Karnataka and Rajasthan.
Barytes (Barium - Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Manbhum and Singhbhum districts of
Sulphate) Jharkhand.
Bauxite - Ranchi and Palamau districts of Jharkhand, Belgaum, Jharia and Thana
districts of Maharashtra, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Mandya and Bilaspur
districts of Chhattisgarh.
Beryllium Sands - Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir and Bihar.
Cement - Katni (M.P.), Lakheri (Rajasthan), Jabalpur (M.P.), Guntur (Andhra
Pradesh), Jhinikapani (Singhbhum district of Jharkhand), Surajpur
(Haryana).
China Clay - Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum (district of Jharkhand), Kerala.
Chromite - Singhbhum and Bhagalpur (Jharkhand), Ratnagiri, Salem (Tamil Nadu),
Karnataka, Keonjhar (Odisha), Ladakh (Kashmir).
Coal - Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Giridih, Karanpur,
Panch Valley and Chanda (M.P.), Singareni (Andhra Pradesh) and Mukum
(Assam).
Cobalt - Rajasthan and Kerala.
Copper - Jharkhand (Singhbhum and Barajamda), Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri).
Diamond - Diamond mines are found in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh, Raipur
district of Chhattisgarh.
Feldspar - Burdwan (West Bengal), Rewa (M.P.), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Alwar
and Ajmer.
Gold - Kolar gold-fields (Karnataka).
Graphite - Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Odisha and Kerala.
Gypsum - Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat
and Himachal Pradesh.
Cuttack and Keonjhar district have the largest amount of chromite reserves.
GEOGRAPHY GK-229
CENSUS 2011
The 15th Indian National census was According to the provisional reports
conducted in two phases, houselisting and released on March 31, 2011, the Indian
population enumeration. Information for population increased to 1.21 billion with a
National Population Register was also decadal growth of 17.64%. Adult literacy
rate increased to 70.04% with a decadal
collected in the first phase, which will be
growth of 9.21%.
used to issue a 12-digit unique identification Information on castes was included in the
number to all registered Indians by Unique census following demands from several
Identification Authority of India. ruling coalition and opposition parties.
Census Data
Population Statistics
Total Population 1,21,01,93,422 (persons)
Males 62,37,24,248
Females 58,64,69,174
Ratio 940 Females/1000 Males
The chief producer of kyanite in India is the Indian Copper Corporation Ltd.
GK-230
GEOGRAPHY
Decadal Growth (2001-2011) 18,14,55,986 (17.64%)
Density of Population 382 per sq. km.
Literacy (in percent) Total: 74.04, Males: 82.14, Females: 65.46
Highest/Lowest Population
State with Highest Population Uttar Pradesh 166,197,921
State with Lowest Population Sikkim 540,851
UT with Highest Population Delhi 13,850,507
UT with Lowest Population Lakshadweep 60,650
District with Highest Population Medinipur (West Bengal) 9,610,788
District with Lowest Population Yanam (Pondicherry) 31,394
Population Density Persons/Sq. Km.
India 325
State with highest Population Density West Bengal 903
State with lowest Poxpulation Density Arunachal Pradesh 13
UT with Highest Population Density Delhi 9,340
UT with Lowest Population Density Andaman & Nicobar Islands 43
District with Highest Population Density North East (Delhi) 29,468
District with Lowest Population Density Lahul & Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) 2
Sex Ratio (Females per Thousand Males)
India 940
Rural 946
Urban 900
State with Highest Female Sex Ratio Kerala 1,058
State with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Haryana 861
UT with Highest Female Sex Ratio Pondicherry 1,001
UT with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman & Diu 710
District with Highest Female Sex Ratio Mahe (Pondicherry) 1,147
District with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman (Daman & Diu) 591
Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population
Population Percentage
Scheduled Castes 166,635,700 16.2%
Scheduled Tribes 84,326,240 8.2%
Scheduled Castes
State with highest proportion of Scheduled Castes Punjab (28.9%)
State with lowest proportion of Scheduled Castes Mizoram (0.03%)
UT with highest proportion of Scheduled Castes Chandigarh (17.5%)
UT with lowest proportion of Scheduled Castes D&N Haveli (1.9%)
District with highest proportion of Scheduled Castes Koch-Bihar (50.1%)
District with lowest proportion of Scheduled Castes Mizoram (0.01%)
Scheduled Tribes
State with highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes Mizoram (94.5%)
State with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes Goa (0.04%)
UT with highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes Lakshadweep (94.5%)
UT with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes A & N Islands (8.3%)
District with highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes Sarchhip, Mizoram (98.1%)
District with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes Hathras, Uttar Pradesh (0.01%)
Religion Based Data
Religions Composition Population * (%)
Hindus 827,578,868 80.5
Muslims 138,188,240 13.4
Christians 24,080,016 2.3
Sikhs 19,215,730 1.9
Buddhists 7,955,207 0.8
Jains 4,225,053 0.4
Other Religions & Persuasions 6,639,626 0.6
Religion not stated 727,588 0.1
Total * 1,028,610,328 100
Rural Urban Distribution
CONTINENTS OF WORLD
A continent is one of the large landmasses on Earth generally identified by convention
rather than any strict criteria, with up to seven regions commonly regarded as continents.
They are Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica.
Continent % of Earth Area Continents (by the number of
countries)
1. Asia 29.5 44
2. Africa 20.4 54
3. North America 16.3 23
4. South America 11.8 12
5. Europe 7.1 46
6. Australia or Oceania 5.3 14
7. Antarctica 9.6
Asia south of the Caucasus Mountains and the
Asia is the world’s Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on
largest continent, the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south
having an area of by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the
44,444,100 sq km. Arctic Ocean.
Asia covers to the Physical Features
east of the Suez
Region-wise it can be classified into 6
Canal, the Ural
regions which are:
River, and the Ural Central Asia : Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Mountains, and Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Madagascar is often called the land of the living fossils.
GK-234
GEOGRAPHY
Eastern Asia :China, Hong Kong, Japan, North Eastern Africa : Burundi, Comoros, Kenya,
Korea, South Korea, Macau, Mongolia, Taiwan Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte,
Northern Asia : Russia Mozambique, Reunion, Rwanda, Seychelles,
Southeastern Asia: Brunei, Myanmar, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Zimbabwe.
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor- Central Africa : Angola, Cameroon, Central
Leste, Vietnam African Republic, Chad, Republic of the
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Southern Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Príncipe.
Western Asia : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho,
Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland
Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, State of Palestine, Western Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Emirates,Yemen. Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,
Nigeria, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Natural Vegetation of Asia
Togo
•• The Tundra
Natural Vegetation of Africa
•• The Taiga
•• Temperate Grasslands, the Steppes •• Tropical Rain Forests
•• Mediterranean Scrubland and Forest •• Tropical Savannas
•• Tropical Steppes and Deserts
•• Desert Vegetation
•• Mediterranean Forests
•• Monsoon Region •• Montane Forests
•• Tropical Rainforest •• Mangrove Forests
•• Vegetation in the Mountains
Europe
Africa
The continent comprises the westernmost
Africa is the second largest continent in part of Eurasia bordered by Arctic Ocean in
area (30,330,000 sq north, the Atlantic Ocean in west, and the
Km), covers 6% of Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east
Earth’s total surface and southeast, it is separated from Asia by
area and 20.4% of the watershed divides of the Ural and
its total land area. Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the
Algeria is Africa’s Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways
largest country by of the Turkish
area, and Nigeria Straits. The coastline
by population. Africa’s population is the of Europe is 80,500
youngest among all the continents; 50% of km, which is longer
Africans are 19 years old or younger. than Africa. It is the
Separated from Europe by the second smallest
Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its continent in the
northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez world.
163 km wide.
Physical Features
Physical Features
Region-wise classification of Europe Western
Region-wise it can be classified into 6
Uplands: Landscape of Scandinavia (Norway,
regions which are listed below.
Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland,
Northern Africa : Algeria, Canary Islands,
Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Ceuta, Egypt, Libya, France, Spain, and Portugal.
Madeira, Melilla, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Central Uplands : Central Europe, western
Western Sahara. France and Belgium, southern Germany,
Northeast Africa : Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Czech Republic, and parts of northern
Somalia Switzerland and Austria.
The inhabitants of Madagascar refer themselves as Malagasy.
GEOGRAPHY GK-235
Alpine Mountains : The Italian and Balkan and the United States. Grain grown in this
peninsulas, northern Spain, and southern region, called the “Bread basket of North
France. The region includes the mountains America,” feeding a large part of the world.
of the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Dinaric Canadian Shield: The Canadian Shield
Alps, Balkans, and Carpathians. is a raised but relatively flat plateau. It
North European Plain: France, Belgium, extends over eastern, central, and north
the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, western Canada. The Canadian Shield is
Poland, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, characterized by a rocky landscape packed
and Lithuania), and Belarus. by an astounding number of lakes.
Island : British Isles, Corsica, Alba, Sardinia, Eastern Region: This varied region
Crete , Malta , Cyprus, are some of the major includes the Appalachian Mountains and
Islands of Europe. the Atlantic coastal plain. North America’s
Deserts : Accona Desert, Bardenas Reales, older mountain ranges, including the
Bledowska Desert, The Stone Desert, Appalachians, rise near the east coast of the
Larzac, Santorini and Anafi, are some of the United States and Canada
major deserts of Europe Caribbean Region: The Caribbean Region
Natural Vegetation of Africa includes more than 7,000 islands, islets,
•• Sub tropical dry forest reefs, and cays. The region’s islands and
•• Subtropical Mountain Forest smaller islets are varied in their topography.
•• Temperate Oceanic Forest Natural Vegetation of Africa
•• Temperate continental Forest •• Arctic/ Tundra Forests
•• Boreal Coniferous forest •• Boreal Forests/ Taiga/ Coniferous forests
•• Boreal Tundra Forest •• Eastern Deciduous Forests
•• Boreal Mountain •• Grasslands
•• Desert Scrub
North America •• Mediterranean and Madrean Scrublands
North America covers about 4.8% of the and Woodlands
planet’s surface or about 16.5% of its land •• Pacific Coast Coniferous Forests
area, having the population of 565 million •• Western Montane Coniferous Forests
(2013) in 23 independent states. It is the •• Tidal Wetlands
third largest continent by area, following South America
Asia and Africa and
fourth largest in This is a triangular shape continent,
terms of population stretching from 12° N to 55°S latitude.
with the density of Towards its west
24 million/sq km. It lies Pacific Ocean,
extends from 7° N Atlantic Ocean on
to 85° N latitudinal- the east and, North
wise and longitude-wise 20°W to 179°W. It America and the
has 5 time zones. Caribbean Sea lie to
the northwest. It is
Physical Features the fourth largest continent of the world
It can be classified into 5 regions: with smooth and inlet coastline.
Western Region : Young Mountains rise
Physical Features
in the west. The most familiar of these
mountains are probably the Rockies, North It can be classified into 5 regions :
America’s largest chain. They stretch from The Pacific coastal strip lies between the
the province of British Columbia, Canada, to west Pacific and Andes.
the U.S. state of New Mexico. The Andes stretches through entire
Great Plains : In the middle of the continent in length running in north-south
continent lies the Great Plain. Deep rich soil direction from Isthmus of Panama to Strait
blankets large areas of the plains in Canada of Magellan.
The southwestern sections of Africa are rimmed by the Cape fold mountains and Karoo rock series.
GK-236
GEOGRAPHY
The Central Lowland: Two great river Physical Features
system are covered under it namely the It can be classified into 3 regions such as:
Amazon-Orinoco and Parana-Paraguay rivers. The Great Western Plateau covers two
The Eastern Highland consists of third of Australia.
Brazilian and Guiana Highlands along with The Central Lowland extends from the
Patagonia. shallow Gulf of Carpentaria in the north to
Natural Vegetation of South America the Southern Ocean.
•• Equatorial Forest The Eastern Highlands stretch along the
eastern edge of Australia, all the way from
•• Temperate Forests
Cape York to Tasmania.
•• Mediterranean Forests
•• Savanna Grasslands Natural Vegetation
•• Pampas •• The tropical Rainforest
•• Desert •• The deciduous forest Savanna
•• The dry desert and desert scrub
Australia
Antarctica
Thousands of islands combined to form
Oceania region, mostly covering the Central The continent of Antarctica is the fifth–
largest continent in terms of geographical
and South Pacific
area, and it is situated
Ocean. The region is
in a remote cold
dominated by world’s
location of Southern.
biggest island and The continent covers
two other major approximately 20%
landmasses, micro- of the hemisphere.
continent of Zealandia As such there are not
(including New Zealand) and the western countries in this continent except some
half of the island of New Guinea, made up of parts of few nations such, New Zealand,
the nation of Papua New Guinea. Oceania Australia, France, Norway, the United
also includes three island regions: Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina.
Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia Physical Features
(including the U.S. state of Hawaii). It As a frozen continent it has only a few
stretches from the Strait of Malacca to the prominent physiographic units such as:
coast of Americas. Tropic of Capricorn Trans – Antarctic Mountain dividing the
divides it into almost two halves. continent into West Antarctica and East
There are 28 countries and Island groups Antarctica.
in Australasia/Oceania covering 5.3% of The Antarctic Peninsula
The islands of the Antarctic region which
the Earth’s land and 1.5% of the Earth’s
contains South Orkney Islands, South
surface. The largest cities of this region Shetland Islands, South Georgia, and the
includes: Jakarta, Manila, Sydney, Bandung, South Sandwich Islands, all claimed by the
Melbourne, Surabaya, Medan etc. United Kingdom.
LANGUAGES OF WORLD
There are numerous languages in the world but they have varying number of speakers for
each one of them. Approximately 2,300 languages are spoken in Asia, 2,140, in Africa, 1,300
in the Pacific, 1,060 in the Americas, and 280 in Europe (2015). Chinese tops the list of most
popular world languages, with over one billion speakers. English trails in third place, with
335 million speakers. This data represents first-language speakers.
The first European to reach Angola was the Portuguese navigator Diogo cao.
GK-238
GEOGRAPHY
Major Industrial Regions of the World `` Asian major
These are areas where manufacturing • China is the most dominant and
industries are carried out on a relatively powerful industrial agglomeration
large scale and employ a relatively large of Asia. The regions of Manchurian
proportion of population. The industrial region, Yangtze region, North-China
regions of the world are very unevenly region, South China region, etc. with
distributed. With the development of many manufacturing units producing
machinery, many industrial centres have steel, heavy chemical's textiles, paper,
come up where there is abundance of coal, cement, automobiles, toys, etc are
iron, and extensive water-power are in major industrial regions.
abundance. • Japan has several industrial cities
The major industrial regions of the world producing steel, Pedro-chemical,
are as follows: cement, footwear. toys, etc. at Tokya-
USA and Canada Industrial Regions Yokohama region, Osaka - Kobe region,
Industrial region of USA and Canada north Kyushu region.
comprises the New England Regions, The • India’s conurbation of Kolkata,
New York - Mid-Atlantic Region, North the Mumbai-Pune Industrial belt,
- Eastern Region. The Southern Region, Ahmedabad-Vadodara belt, Southern
Western Region & Pacific Region. These industrial regions with Chennai,
regions include several major American Coimbatore, Bangalore industrial
industrial cities & Metropolitans like belt, Damodar Valley industrial belt,
Hartford, New Haven, areas from New York Northern regions with centers like
to Baltimore with New Jersey, Chicago, Delhi, Ambala, Ghaziabad, Mathura, etc.
Detroit, Houston, etc. Other major industrial regions include
European Industrial Region Allahabad, Varanasi, Hyderabad,
Patiala, Jaipur, Bilaspur, Jalandhar,
• Western Europe major industrial
regions. Meerut, Lucknow, Kanpur, etc.
• United Kingdom’s industrial regions are Trans-Continental Railways of World
located in Lancashire, London's basin, •• Canadian Pacific Rail Route : It runs
Scotland, Midland, South-Wales, etc. from Halifax to Vancouver.
producing manufacturing products like •• Candian National Rail Route: It joins
engineering, ferrous, chemical textile, St. John City to Vancouver.
food & beverages, etc.
•• Trans-Siberian Rail Route: It connects
• The Saar Region, the Hamburg Region,
St. Petersburg to Vlalivoslok.
Berlin Region & Leipzig Region with
•• Trans-caucasus Rail Route: It starts
iron & steel heavy chemicals, textiles
from Batum, cross Tergana and reaches
& different consumer goods Industries.
Krusk.
• France’s industrial region produces
•• North Trans continental Rail Route:
iron & steel, textile, glass, leather,
automobiles with Northern, Lorraine & It originates at Seattle (USA) New York.
Paris Industrial Regions. Other European •• Mid Transcontinental Rail Route: It
countries like Italy, Switzerland, Holland joins San Francisco to New York.
Belgium and Sweden are industrial •• Southern Transcontinental Rail
giants. Routes : It runs from Los Angeles
• Eastern Europe has six major industrial to New York and then reaches New
regions out of which four are in Russia, Orleans.
one in Ukraine, and one in southern •• Oriental Express Rail Route: Connects
Poland and northern Czech Republic. Paris to Kustuntunia (Turkey).
Volga and Dnieper river are the most important for transport and hydroelectric source for Europe.
GEOGRAPHY GK-239
WATER TRANSPORT
Water transport is considered to be one of The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route
the oldest form of transport. It is cheapest It connects west European and West
mode of transport. The cost of production African countries with Brazil, Argentina
alongwith the cost of operation is also and Uruguay in South America.
low incase of water transport. There are The North Pacific Sea Route
evidences which shows that boats were It is connecting Western European, North
used in the form dugout canoe (a boat made American with Australian countries. It is
from a hallowed tree trunk) in ancient used for reaching Hong kong, Philippines
period. It is considered that Egyptians and Indonesia. Honolulu is the most impor-
probably were the first to use sail boat. The tant seaport of this route.
Mesopotamian and Indus valley civilization Inland Water Transport
excavation have shown the presence of River, canals, lakes and coastal area the
habour and ports. important components of inland water
Water transportation includes canals, lakes, transport as they facilitate transportation
rivers, seas and oceans. It is mainly divided of goods and services with in the country.
into two categories: Boats and steam are the important means
of transport. The significant waterways of
Sea Routes the world are:
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Longest Rivers
Name, Nation/Continent Length in kms Basin Area m2km
Nile, Africa 6695 3.25
Amazon, South America 6516 6.14
Yangtze Kiang, China 6380 1.72
Mississippi Missouri, USA 5959 3.20
Ob Irtysh, Russia 5568 2.97
Yenisey Angari a Selenga, Asia 5550 2.55
Yellow (Hwang Ho), China 5464 –
Congo (Zaire), Africa 4667 –
Parana Rio de la Plata, S. America 4500 2.58
Irtysh, Asia 4440 –
Mekong, Asia 4425 –
India REGION LENGTH
Indus Asia 3180
Brahmaputra Asia 2948
Ganga-Hooghly-Padma India 2620
Godawari India 1465
Sutlej India 1372
Krishna India 1300
Narmada India 1289
Chenab India 1086
Ghaghara India 1080
Shortest River (metres)
Europe Ombia River, Croatia 30
North America, Roe River, Montana, USA 61
South America – Azvis River, Brazil 147
Deepest Lakes
Baikal, Russian 1620 m
Tanganyika, Africa 1463 m
Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe 1025 m
Malawi of Nyasa, Africa 706 m
Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan 702 m
Largest Deserts of the World
Subtropical
Sahara, North Africa 8,600,650 sq. km
Arabian, Middle East 2,300,000 sq. km
Great Victoria, Australia 647,475 sq. km
Kalahari, Southern Africa 582,727 sq. km
Chihuahuan, Mexico 453,232 sq. km
Thar, India/Pakistan 453,232 sq. km
Great Sandy, Australia 388,485 sq. km
The world’s deepest lake, Lake Baikal is drained by Angara River.
GK-242
GEOGRAPHY
Gibson, Australia 310,788 sq. km
Sonoran, S.W. USA 310,788 sq. km
Simpson/Stony, N Africa 145,034 sq. km
Mohave, S.W. USA 139,854 sq. km
Cool coastal
Atacama, Chile SA 139,854 sq. km
Namib, S.W. Africa 33,668 sq. km
Cold winter
Gobi, China 1,166,450 sq km
Patagonian, Argentina 673,374 sq km
Great Basin, S.W. USA 492,081 sq. km
Karakum, West Asia 349,636 sq. km
Colorado, Western USA, also called the Painted Desert 336,687 sq. km
Kyzyl-kum, West Asia 297,838 sq. km
Taklamakan, China 271,939 sq. km
Deep-Sea Trenches
Name Length Depth Deepest Pt.
Mariana 2250 10.924 Challenger Deep
Tonga Kermadec (S. Pacific) 2575 10.850 Vityaz 11 (Tonga)
Kuril-Kamchatka 2250 10.542 -
Philippine 1350 10.539 Galathea Deep
Java-Indian 2250 7725 Planet Deep
Some Important Tribes and their Home and (World)
Aleuts : Alaska Koryaks : N. Siberia, Eurasian Tundra, N.E.
Ainus : Japan Asia
Aeta : Phillip Cines Kalmuk : Central Asia
Bushman : Kalahari Kareus or Meos : Myanmar
Buryak : Central Asia Kirghiz : Asiatic steppes
Berbers : N. Africa
Kazakhs : Kazakhstan
Bedouin : Sahara and Middle East
Lapps : N. Finland, Scandinavia
Bindibu or Aborigins : Australia
Chukchi : N.E. Asia, U.S.S.R., North Siberia Maoris : New Zealand
Eskimos : Greenland, North Canada, Masai : East and Central Africa
Alaska, N. Siberia Orange Asli : Malaysia
Fulani : Western Africa Pygmies : Congo basin, Zaire
Gobi Mongols : Gobi Red Indian : N. America
Guicas : Amazon forest area Somoyeds : Siberia
Hausa : North Nigeria Semangs : East Sumatra
Hotten tots : Hot tropical Africa Turregs : Sahara
Ibans : Equatorial rain forest region of Tapiro : Papua New Guinea
South-East Asia
Yoakuts : Siberia
India Tribes : Amazon basin
Zulus : South Africa
Verkhoyansk has recorded the lowest temperature on the globe outside Antarctica.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-243
ECOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
Ecology is a branch of biology that deals biosphere are any closed, self-regulating
with the distribution and interaction of systems containing ecosystem.
living organisms among themselves and
their environment. Ecosystem
There are four basic concepts of ecology
which are as follows:
•• Holism: is a term which conceived
as a directive and creative principle
operating from initial to last level in
ecology. It means whole are much
important than individual element.
•• Ecosystem: involve both the living and
non-living factors interacting together,
working in a complex web.
Ecosystem is defined as a specific and
•• Succession: the living organisms
recognizable landscape such as forest,
and their environment commonly
wetland, coastal area, grass lands, deserts,
reactive and influence each other
in different ways. Increase in the etc. having interaction of biological
capacity of tolerance towards changing community and physical and chemical
environment by modifying their factors that make up its non-living or abiotic
adaptability as the process of growth, environment.
dispersal, reproduction, death and decay Components of Ecosystem
follows changing the abiotic component •• Abiotic components are the non-living
of ecosystem is called as succession. elements of an ecosystem as air, water,
•• Conservation: Regulation of the climate and soil, etc. containing both
population through naturally-operating organic and inorganic matters.
trophism ensures resilience of the •• Biotic components consist of all the
system. living community of plants and animals
in any area together with the non-living
Realm of Ecology components of the environment such as
Ecology as a basic division of biology soil, air and water.
explains patterns within and among
Function of Ecosystem
organism. The hierarchical level of ecology
is shown below. Ecosystem is a functional and life sustaining
•• Biosphere environmental system. Consists of biotic
•• Ecosystem and abiotic components in any particular
•• Communities habitat.
•• Population The function of ecosystem can be referred
•• Organism a producer consumer arrangement of
nutrients known as energy cycles and
Biosphere each food level of this pyramid is known as
Biosphere is the layer of the planet Earth trophic level. The three major aspects of
where life exist. This layer ranges from energy cycles are food chain, food web and
heights of upto ten kilometers above the ecological pyramids.
sea level. Biosphere is an ecological system Food chain
integrating all living beings and their It is a chain or series of feeding relationship
relationship. Including their interaction among different living things in a particular
with the elements of the lithosphere, environment or habitat. Plant is always the
hydrosphere and atmosphere. In general first step of food chain as it produces its own
Fresh water ecosystem can be categorised as Lentic (pools, ponds and lakes), Lotic (streams and river) and Wetlands.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-245
food from non living things and eventually •• Energy flows in a one way direction
eaten by the next higher level of living through ecosystem i.e. not recycled.
orgasm such as herbivores who only takes •• It passes from one trophic level to another.
plant as their food item. Plants are known •• Only 10% energy (that was stored
as producers and animals depend upon in adipose tissue of one trophic
producers are known as primary consumer. level organism), passes to another
trophic level. It is called 10% law or
The next level in this hierarchy is known LENDEMANN LAW.
as secondary consumer who depends on •• In the same way carnivores store only
primary consumer for food. 10% of the stored energy of herbivore.
Food Web
Types of Ecosystem
It is defined as the system of interlocking
and interdependent food chains. Ecosystems are classified on the basis of
climate, habitat and plant communities.
Types of Ecosystem
Primary Carnivore 10
kg Aquatic Ecosystem
100 On the basis of salt content in water they
Herbivores kg are further divided into:
•• Fresh water.
Producers 1000 kg
•• Estuarine and
•• Marine ecosystem.
Energy Flow in Ecosystem Fresh Water
•• Ecosystem obtains energy from sun, •• Freshwater ecosystem can be categorised
which is trapped by producers via into three types of fresh water ecosystem,
photosynthesis and is converted into i.e. lotic, lentic & wetlands.
chemical energy.
Lotic and Lentic
•• The chemical energy is converted into
mechanical and heat energy in cellular Lotic ecosystem refers to the dynamic
activities. (moving) water habitat eg. river, brook
•• Energy enters in the ecosystem as light etc. Lentic ecosystem refers to the static
and exits as heat. water habitats like ponds, lake, swamps
World Wetland Day is celebrated on 2nd February every year.
GK-246
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
and marshes. However, both of ecosystem •• Hold sediments and accumulate soil
have fresh water source, but weather and along the shoreline.
climatic condition can lead to a wide ranges •• National Wetland Conservation Programme
of salinities. (NWCP) has been initiated for identified
wetland which are at present 66 covering
Wetlands
21 states.
•• Wetlands are lands which, due to
geological or ecological factors, have a Estuaries
natural supply of water – either from •• An estuary (from Latin aestus, “tide”) is
tidal flows, flooding rivers, connections a semi-enclosed coastal body of water,
with groundwater, or because they are which has a free connection with the
perched above aquifers. open sea.
•• The periodicity of water level fluctuations •• Nutrients from the river enrich estuarine
is termed as hydroperiod and it is the key waters, making estuaries one of the most
factor that determines the productivity biologically productive ecosystem on
and species composition of the wetland earth and thus have more biodiversity
community. in unit area.
•• Generally low lying areas, covered by •• It is strongly affected by tidal action
shallow water and have characteristic which is an important physical
soils and water tolerant vegetation. regulator and an energy subsidy.
•• Wetlands occupy only 2% of the surface •• They are transitional zones/ecotones
area of earth and they are estimated to between the freshwater and marine
contain 10 to 14% of carbon. habitats.
•• Man made wetlands: paddy fields, •• Examples include river mouths, coastal
fishery ponds, Trapa & Euryale bays tidal marshes and bodies of water
cultivation ponds and other aquaculture behind barrier beaches and extensive
habitats. intertidal mudflats or salt marshes
often border them.
Significance of Wetlands •• Estuary provides the “nursery grounds”
•• Nutrient rich and have high primary for most coastal shellfish and other
productivity. fishes. e. g. shrimp and spawn.
•• Since they have both aquatic and semi- Marine Ecosystem
aquatic environmental conditions so It is Earth's largest aquatic ecosystem,
support specialized vegetation and which includes salt marshes, intertidal
fauna. Often a prime breeding habitat zones, lagoons, mangroves, coral reefs and
for waterfowl, many migratory birds and sea floor.
other aquatic or semi aquatic vertebrates. Mangroves
•• Found in tropical and sub tropical land-
sea ecotones.
•• They are potential “land builders” that
help to form islands and to extend
seashores.
•• On the basis of salinity, five zones of
mangrove distribution are considered,
•• Helps in controlling flood by holding
namely euhaline, polyhaline, mesohaline,
excess water, and the flood water stored
oligohaline and limnetic zones.
in wetlands then drains slowly back ino •• Indian coastline covers about 7500km
the rivers, providing a steady flow of and it accounts for 8% of the world’s
water throughout the year. mangrove area which is approximately
•• Serve as groundwater recharging areas. 700,000 ha.
•• Provide important commercial products,
including wild rice and various types Significance of Mangroves
of berries (such as black berries, blue •• Mangroves perform a variety of
berries, etc.). productive as well as protective
The Gulf of kachchh & the Gulf of khambhat constitute the major mangrove zones of the Gujarat Coast.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-247
functions. The resilient mangroves •• The polyp is able to feed itself using
protect the hinterland against cyclonic stinging cells found on its tentacles,
storms during cyclones, super cyclones, but is able to feed itself partially.
and ingress of sea water during tidal The ramainder comes from the
surges and other natural catastrophes zooxanthellae and the carbohydrates
acting as an effective shelterbelt.
are also used by the polyp to make
calcium carbonate via calcification. This
material forms the skeleton of the coral
and eventually the framework known
as the coral reef.
•• Polyps secrete hard limestone deposits
(calcium carbonate that ramain when
polyps die.
•• Coral reefs are sometimes referred to as
‘tropical rainforests of the deep’.
•• Bleaching: Under environmental stress
•• They are considered as “land builders”. much of the algae are lost and corals
It is belived that the roots of mangroves appear white in colour. If the symbiotic
secrete a substance, which modifies the green algae leave the coral animal and
coarse particles into fine ones and help the mutumlism is not restored then the
in soil formation. The tangles of stilt coral slowly dies of starvation.
roots also trap the sediments. Importance of Coral reefs
•• Support a range of interconnected •• Apart from tropical rain forests, they
food webs, which directly sustain the are the other most productive natural
fisheries. Algae and detritus sustain ecosystems in the world.
shrimps and prawns, which provide a
food source for fishes and prawns.
•• They are repositories of immense
biological diversity.
•• The mangrove conservation programme
was launched in 1987 and so far 35
mangrove areas have been identified for •• They protect coastline from storms &
intensive convervation and management high waves by breaking the force of the
in our county. waves, thereby allowing mangroves and
•• A mangrove genetic resource center is sea grass to flourish.
established in the Pichavaram mangrove
•• They serve as nurseries for many fish
area, Chidambaram, India where the
endangered mangrove species are being species and provide resources for
conserved. fisheries.
•• Coral skeletons are being used as bone
Coral Reefs
substitutes in reconstructive bone
•• Coral is plant-animal super organism, surgery. The pores and channel in
an algae called zooxanthellae, grow certain corals resemble those found
inside the tissues of the animal polyp, in human bone. Bone tissue and blood
thus exhibits mutualism between vessels gradually spread into the coral
polyps & algae. graft. Eventually, bone replaces most of
•• Located generally between 30 degrees the coral implant.
North and 30 degrees South latitudes.
•• Found scattered in coastal zones Terrestrial Ecosystem
above contineantal shelves throughout Biomes
the tropical and subtropical western Biome can be defined as major ecological
Atlantic and Indo-pacific oceans. communities of flora and fauna, which
Major reef formations in India are restricted to the Gulf of Mannar, Palk bay, Gulf of Kutch, Andaman and Nicobar
Island and the Lakshadweep Islands.
GK-248
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
generally extend over a large part of the Population Dynamic
earth surface and usually characterized by It is the change in the number of individuals
a distinct type of vegetation. in a population or the vital rates of a
The main terrestrial biomes are: population over time. It is the key to
•• Tundra •• Examine the response of species to
•• Coniferous forests/Temperate evergreen ecosystem manipulation,
forests •• Analyze the endangered species
•• Temperate Broadlead deciduous forests •• Understand ecosystem dynamics and
•• Mediterranean Shrublands ecology
•• Grasslands Theories of Population Dynamics
•• Deserts •• Exponential population growth is
•• Tropical deciduous forests when the birth rate is constant over a
•• Tropical scurubs/Thornwoods period of time and isn’t limited by food or
•• Tropical rain forests disease. A species growing exponentially
•• F.E elements and V.E shelford (1939) would also affect other species directly
introduced the biome concept. due to competition for food and other
•• Ecotone: boundary between two biomes. resources. Exponential growth can be
•• Bailey (1976) developed the concept of affected by modern medicine, quality
and quantity of food and the overall
ecoregion.
standard of living for a species.
•• Ecoregions: Ecosystems based on a
continuous geographical or landscape (a) Exponential (unrestricted) growth
area across which the interactions
of climate, soil and topography are
sufficiently uniform to permit the
development of similar types of
The growth rate
Population size
(b) Logistic (restricted) growth The genetic diversity helps the population to
adapt changing environment. If a population
Carrying capacity of has more diversity it can adapt better to the
environment changed environmental conditions. The low
diversity leads to uniformity. The genetic
variability is therefore, considered to be the
The rate
Population size
The first national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was founded in 1872 and India's first national park established
in 1936 as Jim Corbett National Park.
GK-250
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
The Conservation of biodiversity can be National Parks
in situ (on site) or ex situ (off site)– They are reserved for the betterment of
In Situ Conservation wild life, both fauna and flora. In national
In such conservation the endangered parks private ownership is not allowed. The
species are protected in their natural grazing, cultivation, forestry etc. is also not
habitat with entire ecosystem. The permitted.
conservationists, on global basis, have Sanctuaries
identified certain Biodiversity Hot Spots.
In sanctuaries the protection is given to
The 3-biodiversity hot spots of India, that
fauna only. The activity like harvesting of
cover rich-biodiversity regions, are
timber, collection of forest products and
1. Western Ghat
private ownership rights are permitted so
2. Himalaya
long as they do not interfere with the well
3. Indo-Burma
being of the animals. The important wildlife
The in situ conservation in India, consists sanctuaries are Chilka wildlife sanctuary
of 15–Biosphere reserves, 90-National (Odisha), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
Parks, more than 450 sanctuaries and (Rajasthan),
several Sacred Groves or the tracts of forests.
The Sacred Groves
Biosphere Reserves
These are found in Khasi and Jaintia hills
They represent natural biomes which (Meghalaya), Aravalli hills (Rajasthan),
contain unique biological communities. Western ghats (Karnataka and Maharashtra)
They include land as well as coastal and Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya
environment. Pradesh.
(i) Core (natural) zone – It is inner most
zone Ex situ conservation
(ii) Buffer zone – In this zone limited In such type of conservation the threatened
human activity is allowed for research animals and plants are taken out of their
and education purposes. natural habitat and are protected in special
(iii)
Transition (manipulation) zone – parks or areas like, Zoological parks, Wild
It is the outermost zone of biosphere life safari parks and Botanical gardens,
reserve in which large number of etc. The ex situ conservation also includes
human activities are permitted, Cryopreservation.
Cryopreservation is the process of freezing biological material at extreme temperature, most common –196ºC in liquid (N2).
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-251
Biodiversified hotspots are geographic area that contain high levels of species diversity but are threatened with extinction.
GK-252
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
Bannerghatta Karnataka White Tiger, Royal Bengal Tiger, Bear, other animals
National Park
(Bannerghatta
Biological Park) (1974)
Betla National Park Jharkhand Tiger, Sloth Bear, Peacock, Elephant, Sambar deer,
(1986) mouse deer and other animals.
Bhitarkanika Odisha Mangroves, Saltwater crocodile, white crocodile,
National Park (1988) Indian python, black ibis, wild pigs, rhesus
monkeys, chital and other animals
Buxa Tiger Reserve West Bengal Tiger
(1992)
Dachigam National J&K Only area where Kashmir stag is found
Park (1981)
Dudhwa National U.P Swamp deer, sambar deer, barking deer, spotted
Park (1977) deer, hog deer, tiger, Indian rhinoceros,
Gir Forest National Gujarat Asiatic lion
Park (1965)
Great Himalayan Himachal UNESCO World Heritage Site
National Park (1984) Pradesh
Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu Green turtles and Olive Ridley turtles and whales.
Marine National Park
(1980)
Indravati National Chhattisgarh Wild Asian Buffalo, Tiger Reserve, Hill Mynas
Park (1981)
Jaldapara National West Bengal Indian one horned rhinoceros
Park (2012)
Jim Corbett National Uttarakhand Tiger
Park (1936)
Kanha National Park Madhya Swamp Deer, Tigers
(1955) Pradesh
Kaziranga National Assam Indian rhinoceros, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Park (1905)
Keibul Lamjao Manipur Only floating park in the world
National Park (1977)
Keoladeo National Rajasthan UNESCO World Heritage Site
Park (1981)
Manas National Park Assam UNESCO World Heritage Site
(1990)
Mandla Plant Fossils Madhya Plant Fossils National Park
National Park (1983) Pradesh
Marine National Park, Gujarat 70 species of sponges, Coral 52 species along with
Gulf of Kutch (1980) puffer fishes, sea horse and sting ray
Namdapha National Arunachal Snow Leopards, Clouded Leopards, Common
Park (1974) Pradesh Leopards and Tigers
Nanda Devi National Uttarakhand UNESCO World Heritage Site
Park (1982)
Neora Valley National West Bengal Clouded leopard, red panda and musk deer
Park (1986)
Nokrek National Park Meghalaya UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve
(1986)
Dobson unit is measurement for the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere above a point on the earth's surface 1 Dobson
unit equivalent to a layer of pure ozone 0.01 mm.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-253
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
India has 515 animal sanctuaries referred to as wildlife sanctuaries category IV protected
areas. Among these, the 48 tiger reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special
significance in the conservation of the tiger.
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN INDIA
Name of the Location Major Species
Sanctuary
Gir Wildlife Sasan Gir, Lion, Leopard, Chausinga, Chital, Hyena, Sambar,
Sanctuary Junagadh, Amreli Chinkara, Herpetofauna, Crocodiles and birds
Wild Ass Little Rann of Wild Ass, Chinkara, Blue bull, Houbara bustard,
Sanctuary Kachchh Wolf, Waterfowls, Herpetofauna
Hingolgadh Hingolgadh, Chinkara, Blue bull, Wolf, Hyena, Fox, Birds,
Sanctuary Rajkot Herpetofauna
Marine Sanctuary Gulf of Kachchh, Sponges, Corals, Jellyfish, Sea horse,
Jamnagar Octopus,Oyster, Pearloyster, Starfish, Lobster,
Dolphin, Dugong, waterfowls
Simlipal Sactuary Odisha Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Gaur, Cheetal
Kutch Desert Great Rann of Chinkara, Hyena, Fox, Flamingo, Pelicans &
Sanctuary Kachchh other waterfowls, Herpetofauna
Rampara Rampara, Rajkot Blue bull, Chinkara, Wolf, Fox, Jackal, Birds,
Sanctuary Herpetofauna
Ghana Bird Rajasthan Water Bird, Black-buck, Cheetal, Sambar
Sanctuary
Panchmarhi Madhya Pradesh Tiger, Panther, Sambhar, Nilgai, Baskeng, Deer
Dandeli Sanctuary Karnataka Tiger, Panther, Elephant, Cheetal, Sanbhar, Wild
Boar
Kutch Bustard Near Naliya, Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican, Houbara
Sanctuary Kachchh bustard, Chinkara, Blue bull, Herpetofauna
Biosphere Reserves has three zones – core, buffer and transition.
GK-254
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA AREA-WISE
Name State Key Fauna
Nilgiri Biosphere Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque
Reserve Kerala and
Karnataka
Nanda Devi Uttarakhand Himalayan musk deer, mainland serow,
National Park & Himalayan tahr
Biosphere Reserve
Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu Dugong or sea cow
Nokrek Meghalaya Red panda
Sundarbans West Bengal Royal Bengal tiger
Manas Assam Golden langur, red panda
Simlipal Odisha Gaur, Royal Bengal tiger, elephant
Dihang-Dibang Arunachal Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer
Pradesh
Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh Giant squirrel, flying squirrel
Biosphere Reserve
Achanakmar- Madhya Pradesh, Four horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), Indian
Amarkantak Chhattisgarh wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Saras crane (Grus antigone),
Biosphere Reserve Asian white-backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Sacred
grove bush frog (Philautus sanctisilvaticus)
Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat Indian wild ass
Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh Snow leopard
Khangchendzonga Sikkim Snow leopard, red panda
AgasthyamalI Kerala, Tamil Nilgiri tahr, elephants
Biosphere Reserve Nadu
Great Nicobar Andaman and Saltwater crocodile
Biosphere Reserve Nicobar Islands
Dibru-Saikhowa Assam Golden langur
Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh Yellow-throated bulbul
Panna Madhya Pradesh Tiger, chital, chinkara, sambhar and sloth bear
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Deforestation
It is the conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy
cover. This includes conversion of natural forest to tree plantations, agriculture, pasture, water
reservoirs and urban areas but excludes timber production areas managed to ensure the forest
regenerates after logging.
Material that get into the stratosphere can stay there for long time, such the case for the ozone-destroying chemicals
called CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbon).
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-255
Causes Impact
Subsistence • Physical and ecological processes, (e.g. disruption of hydrological re-
farming (48%) gimes and loss of watershed protection).
Commercial • Soil and water resources, (e.g. soil erosion, loss of nutrients and in-
agriculture crease in sediment loads in river systems)on local and global climate,
(32%) e.g. albedo changes, changes in surface energy budget, and alteration
Logging (14%) of biogeochemical cycles (such as the global carbon cycle) leading to
Fuel wood an increase in atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases, affecting the
removals (5%) climate and causing global temperature change, Diversity and abun-
dance of terrestrial species through destruction and fragmentation of
habitats and the “edge effects”, decreasing ecological complexity.
Desertification
The U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) defines it as “land degradation in arid,
semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations
and human activities.” This process is the result of a long-term failure to balance human
demand for ecosystem services and the amount the ecosystem can supply. The stress
mounts on dry land ecosystems for providing services related to basic human existence.
The situation worsens when combined with human factors (such as population pressure
and land use patterns) and climatic factors (such as droughts).
Causes Effects Measures
Overgrazing Soil becomes less Afforestation and planting of soil binding
usable grasses can check soil erosion, floods and
water logging
Farming of Average Land Vegetation is lacking Crop rotation and mixed cropping im-
or damaged prove the fertility.
Destruction of Plants in Causes Famine Artificial bunds or covering the area with
Dry Regions vegetation.
Incorrect Irrigation in Food Loss Salinity of the soil can be checked by
Arid Regions Causes a improved drainage
Build-up of Salt in the Soil
the Earth from the harmful U.V. radiations (f) Wastes from fertilizer plants such as
from the Sun. The U.V. radiations cause phosphates, nitrates ammonia, etc.
skin cancer, cataract of eye, and harm to (g) Clay: Ores, minerals, fine particles of soil.
vegetation. Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation
Depletion of ozone is caused by oxides of The oxidation of organic compounds
nitrogen. present in sewage in presence of good
N2 + hv → N + N amount of dissolved or free oxygen (approx.
reactive nitric oxide 8.5 ml/l) by aerobic bacterials is called
The presence of chlorofluorocarbons also aerobic oxidation. When dissolved or free
increase the decomposition of O3. oxygen is below a certain value the sewage
Control of air pollution
is called stale. Anaerobic bacterias bring
It can be controlled by
out putrefaction producing H2S, NH3, CH4,
1. Dissolving HCl, HF in water and, in
(NH4)2S, etc. This type of oxidation is called
alkaline solution.
anaerobic oxidation.
2. Adsorbing gas and liquid molecules
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
over activated charcoal and silica gel.
It is defined as the amount of free oxygen
3. Chemical reactions.
required for biological oxidation of the
4. Use of precipitators to settle charge
organic matter by aerobic conditions at
particles.
20°C for a period of five days. Its unit is mg/l
5. Use of settling chambers under the action
or ppm. An average sewage has BOD of 100
of gravity.
to 150 mg/l.
6. Use of natural gas in place of diesel,
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
petrol, etc.
It is a measure of all types of oxidisable
Water Pollution impurities present in the sewage. COD
The contamination of water by foreign values are higher than BOD values.
substances which would constitute a health Soil Pollution
hazard and make it harmful for all purposes
The addition of substances in an indefinite
(domestic, industrial or agriculture, etc.) is
proportion changing the productivity of the
known as water pollution. The polluted
soil is known as soil or land pollution.
water may have offensive odour, bad taste,
Sources of soil pollution
unpleasant colour, murky oily, etc.
(i) Agricultural pollutants: Chemicals
Sources of water pollution
like pesticides, fertilizers, bacteriacides,
(a) Domestic sewage: Discharges from
kitchens, baths, lavatories, etc. fumigants, insecticides, herbicides,
(b) Industrial waters: Wastes from fungicides.
manufacturing processes which (ii) Domestic refuge and industrial wastes.
includes acids, alkalines, pesticides, (iii) Radioactive wastes from research centres,
insecticides, metals like copper, zinc, and hospitals.
lead, mercury, fungicides, etc. (iv) Soil conditioners containing toxic metals
(c) Oil: From oil spills or washings of like Hg, Pb, As, Cd, etc.
automobiles. (v) Farm wastes from poultries, dairies and
(d) Atomic explosion and processing of piggery farms.
radioactive materials. (vi) Improper disposal of human and
(e) Suspended particles (organic or animal excreta.
inorganic) viruses, bacterias, algae, (vii) Pollutants present in air from chemical
protozoa, etc. works.
The Red list of 2012 was released on 19 July 2012 at Rio +20 Earth Summit, nearly 2000 species were added, with 4 species
to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list.
GK-260
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Greenhouse effect is the phenomenon of heating of atmosphere as a result of short wave
radiations transmitted inward through earth atmosphere owing to its absorption by
atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, and other gases. It’s a natural process
that keeps the temperature suitable for sustenance of life. But the matter of concern is
enhanced greenhouse effect which refers to intensification of the effect due to increase
in the toxic gaseous envelop of these gases and ultimately lead to the rise of temperature.
The process of rise in temperature is known as Global Warming.
Greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere absorbs and emits radiation within the
thermal infrared range. The primary green house gases in Earth’s atmosphere are water
vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
JAPAN : Has pledged a 26% reduction in emissions from 2013 levels by 2030,
with nuclear energy – offline since the 2011 Fukushima disaster – providing
VI 2.9%
20-22% of electricity by then. Renewable electricity production, including
hydro power, would be expanded to a 22-24% share, from 11% in 2014.
VII 2.1% BRAZIL : Will cut emissions by 37% by 2025 from 2005 and 43% by 2030.
IRAN : Iran has made an unconditional pledge to reduce its greenhouse gas
emissions in 2030 by four per cent compared with a “business as usual”
VIII 1.6% secnario. In addition, Tehran said it would reduce emissions by another
8% if it receives financial and technology support, and if what it describes
as : unjust sanctions where lifted.
INDONESIA : A 29% cut in emissions by 2030 compared with what the level
IX 1.6% would have been with our any action. With financial and other help, this could
be raised to 41%.
CANADA : Will seek to cut emissions by 30% from the 2005 levels by 2030.
X 1.5% Canada has done its bit by cutting carbon emission and putting a curb on
pollution in major cities in the country.
Source: TOI
India's Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas are amongst the 32 biodiversity hotspots on Earth.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-261
Carbon Budget
A carbon budget is the maximum amount of carbon that can be released into the atmosphere while
keeping a reasonable chance of staying below a given temperature rise. The concept of carbon budget
was first time adopted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2013 report. In
its most recent synthesis report, published in early 2014 states that the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) laid out estimates of how much CO2 we can emit and still keep global average
temperature rise to no more than 1.5C, 2C or 3C above pre-industrial levels.
The first four carbon budgets, leading to year 2027, have been set in law. The UK is currently in
the second carbon budget period (2013-17). Meeting the fourth carbon budget (2023-27) will
require that emissions be reduced by 50% on 1990 levels in 2025.
Carbon Sinks are increasing with time:
As Carbon dioxide is increasing day by day in the atmosphere the three major sink (atmosphere,
ocean and land) are absorbing more carbon. The carbon sink are increasing alarmingly due to
deforestation, fossil fuel emission and industrialization. Although we tend to focus on growing
atmospheric carbon concentrations, ocean acidification is also hugely worrying. As the world
continues to warm the future function of ocean and land sinks may come under strain.
Global Share of CO2
The largest producers of CO2 emissions worldwide in 2015, based on their share of global CO2
emissions. In recent years, there has been a tremendous surge in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels
in the atmosphere. These atmospheric carbon dioxide rises are believed to be the result of the
earth’s industrialization. China was the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide; the country accounted
for around 28.03 percent of global CO2 emissions that year. In 2014 five largest CO2 producers
includes United States of America, Brazil, Russia India and China out of which China is at the top
position in carbon dioxide emission. Today, there are a number of measures to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions. These measures include reforestation, the introduction of a price for carbon,
a reduction of livestock and a decreased use of fossil fuels in energy generation.
The existing Tiger Reserves represent around one-third of India's high density forest area.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-263
The United Nations Kyoto, Japan •• Gather and share information on greenhouse gas
Framework emissions, national policies and best practices
Convention on •• Launch national strategies for addressing
Climate Change greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to
(1994) expected impacts, including the provision of
financial and technological support to developing
countries
•• Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the
impacts of climate change
Global tiger forum New Delhi, •• Set up to embark on a worldwide campaign to
(1994) India save the wild tiger
United Nations •• Promotes a global response to desertification,
Convention to Combat land degradation and drought
Desertification (1994)
United Nations •• Implementation of agreements and foster a
Forum on Forests common understanding on sustainable forest
(2000) management;
•• To provide policy development and dialogue among
Governments and international organizations,
•• To enhance cooperation
•• To foster international cooperation and
•• To monitor, assess and report on progress of the
above functions and objectives
•• Tostrengthenpoliticalcommitmenttothemanagement,
conservation and sustainable development.
Stockholm Stockholm, •• It develops a risk management evaluation
Convention on Sweden •• Determines whether the substance fulfills POP
Persistent Organic screening.
Pollutants (2001) •• Manage and dispose of POPs wastes in an
environmentally sound manner
Rotterdam Rotterdam, •• Convention promotes open exchange of information
Convention Netherlands •• Calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use
(2004) proper labeling
•• Inform purchasers of any known restrictions or
bans
KYOTO Protocol the Kyoto Protocol have committed to cut
Kyoto Protocol was an agreement negotiated emissions of not only carbon dioxide, but of
by many countries in December 1997 and also other greenhouse gases, being:
came into force with Russia's ratification on Methane (CH4)
February 16, 2005. The reason for the lengthy Nitrous oxide (N2O)
timespan between the terms of agreement Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
being settled upon and the protocol being
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
engaged was due to terms of Kyoto requiring at If participant countries continue with
least 55 parties to ratify the agreement and for emissions above the targets, then they are
the total of those parties emission to be at least required to engage in emissions trading;
55% of global production of greenhouse gases. i.e. buying “credits” from other participant
The protocol was developed under the countries who are able to exceed their
United Nations Framework Convention on reduction targets in order to offset.
Climate Change. The goals of Kyoto were to see participants
UNFCCC collectively reducing emissions of greenhouse
Participating countries that have ratified gases by 5.2% below the emission levels of
(which is an important term that I'll clearly) 1990 by 2012.
Hemis National Park in Jammu and Kashmir is the largest national park in India.
GK-264
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
While the 5.2% figure is a collective one, This phenomenon, whether intended or
individual countries were assigned higher coincidental is a major hole in the Kyoto
or lower targets and some countries were Protocol.
permitted increases. For Example, the USA
was expected to reduce emissions by 7%.
About National Air Quality Index
India and China, which have ratified •• The national AQI is published for every
the Kyoto protocol, are not obligated to month by CPCB along with a numerical
reduce greenhouse gas production at the value and a colour code which helps in
moment as they are developing countries; comparing air pollution levels in cities.
i.e. they weren't seen as the main culprits •• It is determined on the basis of
for emissions during the period of concentration of 8 pollutants, including
industrialization thought to be the cause for Particulate Matter (PM 2.5, PM 10),
the global warming of today. sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide
This is a little odd given that China is about to (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) ozone
overtake the USA in emissions, but take into
(O3), ammonia (NH3) and lead (Pb).
account the major differences in population
•• The colour categories are classified into
and that much of the production in these
countries is fuelled by demand from the West 6 categories depending upon numerical
and influence from the West on their own value as Good (0-50), Satisfactory (51-
culture. As a result of this loophole, the West 100), Moderately polluted (101-200),
has effectively outsourced much of its carbon Poor (201-300), Very poor (301-400)
emissions to China and India. and Severe (401-500).
ANIMAL WELFARE
People for the Ethical Treatment of WWF’s giant panda logo originated from a
Animals (PETA) panda named Chi Chi. It has been designed
by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches
It is a non-profitable American animal rights
made by Gerald Watterson.
organization based in Norfolk, Virginia.
The main missions of WWF are as follows:
Led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international
•• conserving the world’s biological diversity
president, founded in 1980 with a slogan of •• ensuring that the use of renewable
“Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment natural resources is sustainable
on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any •• promoting the reduction of pollution
other way.” It focuses its attention on the
and wasteful consumption.
four areas in which the largest numbers of
At present WWF’s current strategy of
animals suffer the most intensely for the
achieving its mission which is related to
longest periods of time: on factory farms, in restoring populations of 36 species (species
the clothing trade, in laboratories, and in the or species groups that are important for
entertainment industry. their ecosystem or to people, including
World Wide Fund for Nature elephants, tunas, whales, dolphins and
porpoises), and ecological footprint in 6
The organisation was conceived in
areas (carbon emissions, cropland, grazing
Morges, Switzerland (29 April, 1961).
It is an international non-governmental land, fishing, forestry and water).
organization in nature. Works in the field Animal Welfare Board of India
related to biodiversity conservation, and Functions
the reduction of humanity’s footprint on •• To keep the law in force in India for
the environment. It is the world’s largest the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
conservation organization with the slogan under constant study and to advise
of “For a Living Planet.” The method of its the government on the amendments
working involves Lobbying Research and to be undertaken in any such law from
Consultancy. Basically it’s a charitable trust. time to time.
Rann of Kutch, also known as the Indian Wild Ass sanctuary is the largest wildlife sanctuary in India.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-265
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
•• The Water (Prevention and Control of •• The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Pollution) Act, 1974 •• The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981
•• The Water (Prevention and Control of •• The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Pollution) Rules, 1975 •• The Wildlife (Transactions and
•• The Water (Prevention and Control of Taxidermy) Rules, 1973
Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 •• The Wildlife (Stock Declaration) Central
•• The Water (Prevention and Control of Rules, 1973
Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 •• The Wildlife (Protection) Licensing
•• The Air (Prevention and Control of (Additional Matters for Consideration)
Rules, 1983
Pollution) Act, 1981
•• The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
•• The Air (Prevention and Control of
•• The Wildlife (Specified Plants - Conditions
Pollution) Rules, 1982 for Possession by Licensee) Rules, 1995
•• The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 •• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
•• The Environment (Protection) Rules, •• The Public Liability Insurance Rules,
1986 1991
•• Hazardous Wastes (Management and •• The National Environment Tribunal
Handling) Rules, 1989 Act, 1995
•• Manufacture, Storage and Import of •• The National Environment Appellate
Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 Authority Act, 1997
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Hazards are the situations which occur on loss of vegetation, loss of farmland, loss of
the earth surface and have the capability livestock and loss of life due to famine or
of impacting life, health, property and dehydration.
environment negatively. When they really
start impacting they turned into disasters. Floods
Major types of natural disasters are: These are the overflow of water from rivers
Drought and streams which submerge the connected
dry lands caused due to excessive
It is a period of unexpected rainfall deficit
precipitation driven by atmospheric factors.
which results in a shortage of water, which
develops slowly affecting an extensive They can be divided into two types, river
area. The associated impacts of drought flood and sea flood basing upon their place
are the lack of adequate drinking water, of occurrence.
Tiger census added 295 tigers and total estimated population reaches to 1706. In the latest census, Karnataka has surpassed
Madhya Pradesh for the number of tigers.
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT GK-267
'Chennai' the capital city of Tamil Nadu Super Typhoon Meranti has become
along with its surrounding areas had the strongest cyclone hurricane or
faced one of the most dangerous and typhoon, of 2016 and is one of three most
catastrophic flood situation during 1st powerful typhoons ever recorded.
and 2nd week of December 2015 as Cyclonic storm ‘Komen’ hit Bangladesh
a result heavy down pour which had coast on 30th July 2015, bringing
occurred from 28th Nov to 4th Dec heavy rainfall to Gangetic West Bengal
2015. and Odisha. The wind speed was
approximately 300km/h.
Tsunamis Landslide
These are the series of huge sea waves that It is a downward movement of rock and
strike a coast with the massive amount soil debris that becomes detached from the
of water in the coastal areas as a result of underlying slope. The material can move
by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading and
underwater seismic disturbances.
flowing.
Earthquakes
Twand district in Arunachal Pradesh
These are the vibration of the earth surface faced a landslides triggered by heavy
caused due to the convergence of two plates rains on April 24, 2016
under the earth crust giving rise to physical
damage such as demolition of buildings, Forest Fire
rupture in the roads etc. Human-made forest fires in the
Himalayan state of Uttarakhand have
Nepal earthquake killed over 9,000 been regular and a historic feature. In
people and injured more than 23,000 2016 Indian state of Uttarakhand caught
occurred on 25th April 2015 with forest fire in mainly pine forest in the
intensity of 7.8 on Richter Scale. slope of sub-Himalayan Region. The
forest department estimated that 3,500
Tornadoes hectares (8,600 acres) of forest had been
These are the localized gust of wind moving burnt. National Disaster Response Force
in a circular motion over the land surface. was deployed for rescue operations in
the Kumaon and Garhwal regions. MI-
Generally they form funnel like structure
17 helicopters were used to spray water
and commonly termed as thunder storm as to control forest fire. Reports were
well. published in local media which variously
blamed local people and timber mafia for
Numerous tornadoes scoured the the forest fires.
landscape across central Indiana and into
Northwest Ohio on August 24,2016 Managing a Disaster
•• Disaster management practices are
Hurricanes the policies, initiative or operational
These are the typical disturbance of the activities, that pertains to various
North Atlantic and East Pacific Oceans. stages of disasters at all levels.
In other ocean basins they are known •• These are applied management
as Typhoons, Tropical Cyclones, or practices with systematic observation
Cyclones. These are the low pressure zones and analysis of the types of disaster,
measures of improvement related
over the ocean surface which continues to
to prevention, emergency response,
intensify as long as they are moving on it. recovery and mitigation and finally
Once they hit the coast they start to weaken planning for and responding to
and result into heavy down pour with high disasters including both pre and post
velocity of wind. disaster activities.
In 2016, forest fire, have been noted in pine forest of Uttarakhand and according to forest department 3,500 hectares of
forest had been burnt.
GK-268
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
Integrated Disaster Management
Recovery
Preparedness Response
(Activities prior (Activities during (Activities following (Activities that reduce
to a disaster) a disaster) a disaster) effects of disasters)
•• Preparedness •• Public Warning •• Temporary •• Building codes &
plans system housing Zoning
•• Emergency •• Emergency •• Claims •• Vulnerability
exercises Operations processing analyses
•• Training, •• Search and •• Grants •• Public education
•• Warning Sytem rescue •• Medical care
ECONOMY
Micro-Macro
Public Finance Indian Economy
Economics
MICRO–MACRO ECONOMICS
Elasticity – I
(Price is determinant)
Demand Supply
Quantity Supply is
Price↑
OR
Price↓ Demanded Price↑ OR Price↓ unaffected
⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓
is same at when price
Demand↓ Demand↑ Supply ↑ Supply ↓
any price changes
Elasticity – II
(Demand/supply is determinant)
Demand Supply
Equillibrium Equilibrium
Price
Mumbai is the financial capital of India and headquarter of LIC, NSE, BSE.
GK-272
ECONOMY
Revenue
Revenue refers to the amount received by a firm or an individual from the sale of a given
quantity of a commodity in the market. It is directly influenced by sales level, i.e. as sales
increases, revenue also increases.
REVENUE
Cost
Cost is defined as the money expenditure incurred by the producer to purchase ( or hire)
factors of production & raw materials to produce goods & services.
TYPES OF COST
CONCEPTS
Depression Market
A period during which business, employment, Market is a place where forces of demand &
& stock-market values decline severely or supply operate, & where buyers and sellers
remain at a very low level of activity. interact to trade goods, services, or contracts
or instruments, for money or barter.
FEATURES OF MARKET STRUCTURE
S. Market Types of Numbers of Entry & exit Price determination
No. product sellers/firms
1. Perfect Homogeneous Many Freedom of entry Firms are price-takers
competition product & exit
2. Monopoly Unique One Barriers to entry Firm is price-makers
3. Oligopoly Differentiated Few Barriers to entry Firm are price-makers
products
4. Monopolistic Differentiated Many Freedom of entry Firms are price - makers
Competition products & exit
Degree of Inflation
PUBLIC FINANCE
Budget
Budget is an annual financial statement. The Budget in India is divided into 2 parts – Revenue
Account & Capital Account.
GK-276
ECONOMY
New Classification of Expenditure
ECONOMY GK-277
Important Terms
(1) Revenue– It is the income received by the government.
(2) Expenditure– It is the amount incurred by the government to meet day to day & regular
needs.
(3) Deficit– It means shortage. The gap between the Receipts & Expenditure is called
deficit. The important types of deficit are as follows:
(a) Budget Deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Receipts
(b) Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts
(c) Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Receipts except Borrowing & Other Liabilities.
(d) Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit – Interest Payment
Tax
The money which public have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services
is called tax.
(i) Types of Taxes
Income
Tax Wealth Minimum Excise Value added Goods & Services
Tax Alternate Tax Duties Tax (VAT) Tax (GST)
Corporate Commodities Custom Service
Tax Transaction Tax Duties Tax
(ii)
Broad Areas of Tax
India ranks second in world fish production, contributing about 5.4 per cent of global fish production.
GK-278
ECONOMY
Types of Taxes •• GST– It is a uniform tax on goods &
•• Direct Tax– The tax that people pay services throughout the country.
directly to the government is called METHODS OF TAXATION OF GOODS
direct tax.
Methods of
•• Indirect Tax– The tax burden when
Taxation on Goods
shifted to another person that tax is
called indirect tax.
•• Income Tax– Tax on the personal
income of the individuals. Ad– Valorem Specific Duty
•• Corporate Tax– Levied on Company’s
profit income. (1) Ad Valorem– If tax is levied as x of the
•• Wealth Tax– Imposed on the value of the goods regardless of number
accumulated wealth or property of of units produced/ sold/ imported, then
every individual. it is called ad valorem.
•• MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax) – Imposed Eg. Price of car Tax Amount
on zero tax companies (companies pay ` 2 lakh ` 20,000
very low tax by using the provisions of ` 4 lakh ` 40,000
exemptions, deductions, incentives, etc. (2) Specific Duty– If tax is levied at a flat
•• Excise Duties– Tax on production of rate per unit of goods produced/ sold/
commodities.
imported regardless of the value then it
•• Custom Duties– Tax on Import &
is called specific duties.
Export of commodities.
•• VAT (Value Added Tax) –Tax on sale of Eg. Car’s Price Tax
commodities. It is a state level tax. The ` 2 lakh ` 10,000
tax rate is imposed as x of value added. ` 4 lakh ` 10,000
0 to 2,50,000 Nil
2. For Senior Citizen (who is 60 years or more but less than 80 years)
Mutual Funds asset base of equity funds and Equity Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS) increased to `4.68 trillion (US$ 70.0
billion) at the end of September 2016.
ECONOMY GK-279
BANKING SYSTEM
Reserve Bank of India
[Central Bank and supreme monetary authority of the country]
INSURANCE
Insurance in the event of an incident involving
It is a form of risk management primarily a vehicle they own.
used to hedge against the risk of a (c) Health Insurance: Covers the
contingent, uncertain loss.
expenditures associated to
Insurance policy treatment & medical expenditures.
It is a financial contract between the insurer (d) Property Insurance: Provides
& the policy holder where the details of the protection from risks associated to
policy is mentioned including the benefits theft, fire, floods, etc.
& the premium that policy holder has to •• Insurance Industry in India
pay. The Indian Government passed
Premium an ordinance on January 19, 1956
whereby the life insurance sector
It is the periodic payment made on an
was nationalised & the Life Insurance
insurance policy. Insurance premiums are
Corporation of India (LIC) came into
collected in monthly or quarterly or half-
existence. The Indian Parliament
yearly or yearly mode.
passed the General Insurance Business
Major Types of Insurance: (Nationalisation) Act in 1972 & the
general insurance sector was brought
(a) Life Insurance: Descendent’s
under governmental control from
family receives financial benefits.
January 1, 1973.
(b) Automobile Insurance: Protects
policy holder against financial loss
Insurance Companies in India
IRDA
IRDA
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is an autonomous apex
statutory body which regulates and develops the insurance industry in India. It was constituted
by a Parliament of India act called Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act,
1999 and duly passed by the Government of India.
The agency operates from its headquarter at Hyderabad, Telangana, shifted from Delhi in 2001.
The key objectives of the IRDA include promotion of competition so as to enhance customer
satisfaction through increased consumer choice and lower premiums, while ensuring the
financial security of the insurance market.
India has the seventh largest foreign currency reserves in the world.
GK-282
Insurance Plans
Whole life plan Term Plan Endowment Money Back ULIP Personal Rural Industrial Commercial Motor
Taken for entire Nominee Provide lump Used as a form Unit linked Taken by For rural Availed by Coverage Compulsory
duration of receives sum once of investment Insurance individual based companies to for damage for vehicles. It
insured’s life. It a fixed the policy that produces plans are to cover business or get protection to work, covers theft,
is a pension plan. payment holder dies good financial one where against individuals, for important operations, damage and
once the to nominee returns energy the financial accidental provide projects, equipments, third party
policy or when the 4th/5th year worth of death, coverage construction, etc. accident.
holder dies policy matures in future a policy is injury, from life contracts &
during to policy for using dependent health. & health equipments.
policy holders. in various on present to natural
period. purposes. Net Asset disasters.
Value (NAV)
of the core
investment
assets related
to it in the
share market.
ECONOMY
ECONOMY GK-283
INDIAN ECONOMY
National Income GDP = Q × P,
National Income of a country is the total Q = Total quantity of final goods & services.
value of all final goods and services P = Price of final goods & services.
produced in the country in a particular
period of time usually, one year. The growth GNP
of National Income helps to know the Gross National Product (GNP) is the money
progress of the country. National Income is value of total output or production of final
a flow, not a stock. In India, National Income goods & services produced by the nationals
estimates are related with the financial of a country during a given period of time,
year, i.e. April 1 to March 31. generally a year. In this case, the income of
Measures/Concepts of National Income all the resident & non-resident citizens of
a country is included whereas the income
GDP
of foreign nationals who reside within the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the geographical boundary of the country is
total money value of all final goods & excluded.
services produced within the geographical
boundaries of the country (produced by GNP = GDP + (X – M)
resident citizens + foreign nationals) during X = Export of goods & services
a given period of time, generally one year. M = Import of goods & services
India is the largest producer of milk, i.e. 17% of global production.
ECONOMY GK-285
X – M = Net Factor Income from Abroad P.I. = National Income – Undistributed Profits
(NFIA) of Corporation – Payments for Social Security
So, GNP = GDP + NFIA Provisions – Corporate Taxes + Government
Transfer payments + Business Transfer
NNP
payments + Net Interest paid by government.
Net National Product (NNP) can be SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS = Payments
calculated in 2 ways:- made by employees towards pension &
(i) NNP at market price: provident fund
NNP = GNP – Depreciation TRANSFER PAYMENTS = Payments that
are not made against any productive
Depreciation means wear & tear of goods activity. eg. old age pension, unemployment
produced. compensation, disaster relief payment, etc.
NNP at market price includes Indirect taxes DISPOSAL PERSONAL INCOME (DPI):
and excludes subsidies. Income that is available to individuals that
(ii) NNP at factor cost: NNP at factor cost can be disposed at their will.
calculates National Income only on the
DPI = Personal Income – Direct Taxes.
basis of cost incurred to produce the goods
& services. This cost is the payment made to National Income at constant price &
the factors of production. current price
The average Indian is nearly 20 years younger than the average Japanese (26 against 45).
GK-286
ECONOMY
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL (c) Living standards: Gross National
REPORTS INDEX Income Per Capita
Human Development Index India has been classified in the Medium
The UNDP Human Development Report Human Development Category, placed
ranks countries on basis of measuring at 130 rank out of 187 countries (Human
human development by combining Development Report 2015).
indicators of the Health, Education The title of 2015 edition of, HDR is ‘work
& Income into a composite Human
for Human Development’. The top 3 nations
Development Index (HDI). The HDI
classifies the World into 4 broad segments : in 2015 HDI are Norway (1st),Australia
Very High → High → Medium and → Low (2nd) & Switzerland(3rd).The first Indian
Human Development Components of HDI. Human Development Report was formally
HDI includes released by the then Prime Minister Mr. Atal
(a) Health : Life Expectancy at Birth Bihari Vajpayee on April 23, 2002. Madhya
(b) Education : Mean years of schooling, Pradesh was the first state to release state-
Expected years of schooling level Human Development Report.
INDIA’S RANK IN IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL REPORTS/INDEX
Index / Report India's Rank
Gender Inequality Index 2015 130th (Out of 155 countries)
Global Hunger Index 2016 28.5 (Serious hunger situation)
Global Competitiveness Report 55th (Out of 140 economies)
2015-16
World Investment Report 2016 10th (in FDI inflows in the world)
Global Gender Gap 2015 108th (Out of 145 economies)
Ease of Doing Business Index 2017 130th (Out of 190 economies)
Global Innovation Index 2016 66th (Out of 128 countries)
Global Human Capital Index 2016 105th (Out of 130 countries)
According to latest data, Indian Railways is one of the largest rail networks in the world, giving employment to more than 1.4 million people.
ECONOMY GK-287
6th plan (1980 - 85) 5.2 5.5 Human Development in various aspects,
Beginning of Liberalization - Privatisa-
tion- Globalization
7th plan (1985 - 90) 5.0 5.6 Growth with Equity & Distributive
Justice
Annual Plan (1990 - 92) – 3.4 Equity with Social Justice
8th Plan (1992 - 97) 5.6 6.5 Towards more Inclusive Growth
9th Plan (1997 - 6.5 5.5 Faster more Inclusive & Sustainable Growth
2002)
10th Plan (2002 - 07) 7.9 7.7
11th Plan (2007 - 12) 9.0 8.0
12th Plan (2012 - 17) 8%
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the World.
GK-288
ECONOMY
28. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana 2. Under-employment
29. Agriculture Income Insurance Scheme The labourers are under-employed
30. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural who obtain work but their efficiency
Employment Guarantee Scheme and capability are not utilised at their
(MGNREGS) optimum and as a result they contribute
in the production upto a limited level.
II. Urban Poverty
3. Disguised Unemployment
Main Reasons for Urban Poverty If a person does not contribute anything
1. Migration of rural youth towards cities. in the production process or in other
2. Lack of vocational education /training. words, if he can be removed from the
3. Limited job opportunities of employment work without affecting the productivity
in the cities. adversely, he will be treated as
4. Rapid increase in population. disguisedly unemployed. The marginal
productivity of such unemployed
5. Lack of housing facilities.
person is zero.
6. No proper implementation of public
distribution system (PDS). 4. Open Unemployment
When the labourers live without any
Government Efforts for Eliminating work and they don’t find any work to
Urban Poverty do, they come under the category of
1. Emphasis on vocational education. open unemployment. Educated and
2. Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY). unskilled labourers unemployment are
included in open unemployment.
3. Self-Employment Programme for the
Urban Poor (SEPUP). NREGS (National Rural Employment
4. Financial assistance for constructing houses. Guarantee Scheme)
5. Self-Employment to the Educated Urban NREGS was started by the UPA
Youth (SEEUY) Programme. Government as a national programme to
6. Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (Also provide 100 days of employment to begin
implemented in rural areas). with through asset-creating public works
7. National Social Assistance Programme. every year at minimum wages to one-
8. Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) able bodied person in every poor class
Programme. household.
9. Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty The National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act came into force in 2006
Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP).
in India’s 200 most backward districts.
10. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana.
In 2007, it was extended to another 130
Unemployment districts. With effect from April 1,2008,
In broad sense a state of unemployment the Act is to cover all districts.
appears when a labour does not obtain The following are the major short-
employment opportunity despite his comings of NREGS:
willingness to work on existing wage rate. •• Lack of adequate professional staff
•• Lack of project planning
Different Types of Unemployment in
•• Bureaucratic resistance of NREGA
India on account of the widely held belief
1. Structural Unemployment that it is much more difficult to make
This type of unemployment is associated money under NREGS as compared
with economic structure of the country, i.e. with other employment programmes.
•• Lack of transparency and absence of
rapidly growing population, technological
social audit
change and their immobility fall in rate •• Inappropriate rates of payment.
of capital formation.
Brown field FDI is investment made by a foreign company’s existing production arrangements.
ECONOMY GK-289
National Rural Employment Feb. 2, To provide atleast 100 days wage employment in
Guarantee Scheme (MNREGA) 2006 rural areas.
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao 2014 Generating awareness and improving the efficiency
Yojana of delivery of welfare services meant for women.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan 2014 To link poors at grassroot level by providing bank
Yojana accounts.
Atal Mission for 2015 To upgrade urban infrastructure across 500 towns
Rejuvenation and Urban and cities.
Transformation (AMRUT)
Shyama Prasad Mukherji September To deliver integrated project based infrastructure
Rurban Mission 2015 in the rural areas.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 2001 Programme for achievement of universalization of
(SSA) elementary education in a time bound manner.
Make in India August To revive manufacturing sector.
2015
National Skill Mission July To develop skill and entrepreneurship.
2015
NABARD is the apex institution for providing credit facility to agricultural & rural areas.
ECONOMY GK-291
AGRICULTURE
Features of Indian Agriculture Sector
(1) Accounts for almost 27% of GDP incorporate financing of rural infrastructure
(2) Contributes 21% of total exports such as water, roads and power.
(3) Provides employment to around 65% of Evergreen Revolution
the total workforce
(4) Provides raw materials to several The pioneer of Indian green revolution Mr.
industries M.S. Swaminathan, presently chairman of
National Commission on farmers gave a
Green Revolution in India new call for ‘Evergreen Revolution’ for
doubling the present production level of
Since the mid-1960’s, the traditional
foodgrains from 210 million tonnes to 420
agricultural practices are gradually being
million tonnes. For making ‘Evergreen
replaced by modern technology & farm
Revolution’ a success, he stressed on
practices in India & veritable revolution
adopting organic farming. He also
is taking place in our country. American
mentioned four pre-requistes for getting
Scientist Dr. William Grande termed it as
the success:
Green Revolution. During the middle of
i. Promoting soil health.
60s, Indian agricultural scientists developed ii. Promoting Lab to Land exhibitions.
a number of new high yielding varieties of iii. Making rainwater harvesting compulsory.
wheat by processing wheat seeds imported iv Providing credit to farmers on suitable
from Mexico. These varieties were having conditions.
production potentialities of 60 – 65 quintals
per hectare. Agricultural Revolution in a nutshell
As a result Green Revolution ensured India’s Revolution Area
self-dependence in foodgrains. The credit for
it goes not only to Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman 1. Green Foodgrain production
Borlaug but also to Dr. M. S. Swaminathan. 2. White Milk
Second Green Revolution 3. Yellow Oil seeds
(Strategy Adopted in 11th Plan) 4. Blue Fisheries
The urgent need for taking agriculture to a 5. Red Meat and Tomato
higher trajectory of 4% annual growth can 6. Golden Fruits
be met only with improvement in the scale 7. Grey Fertilizers
as well as quality of agricultural reforms
undertaken by the various states and agencies 8. Black/ Brown Non-conventional &
at the various levels. These at efficient use of Energy Sources
resources and conservation of soil, water and 9. Silver Eggs
ecology on a sustainable basis, and in a holistic 10. Round Potato
framework. Such a holistic framework must
• Growing
Growth institutional credit
drivers • Increasing MSPs
• Hybrid and genetically
modified seeds • Introduction of
• Mechanisation new schemes
Supply-side Policy
• Irrigational facilities • Opening up of
drivers support
• Green Revolution in exports of wheat
Eastern India and rice
Policy Support
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Print Release, RBI Tech sci Research;
Note: GDP- Gross Domestic Product, cso-Central Statistical Organisation
INDUSTRIES
Types of Industries
Liberalisation
Liberalisation is a relaxation of Government restrictions, usually in areas of social, political
and economic policy. It is commonly known as free trade. It implies removal of restrictions
& barriers to free trade.
1. Privatization: Privatization can be partner and players in the global defined as the
transfer of ownership arena & control of public sector units to private individuals or
companies.
2. Globalization: It refers to a process whereby there are social, cultural, technological
exchanges across the border.
Public Enterprises
Autonomous Bodies
Departmental Statutory Government registered under
Undertakings Corporations Companies Societies
Registration Act
relies on imported LNG. The country was cubic meters, yet given the low production
the fifth-largest LNG importer in 2013, base, the country remains a net importer of
accounting for 5.5% of global imports. energy.
India’s LNG imports are forecasted to
increase at a CAGR of 33% during 2012–17. Real Estate Industry in India
India is the second largest employer of
Real estate after agriculture and is slated to
Wind
commercial.
Hydro Coal Bengaluru is expected to be the most
favoured property investment destination
for NRIs, followed by Ahmedabad, Pune,
lG &
Segments
Cotton & Jute & Silk & Wool & Hand- Technical Ready-
Cotton Jute Silk Woolen crafted Textiles made
Textiles Textiles Textiles Textiles Textiles garments
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in textile India’s internet economy is expected to touch
sector increased to US$ 1,587.8 million in `10 trillion (US$ 151.6 billion) by 2018,
FY15 from US$ 1,424.9 million in FY14. accounting for 5% of the country’s gross
The Ministry of Textiles is encouraging domestic product (GDP), according to a
investments through increasing focus on report by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG)
schemes such as Technology Up-gradation and Internet and Mobile Association of India
Fund Scheme (TUFS). (IAMAI). India’s internet user base reached
over 350 million by June 2015, the third largest
IT & ITeS Industry in India in the world, while the number of social media
India is the world’s largest sourcing users grew to 143 million by April 2015 and
destination for the information technology smartphones grew to 160 million.
(IT) industry, accounting for approximately Indian start-ups are expected to receive
67% of the US$ 124-130 billion market. funding worth US$ 5 billion by the end of
India’s IT industry amounts to 12.3% of the 2015, a 125% increase in a year, according to
global market, largely due to exports. Export a report by IT Industry association NASSCOM.
of IT services accounted for 56.12% of total The Government of India has launched
IT exports (including hardware) from India. the Digital India program to provide
The Business Process Management (BPM) several government services to the people
segment accounted for 23.46% of total IT using IT and to integrate the government
exports during FY15. departments and the people of India. The
The IT industry has also created significant adoption of key technologies across sectors
spurred by the ‘Digital India Initiative’ could
demand in the Indian education sector,
help boost India’s gross domestic product
especially for engineering and computer
(GDP) by US$ 550 billion to US$ 1 trillion by
science.
2025, as per research firm McKinsey.
The Indian Information Technology (IT)
SMAC, increasing at a CAGR of approximately
sector is expected to grow 11% per annum
30% to around US$ 650-700 billion by
and triple its current annual revenue to
2020. The social media is the second most
reach US$ 350 billion by FY 2025, as per
lucrative segment for IT firms, offering
National Association of Software and a US$ 250 billion market opportunity by
Services Companies (NASSCOM). 2020.
The IT industry is the biggest private sector employer in India.
ECONOMY GK-301
MSME is the largest job provider and contributes about 8% to the GDP of India.
GK-302
ECONOMY
caps, bringing more activities under automatic route and easing of conditionalities for foreign
investment. The amendments have made India the most open economy in the world for FDI.
MAJOR POLICIES/ACTS –
AT A GLANCE
POLICIES
The Rights of Transgender April 2015 The Bill guarantees reservation in education,
Persons Bill jobs, financial aid and social inclusion.
• The bill promises for creation of welfare
boards at the Centre and State level for the
community with two per cent reservation
in government jobs along with providing for
pensions and unemployment allowances; and
establishment of Transgender rights court.
Insurance Laws March The Amendment will hand over the
(Amendment) Bill 2015 responsibility of selecting insurance agents to
insurers and provides for IRDAI to standardize
their eligibility, qualifications and other
aspects. It allows agents to work for variety
of companies in various business categories;
upholding the conflict of interest that would
not be allowed by IRDAI via suitable rules.
• The amendments provide a comparatively
easier process for payment to the nominee
of the policy holder, as the insurer would
be discharged of its legal liabilities once the
payment is made to the nominee.
Land Acquisition 11th May, The Right to Fair Compensation and
Rehabilitation 2015 Transparency in Land Acquisition,
and Resettlement Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment)
(Amendment) Bill Bill, 2015 was introduced on 11th May, 2015.
• The Bill seeks to amend the principal Act
(LARR Act, 2013) passed in 2013.
• The bill empowers the government to excuse
five categories of projects including defence,
rural infrastructure, affordable housing,
industrial corridors and infrastructure
including PPPs, from the requirements of: (i)
social impact assessment, (ii) restrictions on
acquisition of multi-cropped land, and (iii)
consent for private projects and public private
partnerships (PPPs) projects.
• The bill eliminated the provisions from the
principal act which deemed the head of a
government department guilty for an offence
conducted by the department and added the
requirement of a prior sanction to take legal
action against a government employee.
• The government allowed this ordinance
on the land acquisition act to lapse on 31st
August 2015.
SAHAJ Scheme 2015 Under the SAHAJ scheme, people are required
to fill up forms online for a new LPG connection
and avoid visiting the LPG distributors. It
involves filing the KYC form by uploading bank
account details and photographs.
GK-308
MAJOR POLICIES/ACTS – AT A GLANCE
‘SAMANVAY’ portal 2015 ‘SAMANVAY’ web portal was launched by
the Union Ministry of Rural Development
to supervise the progress and execution of
the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) for
development of Gram Panchayats.
USTAAD Scheme 2015 The USTAAD scheme was launched in order to
improve the degrading condition of the world
renowned Banaras Saree weavers belonging to
various minority communities.
• The Scheme seeks to upgrade the Skills and
Training of the minority communities by
preservation of their customary ancestral Arts
and Crafts.
• It also focuses on improving upon the skills
of craftsmen, weavers and artisans who are
already engaged in the traditional ancestral
work.
Namami Gange Project May, 2015 Namami Gange Project was launched as an
intergrated effort by the Union Government
for the conservation and improvement of the
Ganga River.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan 9 May, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
Jyoti Bima Yojana 2015 (PMJJBY) was launched by the Union finance
minister Arun Jaitley with the aim to extend life
insurance cover to people both in the cases of
natural deaths or accidents.
Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao January Union Government launched one of its most
campaign 22nd, ambitious projects Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao
2015 (BBBP) on 22nd January 2015 whose prime
objective is to create awareness about the
diminishing child sex ratio in the country.
Sukanya Samridhi Yojana January Sukanya Samridhi Yojna was launched by Prime
22nd, Minister Narendra Modi on 22nd January 2015
2015 as a girl child prosperity scheme to ensure the
bright future of the girl child in India.
• Under the scheme, parents need to deposit `
1,000 at the time of her birth and thereafter
deposit multiples of ` 100 with the maximum
deposit of ` 1,50,000.
• The yojana permits the girl child to access
her account after she is 10 years old and
a withdrawal of 50% from the account is
permitted at the age of 18 years for higher
education purpose.
MAJOR POLICIES/ACTS – AT A GLANCE GK-309
Nai Manzil scheme August The scheme seeks to deal with educational
8th, 2015 and livelihood needs of minority communities
in general and Muslims in particular as it lags
behind other minority communities in terms of
educational attainments.
• The focus of the scheme is to provide
educational intervention by offering bridge
courses to the trainees, getting them
certificates for class XII and X through distance
educational system and facilitate them with
trade basis skill training in 4 courses namely
manufacturing, engineering, services and soft
skills.
Thari Pension, Thare Pass August, Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar
2015 launched the Thari Pension Thare Pass in
Chandigarh, seeking to directly transfer
pension into the bank accounts of beneficiaries.
• Over 10 lakh beneficiaries from 1,744 villages
and 81 towns in the state would get pensions
through banks and post offices under the first
phase of the scheme.
‘Aapki Beti Hamari Beti’ January Haryana government launched the ‘Aapki
Scheme 22nd, Beti Hamari Beti’ scheme aiming to combat
2015 the problem of declining child sex ratio and
promote girls’ education.
The scheme is to be implemented in both rural
and urban areas of the state covering first-born
girl child of Scheduled Caste (SC) and Below
Poverty Line (BPL) families.
Green Highways Policy 2015 • The aim of the policy is to promote greening
of Highway corridors with participation of the
community, farmers, private sector, NGOs, and
government institutions.
•
The target for the first year is to plant trees
along 6,000 km of highways, for which 12,000
hectares of land allotted.
‘Pradhan Mantri Kaushal 2015 • Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched
Vikas Yojana’ ‘Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana’, which
aims to offer 24 lakh Indian youth meaningful,
industry relevant, skill based training.
One Rank One Pension September To provide uniform pension to ex-servicemen
(OROP) 5, 2015 of the same rank and the same length of
service, regardless of their date of retirement.
Swadesh Darshan Yojana 2015 Develop world class tourism infrastructure.
GK-310
MAJOR POLICIES/ACTS – AT A GLANCE
National Heritage January Bringing together urban planning, economic
City Development and 21, 2015 growth and heritage conservation to preserve
Augmentation Yojana the heritage character of each Heritage City.
(HRIDAY)
Udaan Scheme November, Encouraging girls for higher technical
2014 education and aims to provide them with
better learning opportunities.
Gold Monetisation Scheme November, To reduce the reliance on gold imports.
2015
UJWAL Discom Assurance November, To reduce the interest burden, cost of power,
Yojana (UDAY) 20, 2015 power losses in distribution sector, and
improve operational efficiency of DISCOMs.
BUSINESS GK-311
BUSINESS
BUSINESS ENTITIES
or intellectual property & has no significant
Sole Proprietorship
accounting transaction, such a company
It is an unincorporated business with one or an inactive company may make an
owner who pays personal income tax on application to the registrar in such manner
profits from the business. as may be prescribed for obtaining the
Partnership status of a Dormant company.
A type of business organisation in which Family Owned Business
two or more individuals pool money, skills,
& other resources, & share profit & loss in It is a kind of business in which two or more
accordance with terms of the partnership family members are involved & the majority
agreement. of ownership or control lies within the family.
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Private Limited Company
It is a partnership in which some or all A type of company that offers limited liability,
partners have limited liabilities. or legal protection for its shareholders but
Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) places certain restrictions on its ownership.
It is an extended family arrangement Small Company
prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent It is a company that satisfies either of the
consisting of many generations living in the
following conditions:
same household, all bound by the common
(i) Paid-up share capital which does not
relationship. A HUF is a legal term related
to the Hindu Marriage Act. The female exceed 50 lakh rupees or such higher
members are also given the right of share to amount as may be prescribed which shall
the property in the HUF. not be more than 5 crore rupees.
OR
Cooperative
(ii) Turnover of which as per its last profit
It is a firm owned, controlled, & operated by
& loss account does not exceed 2 crore
a group of users for their own benefit. Each
member contributes equity capital & shares rupees or such higher amount as may be
in the control of the firm on the basis of one- prescribed which shall not be more than
member, one-vote principle. 20 crore rupees.
Dormant Company Public Limited Company
The Companies Act 2013 (section 455) A company whose securities are traded on
introduces a concept of a dormant company a stock exchange & can be bought & sold by
within its ambit. The Dormant Company is anyone. Its formation, working & its winding
a company formed & registered under this up, in fact, all its activities are strictly
act for a future project or to hold an asset governed by laws, rules & regulations.
Goldmansach was founded in 1869 and became a public company in 1999.
GK-312
BUSINESS
Public Sector Unit (PSU) Unlimited Company
The government owned corporations are It is a company in which all members
termed as public sector undertakings or shareholders have total & joint
(PSUs) in India. In a PSU, majority (51% or responsibility to cover all debts & other
more) of the paid up share capital is held liabilities the company generates, regardless
by Central Government or by any state of how much capital each contributes.
government & partly by one or more state Incorporated Company
governments.
A company that has been granted a charter
One Person Company legally recognizing it as a separate entity
It is a registered company who has only one having its own privileges, rights, & liabilities
shareholder. It is a private company. distinct from other business & persons.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The framework of rules & practices by which distribution of responsibilities, rights &
a Board of Directors ensures accountability, rewards.
fairness, & transparency in a company’s 2. procedures for reconciling the sometimes
relationship with its all stakeholders conflicting interests of stakeholders in
(financiers, customers, management, accordance with their duties, privileges
employees, government, & the community). & roles.
The corporate governance framework 3. procedures for proper supervision, control
consists of : & information-flows to serve as a system
1. explicit & implicit contracts between of checks & balances.
the company & the stakeholders for
Forward dealing & Prohibits forward dealing in secu- Removes the provisions related
Insider trading rities by the Director or Key mana- to prohibition of forward deal-
gerial personnel. Prohibits insides ing and insider trading.
trading by all persons in a company.
Memorandum of a Requires to state the objects for Memorandum may contain gen-
Company which the company is being incor- eral objects which state that the
porated, and other related matters. company may engage in any
lawful activities or businesses.
Edmund Jerome McCarthy propounded the theory of 4 P’s of marketing.
BUSINESS GK-313
PENSION SYSTEM
Pension Plans provide financial security & stability during old age when people don’t have
a regular source of income. To provide social security to more citizens the Government
of India has started the National Pension System. Government of India established
Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority (PFRDA) on 10th October 2013 to
develop & regulate pension sector in the country. The National Pension System (NPS)
was launched in 1st January, 2004 with the objective of providing retirement income to
all the citizens. With effect from 1st May 2009, NPS has been provided for all citizens of
the country including the unorganised sector workers on voluntary basis. Additionally,
Central Government launched a co-contributory pension scheme, ‘Swavalamban
Scheme’ in the Union Budget of 2010-11, under which the Government will contribute
a sum of ` 1,000 to each eligible NPS subscriber who contributes a minimum of
` 1,000 & maximum ` 12,000 per annum.
The NPS is structured in 2 tiers. A Tier-1 account is a basic retirement pension account
available to all citizens from 1 May 2009. It doesnot permit withdrawal of funds before
retirement. A Tier-2 account is a prospective payment system account that permits
some withdrawal of pension prior to retirement under exceptional circumstances,
usually related to the provision of health care.
The 4 P’s of the marketing theory are Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
GK-314
BUSINESS
MCA regulates corporate affairs in India Act. These offices function as registry
through the Companies ACT, 1956, 2013 of records relating to the companies
and other allied Acts, Bills and Rules. MCA registered with them, which are available
also protects investors and offers many for inspection by members of public on
important services to stakeholders. payment of the prescribed fee. The Central
The Ministry is also responsible for Government exercises administrative
administering the Competition Act, 2002 control over these offices through the
to prevent practices having adverse respective Regional Directors.
effect on competition, to promote and
Income Tax Department
sustain competition in markets, to protect
The Income Tax Department, also referred
the interests of consumers through the
to as IT Department, is a government
commission set up under the Act.
agency in charge of monitoring the income
Besides, it exercises supervision over
tax collection by the Government of India. It
the three professional bodies, namely,
functions under the Department of Revenue
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
of the Ministry of Finance. It is responsible
(ICAI) which are constituted under three
for administering following direct taxation
separate Acts of the Parliament for proper
acts passed by Parliament of India.
and orderly growth of the professions
•• Income Tax Act
concerned
•• Wealth Tax Act
Registrar of Companies •• Gift Tax Act
Registrars of Companies (ROC) appointed •• Expenditure Tax Act
under Section 609 of the Companies •• Interest Tax Act
Act covering the variuous States and •• Various Finance Acts (Passed Every
Union Territories are vested with the Year in Budget Session)
primary duty of registering companies The IT Department is also responsible for
and LLPs floated in the respective states enforcing the Double Taxation Avoidance
and the Union Territories and ensuring Agreements and deals with various aspects
that such companies and LLPs comply of international taxation such as Transfer
with statutory requirements under the Pricing.
BALANCE SHEET
A financial statement that summarizes company owns and owes, as well as the
a company’s assets, liabilities and amount invested by shareholders.
shareholders’ equity at a specific point in The balance sheet adheres to the following
time. These three balance sheet segments formula:
give investors an idea as to what the Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity
Production function is the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a commodity.
BUSINESS GK-315
Assets Liabilities
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Cash XXXXXX Account Payable XXXXXX
Short-term investment XXXXX Salaries Payable XXXXX
Accounts Receivables XXXXX Accrued Interest XXXXX
Inventories XXXXXXX Taxes payable XXXX
Prepaid Insurance XXXXXX XXXXXX Current Portion of Notes XXXXXX XXXXXXXX
Others XXXXXX
Fixed Assets
Land XXXXXX
Building and Equipment XXXXXX Total Liabilities XXXXXXXX
Less Accumulated Depreciation (XXXXX) XXXXXX XXXXXX
Stock Holder’s Equity
Intangible Assets Capital Stock XXXXXXX
Good Will XXXXXX Retained Earnings XXXXXX
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Debt Venture Funding
A duty or obligation to pay money delivery It is the capital invested, or available for
goods or render service under an express or investment, in an enterprise that offers the
implied agreement. probability of profit along with the possibility
Debentures of loss. This sort of funding is done, generally,
It is a medium- to long-term debt instrument after a company has a proof of concept and
used by large companies to borrow money, has crossed early stages of business.
at a fixed rate of interest. IPO
Shareholder’s Equity Initial public offering or IPO is the first sale
It represents the amount by which a of a company’s shares to the public, leading
company is financed through common and to a stock market listing. A lot of venture
preferred shares. funds adopts this route to exit a company in
Seed Funding which they have invested.
It is a type of securities contribution in which Shares
an investor invests capital in exchange for A unit of ownership that represents an equal
an equity stake in the company. This sort proportion of a company’s capital. It entitles
of funding is done in the initial stages of a its holder( the shareholder) to an equal
business.
Relationship marketing is a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaign conducted in 1960.
GK-316
BUSINESS
claim on the company’s profits & an equal sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses
obligation for the company’s debts & losses. whose personnel numbers fall below
There are 2 major types of shares- certain limits. Indian Small and Medium
Enterprises (SME) sector has emerged as
•• Ordinary shares: Entitles the shareholder
a highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the
to share in the earnings of the company &
Indian economy over the last five decades.
to vote at the company’s annual general
SMEs not only play crucial role in providing
meetings & other official meetings.
large employment opportunities at
•• Preference shares: Entitles the shareholder
comparatively lower capital cost than large
to a fixed periodic income but generally do
industries but also help in industrialization
not give him/her voting rights.
of rural areas. SMEs are complementary to
Loans: A loan is a debt provided by an
large industries as ancillary units and this
entity (organisation of individual) to
sector contributes enormously to the socio-
another entity at an interest rate.
economic development of the country.
Performance of a company The sector consisting of 36 million units,
as of today, provides employment to over
Debt/Equity Ratio
80 million persons. The Sector through
It is a debt ratio used to calculate company’s more than 6,000 products contributes
financial leverage. It is calculated by about 8% to GDP besides 45% to the total
dividing a company’s total liabilities by its
manufacturing output and 40% to the
stockholder’s equity. It shows how much
exports from the country. The SME sector
debt a corporation is using to fund its assets
has the potential to spread industrial
relative to the amount of value represented
in shareholder’s equity. growth across the country and can be a
major partner in the process of inclusive
P/E Ratio
growth.
The price-to earnings ratio is an equity SMEs also play a significant role in Nation
valuation multiple. It is defined as market development through high contribution to
price per share divided by annual earnings
Domestic Production, Significant Export
per share, (EPS = total income of company
Earning, Low Investment Requirements,
divided by number of shares issued)
Operational Flexibility, Location Wise
Turnover Ratio Mobility, Low Intensive Imports, Capacities to
The turnover ratio measures how well a Develop Appropriate Indigenous Technology,
company is utilizing its capital to support Import Substitution, Contribution towards
a given Level of Sales. A high turnover Defence Production, Technology – Oriented
ratio indicates that management is being Industries, Competitiveness in Domestic
extremely efficient is using a firm’s short
and Export Markets thereby generating new
term assets & liabilities to support sales.
entrepreneurs by providing knowledge and
Conversely, a low ratio indicates that a
business is investing in too many accounts training.
receivable & inventory assets to support E–Commerce in India
its sales, which could eventually lead to an
excessive amount of bad debts & obsolete E-commerce or electronic commerce
inventory. deals with the buying & selling of goods
& services, or the transmitting of funds or
Small and Medium-Sized data, over an electronic platform, mainly
Enterprises the internet. These business transactions
Small and medium-sized enterprises are categorised into–
(SMEs); sometimes also small and medium •• Business to Business (B2B)
enterprises) or small and medium- •• Business to Consumers (B2C)
First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) was based on the “Harold-Domar Model”.
BUSINESS GK-317
•• Consumer to Consumer (C2C) widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of
•• Consumer to Business(C2B) private organization that is independent from
Business to Business to Consumer government control can be termed an “NGO”,
E–commerce processes are conducted provided it is not-for-profit, non-prevention,
using applications, such as Email, fax, and not simply an opposition political party.
online catalogues & shopping carts, Examples include improving the state of
electronic data interchange, file transfer the natural environment, encouraging the
protocol & web services & e–newsletters to observance of human rights, improving the
subscribers. E–Travel is the most popular welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing
form of E–commerce, followed by e–Tail which a corporate agenda. However, there are a
essentially means selling of retail goods on huge number of such organizations and their
the internet conducted by the B2C category. goals cover a broad range of political and
Mobile Commerce (M – Commerce) philosophical positions. This can also easily
M–Commerce is the buying & selling of goods be applied to private schools and athletic
& services through wireless handheld services organizations.
such as cellular telephone & personal digital
assistants. The phrase mobile commerce was FICCI (Federation of Indian Chamber
originally coined in 1997 by Kevin Duffey at of Commerce & Industry)
the launch of the Global Mobile Commerce Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest
Forum. Mobile Commerce transaction and oldest apex business organisation in
continues to grow, & the term includes online India. A non-government, not-for-profit
banking, bill payment & so on. organisation, FICCI is the voice of India’s
business and industry. From influencing
MNC
policy to encouraging debate, engaging
A corporation that has its facilities and with policy makers and civil society, FICCI
other assets in at least one country other articulates the views and concerns of
than its home country. Such companies industry.
have offices and/or factories in different
countries and usually have a centralized Agmark
head office where they co-ordinate global It is a certification mark employed on
management. It can also be referred as an agricultural products in India, assuring that
international corporation, a “transnational they confirm to a set of standards approved
corporation”, or a stateless corporation. by the Directorate of Marketing & Inspection,
NGO an agency of the Government of India.
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is ISI Mark
an organization that is neither a part of a
ISI (Indian Standards Institute) mark is
government nor a conventional for-profit
a certification mark for industrial products
business.
in India. The mark certifies that a product
The term “non-governmental organization”
confirms to the Indian Standard, mentioned
was first coined in 1945, when the United
as IS: xxxx on top of the mark, developed
Nations (UN) was created. The UN, itself an
by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
inter-governmental organization, made it
The ISI mark is mandatory for certifying
possible for certain approved specialized
products to be sold in India, like many of the
international non-state agencies, i.e. non-
electrical appliances, kitchen appliances,
governmental organizations to be awarded
observer status at its assemblies and some of other products like LPG valves, LPG
its meetings. Later the term became used more cylinders, automotive tyres, etc.
Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961) was based on the P.C. Mahalanobis Model.
GK-318
BUSINESS
Important Business Terms
Term Meaning
Ahead of the Curve To be more advanced than the competition
Backroom Deal An agreement or decision that is made without the public knowing
about it.
Go broke To go bankrupt or to loose all the money a person or business had.
In the black If a company is “in the black”, it means that they are making a profit
In the red If a company is “in the red” it means that they are not profitable & are
operating at a loss.
Lose – Lose When someone has to choose between various options & all the
situation options are bad.
Pink Slip If someone gets the “pink slip”, it means they have fired.
Snail Mail Letter or messages that are not sent by email, but by regular post.
Blue Collar Worker Someone who works with his/her hands (manufacturing
construction, maintenance, etc.).
White Collar Worker Someone who works in an office (customer service, management,
sales, etc.)
Win – Win situation A situation where everyone involved gains something.
Corner a market To dominate a particular market.
Downsizing A planned reduction in the number of employees needed in a firm in
order to reduce costs & make the business more efficient.
Venture Capital Money that is invested in new or emerging companies that are
perceived as having great profit potential.
Opportunity Cost Cost in terms of foregone alternatives.
Logistics Process of strategically managing the efficient flow & storage of raw
materials, in-process inventory, & finished goods from point of origin
to point of consumption.
Equity Difference between market value of a property & claims held against
it.
Merger Combination of two or more companies into a single firm.
Acquisition Taking over the control of one company by another.
Hedging A Risk management strategy used in limiting or offsetting probability
of loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies, or
securities.
Intellectual Property Knowledge, creative ideas, or expressions of human mind that
have commercial value & are protectable under copyright, patent,
servicemark, trademark, or trade secret laws from imitation
infringement, & dilution.
Swap Exchange of one type of asset, cash flow, investment, liability, or
payment for another.
Bankrupt When individual/company cannot pay their debts & are not able to
reach an agreement with their creditors.
Liquidity How quickly assets can be converted into cash.
Abid Hussain committee was formed for the development of capital markets.
BUSINESS GK-319
BUSINESS CONCEPTS
Agent and finances as they move in a process from
A business entity that negotiates, purchases, supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler
and/or sells, but does not take title to the to retailer to consumer. Supply chain
goods. management involves coordinating and
integrating these flows both within and
Doing Business As (DBA)
among companies.
DBA stands for “Doing Business As,” which
is a company name, also commonly called Memorandum of Association (MoA)
a “Fictitious business name.” When a sole MoA is a legal document prepared in
proprietor operates a company using any the formation & registration process of
name except his or her own given name, a limited liability company to define its
then the DBA or ficticious business name relationship with shareholders.
registration establishes the legal ownership to Articles of Association
satisfy banks, local authorities, and customers. It is a document of a company which defines
Ideas vs Opportunities the responsibilities of the directors, the kind
Ideas are the basis of potential business of business to be undertaken, & the means by
opportunities. Good ideas do not necessarily which the shareholders exert control over the
represent good opportunities. board of directors.
Initial Public Offering (IPO) Start–ups
A corporation’s initial efforts of raising A start-up company is an entrepreneurial
capital through the sale of securities on the venture or a new business in the form of
public stock market. a company, a partnership or temporary
organization designed to search for a
Inventory
repeatable and scalable business model.
Goods in stock, either finished goods or These companies, generally newly created,
materials to be used to manufacture goods. are innovative in a process of development,
Outsourcing validation and research for target markets.
Purchasing an item or a service from an Boot Strap
outside vendor to replace performance A situation in which an entrepreneur starts
of the task with an organization’s internal a company with little capital. An individual
operations. is said to be boot strapping when he or
SWOT Analysis she attempts to lay foundation and build a
A formal framework of identifying and company from personal finances or from
framing organizational growth opportunities. the operating revenues of the new company.
SWOT is an acronym for an organization’s Employees’ State Insurance (ESI)
internal Strengths and Weaknesses and ESI is a self-financing social security
external Opportunities and Threats.
& health insurance scheme for Indian
CRM workers. The ESI is managed by the ESI
CRM stands for Customer Relationship Corporation (ESIC) according to rules and
Management. At its simplest, a CRM system regulations stipulated there in the ESI Act
allows businesses to manage business 1948, which oversees the provision of
relationships and the data and information medical and cash benefits to the employees
associated with them. and their family through its large network
Supply Chain Management (SCM) of branch offices, dispensaries and
It is the oversight of materials, information, hospitals throughout India.
Surcharge is applied in the following the number and class of shares held by them.
cases: Start-ups and other high-growth companies
•• If the company has a total income less such as those in the technology or
than ` 1 crore, then it does not have to biotechnology sectors rarely offer dividends
pay any income tax. because all of their profits are reinvested to
•• If the net income of the company for help sustain higher-than-average growth and
that year is in the range of ` 10 crore
expansion. Larger, established companies
then 5% surcharge is applied on its net
tend to issue regular dividends as they seek
income.
•• If the net income of the company for to maximize shareholder wealth in ways aside
that year exceeds ` 10 crore then 10% from supernormal growth.
surcharge is applied on its net income Issued Capital
education cess
The share capital that has been issued to the
Profitability of Company shareholders. This is part of a company’s
Profitability is the ability of a business to authorised capital.
earn a profit. A profit is what is left of the
revenue a business generates after it pays all Paid up Capital
expenses directly related to the generation The amount of a company’s capital that has
of the revenue, such as producing a product, been funded by shareholders. Paid-up capital
and other expenses related to the conduct can be less than a company’s total capital
of the business activities. because a company may not issue all of the
Dividend shares that it has been authorized to sell. Paid-
A share of the after-tax profit of a company, up capital can also reflect how a company
distributed to its shareholders according to depends on equity financing.
The idea of credit card was first developed by a Bavrarian Farmer, Franz Nesbitum McNanaera, an American businessman.
STARTUP INDIA
GK-322
Meaning & Objective Startup India Action Plan Economic Survey 2015-16 Banks' Dedicated Branch for Startups
Definition To build
strong eco- unusual dynamism in startup sector Focus Imp Data
An entity,
system for
incorporated Financial India is 3rd largest
or registered in nurturing Launched Focused Coverage base of technology
e-commerce
India for not more innovation by PM on Areas startups in world.
than 5 years. & startups. 16/1/2016 19,400 technology-
Wide array Cities
Drive sustainable of sectors From tier enabled startups.
Annual turnover
economic growth. 1, 2 to tier India is home ground
not exceeding healthcare
3 cities for 8 startups in unicorn
INR 25 crore Generate large education
scale employment club with valuations
in any preceding manufacturing including
opportunities. semi-urban greater than $1 billion
financial year. technology
agriculture & rural Startups grown by 40%,
Working towards Promoting others areas. creating 80,000-85,000
innovation development, entrepreneurship jobs in 2015.
deployment or among SCs/STs Indian startups have raised
commercialization & women $3.5 billion in funding in
of new or improved candidates. first half of 2015.
products, processes No. of active investors in
services. Simplification Funding Industry India increased from 220
Driven by technology or & Hand holding support & Academia in 2014 to 490 in 2015.
Incentives Partnership 19-Point Action Plan
intellectual property.
Grand Challange
GK-324
BUSINESS
MAJOR ACQUISITIONS IN 2016
Company Company that is Acquired
1. Mindtree Magnet 360.
2. Tech Mahindra Ltd. BIO Agency Ltd.
3. Dabur Discaria.
4. Myntra Jabong
5. Quikr Common Floor.
6. Titan Industries Carat Lane.
7. Yatra Mgaadi.
8. Road Runnr Tiny Qwl
9. Shop clues Momoe.
10. Russia’s Rosneft Oil Company India’s Essar Oil
11. Sony Pictures Networks Sports Channels of Zee Entertainment.
12. IDFC Bank Grama Vidiyal Micro Finance Ltd.
13. Google Moodstocks.
14. Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Forever 21.
15. Future Group Fab Furnish.
16. Flipkart Phone Pe International Pvt. Ltd.
17. Bharti Airtel Ltd. Videocon Telecommunication Ltd’s Spectrum.
Reliance Communications and Marxis Communications Berhad, promoters of Aircel,
merged their wireless businesses to form the 4th largest telecom operator in the country.
Dear Money is a money which is very expensive to borrow because of high real interest rates.
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN INDIA GK-325
FOREIGN TRADE
AND INVESTMENT
IN INDIA
Trends
Gold Problems
Special Drawing
Protectionist
Right (SDR)
Policies
Foreign Currency
Assets (FCA) External Debt
Reserve Tranche Export Promotion
Position (RTP)
Exchange Rate
Trade Policy
Special Economic
History India's Export India's Import
Zone (SEZ)
Profile Profile
Foreign Direct
Investment
Introduction Structure of Balance
of Payments
Current Account
Capital Account
Reserve Account Balance
INTRODUCTION
• Foreign trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories, which involves the activities of the government and individuals.
• In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
Foreign trade in India, includes all imports and exports to and from India. At the level
of Central Government it is administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries.
GK-326
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN INDIA
India’s BoP was thus beset with several particularly those which were used as
problems. The process of liberalization inputs for export production. But by then
began from the mid 1980s. Restriction the situation was already bad and all the
on certain imports were removed, mismanagement ultimately led to the
1990-91 BoP crisis.
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2015-20
Aiming to nearly double India’s exports of • Agricultural and village industry
goods and services to $900 billion by 2020, products to be supported across the
the government has announced several globe at rates of 3% and 5% under MEIS.
incentives in the five-year Foreign Trade • Higher level of support to be provided to
Policy for exporters and units in the Special processed and packaged agricultural and
Economic Zones (SEZ). Unveiling the food items under MEIS.
first trade policy of the NDA government, • Industrial products to be supported in
Commerce Minister Nirmala Sitharaman major markets at rates ranging from 2%
said the FTP (2015-20) will introduce to 3%.
Merchandise Exports from India Scheme • Served from India Scheme (SFIS) will be
(MEIS) and Services Exports from India replaced with Service Export from India
Scheme (SEIS) to boost outward shipments. Scheme (SEIS).
The new policy aims at boosting India’s • Branding campaigns planned to promote
exports and it is believed that PM Narendra exports in sectors where India has
Modi’s pet projects, ‘Make in India’ and traditional strength.
‘Digital India’ will be integrated with the • SEIS shall apply to ‘Service Providers
new Foreign Trade Policy. located in India’ instead of ‘Indian
Trade Policy (2015-20) Key Features Service Providers’.
• The criteria for export performance
• India to be made a significant participant
for recognition of status holder have
in world trade by 2020.
been changed from Rupees to US dollar
• Merchandize exports from India (MEIS)
earnings.
to promote specific services for specific
• Manufacturers who are also status
Markets Foreign Trade Policy. holders will be enabled to self-certify
• FTP would reduce export obligations their manufactured goods as originating
by 25% and give boost to domestic from India.
manufacturing. • Reduced Export Obligation (EO) to
• FTP 2015-20 introduces two new schemes, (75%) for domestic procurement under
namely “Merchandise Exports from EPCG scheme.
India Scheme (MEIS)” and “Services • Online procedure to upload digitally signed
Exports from India Scheme (SEIS)”. The document by Chartered Accountant/
‘Services Exports from India Scheme’ (SEIS) Company Secretary/Cost Accountant to be
is for increasing exports of notified services. developed.
These schemes (MEIS and SEIS) replace • Inter-ministerial consultations to be held
multiple schemes earlier in place, each with online for issue of various licences.
different conditions for eligibility and usage. • No need to repeatedly submit physical
copies of documents available on
Incentives (MEIS and SEIS) to be available
Exporter Importer Profile.
for SEZs also e-Commerce of handicrafts,
• Export obligation period for export
handlooms, books, etc. eligible for benefits of items related to defence, military store,
MEIS. FTP benefits from both MEIS and SEIS aerospace and nuclear energy to be 24
will be extended to units located in SEZs. months instead of 18 months.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows have increased 29 per cent during April 2015 – March 2016 to reach US$ 40 billion.
GK-332
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN INDIA
• Calicut Airport, Kerala and Arakonam as Towns of Export Excellence.
ICDS, Tamil Nadu notified as • Certificate from independent chartered
registered ports for import and export; engineer for redemption of EPCG
Vishakhapatnam and Bhimavarm added authorisation no longer required.
• Export processing zone units have also 3. Export Houses, Trading Houses
been allowed to export through trading and Star Trading Houses
and star trading houses and can have • To increase the marketable efficiency of
equipments on lease. These units have exporters, the Government introduced
been allowed cent per cent participation the concept of export houses, trading
in foreign equities. houses and star trading houses.
1. Export Processing Zones • Since April 1, 1994 a new category
• Before getting converted into Special named Golden Super Star Trading
Economic Zones (SEZs), these Export Houses was added by the Government
which has the highest average annual
Processing Zones (EPZs) were playing
foreign exchange earnings. On March
important role in promoting exports of
31, 2003 there were 4 Golden Super Star
the country. These zones were created
Trading House working in the country.
to develop such an environment in the
economy which may provide capability 4. Export Promotion Industrial
of facing international competition. Parks (EPIP)
• The Export Processing Zone (EPZs) • A Centrally-sponsored ‘Export Promotion
set up as enclaves, separated from the Industrial Park (EPIP)’ scheme was
Domestic Tariff Area by fiscal barriers, introduced in August 1994 with a view
were intended to provide a competitive to involving the state governments in the
duty free environment for export creation of infrastructure facilities for
production. export oriented production. It provides
• All the 8 EPZs, located at Kandla and Surat for 75% (limited to 10 crore) grant to
(Gujarat), Santa Cruz (Maharashtra), state government towards creation of
Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), such facilities.
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), • The Central Government has so far
Faeta (West Bengal) and Noida (U.P) approved 25 proposals for establishments
have been converted into Special of EPIPs in the states of Punjab, Haryana,
Economic Zones. Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka,
Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
2. Export-Oriented Units Pradesh, U.P., Gujarat, Bihar, J&K, Assam,
• Since 1981, the Government introduced M.P., West Bengal, Odisha, Meghalaya,
a complementary plan of EPZ (Now Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram and Tripura.
converted into SEZ) scheme for • At present, the number of formally approved
promoting export units (making export SEZs is 523, notified is 352 and operational
of their cent per cent production. Under is 196. The total number of units approved
this scheme the Government provides in SEZs is 4,102. A total investment of
various incentives to increase the ` 3,48,983.22 crores has been done till
production capacity of these units so as 2015. Moreover, till now 15,04,597 persons
to increase exports of the country. have received employment through SEZs.
FDI
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an called Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
investment in a business by an investor or Multinational Enterprises (MNEs).
from another country for which the • A MNE may create a new foreign
foreign investor has control over the enterprise by making a direct investment,
company purchased. The Organisation of which is called a greenfield investment.
Economic Co-operation and Development • A MNE may make a direct investment by
(OECD) defines control as owning 10% the acquisition of a foreign firm, which
or more of the business. Businesses that is called an acquisition or prownfield
make foreign direct investment are after investment .
India’s current account deficit stood at US$ 277 million in April-June quarter, as against US$ 0.3 billion in Jan-Mar 2016 quarter.
GK-334
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN INDIA
Advantages FDI a. one consisting of sectors where
1. Economic Development Stimulation. automatic approval is granted for FDI
(often foreign equity participation
2. Easy International Trade.
less than 100 %), and
3. Employment and Economic Boost. b. the other consisting of sectors where
4. Development of human capital prior approval from the Foreign
Resources. Investment Approval Board (FIPB) is
5. Tax incentives. required.
6. Resource Transfer. • FDI policy changes increasingly reflect
7. Reduced disparity between revenues the requirements of industry and are
and costs. based on stakeholder’s consultation.
8. Increased productivity. Upfront listing of negative sectors has
9. Increment in income. helped focus on reform areas, which are
reflected in buoyant FDI inflows.
Disadvantages of FDI
100% FDI
1. Hindrances to domestic Investment.
• Advertising, agriculture, air transport
2. Risk from political changes. services (domestic airlines), courier
3. Negative influence on exchange rates. services, drugs and pharmaceuticals,
4. Higher costs. electricity, power, films and studios, hotel
5. Economic non-viability. and tourism, housing and real estate,
6. Expropriation. construction, mass rapid transport
7. Modern-day Economic colonialism. system, mining (gold and silver), NBFC,
• FDI, being a non-debt capital flow, is marketing, pipelines and refining of
a leading source of external financing, petroleum products, tourism, transport
especially for the developing economies. infrastructure, townships, SEZs, railways,
It not only brings in capital and technical single brand retail (upto 49% automatic
know-how but also increases the and from 49 to 100% has to be approved
by FIPB), telecommunications (upto
competitiveness of the economy.
49% automatic, 49-100% by FIPB), and
• The current phase of FDI policy is
asset reconstruction companies ( upto
characterized by negative listing,
49% automatic, 49-100% by FIPB).
permitting FDI freely except in a few
sectors indicated through a negative list. 74% FDI
Under the current policy regime, there • Airports, broadcasting, coal and lignite,
are three broad entry options for foreign credit information companies, direct
direct investors: to home (DTH), mining (diamonds &
1. In some sectors, FDI is not permitted precious stones), satellites, and private
(negative list); sector banking are the sectors with FDI
2. In another small category of sectors, limit of 74%.
foreign investment is permitted only 26–49% FDI
till a specified level of foreign equity • Airlines/aviation, defence, insurance and
participation. pension are the sectors which have 49%
3. The third category, comprising all FDI limit. Sectors with 26% FDI limits
the other sectors, is where foreign print media (newspaper – 26%, scientific
investment up to 100 % of equity & periodicals – 100% ) and FM radio.
participation is allowed. The third Public sector Banks have the lowest FDI
category has two subsets – limit of 20%.
India’s Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation rate declined to 3.6% in September 2016 as against 3.74% in the previous month.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-335
PHYSICS
Unit & dimension Some Important Conversions
Physical Quantities (i) 1 yard = 0.9144 m ≅ 0.91m
(ii) 1 foot (1’) = 0.305 m
Those quantities which can describe the (iii) 1 inch (1”) = 2.54 cm = 0.025 m
laws of physics and possible to measure are (iv) 1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km
called physical quantities. (v) 1 ltr. = 1000 cc = 10-3 m3
The physical quantities which do not depend (vi) 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
upon other physical quantities are called (vii) 1 mm = 10-3 m
fundamental quantities. (viii) 1 atomic mass unit 1 (amu)
In Standard International (S.I.) system the = 1.67 × 10-27
(ix) 1 slug = 14.57 kg
fundamental quantities are mass, length,
(x) 1 tonne = 10 quintal = 1000kg
time, temperature, luminous intensity, electric
(xi) 1 kg/m3 = 1000 g/cm3
current and amount of substance.
5
The physical quantities which depend on (xii) 1 km/h = m/s and
fundamental quantities are called derived 18
quantities, e.g. speed, acceleration, force, etc. 18
1 m/s = km/h
5
Units (xiii) 1 newton = 105 dyne, 1 kg wt = 9.8 N
The unit of a physical quantity is the and 1 g wt = 981 dyne
reference standard used to measure it. (xiv) 1 joule = 107 erg,
1. Fundamental Units: The units defined 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
for the fundamental quantities are (xv) 1 atm = 76 cm of Hg = 1.01 × 105
called fundamental or base units.
N dy
Fundamental Unit for Mass- Kilogram = 1.01 ×
(Kg), Length-metre (m), Time-second(s), m2 cm 2
(xvi) 1 h.p. = 746 watt
Temperature-kelvin (K), Electric Current-
(xvii) 1 kw h = 3.6 × 106 J
ampere (A), Luminous intensity - Candela
(xviii) 1 tesla = 1 web/m2 = 104 gauss
(cd), Amount of Substance - mole (mol).
2. Derived Units: The units defined for the Mechanics
derived quantities are called derived Path Length or Distance: The length of the
units. e.g. unit of speed or velocity actual path between initial and final positions
(metre per second), acceleration of a particle in a given interval of time is called
(metre per second2), etc. distance covered by the particle.
The MKS and CGS system are called metric or decimal system.
GK-336
GENERAL SCIENCE
Displacement: The shortest distance from This law is known as Newton’s first law of
the initial position to the final position of motion or law of inertia.
the particle is called displacement. Inertia: Inertia is the property of a body due
to which it opposes the change in its state.
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Inertia of a body is measured by mass of the
Distance travelled body. It is directly proportional to the mass
Speed = of the body i.e., Inertia ∝ mass.
TimeTaken
Displacement Momentum
Velocity =
Time interval The linear momentum of a body ( p ) is
Change in velocity defined as the product of the mass of the
Acceleration = body (m) and its velocity. i.e., P = mv .
Time interval
Relation between momentum and kinetic
Kinematic equations for uniformly
energy:
accelerated motion
Consider a body of mass (m) moving with
Motion under uniform acceleration is
velocity (v). Linear momentum of the body,
described by the following equations.
p = mv.
1
v = u + at ; s = ut + at2 and KE of a particle can be expressed as
v2 = u2 + 2as 2 P2
E= and p = 2mE
Distance travelled in nth second of 2m
uniformly accelerated motion 2nd law: The rate of change of momentum
a of a body is directly proportional to the
S = u + (2n − 1) unbalanced external force applied on it.
n th 2
Relative velocity i.e., F ∝ dp or, F = k dp or F = ma
If v A and v B be the respective velocities dt dt
of object A and B then relative velocity of A Force (F) = ma where m = mass of the object
and a = acceleration produced
w.r.t. B is v A B = v A − v B
Similarly, relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is Impulse: If a large force acts on a body or
particle for a smaller time, then impulse =
v BA = v B − v A
product of force and time.
Scalars and Vectors Impulse = F∆t
The physical quantities which require only 3rd law: According to this law, every action
magnitude to express, are called scalar has equal and opposite reaction. Action and
quantities, e.g. Mass, distance, time, speed, reaction act on two different bodies and
volume, density, pressure, work, energy, they are simultaneous. There can be no
power, charge, electric current, temperature, reaction without action.
potential, specific heat, frequency, etc. Certain Law of conservation of linear momentum
physical quantities have both magnitude and If the total external force acting on a system
direction, they are called vector quantities, is equal to zero, then the final value of the
e.g. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, total momentum of the system is equal to
force, momentum, impulse, electric field, the initial value of the total momentum of
magnetic field, current density, etc. the system.
p = constant or pf = pi
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1st law: Every body continues to be in Motion in a Lift
its state of rest or of uniform motion in a Let a man of weight W = Mg be standing in
straight line unless compelled by an external a lift.
force to change its state. This fundamental Case (a): If the lift is moving with constant
property of the body is called inertia. velocity v upwards or downwards.
When a body moves in space, then the motion is called three–dimensional motion.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-337
g Friction
Whenever a body moves or tends to move over
the surface of another body, a force comes
into play which acts parallel to the surface
W = Mg of contact and opposes the relative motion.
This opposing force is called friction.
In this case there is no accelerated motion
hence no pseudo force experienced by Circular Motion
observer ‘O’ inside the lift. Motion of a body along a circular path is
So apparent weight, W’ = actual weight W called circular motion.
Case (b): If the lift is accelerated i.e., a = Centripetal force: The force directed
constant and in upward direction. towards the centre required for traversing a
Then net forces acting on the man are circular path is called centripetal force.
mv 2
(i) weight W = Mg downward Centripetal force = F = = mω2 r .
(ii) fictitious force F0 = Ma downward. r
• In a banked path with curvature (q)
So apparent weight, with friction, the safe velocity is given
W’ = W + F0 = Mg + Ma by
= M (g + a) v = √ [rg (tan θ + µ) / (1 – µ tan θ)].
• Bending of cyclist: In order to take
a circular turn of radius r with speed
a v, the cyclist should bend himself
through an angle q from the vertical
such that
v2
g tan θ =
rg
Centrifugal force: A force that is equal
and opposite to the central force is called
centrifugal force. e.gs. cream separator,
W’ = M(g+a) centrifugal dryer, etc.
Case (c): If the lift is accelerated downward Torque and angular momentum
with acceleration a < g: Torque is the moment of force. It is the cross
product of the force with the perpendicular
distance between the axis of rotation and the
point of application of force with the force.
a<g
Torque = t = r × F ; S.I. unit is N – m
Angular momentum is the moment
of linear momentum. It is also the
g product of the linear momentum and the
perpendicular distance of the mass from
the axis of rotation.
t =r×p
where r = position relative to origin
W’ = M (g – a) p = linear momentum at position.
Relation between angular velocity and linear velocity, V = rw
GK-338
GENERAL SCIENCE
Board of Trade unit (B.O.T.U) = kwh, i.e., kilo
Angular momentum L = r × p =: S.I unit
kg m /s
2 watt hour
Relation between torque and angular 1 kwh = 1 unit = 3.6 × 106 joule
momentum, This is to measure domestic electric energy
dL consumption.
T=
dt Energy
Moment of inertia Energy is the capacity of doing work.
It is equivalent to mass in rotational motion. It is also a scalar quantity. The SI unit is
It is defined as the sum of the product of the joule.
constituent masses and the square of their Work-energy theorem states that the
perpendicular distances from the axis of work done on a body is equal to the change
rotation. in its kinetic energy.
n Kinetic energy: K.E. is the energy possessed
= ∑ mi ri 2 by the body due to its motion.
i =1 1
S.I. unit is kg/m2 and it is a scalar quantity. K.E. = mv 2
2
Periodic motion
Potential energy: P.E. is the energy
Any motion that repeats itself in equal possessed by the body due to its position
intervals of time is called periodic motion.
or shape.
A periodic motion can be represented in
terms of sines and cosines, so it is called a Gravitational P.E. = mgh (due to change in
harmonic motion. The uniformly rotating position)
earth represents a periodic motion that Law of conservation of energy states
repeats itself at every 24 hours. that energy can neither be created nor be
An oscillatory motion is always periodic destroyed but it can be transformed from
but a periodic motion may not be one form to another. For eg.
oscillatory. Dynamo: Mechanical Energy into Electrical
Examples of S.H.M. (i) clock pendulum, (ii)
Energy.
oscillating liquid in a U-tube, (iii) oscillating
block in a liquid, (iv) oscillating frictionless Electric Motor: Electrical Energy into
piston fitted in a cylinder filled with ideal Mechanical Energy.
gas, etc. Microphone: Sound Energy into Electrical
Energy.
Work
Loud Speaker: Electrical Energy into
Work done by a force on a body is defined as Sound Energy.
the product of force and the displacement of
Electric Bulb: Electrical Energy into Light
the body in the direction of force. SI unit of
work is joule. Heat Energy.
Solar Cell: Solar Energy into Electrical
W = F.S = FS cos θ where θ is the angle Energy.
between F and S . Candle: Chemical Energy into Light & Heat
Power : Power is the rate of doing Energy.
work. Sitar: Mechanical Energy into Sound
Energy.
dW F.dS Mass-energy equivalence: According to
Power = P = = = F.v
dt dt this theorem mass and energy are inter-
Its SI unit is watt. convertible.
1 Horse power [1HP] = 746 W, E = mc2.
1 calorie = 4.2J and where c = 3 × 10 ms–1 is velocity of light in
8
6
1 kW h = 3.6 × 10 J vacuum or air.
The amount of heat produced by unit mass or unit volume of a fuel is called its calorific value.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-339
(ii) Charle’s law: When the pressure is Relation between coefficient of linear
held constant, the volume of the gas is expansion (α), coefficient of superficial
directly proportional to the absolute expansion (β) and coefficient of cubical
temperature. expansion (γ)
i.e., V ∝ T (at constant pressure) b g
(iii) Avogadro’s law: When the pressure a= = ⇒ a : b : g = 1: 2 : 3
and temperature are kept constant, the 2 3
volume is directly proportional to the Anomalous expansion of water
number of moles of the ideal gas in the Almost all liquids expand on heating but
container. water when heated from 0°C to 4°C its volume
i.e., V ∝ n (at constant pressure and decreases and hence density increases until
temperature) its temperature reaches 4°C. Its density
is maximum at 4°C, on further heating its
Absolute temperature
density decreases. This behaviour of water is
The lowest temperature of –273.16 °C at which called anomalous behaviour of water.
a gas is supposed to have zero volume and zero
Specific heat capacity
pressure and at which entire molecular motion
stops is called absolute zero temperature. It is the amount of heat energy needed to raise
A new scale of temperature starting with the temperature of unit mass of substance by
–273.16°C by Lord Kelvin as zero. This 1ºC (or 1K).
is called Kelvin scale or absolute scale of It is denoted by s or c.
temperature.
Cwater = 1 cal/g °C = 1 cal/g K = 1 kcal/kg K=4200
T(K) = t°C + 273.16
Thermal expansion joule/kg K
The increase in the dimensions, i.e. length, Latent heat or hidden heat
area or volume of a body due to the increase When state of a substance changes, change
in its temperature on heating is called thermal of state takes place at constant temperature
expansion. (m.pt. or b.pt.) heat is released or absorbed
Linear expansion: The fractional increase and is given by,
in length per ºC rise in temperature is called Q = mL
coefficient of linear expansion. where L is latent heat.
Coefficient of linear expansion, Change of State of Matter
∆l
Any state of a substance (solid/ liquid/ gas)
l dl
α= = can be changed into another by heating or
∆T l.dT cooling. The transition of a substance from
Superficial expansion: On increasing the one state to another is called a change of
temperature of a solid, its area increases. This state.
increase in area is referred as superficial
expansion. Some common changes of states:
Coefficient of superficial expansion is (i) Melting: When heat is supplied, solid
defined as the fractional increase in area per substance changes into liquid, this
ºC rise in temperature. change of state of substance is called
Cubical expansion: On increasing the melting.
temperature of a solid, its volume increases. Heat
Solid → Liquid
This increase in volume with increase in The temperature at which the solid and
temperature is called cubical or volume the liquid states of a substance coexist
expansion. in thermal equilibrium with each other
Coefficient of volume expansion is defined is called its melting point.
as the fractional increase in volume per ºC rise
(ii) Freezing: When heat is released, liquid
in temperature.
changes into solid, this change of state
i.e., Coefficient of volume expansion,
of substance is called freezing.
∆V / V dV
g= = Liquid
Cool
→ Solid
∆T V.dT
The air having moisture content equal to its humidity capacity, is called saturated air. Humidity capacity of air is directly proportional to
the temperature.
GK-344
GENERAL SCIENCE
(iii) Condensation: When vapour is cooled, Newton’s Law of Cooling
it changes into liquid, this change of The rate of cooling of a body (rate of loss
state is called condensation. of heat) is directly proportional to the
Vapour
Cool
→ liquid excess of temperature of the body over the
surroundings, provided that this excess is small
(iv) Evaporation: Conversion of liquid into and loss of heat by radiation only.
gaseous state at all the temperatures is If θ and θ0 are the temperatures of the body
called evaporation or boiling. and its surroundings respectively, then
Heat according to Newton’s law of cooling,
Liquid
→ Vapour
dQ
The temperature at which the liquid Rate of loss of heat, − ∝ ( θ − θ0 )
and vapour states of a substance co- dt
exist in thermal equilibrium with each Thermodynamics
other is called its boiling point. The thermodynamics is the branch of
It is a phenomenon that occurs at science in which the conversion of heat into
the surface of liquids. The rate of mechanical work and vice versa is studied.
evaporation increases with rise in Triple point of water: The triple point of
temperature. Heat required to change water represents the co-existence of all
unit mass of liquid into vapour at a the three phases of water ice, water and
given temperature is called heat of water vapour in equilibrium. The pressure
evaporation at that temperature. corresponding to triple point of water is 6.03
(v) Sublimation: It is the conversion of a × 10–3 atmosphere or 4.58 mm of Hg and
solid directly into vapour. temperature corresponding to it is 273.16 K.
Solid
Heat
→ Vapour Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in thermal
Sublimation takes place when boiling equilibrium with a third object C then objects
point is less than the melting point. A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each
Heat transfer: Heat energy transfer from other.
a body at higher temperature to a body First Law of Thermodynamics
at lower temperature by three different If some quantity of heat is supplied to a
methods. They are conduction, convection system capable of doing external work, then
and radiation. the quantity of heat absorbed by the system is
Conduction: Conduction is that mode equal to the sum of the increase in the internal
of transmission of heat in which heat is energy of the system and the external work
transferred from a region of higher done by the system.
temperature to a region of lower temperature i.e., δQ = δU + δW
by the aid of particles of the body without The first law of thermodynamics is essentially
their actual migration. Conduction requires a restatement of the law of conservation of
material medium. energy, i.e. energy can neither be created nor
Convection: Convection like conduction be destroyed but may be converted from one
requires a material medium. It is the process form to another.
in which heat is transferred from one place to Heat Engines
other by actual movement of heated material Heat engine is a device which converts heat
particles. energy into work.
Radiation: When a body is heated and
Efficiency of heat engine,
placed in vacuum, it loses heat even when
there is no medium surrounding it. Work done (W )
η=
The process by which heat is lost in this case Heat taken from source (Q1 )
is called radiation. This does not require the
presence of any material medium. It is by Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
radiation that the heat from the sun reaches A refrigerator is the reverse of a heat engine.
the earth. A heat pump is the same as a refrigerator.
The measuring of temperature closed to OK, is known as cryogenics while dealing with the measurement of very high temperature, is called
pyrometry.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-345
P=
1
. The unit of power is diopter.
Dispersion of Light
f (in m ) When a white ray of light or sunlight passes
Total Internal Reflection through a prism it breaks into its seven
constituents colours, i.e. violet, indigo, blue,
When the object is placed in an optically
green, yellow, orange and red (VIBGYOR).
denser medium and if the incident angle is This phenomenon is called dispersion
greater than the critical angle then the ray of light. The band of seven constituents
of light gets reflected back to the originating colours is called spectrum. The deviation
medium. This phenomenon is called total is maximum for violet colour and least for
internal reflection. red colour.
At the sunrise and sunset, the sun appears flattened. This apparent flattening of the Sun’s disc is also due to the atmospheric refraction.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-349
The temporary artificial magnets like Magnetic equator: A great circle on the
electromagnets are prepared by passing surface of the earth in a plane perpendicular
current through coil wound on soft iron to magnetic axis is called magnetic equator.
core. These cannot retain its strength for a All places on magnetic euqator are at equal
long time. These are made from soft iron, distance from magnetic poles.
non-metal and alloy. Electromagnets are Magnetic Elements
stronger than permanent magnet.
The physical quantities which determine
Some applications of electromagnets
the intensity of earth’s total magnetic field
(i) Electric motors completely both in magnitude and direction
(ii) Doorbells
are called magnetic elements.
(iii) In scrapyards to separate iron from
Angle of declination (φ): The angle
other metals
between the magnetic meridian and
Magnetic Field
geographical meridian at a place is called
The space around a magnet (or a current angle of declination.
carrying conductor) in which its magnetic Angle of dip or inclination (θ): The angle
effect can be experienced is called the
through which the N pole dips down with
magnetic field.
reference to horizontal is called the angle of
Magnetic Lines of Force dip. At magnetic north and south pole angle
Magnetic line of force is an imaginary of dip is 90°. At magnetic equator the angle
curve tangent to which at a point gives the of dip is 0°.
direction of magnetic field at that point or Horizontal component of earth’s
the magnetic field line is the imaginary path
magnetic field: The total intensity of the
along which an isolated north pole will tend
to move if it is free to do so. earth’s magnetic field makes an angle θ
Magnetic lines of force do not intersect each with horizontal. It has
other. Because if they do, there will be two (i) component in horizontal plane called
directions of magnetic field which is not horizontal component BH.
possible. (ii) component in vertical plane called
vertical component BV.
The Earth’s Magnetism Comparison of properties of soft iron
The branch of Physics which deals with and steel:
the study of earth’s magnetic field is called (1) The area of hysteresis loop for soft
terrestrial magnetism. iron is much smaller than for steel, so
William Gilbert suggested that earth itself energy loss per unit volume per cycle
behaves like a huge magnet. for soft iron is smaller than steel.
(a) A freely suspended magnet always
(2) The retentivity of soft iron is greater
comes to rest in N-S direction.
(b) A piece of soft iron buried in N-S than that of steel.
direction inside the earth acquires (3) The coercivity of steel is much larger
magnetism. than that of soft iron.
Geographic meridian: It is a vertical plane (4) The magnetisation and demagnetisa-
passing through geographic north and tion is easier in soft iron than steel.
south pole of the earth. (5) Soft iron acquires saturation
Geographic equator: A great circle on the magnetisation for quite low value
surface of the earth in a plane perpendicular of magnetising field than in case of
to geographical axis is called geographic steel or soft iron is much strongly
equator. All places on geographic equator magnetised than steel.
are at equal distances from geographical Diamagnetic Substances: The substances
poles. which when placed in a magnetic field are
Magnetic meridian: It is a vertical plane feebly magnetised in a direction opposite
passing through the magnetic north and to that of the magnetising field are called
south pole of the earth. diamagnetic substances.
Magnetic field inside the body forms the basis of obtaining the images of different parts of body and it is done by using a
technique MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
GK-354
GENERAL SCIENCE
Some diamagnetic substances are Cu, Zn, Bi, (b) p - type semiconductor: Si or Ge with
Ag, Au, Pb, He, Ar, NaCl, H2O, marble, glass, trivalent doping. The trivalent atom is
etc. negatively charged as it acquires an
Paramagnetic Substances: The substances electron and is called acceptor atom
which when placed in a magnetic field or impurity.
are feebly magnetised in the direction of Formation of p – n junction: Part of
magnetising field are called paramagnetic p-type can be converted into n – type by
substances. adding pentavalent impurity. There is
Some paramagnetic substances are Al, Na, concentration gradient between p and n
Sb, Pt, CuCl2, Mn, Cr, liquid oxygen, etc. sides, holes diffuse from p side to n side
Ferromagnetic Substances: The substances (p → n) and electrons move from (n → p)
which when placed in a magnetic field are creating a layer of positive and negative
strongly magnetised in the direction of the charges on n and p side respectively called
magnetising field are called ferromagnetic depletion layer.
substances. Symbol of p-n junction diode
Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. are some examples of
ferromagnetic substance.
Semiconductor Electronics
p n
Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators
Special purpose p – n junction diode:
On the basis of electrical conductivity (σ) or
Zener diode: It is fabricated by heavy
resistivity (ρ = 1/σ) the solids are classified as
doping of p and n sides of p – n junction.
(i) Metals – have low resistivity
Depletion region is thin < 10–6 m. Electric
ρ ∼ 10–2 to 10–8 Ωm
field of junction is high ~ 5 × 106 V/m.
σ ∼ 102 to 108 Sm–1 Reverse bias ~ 5V.
(ii) Semiconductors – have intermediate It is used as voltage regulator.
resistivity
p-n junction diode is used as a rectifier.
ρ ∼ 105 to 100 Ωm
Rectifier is a device which converts A.C.
σ ∼ 10–5 to 100 Sm–1
into D.C.
(iii) Insulators – have high resistivity
Inverter converts D.C. into A.C.
ρ ∼ 108 Ωm
Optoelectronic junction devices:
σ ∼ 10–8 Sm–1
(a) Photodiode: It work on the principle of
i.e. the Semiconductors are the materials
photoelectric effect. It is always lightly
whose conductivity is more than insulators
doped. It is a p – n junction fabricated
but less than conductors.
with a transparent window to allow
Types of Semiconductors :
light photons to fall on it. These
Intrinsic semiconductors or Pure photons generate electron hole pairs
semiconductors upon absorption. The generation
In semiconductors forbidden energy gap is
of electron hole pair is near the
more than metals or conductors and less
junction and due to junction field they
than insulators.
remain separated till external load is
Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) are the
connected. The electron are collected
examples of pure semiconductors.
In pure or intrinsic semiconductor, on n–side and holes on p–side near
ne = nh = ni where, ne = no. of electrons; junction and give rise to an emf.
nh = no. of holes When external load is connected,
and ni = no. of intrinsic carrier concentration. current flows. The magnitude of
(a) n – type semiconductor: Si or Ge with current depends on intensity of
pentavalent doping. incident radiation.
Now-a-days large electromagnets are used to levitate modern trains, these trains are called, maglev.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-355
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry : It is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structures,
properties and change of matter.
So, we initiate our learning from matter.
Nature of Matter
Matter
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Elements Compounds
Organic Inorganic
Plasma, fourth state of matter can be found on the earth in flames, lightning and the polar auroras.
GK-360
GENERAL SCIENCE
NOTE : Gas and Liquid both are fluids Mixture
Factors determining the state of matter are A mixture is a substance which consists of
(i) Pressure two or more elements or compounds not
(ii) Temperature chemically combined together.
Heat Heat Types of mixtures
Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state
Cool Cool Mixtures are impure substances. They are of
two types:
Pure Substance
(i) Homogeneous mixture: It has a
Pure substance is one that is a single form of
uniform composition throughout
matter and has a uniform composition. Such a
and its components can not be
substance always have the same texture and
distinguished visually.
taste. e.g. water, salt, sugar, etc.
e.g. a well mixed sample of vinegar.
Testing the purity of a substance (ii) Heterogeneous mixture: It is one that
The purity of substance can easily be is not uniform throughout. Different
checked by checking its melting points in samples of a heterogeneous mixture
case of a solid substance or by checking its may have different composition. e.g. a
boiling points in case of a liquid substance. mixture of salt and pepper.
Types of pure substances Solution
Two different types of pure substances are It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
(i) Element: An element is a substance substances whose composition can be
which can not be split up into two or varied, e.g. solution of common salt in water,
more simpler substances by usual solution of ammonia in water. Some other
chemical methods of applying heat, examples are lemonade, coke, pepsi, etc.
light or electric energy, e.g. hydrogen,
Separating the components of a
oxygen, sodium, chlorine etc.
(ii) Compound: A compound is a mixture
substance made up of two or more Depending upon the type of mixture (i.e.
elements chemically combined in a whether it is a homogeneous mixture or
fixed ratio by weight, e.g. H2O (water), heterogeneous mixture) different methods
NaCl (sodium chloride), etc. used are given below:
Nanotechnology in the interdisciplinary field that has evolved from the study of colloids and the techniques of integrated
circuit fabrication.
GK-362
GENERAL SCIENCE
• Physical change: During such a change (iv) Atom is the smallest particle that takes
no new substances is formed and there part in a chemical reaction.
is no change in the chemical properties (v) Atoms of different elements may
of the substances. combine with each other in a fixed
• Chemical change: Such a change is simple, whole number ratio to form
accompanied by change in chemical compound atoms.
properties and formation of new (vi) Atoms can neither be created nor
substances. destroyed, i.e. atoms are indestructible.
Structure of Atom Atom: It is the smallest particle of an
element which can take part in a chemical
Atomic Laws and Theory change. It may or may not be capable of
Law of conservation of mass: This law independent existence.
was stated by Lavoisier in 1744. It states Symbol: The abbreviation used for lengthy
that “In all physical and chemical changes, the names of elements are termed as their
total mass of reactants is equal to total mass symbols.
of products.” The symbol of an element is the first letter
Law of constant proportions (or constant or the first and another letter of English
composition): This law was first stated by name or Latin name of the element.
Proust in 1797. According to the law “a While writing a symbol, the first letter is
chemical compound is always found to be made always capital and the second is always
up of the same elements combined together in small.
the same proportions by weight” e.g. the ratio Molecule: It is the smallest particle of an
of hydrogen and oxygen in pure water is element or compound that is capable of
always 1: 8 by weight. This law is also called independent existence and shows all the
law of definite proportions. properties of that substance.
Law of multiple proportions: This law was Atomicity: The number of atoms present in
given by John Dalton (1803) and states a molecule of an element or a compound is
that “when two elements combine to form known as its atomicity, e.g. the atomicity of
two or more compounds, the different mass oxygen is 2 while atomicity of ozone is 3.
of one of the elements and the fixed mass of
Formula of Simple and Molecular
the one with which it combines always form
a whole number ratio”. This law explains Compounds
the concept of formation of more than one Binary compounds are those compounds
compound by two elements. which are made up of two different elements
Dalton’s Atomic theory: Postulates of e.g. NaCl, KBr, CaO, etc. Following rules are
Dalton’s Atomic Theory to be followed for writing the formula.
(i) Matter is made up of extremely small (i) The valencies or charges on the ions
indivisible particles called atoms. must be balanced.
(ii) Atoms of the same substance are (ii) For a compound made up of a metal
identical in all respects, i.e. they and a non-metal the symbol of metal
possess same size, shape, mass, chemical is written first.
properties, etc. (iii) In compounds formed with polyatomic
(iii) Atoms of different substances are ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket
different in all respects, i.e. they before writing the number to indicate
possess different size, shape, mass, etc. the ratio.
The most abundant type of atom in the universe is the hydrogen atom. Nearly 74% of the atom in the milky way galaxy are
hydrogen atoms.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-363
(i) Symbol e or e– p n
(iv) Mass (a) amu (a) 0.0005486 amu (a) 1.00753 amu (a) 1.00893 amu
(b) kg (b) 9.1 × 10–31kg (b) 1.67265× 10–27 kg (b) 1.67495 × 10–27 kg
(vi) Notation 0 1 1
−1e 1P 0n
The number of protons in the atom will determine its chemical element, and the number of neutrons will determine its isotope.
Composition of Atoms of the First Eighteen Elements with Electron Distribution in Various Shells
Element Symbol
Number Protons Neutrons Electrons K L M N
Hydrogen H 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1
Helium He 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 0
Lithium Li 3 3 4 3 2 1 - - 1
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 4 2 2 - - 2
Boron B 5 5 6 5 2 3 - - 3
Carbon C 6 6 6 6 2 4 - - 4
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7 2 5 - - 3
Oxygen O 8 8 8 8 2 6 - - 2
Fluorine F 9 9 10 9 2 7 - - 1
Neon Ne 10 10 10 10 2 8 - - 0
Sodium Na 11 11 12 11 2 8 1 - 1
Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12 2 8 2 - 2
Aluminium Al 13 13 14 13 2 8 3 - 3
Silicon Si 14 14 14 14 2 8 4 - 4
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 15 2 8 5 - 3.5
Sulphur S 16 16 16 16 2 8 6 - 2
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 17 2 8 7 1
GENERAL SCIENCE
Argon Ar 18 18 22 18 2 8 8 0
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-365
(i) Alloying: Iron or steel along with other Mould blowing: This method was developed
metals can also be protected by ‘alloying’ after the technique of free blowing. In this
or mixing with other metals (e.g., method, molten glass is inflated into a
chromium) to make non-rusting alloys. wooden or metal carved mould with the
(ii) Galvanizing: Coating iron or steel with
help of blow pipe which gives the molten
a thin zinc layer is called ‘galvanizing’.
glass the shape and design of the interior of
Purity of Gold the mould.
24-Carat gold: The carat (abbreviation Chemical properties of glass
ct or Kt) is a measure of the purity of gold
alloys. Carat is used to measure the mass of (i) It is resistant to action of air and acids
gemstones, pearls, etc. except hydroflouric acid.
(ii) It is alkaline in nature.
Some Important Man Made (iii) It slowly reacts with water to form
Materials alkaline solution.
Glass Types of glass
It consists of a mixture of two or more (i) Silica glass: For this type of glass the
silicates. raw material used is 100% pure form
of quartz. It is quite expensive. It is
Preparation of glass
used in the manufacture of laboratory
Common glass (or soft glass): It is used
to make bottles, glass wares etc. and is apparatus. It has low thermal
obtained by heating together silica (in the expansion. Its softening point is very
form of sand), sodium carbonate or sodium high and it is resistant to a wide variety
sulphate and chalk or lime stone (calcium of chemicals.
carbonate). Some broken glass and a (ii) Alkali silicate glass: For it the raw
little coke are usually added. The glass so materials used are sand and soda. It
prepared consists of silicates of sodium and is also called water glass because it
calcium. is soluble in water and used only as a
Na2CO3(s) + SiO2(s) → solution. It is generally used to make
(silica) gums and adhesives.
Na2SiO3(s) + CO2(g)
(iii) Lead glass: For this type of glass lead
Na2SO4(s) + SiO2(s) →
oxide is added to ordinary glass. The
Na2SiO3(s) + SO3(g)
CaCO3(s) + SiO2(s) → addition of lead oxide increases the
CaSiO3(s) + CO2(g) density and also the refractive index.
This type of glass is used for the
Hard glass: For preparation of hard glass
manufacture of ornamental glass ware,
K2CO3 is used in place of Na2CO3. It consists
decorative articles, etc.
of a mixture of calcium and potassium
(iv) Optical glass: This type of glass
silicates.
is used in the manufacture of
Physical properties of glass optical instruments like binoculars,
Hard, rigid, high viscosity, bad conductor of spectacles, lenses, prisons, telescopes,
heat and electricity, brittle, etc. microscopes etc. It is transparent
Blowing: It is a method to cast the molten and can be grounded into the
glass into different moulds. There are two required shape. It generally contains
different methods of glass blowing: phosphorus, and lead silicates with
(i) Free blowing and ( ii) mould blowing little cerium oxide which absorbs UV
Free blowing: It involves the blowing of air radiations.
to inflate the molten glass which is gathered (v) Processed glass: The properties and
at one end of the blow pipe to give the applications of glass also depend upon
desired shape. the processing of glass.
Nowadays, Ni-MH (Nickel-metal hydride) batteries are widely used. These batteries have 25% more rechargeable life and is less
hazardous as compared to Ni-Cd (Nickel-Cadmium) battery.
GK-376
GENERAL SCIENCE
Some types of processed glass and their applications are given here:
Processed glass Applications
1. Laminated glass Used for doors and windows of automobiles. (It has high
strength).
2. Fibre glass Used for reinforcing purpose (It has enough tensile strength)
3. Foam glass Used for civil construction and insulation purposes (it is light
weight).
4. Opaque glass In it non-transparent glass filters the light entering into it. Thus
provides an aesthetic look.
(vi) Borosilicate glass: It contains silica Saponification
and Boron oxide and small amount of It is the process of making of soap by the
oxides of sodium and aluminium. It is hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalis.
resistant to a wide variety of chemicals Both soaps and detergents are soluble in
due to this property it is used in the water and act as surfactants which reduce
manufacture of laboratory ware. the surface tension of water to a great extent.
Fertilizers This increases the water - fabric interaction
as a consequence of which dirt particles,
Fertilizers are chemical compounds which
grease spots etc are washed away effectively.
when added to the soil increase their
In other words soaps and detergents enhance
fertility and directly supply the need of
the cleansing action of water.
essential elements [N, P, K] of primary
importance. Portland Cement
Classification It was first discovered in England. It is
Chemical fertilizers are broadly classified essentially a mixture of lime stone and clay.
into the following three types: It was called Portland cement because in
(i) Nitrogenous fertilizers: Ammonium presence of water it sets to a hard stone-like
sulphate, urea etc. mass resembling with the famous Portland
(ii) Phosphatic fertilizers: Super phosphate, rock. The approximate composition of
ammonium phosphate Portland cement is
(iii) Potash fertilizers: Potassium chlo- Calcium oxide (CaO) 62%
ride, potassium sulphate. Silica (SiO2) 22%
Alumina (Al2O3) 7.5%
Soaps and Detergents Magnesia (MgO) 2.5%
Soap: Fatty acid salts of sodium and Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 2.5%
potassium are known as soaps. These are The above compounds are provided by
prepared by the action of fatty acids with the two raw materials, namely lime stone
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. (which provides CaO) and clay (which
Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide → Soap provides SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3). In cement,
+ glycerol. almost entire amount of lime is present
Detergents are sodium salt of long chain in the combined state as calcium silicate
sulphonic acids or alkyl hydrogen sulphate. (2CaO. SiO2 and 3CaO. SiO2) and calcium
Advantages of detergents over soaps aluminates (3CaO. Al2O3 and 4 CaO. Al2O3).
(i) Detergents can be used for laundering (i) Cement containing excess amount
even with hard water as they are of lime cracks during setting; while
soluble even in hard water. cement containing less amount of lime
(ii) Detergents possess better cleansing is weak in strength.
properties than soaps. (ii) Cement with excess of silica is slow-
Disadvantages of detergents over soap: setting and that having an excess of
Detergents are prepared from hydrocarbons, alumina is quick-setting.
while soaps are prepared from edible fatty (iii) Cement containing no iron is white but
oils. Thus they are non biodegradable. hard to burn.
Water glass is basically a compound of Sodium Silicate (Na2 SiO3) and prepared by heating sodium carbonate with silica.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-377
Cement is manufactured by two processes, viz. wet and dry. A small amount (2–3%) of
gypsum is added to slow down the setting of the cement so that it gets sufficiently hardened.
Setting of cement is an exothermic process and involves hydration of calcium aluminates
and calcium silicates.
Lime stone and
clay are powdered
and mixed
Addition of
Burnt at
Calcium silicates + Portland Cement
1770-1870K gypsum
in a rotatory kiln calcium aluminates
LIFE SCIENCE
COMPONENTS OF A CELL
Genetics DNA
Study of heredity and variation is called •• D NA is found in nucleus, and also found
genetics. in mitochondria and chloroplast.
•• Term genetics was given by - Bateson. •• It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
•• Father of genetics - Gregor Johan Mendel. (DNA).
•• Father of experimental genetics - •• It is double stranded.
Thomas Hunt Morgan. •• It consists of Nitrogenous bases-
•• Father of human genetics - Archibald Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine or
Garrod. Guanine, 5-carbon sugar and a
•• Study of genes is known as genetics.
phosphate molecule.
Gene •• RNA is single stranded.
•• It is a segment of DNA and basic unit •• It consists of phosphate, ribose sugar,
of heredity. These are located on nitrogenous bases- Adinine, Uracil,
chromosomes. Cytosine, and Guanine.
Some Human Body Disorder
Disorder Symptoms Defect
Cystic fibrosis Mucus clogs lungs, liver, and Failure of chloride ion transport
pancreas mechanism
Sickle-cell anemia Poor blood circulation Abnormal hemoglobin molecules
Tay-Sachs disease Deterioration of central nervous Defective enzyme (hexosaminidase A)
system in infancy
Phenylketonuria Brain fails to develop in infancy
Defective enzyme
(phenylalanine hydroxylase)
Hemophilia Blood fails to clot Defective blood-clotting factor VIII
Huntington’s disease Brain tissue gradually deteriorates Production of an inhibitor of brain
in middle age cell metabolism
Muscular dystrophy Muscles waste away Degradation of myelin coating of nerves
(Duchenne) stimulating muscles
Congenital Increased birth weight, puffy face, Failure of proper thyroid development
hypothyroidism constipation, lethargy
Hypercholesterolemia Excessive cholesterol levels in Abnormal form of cholesterol cell
blood, leading to heart disease surface receptor
Mendel’s Laws pair of genes-controlling a given trait -
•• M endel conducted cross hybridization was not influenced by the segregation
experiments on Garden Pea plant (Pisum of other gene pairs. Genes located on
sativum). The first was the Principle of different chromosomes move to gametes
segregation, which claimed that each independently of each other during meiosis.
trait was specified by paired hereditary Human Blood Groups
determinants (alleles of genes) that •• T he system of blood groups in humans
separate from each other during gamete was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in
formation. This law is also called Law of 1900s.
purity of gametes or Law of splitting •• There are four phenotypes of blood
of hybrids. namely A, B, AB and O produced by
•• Gregor Mendel was the first individual to three different alleles IA, IB and i of a
apply a modern scientific approach to the gene.
study of heredity. Mendel proposed two •• The allele IA and IB are equally dominant
basic principles of transmission genetics. and do not interfere with expression of
•• Mendel’s second basic conclusion was the each other hence the allele IA IB are said
Principle of independent assortment, to be co-dominant because both are
which stated that the segregation of one expressed in the phenotype AB.
Alleolemorph is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome.
GK-382
GENERAL SCIENCE
Blood Antigen present Antibody present Possibility of blood donation
Group in RBC in plasma
A A b Can donate blood to A and AB.
B B a Can donate blood to B and AB
AB A, B none Can receive from all but donate to only
AB
O None a, b Can donate to all but receive blood
only from O.
Leukocytes (WBCs)
These are part of the body’s immune system; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells
and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents and foreign substances. These are
much less in number than RBCs (1 : 600).
Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
It is responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). It changes fibrinogen into fibrin.
Comparison between Plasma and Lymph
Plasma Lymph
It contains 92% water, 8% blood plasma Lymph contains a variety of substances
proteins and trace amounts of other including proteins, salts, glucose, fats, water
materials and WBCs.
It is cell free part of blood, contain salts, It is modified tissue fluid, contains cells like
considerable amount of proteins as well as lymphocyte and monocytes, salt and small
more or less all constituents of body. amount of proteins. It is colourless.
It flows within blood vessels. It flows within lymphatic vessels.
It takes part in nutrition, excretion, respiration, It supplies nutrition to tissue devoid of
etc. by transporting various materials and blood supply,takes part in fat absorption and
helps in the defence mechanism of the body defence mechanism of the body.
by producing antibodies.
It can coagulate because it contains fibrinogen It can coagulate but very slowly because it
and prothrombin. contains these two in small quantities.
Blood Pressure (BP) Sex Determination
•• The pressure created by the blood on •• Henking discovered X body in sper-
the walls of the blood vessels due to matogenesis of few insects and it was
the repeated pumping of heart is called given name of X chromosome. Due to
blood pressure. It is measured by involvement of X and Y chromosomes in
sphygmomanometer. determination of sex, they were called
•• It can be felt at certain places in our sex chromosomes.
body, viz wrist of the hands etc.
XX → Girl
•• Blood pressure is recorded as systolic/
diastolic. Blood pressure in a normal XY → Boy
person is 120/80 mm Hg. Factors •• Rest of the chromosomes which
affecting blood pressure are age, cardiac determine other metabolic character of
output, total peripheral resistance, etc. the body are called autosomes.
•• If a person has persistent high blood
pressure then it is called hypertension Mutation
and persistent high blood pressure is •• Phenomenon that results in alteration of
150/90 mm Hg. Factor responsible are DNA sequence and consequently results
overeating, fear, worry, anxiety, sorrow, in change in genotype and phenotype of
etc. Hypotension is condition of low
an organism is called mutation.
blood pressure, i.e. persistent 100/50
•• Mutagens are various chemical and
mm Hg.
•• Electrocardiograph (ECG) is used to physical factors that induce mutations,
check proper working of heart by using e.g. UV radiations, carcinogenic chemicals
electrodes. like nicotine, nitric oxide (NO).
Bone marrow is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones.
GK-384
GENERAL SCIENCE
Plant Physiology Nitrification
•• Ammonia is rapidly converted first to
Photosynthesis nitrite and then nitrates by the process
•• Photosynthesis occurs in specialized of nitrification. Nitrification is brought
cells called mesophyll cell which contain about by nitrifying bacteria such as
chloroplast.
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
•• Photosynthesis follows two main steps:
Light dependent reaction which occur Denitrification
in grana of the chloroplast and light •• It is the process of conversion of nitrate
dependent reaction which occur in salts present in the soil and water to
stroma region of the chloroplast. gaseous nitrogen which escapes into
•• It is actually oxidation reduction atmosphere. It takes place with the help
process in which water is oxidized and of bacteria called Pseudomonas.
CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates.
•• The reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates Plant Growth Regulators
needs assimilatory powers, i.e. ATP and Some chemical molecules secreted by the
NADPH2. plants which affect the growth of the plant
known as plant growth regulators.
Respiration
Auxin
•• Carbohydrates are broken down •• It controls division in the vascular
through the process of oxidation and cambium and xylem differentiation. It
releasing of energy for cellular use, is Promotes flowering. It also causes the
called respiration. Respiration occurs in phenomenon of apical dominance.
three steps as Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle
and Electron transport system. Gibberellins
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + •• It causes an increase in length of axis of
energy the plant. It delay senescence and help
•• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of in induction of seed germination.
the cell and the final product is pyruvate Cytokinins
which is transported from the cytoplasm •• It promotes cell division and growth
to mitochondria. Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s of lateral branches by inhibiting apical
cycle occur in mitochondrial matrix. dominance. It also promotes formation
of adventitious shoot.
Transpiration
•• Loss of water in the form of water Ethylene
vapour from plant through the small •• It is synthesized in the tissue undergoing
pore (stomata) present on leaves is senescence and ripening of fruits.
called transpiration. It promtes in ripening of fruits and
accelerate the abscission of flower.
Nitrogen Metabolism Abscisic acid
•• P
lants obtain Nitrogen from the soil in the •• It causes ageing and abscission of
form of nitrites (NO2—), nitrates (NO3—) leaves and fruits. It also regulates bud
and ammonium (NH4)+ salts. Nitrogen
assimilation is carried out by plants in and seed dormancy.
three steps. Human Physiology
Ammonification
•• It is the process of conversion of
Human Digestive System
complex organic compounds like The human digestive system consists of
protein into ammonia in the presence alimentary canal and digestive glands. The
of ammonifying bacteria. alimentary canal consists of mouth, (having
•• Proteins → Amino acids → Organic teeth and tongue) oesophagus, stomach,
acids → Ammonia small intestine and large intestine.
In transpiration water loss occur in the form of vapour through stomata whereas in Guttation water loss occur in form of
water droplets through hydathodes.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-385
Vitamin B complex is a dieting supplement that delivers all eight of the B vitamins.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-387
Retina Causes
Lens Fovea (point of •• The eye ball is too short so image is
Iris central focus)
formed beyond the retina.
Optic nerve to •• Cornea is not curved enough.
brain’s visual
cortex •• Eye lens is farther back in the eye.
Pupil
•• Increase in the focal length of eye lens.
Cornea
•• Stiffening of ciliary muscles.
Blind spot Remedy: Convex lens is used to converge
The Eye
the rays at retina.
Retina Target group
•• Light sensitive tissue that lies at the •• It can affects both children and adults.
back of the eye. It contains millions •• People whose parents are farsighted.
of photoreceptors (rods and cones) •• It can be confused with presbyopia (i.e.
that convert light rays into electrical “after 40” vision).
impulses that are relayed to the brain
via the optic never. Astigmatism: Astigmatism is the most
•• The image formed on retina is real and common refractive problem responsible for
inverted. blurry vision. Cylindrical lens is used to
•• Rods are highly sensitive to dim light correct astigmatism.
and contain a reddish purple pigment Presbyopia (“after 40” vision)
called rhodopsin. Night vision involves After age 40, and most noticeably after age
mostly rods (not cones). 45, the human eye is affected by presbyopia,
•• Cones are sensitive to bright light, which results in greater difficulty maintaining
hence differentiate the colours.
a clear focus at a near distance with an eye
•• The fovea centralis is the area
which sees clearly at a far away distance.
of sharpest vision due to high
concentration of ones. Cataract
•• The blind spot (optic disc) has not rods It is the clouding of the lens of the eye that
and cone cells, hence no image is form prevent a person to see.
in this region. Because light rays can’t pass through the
Defects of Vision & Remedies cloudy lens, vision of a person becomes
cloudy, blurry, foggy, or filmy.
Myopia or Near(short) sightedness Causes
A person suffering from Myopia can’t see •• Protein builds up in the eye lens & make
the far (distant) object clearly but can see it cloudy.
nearby object clearly. •• Cloudy protein layers prevent rays to
Causes pass through eye lens.
•• The eye ball is too long (i.e. elongated)
•• New lens cells form on the outside of the
so image is formed before retina.
•• Lens being too curved for the length of lens, making older cells compacted into
the eye ball. the center of the lens to form cataract.
•• Combination of above, i.e. elongated Remedy
eyeball & curved lens. •• It can be corrected with suitable eye
•• Shortening of focal length of eye lens. glasses (lenses).
•• Over stretching of ciliary muscles. •• Cataract surgery is performed when eye
Remedy: Concave lens is used to diverge glass does not suit.
the rays at retina. Ear
Hyperopia or Hypermetropia (long •• Ears are meant for both balancing and
(far) sightedness) hearing.
A person suffering from it can’t see near •• It can be divided into three parts
object clearly but can see distant object as External ear (pinna + external
clearly. auditory canal), Middle ear (tympanic
Synovial fluid is present in the cavities of synovial joints, reduces the friction between the synovial joints.
GK-390
GENERAL SCIENCE
cavity) and Internal ear (bony and Nose
membranous labyrinth). •• Nose is a sense organ for smell or
•• Hearing is controlled by auditory are of olfaction, It contains
temporal lobe of cerebral cortex. 1. Olfactory cells which are more
•• Human ear can list in the sound of chemosensitive than taste cells.
60-80 decibel. 2. Olfactory stimuli such as, chloroform
•• Human ear is sensitive to sounds and ammonia are irritating and can
frequency 50-20,000 cycles/sec. cause tearing.
•• Defects of ear are : Otalgia ear, ache •• Dogs have an acute olfactory sense.
(Pain in ear); Othitis media (Acute They can trace people because they
infection of middle ear), Labyrithine can distinguish between the odours of
disease (malfunction of inner ear). different persons.
Chemical Coordination in Animal (Hormones)
Endocrine Gland Hormone Principal action Disorders
Thyroxine (T4) and Maintains calcium level Cretinism, myxoedema
Triiodothyronine (T3) normal in the body. goiter
Thyroid
Calcitonin Increases rate of metabolism
in the body.
Parathyroid Parathormone (PTH) Increases plasma calcium Parathyroid tetany,
osteoporosis
“Adrenal gland “Adrenaline and Increases heart beat, blood
(medulla)” Noradrenaline” sugar and also constricts
blood vessel
“Mineralocorticoids Increases reabsorption of “Addison’s disease
(aldosterone)” sodium and excertion of Adrenal virilism”
potassium
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids Increases blood sugar and Cushing’s syndrome
(cortisol) affects carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism
ARH Regulates corticotropin
secretion
TRH Thyrotropin secretion
Hypothalamus SRH Stimulates secretion of
gonadotropins
Growth hormone Regulates secretion of
releaing factor prolactin
Pituitary gland Stimulates general growth Pituitary dwarfism,
anterior lobe gigantism, Acromegaly
Prolactin Stimulates milk production
and secretion
Follicle stimulating Stimulates ovarian follicle and
Pituitary gland hormone (FSH) spermatogenesis
anterior Lutemizing Stimulates corpus luteum
lobe hormone (LH) and ovulation in females and
interstitial cell in males
Thyroid stimulating Stimulates thyroid gland to
hormone (TSH) secrete hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates adrenal cortex to
hormone secrete glucocorticoids
Cornea of the eye is an only tissue that don’t have blood.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-391
Mode of Organism
Reproduction Urinary Seminal
bladder vesicle
Fission (asexual) Amoeba, bacteria,
(behind
flatworm, etc. bladder)
Prostate
Budding (asexual) Hydra, yeast and sponge. gland
Bulbourethral Urethra
Syngamy (sexual) Cockroach, frog, human gland Scrotum
being, etc. Erectile tissue
of penis
Glans
Vas deferens
Male Reproductive System Epididymis
penis
Ear bone (auditory ossicle) consists of three bones namely malleus, incus and stapes. They are considered as smallest bone.
GK-392
GENERAL SCIENCE
Ovaries Oviduct Follicles •• On an average menstrual cycle is
completed in 28 days.
•• It is absent during pregnancy, may
be suppressed during lactation and
Uterine Corpus permanently stops at menopause.
Uterus luteum
wall About 13 mature eggs are released from
Cervix Endometrium two ovaries of female in a year.
Vagina •• Menstrual cycle is controlled by FSH,
LH, oestrogen and progesterone
Female Reproductive System harmones.
•• If sperm is present, the egg will be Birth Control Methods or
fertilised in the ampullary isthmic Contraception Methods
junction of Fallopian tube. •• The prevention of union of sperm and
•• After maturity the ovary releases an ovum is known as contraception.
ovum (egg cell) after every 28 days. The various methods used for it are
•• The connection between developing diaphragm, condoms, contraceptive pills,
embryo and mother is made by tubectomy, vasectomy, copper-T etc.
placenta. It supplies blood, organic •• Amniocentesis or amniotic fluid test
and inorganic nutrients, harmones, is technique of finding out sex and
antibodies etc. disorder of foetus.
•• The embryo develops for nine months
Gestation Periods of Animals
in uterus. It is called gestation period.
•• Child is delivered after its development Animal Gestation Animal Gestation
and mother produces milk to nourish Period Period
the child (lactation). Buffalo 310 days Horse 340 days
•• The first milk which comes out from Elephant 610 days Leopard 105 days
the mother’s mammary gland just after
Lion 120 days Tiger 103 days
child birth is caused colostrum.
•• This milk is rich in protein, antibodies Whale 365 days Squirrel 40 days
which imparts immunity to new born Human 280 days Dog 61 days
baby.
Menstrual Cycle Plant Kingdom
•• Reproductive period of a human female Features of Plants
extends from puberty (10-14 years) to
•• Most of the plants are eukaryotic and
menopause (40-50 years).
chlorophyll containing organisms.
•• The release of the first menstrual flow
•• Cell walls of plant cells are comprised of
or period is called menarche.
cellulose.
•• Menarche marks the onset of
•• They have an ability to grow by cell
reproductive life and onset of puberty
division.
in females.
•• Menopause is stopping of ovulation and •• In life cycle of plant cells, the
menses. It normally occurs between interchanges occur from the embryos
the age of 45 to 55. This stage onwards, and are supported by other tissues and
woman lose the ability to reproduce. self produce.
•• The periodic vaginal bleeding during •• Plants have both organs and organ
menstrual cycle is called menstruation. systems.
Male produce the smallest human cell – the sperm and female produce the largest human cell → the egg or ovum.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-393
Protozoa Metazoa
It lacks cell wall,
egs. Amoeba, Invertebrates Vertebrates
Euglena, (No Backbone) (Backbone)
Trypanosoma,
Sponges Fishes
Giardia,
Coelenterates Amphibians
Paramecium,
Worms Reptiles
Plasmodium
Anthropods Birds
Mollusca Mammals
Echinoderms
Introduction Phylum-Platyhelminthes
Animals are the most diverse groups of •• T hese are mostly endoparasites, bilateral
organisms. Multicellular, heterotrophs symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate
characterised by mobility, sensory and
animals with organ level of organisation.
nervous systems.
•• Examples– Taenia (Tape worm), Fasciola
Phylum-Porifera
(liver fluke).
•• S ponges are aquatic, mostly marine,
solitary or colonial and sessile. Phylum-Aschelminthes
•• Examples of some sponges are : Sycon •• T
hey may be free-living, aquatic and
(scypha), Spongilla (fresh water terrestrial or parasitic in plants and
sponge) and Euspongia (bath sponge). animals.
Phylum-Coelenterata (Cnidaria) •• Examples: Ascaris (Round worm), Wuchereria
•• All are aquatic and are mostly marine (filarial worm), Ancylostoma (Hook worm),
(exception-Hydra are found in fresh- Enterobius (Pin worm).
water), solitary or colonial, sessile,
or free-swimming and radially Phylum-Annellda
symmetrical animals. •• It is characterised by metameric
•• E
xample-Physalia (Portuguese man segmentation forming ring like segments.
of war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), •• Example: Neries, Pheretima (Earthworm)
Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-
and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).
fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).
Phylum-Arthropoda
Phylum-Ctenophora
•• T hey are bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
•• These are diploblastic, radial symmetrical
animals with tissue level of organization. animals, which have organ-system level
•• Examples–Hormiphora (sea walnut), of organisation.
Pleurobranchia (sea gooseberry), Cestum •• Example: Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx
(venus girdle), Beroe. (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect).
Since bryophytes lack xylem and phloem only way to move substances through the plant body is by osmosis and diffusion from
surface moisture.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-395
honey. It also produces beeswax and Out-crossing: Mating between the animals
bee pollen. Beeswax is used for the of the same breed which do not have a
preparation of cosmetics and polishes common ancestor.
of various kinds. Cross-breeding: Mating between the
•• The commonest species of honeybee is superior animals of different breeds of the
Apis indica. same species.
MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo
Animal Breeding Transfer) technique is a programme
Animal breeding is the production of which improves the chances of successful
new breeds of domesticated animals production of hybrids.
with improved traits. Breeding is the
modification of genotype of an organism to Plant Breeding
make that organism more useful to human. •• P
lant breeding refers to the modification
Inbreeding: Mating between the closely and improvement of genetic material
related animals of same breed. of plants resulting in the development
Out-breeding: Mating between the animals of crops which are more beneficial to
which are not closely related. human beings.
Crop Variety Resistance to diseases
Wheat Himgiri Hill bunt, leaf and stripe rust
Cauliflower Pusa snowball Blight black rot, Black rot and Curl
K-1, Pusa shubra
Brassica Pusa Swarnim (Karan rai) White rust
Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
Chilli Pusa Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic
Sadabahar virus and leaf curl.
Table : Crop varieties bred by hybridization and selection for disease resistance to fungi,
bacteria and viral disease.
•• Examples of insect pest resistance crops using living organism cells or enzymes.
bred by hybridization are This technology has application in
(i) Pusa Gaurav variety of Brassica is agriculture, food processing industry,
resistant to aphids. bioremediation, medicine diagnostics,
(ii) Pusa Sawani and Pusa A-4 waste treatment and energy production.
varieties of Okra (Bhindi) are •• Biotechnology deals with:
resistant to shoot and fruit borer. ¾¾ Microbe-mediated processes
(iii) Pusa sem 2 and Pusa sem 3 (making curd, bread, wine etc.)
varieties of flat bean are resistance ¾¾ In vitro fertilization (‘test tube’
to aphids and fruit borer. baby programme)
Biotechnology and its Application ¾¾ Synthesis and using of gene
•• It deals with large scale production and ¾¾ Preparation of a DNA vaccine
marketing of products and processes ¾¾ Correcting a defective gene
Medical Discoveries
Discovery Made by Country Year
Antibiotic (Penicillin) Alexander Fleming Scotland 1928
Antiseptic Joseph Lister Scotland 1867
Aspirin Dr Felix Hoffmann Germany 1899
Blood Circulation William Harvey Britain 1628
Blood Group K. Landsteiner Austria 1900-1902
Blood Transfusion Jean-Baptiste Denys France 1625
DNA was first discovered in 1869 by swiss Friedrich Mieschler.
GK-400
GENERAL SCIENCE
Cholera and TB Germs Robert Koch Germany 1883
Diphtheria Germs Klebs and Loffler Germany 1883-84
Electro cardiogram (ECG) William Einthoven Dutch 1903
Heart-Lung machine John Heynsham Gibbon US 1953
Hypodermic Syringe Alexander Wood Britain 1853
Heart Transplant Christian Barnard South Africa 1967
Kidney Machine W. J. Kolf The Netherlands 1944
Malaria Germs A. Laveran France 1880
Organ Transplant John P. Merril USA 1953
Scan (CAT) Godfrey Hounsfield England 1973
Sphygomomanometer Scipione Riva-Rocci Italy 1896
Stethoscope Rene Laennec France 1819
Thermometer (Clinical) Sir Thomas Albutt England 1867
Ultrasound Ian Donald Ireland 1950
X-ray W. Roentgen Germany 1895
Important Vaccines
Vaccine Developed by Country Year
Small Pox Edward Jenner England 1796
Cholera Louis Pasteur France 1880
Diphtheria and Emil Adolf Von Behring and Shibasaburo Germany/Japan 1891
Tetanus Kitasato
TB Vaccine Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin France 1922
Polio Vaccine Jonas E. Salk US 1952
Oral Polio Vaccine Albert Bruce Sabin US 1955
Measles Vaccine John F. Enders, Thomas peeble US 1953
Rabies Vaccine Louis Pasteur France 1885
Typhus Vaccine Charles Nicolle France 1909
Bt cotton was the first genetically modified crop of cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to ball worms.
GK-402
GENERAL SCIENCE
Branch Study Branch Study
Chemistry – study of properties of Herpetology – study of reptiles and
substances amphibians
Chirography – study of handwriting Histology – study of the tissues of
or penmanship
organisms
Cosmology – study of the universe
Horology – science of time
Craniology – study of the skull
measurement
Dactylography – the study of
Horticulture – study of gardening
fingerprints
Hyetology – science of rainfall
Dactylology – study of sign
language Hygienics – study of sanitation;
Demography – study of population. health
Demology – study of human Hygiastics – science of health and
behaviour hygiene
Dermatology – study of skin Hypnology – study of sleep; study
Ecology – study of environment of hypnosis
Edaphology – study of soils Insectology – study of insects
Emetology – study of vomiting Ichthyology – study of fish
Emmenology – the study of Irenology – the study of peace
menstruation Kalology – study of beauty
Endocrinology – study of ductless Kinematics – study of motion
glands
Kinetics – study of forces
Entomology – study of insects
producing or
Entozoology – study of parasites
changing motion
that live inside larger
organisms Karyology – study of cell nuclei
Epidemiology – study of diseases; Laryngology – study of larynx
epidemics Lepidopterology – study of butterflies
Euthenics – science concerned and moths
with improving living Leprology – study of leprosy
conditions
Magnanerie – art of raising
Geochemistry – study of chemistry of
silkworms
the earth’s crust
Magnetics – study of magnetism
Geogony – study of formation of
the earth Malacology – study of molluscs
Geology – study of earth’s crust Malariology – study of malaria
Geoponics – study of agriculture Mammalogy – study of mammals
Graminology – study of grasses Mastology – study of mammals or
Gynaecology – study of women’s mammary glands or
physiology breast diseases
Halieutics – study of fishing Meteoritics – study of meteors
Helminthology – study of worms Meteorology – study of weather
Hematology – study of blood Metrology – science of weights
Hepatology – study of liver and measures
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-403
EVERYDAY SCIENCE
•• Why on mixing salt to the water the Water, which is heavier than petrol,
level of water remain same? slips down permitting the petrol to
The matter is made up of particle. When rise to the surface and continue to
we dissolve particle of salt it occupies burn. Besides, the existing temperature
the space between the particles of water. is so high that the water poured on
••
Why is carbon dioxide used in the fire evaporates even before it can
extinguishing fire? extinguish the fire. The latter is true if a
small quantity of water is poured.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is heavier than
•• Why does water remain cold in an
oxygen, (O2). So it makes a blanket and
earthen pot?
do not allow oxygen to come in contact There are pores in an earthen pot which
for combustion. allow water to percolate to the outer
••
Evaporation takes place at lower surface. Here evaporation of water
temperature around 60° & above, takes place thereby producing a cooling
but boiling at 100° C. effect.
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, •• Why do we place a wet cloth on the
occurs only in the upper part of water forehead of a patient suffering from
but boiling is a bulk phenomenon. high fever?
•• Plant cells are stronger than animal Because of the body’s temperature,
cells. water evaporating from the wet cloth
produces a cooling effect and brings the
Plant cells lacks lysosome (suicide bag
temperature down.
of cell). So in plant cell even dead cell
•• When a needle is placed on a small piece
help to strengthen the plant.
of blotting paper which is placed on
•• Why number of (white blood cell or the surface of clean water, the blotting
WBC) should be maintained? paper sinks after a few minutes but the
Normally the count of WBC in normal needle floats. However, in a soap
human body is 4500 to 11000 per mg. solution the needle sinks. Why?
But its increase will lead to leukaemia The surface tension of clean water being
and decrease may decrease the higher than that of a soap solution, it can
immunity which may lead to HIV. support the weight of a needle due to its
•• Why head injury is more vulnerable? surface tension. By addition of soap, the
The head cells are basically neuron cell, surface tension of water reduces,
which are specialized cell, which do not thereby resulting in the sinking of the
regenerate. It ultimately is very fatal. needle.
•• To prevent multiplication of mosquitoes,
•• Who will possibly learn swimming
it is recommended to sprinkle oil in
faster-a fat person or thin person ?
the ponds with stagnant water. Why?
The fat person displaces more water
Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water.
which will help him float much more The larvae of mosquitoes keep floating
freely compared to a thin person. on the surface of water due to surface
•• Why is a flash of lightening seen tension. However, when oil is sprinkled,
before thunder? the surface tension is lowered resulting
Because light travels faster than sound, in drowning and death of the larvae.
it reaches the Earth before the sound of •• How does oil rise on a cloth tape of
thunder. an oil lamp?
•• Why cannot a fire caused by petrol The pores in the cloth tape suck oil due
be extinguished by water? to the capillary action of oil.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-405
•• How are ventilators in a room always into lactic acid which on reacting with
made near the roof? milk protein (caesin), forms curd.
The hot air being lighter in weight •• Why does hard water not lather soap
tends to rise above and escape from the profusely?
ventilators at the top. This allows the Hard water contains sulphates and
cool air to come in the room to take its chlorides of magnesium and calcium
place. which forms an insoluble compound
•• How does ink get filled in a fountain with soap. Therefore, soap does not
pen? lather with hard water.
When the rubber tube of a fountain pen •• Why is it dangerous to have charcoal
is immersed in ink it is pressed, the air fire burning in a closed room?
inside the tube comes out and when the When charcoal burns it produces
pressure is released the ink rushes in to carbon monoxide which is suffocating
fill the air space in the tube. and can cause death.
•• Why are air coolers less effective •• Why is it dangerous to sleep under
during the rainy season? trees at night?
During the rainy reason the atmospheric Plants respire at night and give out
air is saturated with moisture. Therefore, carbon dioxide which reduces the
the process of evaporation of water from oxygen content of air under the trees
the moist pads of the cooler slows down required for breathing.
thereby not cooling the air blown out •• Why does ENO’s salt effervesce on
from the cooler. addition of water?
•• Why does grass gather more dew in It contains tartaric acid and sodium
nights than metallic objects such as bicarbonate. On adding water, carbon
stones? dioxide is produced which when released
Grass being a good radiator enables into water causes effervescence.
water vapour in the air to condense •• Why does milk turn sour?
on it. Moreover, grass gives out water The microbes react with milk and grow.
constantly (transpiration) which They turn lactose into lactic acid which
appears in the form of dew because the is sour in taste.
air near grass is saturated with water •• Why is a new quilt warmer than an
vapour and slows evaporation. Dew old one?
is formed on objects which are good In the new quilt the cotton is not
radiators and bad conductors.
compressed and it encloses more
•• If a lighted paper is introduced in a jar
air which is bad conductor of heat.
filled with carbon dioxide, its flame is
Therefore, it does not allow heat to
extinguished. Why ?
pass.
Because carbon dioxide does not help
•• Eskimos live in double-walled ice
in burning. For burning oxygen is
houses. Why?
required.
Because the air in between two ice walls
•• Why does the mass of an iron rod
does not allow heat to pass. Ultimately
increase on rusting?
they feel warmer in it compared to
Because rust is hydrated ferric oxide
which adds to the mass of the iron rod. environment
The process of rusting involves addition •• Curved rail tracks or curved roads
of hydrogen and oxygen elements to are banked or raised on one side.
iron. Why?
•• Why does milk curdle? Because a fast moving train or vehicle
Lactose (milk sugar) content of milk leans inwards while taking turn and
undergoes fermentation and changes the banked or raised track provides
GK-406
GENERAL SCIENCE
required centripetal force to enable it to •• Why is it easier to lift a heavy object
move round the curve. under water than in air?
•• How do bats fly in dark? Because when a body is immersed in
When bats fly they produce ultrasonic water, it experiences an upward thrust
sound waves which are reflected back (Archimedes’ Principle) and loses
to them from the obstacles in their weight equal to the weight of the water
way and hence they can fly without displaced by its immersed portion, and
difficulty. hence, is easier to lift objects.
•• Water pipes often burst at hill •• If a highly pumped up bicycle tyre
stations on cold frosty nights. Why? is left in the hot sunlight, it bursts.
The temperature at hill stations may Why?
fall below 0°C during cold frosty nights The air inside the tube increases in volume
which converts the water inside the when heated up. As sufficient space for
pipes into ice, resulting in an increase the expansion of the air is not available
in volume. This exerts great force on the because the tube is already highly
pipes and as a result, they burst. pumped, it may result in bursting of the
•• Why are white clothes more comfortable tyre.
in summer than dark or black ones? •• What will be the colour of green
White clothes are good reflectors and grass in blue light?
bad absorbers of heat, whereas dark Grass will appear dark in colour
or black clothes are good absorbers of because it absorbs all other colours of
heat. Therefore, white clothes are more the light except its own green colour.
comfortable because they do not absorb The blue light failing on grass will be
heat from the sun rays. absorbed by it, and hence, it will appear
•• Why does a rose appear red and dark in colour.
grass green in daylight? •• Why do two eyes give better vision
Rose absorbs all the constituent colours than one?
of white light except red which is Because two eyes do not form exactly
reflected to us. Similarly, grass absorbs similar images and the fusion of these
all colours except green which is two dissimilar images in the brain gives
reflected to us. three dimensions of the stereoscopic
•• Why does a ship rise as it enters the vision.
sea from a river? •• Why do we bring our hands close to
The density of sea water is high due the mouth while shouting across to
to impurities and salts compared to someone far away?
river water. As a result, the upthrust By keeping hands close to mouth the sound
produced by the sea water on the ship is not allowed to spread (phenomenon of
is more than that of river water. diffraction of sound) in all directions but
•• Why are fuses provided in electric is directed to a particular direction and
installations? becomes louder.
A safety fuse is made of a wire of metal •• Why does a corked bottle filled with
having a very low melting point. When
water burst if left out on a frosty
excess current flows in, the wire gets
night?
heated, melts and breaks the circuit.
Because of low temperature the water
By breaking the circuit it saves electric
inside the bottle freezes. On freezing it
equipment or installations from
expands, thereby its volume increases
damage by excessive flow of current.
and pressure is exerted on the walls.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-407
•• Why is a small gap left at the joint while touching the ground but his upper
between two rails? portion which is still in motion propels
To permit expansion of rails due to heat him forward.
generated by friction of a moving train. •• Why does an ordinary glass tumbler
•• Why cannot a copper wire be used to crack when very hot tea or milk is poured
make elements in electric heater? in it?
Copper melts at 108.3°C and forms a black When a hot liquid is poured into a
powder on reacting with atmospheric tumbler, the inner layer of the tumbler
oxygen. For heater elements a metal
gets heated, it expands before the outer
should have more resistance to produce
layer and an unequal expansion of both
•• Why are water or mercury droplets
layers causes the tumbler to crack.
always round when dropped on a
•• Why is a compass used as an indicator
clean glass?
The surface of a liquid is the seat of of direction?
a special force as a result of which The magnetic needles of a compass under
molecules on the surface are bound the influence of the earth’s magnetic field
together to form something like a lie in a north-south direction. Hence, we
stretched membrane. They tend to can identify direction.
compress the molecules below to •• Why is water from a hand pump
the smallest possible volume which warm in winter and cold in summer?
causes the drop to take a round shape In winter the outside temperature is
as for a given mass the sphere has lower than that of water flowing out of
minimum volume. the pump, and therefore, the water is
•• Why does a balloon filled with warm. Whereas, in summer, the outside
hydrogen rise in the air? temperature is higher than the water of
Weight of hydrogen is less than the the pump, and therefore, it feels cold.
weight of air displaced by it. In balloons •• Why is a rainbow seen after a
hydrogen is normally filled because it is
shower?
lighter than air.
After a shower the clouds containing
•• Why do we lean forward while
water droplets act like a prism through
climbing a hill?
which the white light is dispersed
In order to keep the vertical line passing
through our centre of gravity always producing a spectrum.
between our feet, which is essential to •• Why does a swimming pool appear less
attain equilibrium or stability. deep than it actually is?
•• Why does smoke curl up in the air? The rays of light coming from the bottom
Smoke contains hot gases which being of the pool pass from a denser medium
lighter in weight, follows a curved path (water) to a rarer medium (air) and are
because of the eddy currents that are refracted (bend away from the normal).
set up in the air. When the rays return to the surface they
•• Why does an electric bulb explode form an image of the bottom of the pool
when it is broken? at a point which is little above the real
The bulb encompasses partial vacuum position.
and as it breaks, air rushes in causing a •• Why is one’s breath visible in winter
small explosion. but not in summer?
•• Why does a man fall forward when In winter, water vapour contained in the
he jumps out of a running train or
breath condenses into small droplets
bus?
which become visible but in summer
He is in motion while in the train or bus.
they are quickly evaporated and not seen.
When he jumps out, his feet comes to rest
GK-408
GENERAL SCIENCE
•• Why doesn’t the electric filament in •• Why is it difficult to breathe at higher
an electric bulb burn up? altitudes?
Firstly, because it is made of tungsten Because of low air pressure at higher
which has a very high melting point altitudes the quantity of air is less, and
(3410°C) whereas the temperature of the so also that of oxygen.
filament required to glow is only 2700°C. •• Why are winter nights and summer
Secondly, oxygen is absent since the bulb nights warmer during cloudy weather
than when the sky is clear?
is filled with an inert gas which does not
Clouds being bad conductors of heat
help in burning.
do not permit radiation of heat from
•• Why does blotting paper absorb ink?
land to escape into the sky. As this heat
Blotting paper has fine pores which
remains in the atmosphere, the cloudy
act like capillaries. When a portion of
nights are warmer.
blotting paper is brought in contact with
•• Why is a metal tyre heated before it
ink, ink enters the pores due to surface
is fixed on wooden wheels?
tension (capillary action of liquids) and On heating, the metal tyre expands by
is absorbed. which its circumference also increases
•• Why does a small ball of iron sink in This makes fixing the wheel easier and
water but a large ship float? thereafter cooling down shrinks it; thus
The weight of water displaced by an fixing the tyre tightly.
iron ball is less than its own weight, •• Why is it easier to swim in the sea
whereas water displaced by the than in a river?
immersed portion of a ship is equal to The density of sea water is higher;
its weight (Archimedes’ Principle). hence the upthrust is more than that of
•• Why does ice float on water? river water.
The weight of the ice block is equal to •• A man with a load jumps from a
the weight of the liquid displaced by the high building. What will be the load
immersed portion of the ice experience by him ?
•• Why does moisture gather outside a Zero, because while falling, both the
tumbler containing cold water? man and the load are falling at the same
The water vapour in the air condenses on acceleration i.e. acceleration due to
cooling and appears as droplets of water. gravity.
•• Why does kerosene float on water? •• A piece of chalk when immersed in
Because the density of kerosene is less water, emits bubbles. Why?
than that of water. For the same reason Chalk consists of pores forming
capillaries. When it is immersed in
cream rises in milk and floats at the top.
water the water begins to rise in the
•• Why is the water in an open pond cool
capillaries and air present there is
even on a hot summer day?
expelled in the form of bubbles.
As the water evaporates from the open
•• Why does a liquid remain hot or
surface of a pond, heat is taken away in
cold for a long time inside a thermos
the process, leaving the surface cool. flask?
•• Why is it less difficult to cook rice or The presence of air, a poor conductor of
potatoes at higher altitudes? heat, between the double glass wall of
Atmospheric pressure at higher a thermos flask, keeps the liquid hot or
altitudes is low and boils water below cold inside a flask for a long time.
100°C. The boiling point of water is •• Why does a ball bounce upon falling?
directly proportional to the pressure on When a ball falls, it is temporarily
its surface. deformed. Because of elasticity, the ball
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-409
tends to regain its original shape for •• On the Moon, will the weight of a
which it presses the ground and bounce man be less or more than his weight
up (Newton’s Third Law of Motion). on the Earth?
•• Why is standing in boats or The gravity of the moon is one-sixth
double decker buses not allowed, that of the earth; hence the weight of a
particularly in the upper deck of person on the surface of the moon will
buses? be one-sixth of his actual weight on
On tilting the centre of gravity of the earth.
boat or bus is lowered and it is likely to •• Why do some liquids burn while
overturn. others do not?
•• Why is it recommended to add salt to
A liquid burns if its molecules can
water while boiling dal?
combine with oxygen in the air with the
By addition of salt, the boiling point
production of heat. Hence, oil burns but
of water gets raised which helps in
water does not.
cooking the dal sooner.
•• Why is the boiling point of sea water •• Why can we see ourselves in a
more than that of pure water? mirror?
Sea water contains salt, and other We see objects when light rays from
impurities which cause an elevation in them reach our eyes. As mirrors have a
its boiling point. shiny surface, the light rays are reflected
•• Why is it easier to spray water to back to us and enter our eyes.
which soap is added? •• Why does a solid chunk of iron sink
Addition of soap decreases the surface in water but floats in mercury?
tension of water. The energy for Because the density of iron is more
spraying is directly proportional to than that of water but less than that of
surface tension. mercury.
•• Which is more elastic, rubber or •• Why is cooking quicker in a pressure
steel? cooker?
Steel is more elastic for the same stress As the pressure inside the cooker
produced compared with rubber. increases, the boiling point of water is
•• Why is the sky blue? raised. Hence, the cooking process is
Violet and blue light have short waves quicker.
which are scattered more than red
•• When wood burns, it crackles.
light waves. While red light goes almost
Explain.
straight through the atmosphere.
Wood contains a complex mixture of
Blue and violet light are scattered by
gases and tar forming vapours trapped
particles in the atmosphere. Thus, we
under its surface. These gases and tar
see a blue sky.
vapours escape, making a crackling
•• Why does ink leak out of partially
sound.
filled pen when taken to a higher
altitude? •• Why do stars twinkle?
As we go up, the pressure and density The light from a star reaches us after
of air goes on decreasing. A partially refraction as it passes through various
filled pen leaks when taken to a higher layers of air. When the light passes
altitude because the pressure of air through the earth’s atmosphere, it is
acting on the ink inside the tube of the made to flicker by the hot and cold
pen is greater than the pressure of the ripples of air and it appears as if the
air outside. stars are twinkling.
GK-410
GENERAL SCIENCE
•• W hy is it easier to roll a barrel than •• W hy do we perspire before rains?
to pull it? Before the rain falls, the atmosphere
Because the rolling force of friction is gets saturated with water vapour, as
less than the dynamic force of sliding a result, the process of evaporation of
friction . sweat is delayed.
•• If a feather, a wooden ball and a steel •• Why does a thermometer kept in
ball fall simultaneously in a vacuum, boiling water show no change in
which one of these would fall faster? reading after 100°C?
All will fall at the same speed in vacuum The boiling point of water is 100°C.
because there will be no air resistance Once water starts boiling at this
and the earth’s gravity will exert a temperature, thermometer records no
similar gravitational pull on all. change in temperature. The quantity of
•• When a man fires a gun, he is pushed heat supplied is being utilized as latent
back slightly. Why?
heat of evaporation to convert the water
As the bullet leaves the nozzle of the
gun’s barrel with momentum in a at boiling point into vapour.
forward direction, as per Newton’s •• TB patients are suggested to live in
Third Law of Motion, the ejection sanatorium.
imparts to the gun an equal momentum At high altitude count of RBC
in a backward direction. (haemoglobin) increases.
•• Ice wrapped in a blanket or saw dust •• Rate of breathing in fish is higher
does not melt quickly. Why?
than human being.
Both blanket and saw dust are bad
conductors of heat. They do not permit Fish live in water, where amount of
heat rays to reach the ice easily. dissolved oxygen in water is less, so fish
•• Why do we perspire on a hot day? breath at higher rate to get adequate
When the body temperature rises, the oxygen for respiration.
sweat glands are stimulated to secrete •• Cornea transplant do not need blood
perspiration. It is nature’s way to keep match.
the body cool. During the process of
Cornea does not have blood vessel. It
evaporation of sweat, body heat is taken
away, thus, giving a sense of coolness. takes oxygen directly from atmosphere.
•• Why does ice float on water but sink •• Clay layers are poor aquifers.
in alcohol? Clay minerals are dense impermeable
Because ice is lighter than water it material and act as an aquifers i.e a layer
floats on it. However, ice is heavier than of material that is almost impermeable
alcohol and therefore it sinks in alcohol. to water.
BIOTECH INNOVATIONS
Gene Editing Absorbable Heart Stent
Gene editing is a tool for the CRISPRs (Clustered The bio- absorbable version made by Abbott
Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) Laboratories in Illinois
which are the segment of prokaryotic DNA does its job and
containing short repetitions of base sequences. disappears. After six
Genome editing techniques were concurrent
months the stent begins
with other approaches over the years to
to dissolve, and after two years it’s
manipulate gene function, including homologous
completely gone, leaving behind a healthy
recombination and RNA interference.
artery. But cheap stents are metallic which
Cancer Spit Test don’t dissolve.
Forget biopsies—a device designed by Stem cell treatment
researchers at the University of California-
Stem cell has been used to treat range of
Los Angeles detects oral cancer from a
diseases, injuries and other health related
single drop of saliva.
conditions. The widely used stem cell
Smart Contact Lens
treatment is the transplantation of blood
Contact lenses developed at the University of stem cells used to treat disease and immune
California-Davis contain conductive wires system.
that continuously monitor pressure and fluid
flow within the eyes of at- Nanomedicines
risk people. The lenses Nanomedicine is one of the applications
then relay information to of nanotechnology which is used for
a small device worn by diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases.
the patient; the device
Nanomedicine shows, the promising use in
wirelessly transmits it to
disease diagnosis, drug delivery on a targeted
a computer.
site in the body and molecular imaging.
Speech Restorer
Nanosensors
For people who have lost the ability to talk, a
new “phonetic speech engine” from Illinois- Today, detection of biological and chemical
based Ambient Corporation provides an species is the centre of area in the field of
audible voice. Developed in collaboration with health care. Nanosensors are any biological,
Texas Instruments, the Audio uses electrodes chemical, or surgical sensory points used to
to detect neuronal signals travelling from convey information about nanoparticles to the
brain to vocal cords. macroscopic world.
DNA App store is an online store for information about our genes and to learn more about our health risks.
GK-414
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
Biosensors Artificial Intelligence
Biosensor is a device for the detection of It is the field of science in which we study
biological component with a physiochemical how computers and computer softwares
detector component. Biosensors can convert can be created that are capable of intelligent
the biological data to electrical signal which behaviour.
can be later used to detect enzymes, receptors
antibodies and microbial cell. Bio-printing
Artificial Brain 3D bio-printing is the process of creating
Artificial brain is a collection of interconnected spatially-controlled cell
neural net module which is evolved in a special patterns, in which the
electronic hardware downloaded into PC and
interconnected according to the design of behaviour of biological
human brain. tissues can be reproduced.
MEDICAL INNOVATIONS
Cryonics applications are the disposal and long-term
Cryonics is the low-temperature preservation storage of nuclear waste or other hazardous
(usually at -196°C) of people who cannot be wastes in a method called geomelting and in
sustained by contemporary medicine, with cryopreservation.
the hope that resuscitation and restoration to Tooth Regeneration
full health may be possible in the far future. Tooth regeneration is a stem cell based
De-extinction, or Resurrection regenerative medicine procedure in the
Biology, or Species Revivalism field of tissue engineering and stem cell
biology to replace damaged or lost teeth by
De-extinction is the process of creating an
regrowing them from autologous stem cells.
organism, which is either a member of, or
resembles an extinct species, or breeding Cancer treatment in Nature
population of such organisms. Cloning is the The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has
most widely proposed method, although discovered a breed of natural cures for cancer
selective breeding has also been proposed. in Quercetin, a compound found in fruits
Similar techniques have been applied to and leaves, and plant Vernonia Condensata,
endangered species. which can significantly reduce the tumour
size and increase the longevity of life.
Virotherapy
Autophagy
Virotherapy is a treatment using biotechnology
to convert viruses into therapeutic agents by This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or
reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. In Medicine has been awarded to 71-year-old
a slightly different context, virotherapy can Yoshinori Ohsumi of the Tokyo Institute of
also refer more broadly to the use of viruses Technology for unravelling in the 1990s
to treat certain medical conditions by killing the underlying molecular mechanism
of autophagy. He was the first to visually
pathogens.
observe the process.
Vitrification During starvation a person is able to survive
Vitrification is the transformation of a for a considerable stretch of time. Despite
substance into a glass, that is to say a non- the obvious stress, the body is able to cope
crystalline amorphous solid. The technology because of an internal physiological process
can be used in making of pottery, glass, of “self-cannibalisation” through which the
and some types of food. Some of the other body makes use of its inessential and damaged
cellular components by breaking them down
HAL Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is India’s stealth super maneuverable multirole fighter aircraft.
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION GK-415
and reassembling them into useful proteins could eventually be used to develop new
and the nutrients needed to sustain its antibiotics for humans to aid the battle
essential functions. This is called autophagy, against superbugs.
which literally means “self-devouring”. It Superbugs are deadly bacteria which
is a process that has been evolutionarily cannot be treated by current antibiotics
conserved and is intrinsic to all organisms, and other drugs. According to recent British
from unicellular yeast to multicellular study, Superbugs could kill up to 10 million
mammalian systems like humans. people globally by 2050.
T-cell Therapy of Cancer Electroactive Bandage
Researchers from the Yale Cancer Center
The NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
have identified that two genes, NR4A1 and
Administration) has developed a new
ABC transporters, mark a distinct subset of
quiescent T cells within human tissues, and high-tech electroactive bandage that uses
have developed methods to mobilize them electricity to significantly promote healing
into circulation for potential application in of injured wounds.
adoptive T cell therapy of cancer. The high-tech bandage
Adoptive cellular therapy uses the body’s creates an electric
own T cells to boost its immune system to charge to promote
target cancer. The adoptive transfer of T the healing process
cells has emerged as a promising treatment of wounds in space
strategy for cancer, but improvements especially in conditions
on enhanced longevity and infiltration to of non-Earth gravity.
tumor tissue, particularly in solid tumors, The electroactive bandage uses a new
are needed.
material called polyvinylidene fluoride
CYSVAX Vaccine Against Tapeworms (PVDF) which can be stimulated by
The Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) pressure of cell growth and body heat. This
has launched CYSVAX, world’s first vaccine bandage could be used by astronauts in
to fight against Taenia solium Tapeworms space, military personnel wounded in field,
in pigs. patients who have undergone surgery or
The vaccine has significant potential benefit who have suffered a serious wound.
to reduce the incidence of epilepsy in
humans. 3D – Lungs
The CYSVAX is a recombinant porcine Scientists in the United States including
(Pigs) Cysticercosis Vaccine. The vaccine those of Indian origin have successfully
has potential to break the Cysticercosis grown three-dimensional (3D) lungs in
disease parasite’s life-cycle in pigs which the lab, using stem cells.The 3D lungs or
is considered to be one of the important organoids was created by coating tiny gel
reasons for epilepsy in humans. beads with lung-derived stem cells and
Mother’s Milk Fight Super bugs then allowing them to self-assemble into
Scientists from University of Sydney the shapes of the air sacs found in human
(Australia) have found that mother’s milk lungs. To show that these tiny organoids
from marsupials (also known as Tasmanian mimicked the structure of actual human
devils) could help to deadly superbugs lungs, researchers compared it with real
which resist antibiotics. sections of human lung.
They have found that peptides in the The laboratory-grown 3D lungs can be
marsupial’s milk killed resistant bacteria, used to study diseases including Idiopathic
including methicillin-resistant golden staph Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) which has
bacteria and enterococcus that is resistant been difficult to study using conventional
to powerful antibiotic vancomycin. methods and also test possible treatments
Scientist are hopeful marsupial peptides for the lung diseases.
World’s first climate-controlled domed city is to be built in Dubai.
GK-416
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
IPF is a chronic lung disease characterised Zika Vector
by scarring of the lungs. The scarring Brazilian scientists have identified Culex
makes the lungs thick and stiff. It results
quinquefasciatus mosquito infected
in progressively worsening shortness of
breath and thus results in lack of oxygen by the Zika virus as another type of Zika-
to the brain and vital organs. Though transmitting mosquito.
researchers do not know what causes IPF in It was identified by researchers from the
all cases but cigarette smoking and exposure public Brazilian laboratory Fundacion
to certain types of dust can increase the risk Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) in three out of 80
of developing the disease. groups of mosquitoes analysed up until
Herb inhibit cancer now.Up until now, transmission of the Zika
Researchers from the Pune-based National virus was only known through the Aedes
Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) have aegypti mosquito, the same vector that
successfully isolated cancer stem cells that spreads Dengue and Chikungunya.
cause skin cancer. The Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito is
They have successfully demonstrated that known as the domestic mosquito in Brazil.
Andrographolide (a compound) isolated and In Recife, where the majority of Zika cases
purified from Andrographis paniculata (a
of Brazil were registered, the population of
herb) found in India is effective in inhibiting
tumour growth both in skin cancer and lung this mosquito is estimated to be 20 times
metastasis in mice. larger than that of the Aedes aegypti.
PHYSICS
Fastest Electric Current charging of energy storage devices such
Scientists at the Max Planck Institute of as supercapacitor. It can also be used for
Quantum Optics have now created electric operating electronic devices in the absence
currents inside solids which exceed the of external power source.
frequency of visible light by more than Topology of Matter
ten times They made electrons in silicon British trio of physicists David Thouless,
dioxide oscillate with ultrafast laser pulses. F Duncan M Haldane and Michael
The conductivity of the material which is Kosterlitz have won the 2016 Nobel Prize
typically used as an insulator was increased in Physics. For their individual researches
by more than 19 orders of magnitude. on theoretical discoveries of topological
UV-Photo Detector phase transitions and topological phases of
matter.
The researchers from the Indian Institute
Their research work centres on Topology, a
of Science (IISc), Bengaluru have developed branch of mathematics involving step-wise
a cost-effective, high-performance, self- changes like making a series of holes in an
powered UV photodetector. object.
They have discovered totally unexpected
behaviours of solid materials.
The discoveries have paved the way for
designing new materials with all sorts of novel
properties that have significant potential
revolutionize advances in electronics and
The self-powered UV photodetector can use
the harvested optical energy for direct self- future quantum computers.
In China, Facebook was blocked following the July 2009 Urumqi riots.
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION GK-417
CHEMISTRY
Water Hydroelectric Cell splits water into hydroxide and hydronium
A team of scientists led by Dr. RK Kotnala ions. The H3O ions get trapped inside
from Delhi’s National Physical Laboratory the nanopores of magnesium ferrite and
(NPL) have developed a novel way using of generate an electric field. The electric field
producing electricity from water hydroelec- helps in further dissociation of water.
tric cell at room temperature without using To further enhance the activity of
any power or chemicals. magnesium ferrite, about 20% of
In this new method, scientist had used zinc magnesium is replaced with lithium. The
and silver as electrodes to make a cell that substitution of lithium at magnesium site
produces electricity. increases the sensitivity of magnesium
They had used nanoporous magnesium ferrite.
ferrite to split water into hydroxide (OH) and This is helpful in dissociating water at room
hydronium (H3O) ions. As magnesium has temperature as the electrons get trapped in
high affinity for hydroxide, it spontaneously the oxygen deficient sites.
BIOLOGY
Termite Snake-like-fish
A new termite species Scientists have discovered Gymnothorax
Glyptotermes Chiraharitae indicus (proposed name Indian unpatterened
was discovered at Kakkayam moray), a new species of eel (a snake-like
in the Malabar Wildlife fish) in the northern Bay of Bengal region
Sanctuary, Kerala. It has along the West Bengal coast.
been named ‘Chiraharitae’ It was discovered after it was collected in a
after the tropical evergreen forests of the trawl net by fishermen in northern Bay of
Western Ghats, where it was spotted. Bengal, about 70 km off the coast.
TECHNOLOGY
Tumor-Nanosensor Gelator
Engineers at MIT have developed new Researchers from Indian Institute of
nanosensors that can profile tumors and Science Education and Research (IISER)
Thiruvananthapuram have developed a
may yield insight into how they will respond
compound named gelator to scoop out
to certain therapies.
marine oil spills.
The system is based on levels of enzymes They had produced gelators using
called proteases, which cancer cells use to glucose as a starting material and through
remodel their surroundings. several other chemical reactions. The
Once adapted for humans, this type of gelator molecule is partly hydrophilic and
sensor could be used to determine how partly hydrophobic. The hydrophilic part
aggressive a tumor is and help doctors helps in self-assembling to form gelator
fibres, while the hydrophobic part is
choose the best treatment, says Sangeeta
responsible for its diffusion into oil layer.
Bhatia, the John and Dorothy Wilson. Since outer part of the fibre is hydrophobic,
On 28 August 2016, ISRO conducted a successful test of a scramjet engine on a two stage, solid-fuelled rocket.
GK-418
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
oil tends to gets into spongy network made will run in the city’s confluence area. The
of fibres. Once inside the fibre network, oil driverless bus service includes two electric
loses fluidity and becomes a gel. The gel shuttles that will transport passengers on a
was strong enough to be scooped with a ten-minute route hosting five stops.
spatula. The driverless buses can hold up to 15
Human Hair as Cathode passengers and are electric buses. It has
features like LIDAR radar technology and
Researchers from Kolkata based Indian
motion sensors will help to avoid accidents.
Institute of Science Education and Research
The LIDAR radar technology allows these
(IISER) have produced cost-effective, metal-
free cathodes using human hair for use in buses to know exactly where they are and
solar cells. to detect everything happening around
This is the first instance where a bio-waste- them. Using this technology these buses
derived electrode (in this case human hair) manage their movement intelligently to
has been used as cathode in a quantum dot avoid collisions.
sensitised solar cell device. LIDAR is acronym of Light Detection And
Ranging. Originally it was created as a
Eye of Heaven portmanteau of “light” and “radar”.
China has built world’s largest radio Software Roboties
telescope nicknamed Tianyan (Heavenly
Eye” or “The Eye of Heaven) or the five- India’s largest private sector bank ICICI
hundred-metre aperture spherical radio Bank has successfully deployed ‘Software
telescope (FAST). Robotics’ for power banking operations.
It has started its operation and is part With this, it becomes first bank in the
of China’s drive to become a science country and among few globally to deploy
powerhouse. It is located in the Dawodang ‘Software Robotics’. ICICI Bank has deployed
depression (vast natural crater), a natural Software Robotics to over 200 business
basin in Pingtang County in the Guizhou processes across various functions. The 200
Province, Southwest China. business processes include retail banking
Driverless Bus Service operations, agri-business, trade & foreign
The world’s first daily driverless bus exchange, treasury and human resources
service has started in Lyon, France which management, among others.
SPACE
Artificial Gravity kinds of probes are :
It is the increase or decrease of apparent (i) Sounding rockets: It carries
gravity (g-force) by artificial means, instruments into the upper atmosphere
particularly in space as well as on Earth. and into space near the Earth.
Hyper Telescope (ii) Lunar Spacecraft: It explores the
Hyper-telescope is a set of moon to prepare the way for astronauts
telescopes, arranged in a large to land there.
lens-shape, working together
(iii) Interplanetary Probes: It explore space
to resolve astronomical
images at much higher between the planets. They do not reach a
angular resolutions than possible with each specific body in space.
telescope alone. (iv) Planetary Probes: It travel in orbits
Space Probes around the sun. They may fly past the
Space probes are used to explore space at target planet, go into orbit around it, or
various distances from the Earth. Four main land.
The movie Kinoautomat presented in the Czech Pavilion in Expro ‘67 in Monteral is considered to be the first cinema-like
interview movie.
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION GK-419
Dragon Skin Body Armour can withstand a grenade explosion at point-blank range.
GK-420
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
DEFENCE
Cruise Missiles from small arms
ammunition and from
Cruise Missiles are low flying missiles, which
are programmed to target by an on board small arms ammunition
computer. These missiles are used for long manufacturing. Two green
distance warheads with high accuracy. ammunition cartridges
These are self-corrected avionic missiles are the 5.56×45mm NATO
with high tech aeronautics using transistor M855A1 and the MK281 40 mm grenade.
and computer technology. BrahMos and Directed-energy Weapon
Nirbhay missiles of Indian origin are under
Directed-energy weapon (DEW) emits
this category.
highly focused energy, transferring that
Stealth Technology energy to a target to damage it. The
Stealth technology is a discipline of applications of this technology include
military tactics and passive electronic anti-personnel weapon systems, potential
countermeasures, which include the missile defense system, and the disabling
techniques used with personnel, aircraft, of lightly armored vehicles such as cars,
ships, submarines, missiles and satellites to drones, watercraft, and electronic devices
make them less visible (ideally invisible) to
such as mobile phones.
radar, infrared, sonar and other detection
methods. Some of the stealth aircraft Electromagnetic Pulse
are F-22 Raptor, SR-71 Blackbird, F-117 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also called
Nighthawk, F-35 Lightning II, B-2 Spirit and a transient electromagnetic disturbance,
T-50 PAK FA. is a short burst of electromagnetic energy.
Green Bullet Weapons have been developed to create
Green bullets are nicknames for a United the damaging effects of high-energy EMP.
States Department of Defence program to These are typically divided into nuclear
eliminate the use of hazardous materials and non-nuclear devices.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Claytronics Domed City
Claytronics is an abstract future concept that A domed city is a kind of theoretical or
combines nanoscale robotics and computer fictional structure that encloses a large urban
science to create individual nanometer-scale area under a single roof. In most descriptions,
computers called claytronic atoms, or catoms, the dome is airtight and pressurized,
which can interact with each other to form creating a habitat that can be controlled for
tangible 3D objects that a user can interact air temperature, composition and quality,
with. Claytronics will offer a more realistic sense typically due to an external atmosphere.
to communication over long distance called Domed cities have been a fixture of science
pario. Pario could be used effectively in many fiction and futurology since the early 20th
professional disciplines from engineering design, century, and may be situated on Earth, a
education and healthcare to entertainment and moon or other planet.
leisure activities such as video games.
AGRICULTURE
Data Preserved in Soil of land. However, any idea of future potential
For traditional farming models, the primary must be built on current data, with what data
determinants are the availability and suitability there is then mapped to tell the story of a
The 30th of November is known as “Computer Security Day”.
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION GK-421
EDUCATION
E-Learning on accessible portable platforms. It is ideal
eLearning is learning or utilizing electronic for people on the go or for those who can’t
technologies to access educational access a regular computer.
curriculum outside of a traditional classroom. Virtual Classroom
m-Learning A virtual classroom is an online learning
m-Learning is one of the latest environment. The environment can be
developments in e-Learning which takes web-based and accessed through a portal or
advantage of mobile devices for learning software-based and require a downloadable
executable file.
Skype is banned from the public in China.
GK-422
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
Smart Board MOOCs (Massive Open Online
The smart board Course)
provides the facility for (MOOCs) is a platform where every student
learners to participate can discover a free online course through
in the instructional internet for years, although the quality
process. It gives the and quantity of courses changed day by
platform for students day. It has changed the face of education.
to understand the subject through writing, MOOCs can be considered as a term or word
teaching and drawing. Every student has a related to the scalability of open and online
facility to participate in the discussion via education.
tablets and notebooks.
DISPLAYS
OLED 1980 by Clark and Lagerwall. These find
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a applications in 3D head mounted displays
light-emitting diode (LED). They are used (HMD), image insertion in surgical
to create digital displays in devices such microscopes and electronic view finders
as television screens, computer monitors, where direct-view LCDs fail to provide
portable systems such as mobile phones, more than 600 ppi resolution.
handheld game consoles and PDAs. Quantum Dot Display
3 D Display A quantum dot display is an experimental
A stereo display also known as 3D display type of display technology. Quantum dots
is a display device capable of conveying (QD) or semiconductor nanocrystals could
depth perception to the viewer by means of provide an alternative for commercial
stereopsis for binocular vision. applications such as
Laser Phosphor Display display technology.
Currently, they are
Laser Phosphor Display (LPD) is a large-
format display technology that is similar to used only to filter
cathode ray tube (CRT) technology but uses light from LEDs to
lasers instead of an electron gun to activate backlit LCDs, rather
the phosphors that create the images. LPD than as actual displays.
was invented and patented by Prysm, Inc. Laser Video Display
LPD competes with liquid crystal display Laser color television, or Laser color video
(LCD), plasma display panel (PDP), and display utilizes two or more individually
other large-format display technologies. modulated optical (laser) rays of different
FLCD colors to produce a combined spot that is
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display (FLCD) scanned and projected across the image
is a display technology based on the plane by a polygon-mirror system or less
ferroelectric properties of chiral smectic effectively by optoelectronic means to
liquid crystals. It has been proposed in produce a color-television display.
SPORTS
Kinetic Energy Recovery System present in the waste heat created by the car’s
(KERS)- Auto Racing braking process.” It takes the energy used
Used in Formula One racing, this 35-kilogram when a car brakes and uses it later on to boost
car part “recovers the kinetic energy that is acceleration.
TRANSPORT
Utility fog structure. In the original application as a
Utility fog, coined by Dr. John Storrs Hall replacement for seatbelts, the swarm of
in 1993 is a hypothetical collection of robots would be widely spread-out, and
the arms loose, allowing air flow between
tiny robots that can replicate a physical
Pink ball was first used in a day-night Test match for the first time in November 2015.
GK-424
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
them. In case of a collision the arms would units are the communicating nodes,
lock into their current position, the result providing each other with information, such
would be to spread any impact over the as safety warnings and traffic information.
entire surface of the passenger’s body. They can be effective in avoiding accidents
Maglev Trains and traffic congestion.
The maglev train has no wheels. So, these Supersonic Transport
locomotives levitate. The tracks they run A supersonic transport (SST) is a civilian
on are magnetized. The trains use the force supersonic aircraft designed to transport
this creates to propel themselves upward passengers at speeds greater than the
and forward at high speeds. Running speed of sound. To date, the only SSTs to see
these engines requires the consumption regular service have been Concorde and the
of only a small amount of fuel. Thus, in Tupolev Tu-144. The last passenger flight of
addition to being faster than traditional the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last
style locomotives, these ones are more eco- flown in 1999 by NASA.
friendly and less costly to operate.
Scramjet
Electric Cars
A scramjet (supersonic combusting ramjet)
The electric car is a good solution to the is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet
transportation crisis at hand. engine in which combustion takes place in
These automobiles are just supersonic airflow. An aircraft using this
plugged in to the appropriate
type of jet engine could dramatically reduce
outlet and then they are on
the time it takes to travel from one place to
the road. The cars do almost
another, potentially putting any place on
no harm to the environment and are also
Earth within a 90-minute flight.
economical. One study published by IDC
Energy Insights stated that by the end of 2015 Vactrain
there will be three million cars on the road. A vactrain (or vacuum tube train) is a
Driverless Cars proposed design for very-high-speed rail
A large and complex camera is mounted transportation. It is a maglev (magnetic
to the roof of driverless cars which is used levitation) line using partly evacuated
to navigate the road. These cars are safer, tubes or tunnels. Reduced air resistance
if the technology is right, to ride in as a could permit vactrains to travel at very
precisely calibrated robot is at the wheel. high speeds—up to 4,000–5,000 mph
The automobiles also allow people to work (6,400–8,000 km/h), which is 5–6 times the
or relax during a trip, as they eliminate the speed of sound in Earth’s atmosphere at sea
need to focus on the road. However, they are level—using relatively little power. If these
bad for the environment. trains achieve the predicted speeds, the trip
between New Delhi and New York would
Vehicular Communication Systems take less than 2 hours, surpassing aircraft
Vehicular communication systems are as the world’s fastest mode of public
networks in which vehicles and roadside transportation.
PRINTING
3D Printing carried out using additive processes. In an
Printing is no longer limited to flat additive process an object is created by
sheets of paper. 3D printing or additive laying down successive layers of material
manufacturing is a process of making until the entire object is made. Each of
3-dimensional solid objects from a digital these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced
file. The creation of a 3D printed object is horizontal cross-section of the eventual
object.
The Mumbai Suburban Railway is the first Rail system in India which began in 1867.
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION GK-425
BUSINESS
Dimensional Marketing CRM (Customer Relationship
Management)
Marketing has evolved significantly in the
last half-decade. The evolution of digitally- (CRM) software is a category of enterprise
connected customers lies at the core, reflecting software that covers a broad set of applications
the dramatic change in the dynamic between and software designed to help businesses manage
relationships and transactions. This modern customer data and customer interaction, access
era for marketing is likely to bring new business information, automate sales, marketing
challenges in the dimensions of customer and customer support. It also manages employee,
engagement, connectivity, data and insight. vendor and partner relationships.
Amplified Intelligence Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Amplified intelligence is focused on deploying Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the
tools at points when a business really needs
business process management software
it for effective decision-making. Natural
language processing techniques (allowing that allows an organization to use a system
conversational interaction with a complex of integrated applications to manage the
system), visualisation tools (letting individuals business and automate many back office
explore data on their own terms and find functions related to technology, services and
new patterns of discoveries), or advanced human resources. ERP software integrates
analytics mobile solutions (such as those all facets of an operation, including product
embedded inside smartphones or tablets) planning, development, manufacturing, sales
are the examples. and marketing.
BANKING
Satellite Banking
Satellite banking is an upcoming technological
innovation in the Indian banking industry,
which is expected to help in solving the
problem of weak terrestrial communication
links in many parts of the country. The use
of satellites for establishing connectivity
between branches will help banks to reach technology to tap the potential of rural
remote areas in a better way, and offer better markets. People in such areas do not adopt
facilities, particularly in relation to electronic technology as fast as the urban centres due
funds transfers. to the large scale illiteracy. Development of
Biometrics biometric technology has made the use of
A number of banks have started the process self service channels like ATMs viable with
of setting up ATMs enabled with biometric respect to the illiterate population.
The RBI logo was inspired from the East India Company Double Mohur.
GK-426
TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION
RTGS transactions. The introduction of RTGS in
The other payment and settlement systems 2004 was instrumental in the development
deployed were mostly aimed at small value of infrastructure for Systemically Important
repetitive transactions, largely for the retail Payment Systems (SIPS).
ENTERTAINMENT
Virtual reality of suspension of disbelief. The greater the
Virtual reality (VR), is a technology that suspension of disbelief, the greater the
offers new and exciting ways to consume degree of presence achieved.
information and entertainment. As a non- Interactive Cinema
linear medium, VR brings a very different Interactive cinema tries to give the audience
viewing experience to the table. VR offers an active role in the showing of movies. The
exciting possibilities: as a dynamic new availability of computers for the display
storytelling medium; as a rich narrative of interactive video has made it easier
device within conventional film; and as a to create interactive movies. Another
practical, time-saving preproduction tool. newer definition of interactive cinema is
Depth Sensors a video game which is a hybrid between
participation and viewing, giving the player
Developed as a CGI-video hybrid, the - or viewer, as it were - a strong amount of
software repurposes the depth-sensing control in the characters’ decisions.
camera from the Microsoft Kinect to capture
and visualise the world as wireframe forms. Second Screen
By syncing the Depth Kit to the camera The second screen involves the use of a
with which shooting is done, a 3D CGI computing device to provide an enhanced
sculpture for every frame of the film is viewing experience for content on another
captured, essentially producing a file of device, such as a television. The use of such
3D animation that perfectly lined up to the devices provide interactive features during
film’s characters and action. broadcast content, such as a television
program, especially social media postings
Computer-generated Imagery on social networking platforms, such as
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is the Facebook and Twitter. The use of a second
application of computer graphics to create screen supports social television and
or contribute to images in art, printed generates an online conversation around
media, video games, films, television the specific content.
programs, shorts, commercials, videos, Smart TV
and simulators. The term “CGI” is most
A smart TV, sometimes referred to as
commonly used to refer to 3D computer
connected TV or hybrid TV, is a television
graphics used for creating scenes or special set with integrated Internet and
effects in films and television. interactive “Web 2.0” features. Smart TV
(Immersion (virtual reality) is a technological convergence between
Immersion into virtual reality is a computers and flatscreen television
perception of being physically present sets and set-top boxes. Along with the
in a non-physical world. The perception traditional functions of television sets and
is created by surrounding the user of set-top boxes provided through traditional
the VR system in images, sound or other broadcasting media, these devices also
stimuli that provide an engrossing total provide Internet TV, online interactive
environment. The degree to which the media, over-the-top content (OTT), as well
virtual or artistic environment faithfully as on-demand streaming media, and home
reproduces reality determines the degree networking access.
The term “virtual reality” was conceived by Jaron Lanier in 1987.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &
COMPUTERS
•• I ndia is the world’s largest sourcing destination for the information technology (IT)
industry.
The world’s first website was published on August 6, 1991 by British physicists Tim Berners-Lee.
GK-428
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMPUTERS
•• A
ccounting for approximately 67% of The initiative is an umbrella programme
the US$ 124-130 billion market. which shall include all departments
•• T
he industry employs about 10 million and ministries within its scope. The
work forces. implementation shall be monitored and
•• T
he IT industry has also created overseen by a Digital India Advisory group.
significant demand in the Indian Objectives
education sector, especially for •• To bring digital empowerment to India
engineering and computer science. and aid in its transition to becoming a
•• The Indian IT and ITeS industry is knowledge economy.
divided into four major segments: •• Transform so far agrarian Indian econo-
v IT services; my to a knowledge-centric economy
•• Plug the widening digital divide in In-
v Business Process Management
dian society
(BPM);
•• Give India equal footing with the devel-
v Software products and engineering oped world in terms of development
services and hardware. with the aid of latest technology.
•• The IT-BPM sector which is currently Features
valued at US$ 143 billion is expected
•• N ational Optical Fiber Network (NOFN)
to grow at a Compound Annual Growth
Rate (CAGR) of 8.3% yearly. to connect 2, 50,000 Gram Panchayats
by providing internet connectivity to all
•• The sector is expected to contribute 9.5% citizens.
of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) •• To provide high-speed internet at the
and more than 45% in total services gram level, e-availability of major gov-
export in 2015-16. ernment services like health, education,
security, justice, financial inclusion etc.
Government Initiatives
thereby digitally empowering citizens.
1. National Digital Literacy Mission •• Ensure public answerability via a
National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM) unique ID, e-Pramaan
Scheme has been formulated to impart IT •• To create huge number of jobs.
training to 52.5 lakh persons, including •• To promote of digital usage through
Anganwadi and ASHA workers and mobile phones
•• Individuals will maintain a digital iden-
authorised ration dealers in all the States/
tity right from birth.
UTs to enable them to actively participate in
•• Government services can be availed ei-
developmental process.
ther through mobile phones or through
2. Digital India (DI) the internet.
•• To promote universal digital literacy
The Digital India not only envisages giving
and make all digital resources univer-
boost to information technology but also
sally accessible to the people.
envisages achieving import-export balance
in electronics. •• The DI programme covers a wide range
of areas.
Thrust Areas in Digital India
Broadband highways
Total mobile connectivity
Digital India is somewhere derived from the frame work “Vibrant Gujarat” of Gujarat’s developmentary program.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMPUTERS GK-429
As of now, the fastest super computer in the world is the Sunway Taihu light, in mainland China.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMPUTERS GK-431
lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else you can think of. This also applies to
components of machines, for example a jet engine of an airplane or the drill of an oil rig.
By 2020 there will be over 26 billion connected devices. The IoT is a giant network of
connected “things” (which also includes people). The relationship.
Culture plays an important role in the development of any nation. It represents a set of
shared attitudes, values, goals and practices. Culture and creativity manifest themselves in
almost all economic, social and other activities. A country as diverse as India is symbolized
by the plurality of its culture.
India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk
traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings that are known, as the
‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ (ICH) of humanity.
“Pattachitra” is an Indian technique of paintings that is done on palm leaves and is originated in the state of Odisha.
GK-436
ART & CULTURE
Developed during Mughal Period The intricate designs are given form
i.e. 16th – 19th century this style of by using colours using precious
painting are very small in size but stones conch shells, gold and silver.
having a lot of niceties of court life
and the contemporary personalities,
Miniature painting events and actions of the Mughal times.
As the name indicates this form of Semi-precious stones, glass and gold
art has its origin in Tanjore district are used to give the painting a royal
of Southern Tamil Nadu depicting look with embellished designs.
the stories of gods and goddess
with an aristocratic touch.
Tanjore art
This ethnic painting is a patronage The art is executed by fine pens
of Golkonda and Mughal Sultanate made of bamboo and natural colours
and flourished near Kalahasti region extracted from vegetables.
of Chennai and Masulipatnam area
Kalamkari of Hyderabad.
This is a rudimentary wall painting Typical natural elements such as
with emphasis on graphical pattern Rice paste, mix with gum and water
and legacy of North Sahyadri Range Red clay (Geru), cow dung, mud
in India. It’s an age old tribal painting
are used to give the painting an
started during the 2500 or 3000 BCE
depicts the nature, celestial body authentic tribal look.
Warli Painting and human invention with different
graphical shape.
This is a tribal art form developed These art forms are generally drawn
by Gond Tribes of Central India. on made on walls, ceilings and floors
The typical design Gond art with of village houses.
dots and lines depict the nature
and social customs of the tribal
community.
Gond Art
Indian Music
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk music, pop and classical music. India’s
classical music tradition, including Hindustani music and Carnatic, has a history spanning
millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-
religious life.
Indian art industry is estimated to be around 500 crore rupees with a per annum growth of 35-40 %.
ART & CULTURE GK-437
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Padma Bhushan, National Film Award for Best
Joshi: 4 February 1922 – 24 Male Playback Singer, Sangeet Natak Akademi
January 2011 Award, First platinum disc, Padma Vibhushan
Indian classical vocalist
Kuchipudi
This north Indian dance form is Pandit Birju Maharaj, Kumudini Lakhiya,
inextricably bound with classical Sitara Devi, Shovana Narayan, Malabika
Hindustani music. Mitra, Kartik Ram - Kalyan Das, Manisha
Gulyani
Kathak
It literally means story play and is Kalamandalam Krishna Prasad, Kavungal
an elaborate dance. Chathunni Panicker, Kalamandalam
Ramankutty Nair, Kalamandalam
Kesavan Namboodir, Kottakkal Sivaraman,
Kathakali Kalamandalam Gopi
It is a very graceful dance meant Smitha Rajan, Sunanda Nai, Jayaprabha
to be performed as a solo recital Menon, Pallavi Krishnan, Gopika Varma,
by women. Vijayalakshmi
Mohiniyattam
The most striking part of Manipur Poushali Chatterjee , Rajkumar Singhajit
dance is its colorful decoration, Singh, Sohini Ray, Guru Nileswar
lightness of dancing foot, delicacy Mukharjee, Guru Bipin Singha
of abhinaya (drama), lilting music
Manipuri and poetic charm.
20th century Indian art was associated with the nationalist movement as people were using art and paintings as a medium to sway
the patriotic feelings of the masses.
ART & CULTURE GK-439
Holla Mohalla,
Lohri, Birthday Guru
Ramdassji, Sodal mela,
Onam Boat Race Festival
Guru Gobind Singh (homecoming of
Jayanti (Sikhs) King Mahabal)
Mahavir Jayanti Mahamastak Abhishek,
Diwali,
Paryushan Paryushana (Kerala)
Parva (Jains)
Mughal era saw the emergence of a unique style which was a blend of Islamic, Hindu and Christian art.
GK-440
ART & CULTURE
Main Festival Other Festivals Main Festival Other Festivals
Kila Raipur Sports Kila Raipur Sports Hemis Festival Ugadi (Regional)
(India’s Rural Ladakh Andhra,
Olympics) Telangana, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu
Archaeology
Archaeology studies the story of man’s past through his material remains.
Period Indian Architecture Indian Sculpture
Indus Civilization • House, Lothal, Gujarat, • Chaitiva Hall, Bhaja, Maharashtra
Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Ropar, Dancing girl, Bronze, Mohen-
Kalibangan, Lothal and Rangpur. jo-daro, Pakistan
• Lomas Rishi cave, Bihar Priest, Clay, Harappa,
Pakistan
Bull, bronze, Mohen-jo-daro
Toy animal with movable head,
Terracotta, Mohen-jo-daro Pakistan
Seal : Pasupati, Stone, Mohen-jo-
daro, Pakistan
• Jewellery, Mohen-jo-daro, Pakistan
Buddhist • Prayer Hall or Chaitya, at Karle • Lion capital from Ashoka
(Poona district) Stambha, Stone, Sarnath,
• Sanchi Stupa No.1, (UP)
Madhya Pradesh
• Railing and • Bull Capital, from Rampurva, Bihar
Gateways at • Chauri-bearer (Yakshi), Lime Stone,
Bharhut, Sanchi Didarganj, Bihar
and Bodh Gaya(North) • Worship of the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut,
• Amravati and Nagarjunakonda (MP)
( South). • Sanchi Stupa No.1, Yakshi, (MP)
• Taming of Nalagiri Elephant, Amaravati,
State Museum, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Followers of Zoroastrianism in India don’t bury their dead, but instead leave bodies in buildings called “Towers of Silence” for
the vultures to pick clean.
ART & CULTURE GK-441
The earliest cotton in the world was spun and woven in India. Roman emperors would wear delicate cotton from India that they
would call “woven winds.”
GK-442
ART & CULTURE
THEATRES
The rich Indian theatre culture has its origin dating back in the first century, CE, and started
and nurtured by the society as means of expressing, communicating and sharing the ideas,
opinions, emotions and belief of mankind. Since then it has gone through many ups and
downs but the culture remain undaunted. Today many of Indian theatre have internationally
acclaimed fraternity.
India has the world’s largest movie industry, based in the city of Mumbai (known as the “City of Dreams”).
ART & CULTURE GK-443
The Bahá’í house of worship in Delhi, known as the “Lotus Temple,” is shaped like a lotus flower with 27 gigantic “petals” that
are covered in marble.
GK-444
ART & CULTURE
Indians made significant contributions to calculus, trigonometry, and algebra. The decimal system was invented in India in 100 B.C.
ART & CULTURE GK-445
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram (Bihar) Islam Shah Suri, Son of Sher Shah
HANDICRAFTS
India has got international acclamation in terms of its beautiful and creative handicrafts.
Given below are the states with diversified crafts:
State Handicrafts
Odisha Weaving craft, palm leaf writing, patachitra- the chitrakar’s foray, applique,
stone carving, metal craft,
Delhi Zardozi, lacquer work, clay and paper made dolls
Maharashtra Paithani saris, sawantwadi crafts, warli paintings, kolhapuri chappals,
narayan peth
West Bengal Artistic leather craft, brass & bell metal, pottery, mat making, dhokra metal
casting, cane & bamboo, fine arts, clay dolls, horn work, jute products, shell
& conch shell, sholapith, famous handloom sarees like dhakai jamdani,
tangail etc
Gujarat Bead-work, jewellery, inlay work, embroidery, wood carving, cloth printing,
dyeing, patola fabric, zari work
Rajasthan Tie-and-dye textiles, hand block printing, quilting, jewellery, gems and
stones, blue pottery, leather craft, wood carving
Himachal Pradesh Jewellery, leather craft, woodcarving, architecture, kangra paintings
Goa Pottery & Terracotta, Brass metal ware, Crochet & Embroidery, Bamboo
Craft, Fiber Craft, Jute Macrame Craft, Coconut Mask carving, sea shell craft
Andhra Pradesh Priceless Pearls
Karnataka Wood carving, Ivory carving
Jharkhand Woodcraft, paitkar paintings, metal work, stone carving, ornaments, toy
making
Manipur Wood carving, textile weaving, stone-carving, block printing, kauna (water
reed) mat, hand-embroidery
Jammu & Kashmir Carpets, Basket Weaving, Namdas, pashmina shawls, Papier-mache, Leather
and fur, wood carvings
OLYMPIC GAMES
Olympic Games are an international sporting event which is organised in the form of
summer and winter sports. The Summer Olympic Games were first held in 1896. The Winter
Olympic Games were created after the huge success of the Summer Olympics. Baron Pierre
de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The Olympic
Games are held after every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternatively
occurring every four years but two years apart from each other.
Major Dhyan Chand has a statue with 4 hands and 4 sticks in Austria.
SPORTS & GAMES GK-449
The Olympics games originated in the city The colour of rings represents different
of Olympia, an ancient city of Greece. These continents as given below:
games were held at Mount Olympia. India
Blue Europe
officially participated in the Olympics for
the first time in the year Yellow Asia
1920, in the 6th edition
of the games at Antwerp, Black Africa
Belgium.
The Olympic flag is made up of white silk Red America
and contains five intertwined rings as the Green Australia and Oceania
Olympics emblem.
INDIA’S PERFORMANCE IN OLYMPICS
Discipline Year Performance
Wrestling 1952 KD Jadhav won Bronze Medal in Men’s 52-57 kg Freestyle
2008 Sushil Kumar won Bronze Medal in men’s 66 kg Freestyle
2012 Sushil Kumar won Silver Medal in Men’s 66 kg Freestyle
Yogeshwar Dutt won Bronze Medal in men’s 60 kg Freestyle
Hockey 1928 Won Gold Medal
1932 Won Gold Medal
1936 Won Gold Medal
1948 Won Gold Medal
1952 Won Gold Medal
1956 Won Gold Medal
1960 Won Silver Medal
1964 Won Gold Medal
1968 Won Bronze Medal
1972 Won Bronze Medal
1980 Won Gold Medal
Shooting 2004 Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won Silver Medal in double trap
Abhinav Bindra won Gold Medal in Men’s 10 m air rifle
2008 Vijay Kumar won Silver Medal in 25 Rapid Fire Pistol
2012 Gagan Narang won Bronze Medal in 10 m Air Rifle
Athletics 1900 Norman Pritchard won two Silver Medals in (200 m) and (200
m hurdle) events
1960 Milkha Singh-fourth in 400 m final Zora Singh-eighth in 50 km
walk
1964 Gurbachan Singh Randhawa-fifth in 100 m hurdles (final)
1976 Sriram Singh-seventh in 800 m final Shivnath Singh-eleventh in
the marathon
1980 Sriram Singh-Semifinalist in 800 m
1984 PT Usha-fourth in 400 m hurdles
Football (Soccer) 1956 Semi-final
Tennis 1996 Leander Paes won Bronze Medal in Men’s Singles event
Weightlifting 2000 Karnam Malleshwari won Bronze Medal in women’s 69 kg
category
Boxing 2008 Vijender Singh won a Bronze Medal (75 kg)
2012 Mary Kom won a Bronze Medal in Women’s flyweight
Badminton 2012 Saina Nehwal won a Bronze Medal in Women’s singles
2016 P.V. Sindhu won Silver medal in women’s singles
Wrestling 2016 Sakshi Malik won Bronze in Women’s freestyle 58 kg.
Mary Leela Rao was the first Indian woman participant in the olympic games.
GK-450
SPORTS & GAMES
SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES 1952 Helsinki, Finland
Year Venue 1956 Melbourne, Australia
1896 Athens, Greece 1960 Rome, Italy
1900 Paris, France 1964 Tokyo, Japan
1904 St Louis, France 1968 Mexico City, Mexico
1906 Athens, Greece (Games were not 1972 Munich, West Germany
recognised by IOC) 1976 Montreal, Canada
1908 London, Great Britain 1980 Moscow, Russia
1912 Stockholm, Sweden
1984 Los Angeles, USA
1916 Games not held due to World War I
1988 Seoul, South Korea
1920 Antwerp, Belgium
1992 Barcelona, Spain
1924 Paris, France
1928 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1996 Atlanta, USA
1932 Los Angeles, USA 2000 Sydney, Australia
1936 Berlin, Germany 2004 Athens, Greece
1940 Games not held due to World War II 2008 Beijing, China
1944 Games not held due to World War II 2012 London, Great Britain
1948 London, Great Britain 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1 65
2008 Beijing 1 0 2 3 50
2012 London 0 2 4 6 55
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 1 1 2 67
PARALYMPIC GAMES
•• Back in 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a •• Paralympic sports include athletics,
neurologist who was working with cycling, judo, rowing, swimming, and
World War II veterans with spinal volleyball.
injuries at Stoke Mandeville Hospital
in Aylesbury, began using sport as part •• The Paralympic Games are always held
of the rehabilitation programmes of his in the same year as the Olympic Games.
patients. He set up a competition with The name comes from the fact that it
other hospitals to coincide with the runs parallel to the Olympic Games
London Olympics in that year.
hence the name Paralympics.
•• The Paralympics are elite sport events
for athletes from six different disability •• The first Paralympic Games were held
groups. Athletes include those with in Rome, Italy, in 1960 and involved 400
mobility disabilities, intellectual athletes from 23 countries. Originally,
disabilities, visual impairments, cerebral only wheelchair athletes were invited
palsy and amputees.
to compete.
•• This event focuses on the athletes’
achievements rather than their •• The Paralympics are held in two
disabilities. seasons: summer and winter.
Switzerland has 1,774 ski lifts, of which 51% are T-bars.
GK-452
SPORTS & GAMES
Winter Paralympic Games 1968 - Paralympics III - Tel Aviv - Israel
1976 - Paralympics I - Örnsköldsvik - Sweden 1972 - Paralympics IV - Heidelberg - West
1980 - Paralympics II - Geilo - Norway Germany
1984 - Paralympics III - Innsbruck - Austria 1976 - Paralympics V - Toronto - Canada
1988 - Paralympics IV - Innsbruck - Austria 1980 - Paralympics VI - Arnhem -
1992 - Paralympics V - Albertville - France Netherlands
1994 - Paralympics VI - Lillehammer - 1984 - Paralympics VII - Stoke Mandeville -
Norway UK, New York - US
1998 - Paralympics VII - Nagano - Japan 1988 - Paralympics VIII - Seoul - South Korea
2002 - Paralympics VIII - Salt Lake City - 1992 - Paralympics IX - Barcelona - Spain
United States
1996 - Paralympics X - Atlanta - United States
2006 - Paralympics IX - Turin - Italy
2000 - Paralympics XI - Sydney - Australia
2010 - Paralympics X - Vancouver – Canada
2004 - Paralympics XII - Athens - Greece
2014 - Paralympics XI - Sochi - Russia
2008 - Paralympics XIII - Beijing - China
Summer Paralympic Games 2012 - Paralympics XIV - London - United
1960 - Paralympics I - Rome - Italy Kingdom
1964 - Paralympics II - Tokyo - Japan 2016 - Paralympics XV - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
•• It is the second largest sports festival in •• The first Commonwealth Games were
the world after Olympics. held in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada.
•• India, for the first time, participated in
•• It is held in four years in between the
the 2nd Commonwealth Games held in
olympic years.
1934 at London.
COMMONWEALTH GAMES SINCE 1930
Year Places Participant Competitions First India’s Medal
Countries Place
1930 Hamilton 11 6 England Not participated
(Canada)
1934 London 16 6 England 1 Bronze Medal
(England)
1938 Sydney 15 7 Australia No medal
(Australia)
1950 Auckland 12 9 Australia Not Participated
(New Zealand)
1954 Vancouver 24 9 England No medal
(Canada)
1958 Cardiff (Wales) 35 9 England Gold-2, Silver-1
1962 Perth (Australia) 35 9 Australia Not Participated
1966 Kingston 34 9 England Gold-3, Silver-4, Bronze-5
(Jamaica)
1970 Edinburgh 42 9 Australia Gold-5, Silver-3
(Scotland)
1974 Christchurch 38 9 Australia Gold-4, Silver-8, Bronze-3
(New Zealand)
There are over 20,000 sports clubs in Switzerland and 2.7 million sport licences.
SPORTS & GAMES GK-453
ASIAN GAMES
• The idea of the Asian Games was first conceived by Prof. G.D. Sondhi. The first Asian
Games were held at New Delhi on 4 March 1951.
• The motto of the Asian Games play the game in spirit of the game” was given by Pt. J.L
Nehru.
• Its emblem is a bright full rising sun with interlocking rings.
ASIAN GAMES SINCE 1951
Games Year Places Number of Number of Number of
Serial Countries Sports Players
1 1951 New Delhi(India) 11 6 491
2 1954 Manila(Philippines) 18 8 1021
3 1958 Tokyo(Japan) 20 13 1422
4 1962 Jakarta(Indonesia) 16 13 1545
5 1966 Bangkok(Thailand) 18 14 1945
6 1970 Bangkok(Thailand) 18 13 1752
7 1974 Tehran(Iran) 25 16 2869
8 1978 Bangkok(Thailand) 25 19 3000
9 1982 New Delhi(India) 33 21 3447
10 1986 Seoul(S. Korea) 27 25 3883
11 1990 Beijing(China) 37 27 4500
Vishwanathan Anand was the first sportsperson to win the Padma Vibhushan.
GK-454
SPORTS & GAMES
12 1994 Hiroshima(Japan) 42 34 7300
13 1998 Bangkok(Thailand) 41 38 7000
14 2002 Busan(S. Korea) 44 38 7711
15 2006 Doha(Qatar) 45 39 9524
16 2010 Guangzhou(China) 45 42 9704
17 2014 Incheon(South Korea) 45 36 9501
18 2018 Jakarta (Indonesia) Scheduled
The average soccer ball is made up of 32 leather panels and held together by 642 stitches and is the most followed sport.
SPORTS & GAMES GK-455
IPL 2016
It is a professional Twenty 20 Cricket league The ninth and the latest IPL was held in
in India. 2016. The Sunrisers Hyderabad were
It is held every year in April-May which crowned as the champion after they won
is organised by the Board of Control for against Royal Challengers Bangalore in the
Cricket in India (BCCI). finals.
It was founded by BCCI in 2007. The IPL
is the most attended Cricket league in the 2016 IPL FINAL
world and ranks sixth among all sports
league. Man of the Match Ben Cutting
There are total 8 teams in IPL: Delhi Most Valuable player Virat Kohli
Daredevils, Kings XI Punjab, Kolkata Knight of the tournament
Riders, Mumbai Indians, Royal Challengers
Bangalore, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Rising Emerging player of the Mustafizur
Pune Supergiants, Gujarat Lions. season Rehman
HEALTHCARE
HEALTHCARE IN INDIA
* India spends a total of 4.2% of its GDP on healthcare while USA 18%.
* As a result of low GDP allocation private players are emerging to fulfil the growing
healthcare needs.
* India shares 20% of the burden of global diseases with only 6% beds and 8 %
doctors.
* Hospital bed density in India is 0.9 per 1,000 persons, against WHO’s recommendation
3.5 per 1,000.
* India has one doctor per 1,700 citizens against WHO’s a minimum ratio of 1:1,000.
* India has 387 medical colleges—181 Government and 206 private.
* India produces 30,000 doctors, 18,000 specialists, 30,000 AYUSH graduates, 54,000
nurses, 15,000 ANMs and 36,000 pharmacists annually.
* India has about 6-6.5 lakh doctors. But it needs 4 lakh more by 2020 to maintain the
required ratio of 1:1,000.
The blue whale has the largest heart weighing over 1,500 pounds.
GK-460
HEALTHCARE
Per capita healthcare expenditure (US$) strengthening coverage, services and
68.9
increasing expenditure by public as
61 58 61 61.9 well private players.
54
• During 2008-20, the market is expected
to record a CAGR of 16.5%.
• The total industry size is expected to
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 touch US$ 160 billion by 2017 and US$
Source : World Bank, BMI Report, TechSci Research 280 billion by 2020.
• As per the Ministry of Health, development
Growth of Healthcare Industry in India of 50 technologies has been targeted in
• Healthcare industry is growing at the FY16, for the treatment of disease
a tremendous pace owing to its like Cancer and TB.
HEALTHCARE
Healthcare Sector to Grow at a CAGR of 17% during 2008-20 and
healthcare revenues to reach USD 280 billion by 2020
Policy Support
280.0 India to Emerge as a global healthcare hub
300 Reduced excise and customs duty
Exemption in service taxes
200 160.0 Establishment of new drug testing
laboratories
81.3 Formulation of the Mental Health Policy
68.4 72.8
45.0 51.7 59.5
According to the Ministry of Health, over 50
technologies are being developed by FY16 for
0 treatmentofCancer,TBandotherdiseases.
8 9 010 011 12 14 F
F
0 0 0
20 2
17
20 2 20 20 20
2
Implementation and Promotion of e-Health
20
•• Dr. Shrikant Parikh has declared that A3 •• A3 devices are helping doctors and
will help India in tackling its rural health cardiologist of Tamil Nadu State
problems by connecting needy patients to Governmental District Hospital to
medical experts. A3rmt create customized remotely serve patients in the Primary
devices to connect patient side units to Healthcare Centre of Kunjapanai village,
multiple cloud servers. Doctors just need
which lies in a hilly, forested terrain.
to have a smartphone/hand held device.
•• A3rmt provides detailed information •• A3 has provided their technology to
about the specific local challenges in six Indian states so far, and has even
healthcare. crossed the Indian border to reach the
•• The A3 services focus on five broad hospital of Mwanza, Tanzania, where
areas: cardiovascular diseases, cuts patients are remotely monitored by
and wounds, war zone medical care, senior doctors in Ahmedabad.
pregnancy, and radiology.
Mass Communication
COMMUNICATION
Print Media
COMMUNICATION
Post Office •• Indian Post has been terminated two
•• The Department of Posts was founded of its major services such as Telegram
in India on 1st April, 1774. and Money order in July 2013 and April
•• This department serves as an agent of Govt. 2015 respectively due to the increasing
•• It provides services like letter post, pressure of electronic communication
parcel service, EMS, delivery, freight media, but still continues with the
forwarding, third-party logistics, services of electronic money order
and deposit accounts, saving banks, (eMO) and instant money order (IMO)
retailing, life insurance, remittance etc. which were introduced in 2008.
Quick Facts
Founder of Telegraph and Postal in India : Governor General Lord Dalhousie
First General Post Office opened in India : 1774 (Kolkata)
First postage stamp of India : Sinde Dawk (1852)
Pin system started in India : 1972
The First Indian Post Office Outside India : Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica (1983),
Indian Territory
Speed Post started in India : 1986
Money Order System : 1880
Postal Life Insurance started : 1884
Postal Staff College situated at : Ghaziabad (UP)
World Postal Day is observed on : 9th October
Indian Postal Day is observed on : 10th October
TRANSPORT
A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an important part in the development
of economic growth of a country. The present transport system of India comprises several
modes of transport which includes (a) Rail (b) Roads (c) Inland waterways (d) Coastal
shipping and (e) Airways.
The Ministry of Transport is responsible for the formation and implementation of policies
and programmes for the development of various modes of transport except the railways
and the civil aviation.
NEED & IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT
Development of a Country
Require
Importance of Trans-
port System
Means of Transport
Road
Transport
QUICK FACTS
Categories Dimensions in Responsible Authority
Kms (up to 2011)
National Highways 92,851 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (Central
Government)
State Highways 1,63,898 State governments (State’s public works department)
Major and Other 17,05,706 Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities
District Roads
Rural Roads 27,49,805 Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities
All highways directed from east to west are numbered in odd digits.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD ON THE BASIS OF CAPACITY
Golden Quadrilateral
Super Highways Objective Maintained Major National Objective Maintained Objective
Objective Constructed/
by Highways by
Maintained by
Improve Special Impetus
& upgrade Link State Connect
Objective Implemented Major primary road NH-1 Capital with Zila
district head Parishad Pradhan Mantri
by Projects system Different quarters Grameen Sadak
Delhi-Amritsar District Yojana Govt.
Central
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT
Porbandar
Gujarat to
Silcher, Assam
GK-474
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT
National Highways Development Project main purpose is to provide connectivity
National Highways Development Project to all the State capitals and district
(NHDP) has taken up a massive programme headquarters including 4-laning of 315
of road building in the country. Launched on km of National Highways between Nagao
January 2, 1999, this is perhaps one of the and Dibrugarh and 2/4 laning of 288 km of
largest programmes of road development National Highways in Meghalaya, Nagaland
ever taken up in the country. The project is and Sikkim. Other stretches considered
being implemented by National Highways critical for economic development are also
Authority of India (NHAI). NHDP has included in this proposal.
following components.
(iv) Phase IV of NHDP
(i) Phase I — Golden Quadrilateral This is a new initiative which aims
Comprising National Highways connecting at providing balanced and equitable
Delhi — Mumbai—Chennai—Kolkata— distribution of improving/widening
Delhi by six-lane super highways. This highway network throughout the country
component has a total length of 5,846 km. by upgrading 21,000 km of single lane
The four sides of the quadrilateral have roads to 2 lane road with paved shoulders
varying length. The side of quadrilateral and for strengthening of 17,000 km of
between Delhi and Mumbai is 1419 km existing 2-lane highways and construction
long, Mumbai to Chennai is 1,290 km long, of paved shoulders.
Chennai to Kolkata is the longest side which
Border Roads Organisation
is 1,684 km long. The side between Kolkata
and Delhi is 1,453 km long. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Board
was set up in May 1960 for accelerating
(ii) Phase II—North-South Corridor economic development and strengthening
Comprising the National Highways defence preparedness through rapid and
connecting Srinagar to Kanniyakumari co-ordinated improvement of roads in the
including Kochi-Salem Spur and East-West north and north-eastern border areas.
corridor comprising the National Highways This organisation has constructed world’s
connecting Silchar in Assam and Porbandar highest road joining Chandigarh with
in Gujarat. Manali in Himachal Pradesh and Leh in
The project has a total length of about 7,300 Ladakh.
km, out of which the North-South corridor This road runs at an average altitude of
is 4,000 km and East-West corridor is 3,300 4,270 metres above sea level and negotiates
km long. four passes at heights ranging from 4,875
to 5,485 metres. It is a vital road link in the
(iii) Phase III of NHDP western Himalayas and has considerably
The NHDP Phase III, proposed to take up reduced the distance between Chandigarh
rehabilitation and upgradation of about and Leh.
10,000 km of existing National Highways to
4-lane dual carriageway configurations on a The Border Roads Organisation has
BOT basis. Identification of these stretches now spread its activities throughout the
is proposed on the following principles: country and is presently working in states
of Rajasthan, J &K, Himachal Pradesh,
(i) Corridors having high density of traffic. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
(ii) Connectivity of State capitals with the Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya,
NHDP Phase I and II network. Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Mizoram,
(iii) Connectivity to places of economic, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar and Andaman and
commercial and tourist importance. Nicobar Islands. It has so far constructed
The implementation of entire 10,000 over 24,553 km of roads and surfaced
stretches has been entrusted to NHAI. 20,225 km of roads. It is also maintaining
Accelerated North-East Road Development about 16,720 km of roads in border areas.
Project is being proposed for the The BRO is doing a commendable job
development of roads in this region. The in the field of snow clearance on 64
The NH7 is the longest National highway in India with a length of 2369 km, Varanasi to Kanyakumari.
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT GK-475
Accelerate
Mode of transport Conduct development
for freight & Multifarious Integrating of Industry &
passengers Activities Force Agriculture
Railway
Transport
INDIAN RAILWAYS
All highways directed from North to South are numbered in even digits.
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT GK-477
Distribution Pattern of
Railway Network
Himalaya
Northern Plains Peninsular
Mountainous
Region
Regions
DMRC is the first in the world to have started earning carbon credits for its regenerative breaking system.
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA & TRANSPORT GK-479
Airways
Airways
Merits Limitations
Cheapest means of
transport
pressure on
Kolkata port
FILM INDUSTRY GK-483
FILM INDUSTRY
Devika Rani was the first actress with a degree in film making.
FILM INDUSTRY GK-485
7. Salman Khan Tere Naam (2003), Wanted (2009), Dabangg (2010), Ek Tha
Tiger (2012), Kick (2014), Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), Sultan
(2016).
8. Aamir Khan Sarfarosh (1999), Lagaan (2001), Dil Chahta Hai (2001), Rang
De Basanti (2006), Taare Zameen Par (2007), Ghajini (2008),
3 Idiots (2009), Dhoom 3 (2013), PK (2014).
9. Saif Ali Khan Dil Chahta Hai (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2001), Hum Tum
(2004), Parineeta (2005), Omkara (2006), Love Aaj Kal (2009),
Salaam Namaste (2005).
10. Ajay Devgan Gangaajal (2015), Apaharan (2005), Golmaal (2006), Raajneeti
(2010), Once upon a Time in Mumbai (2010), Singham (2011),
Satyagraha (2013), Drishyam (2015).
Actresses
1. Aishwarya Rai Taal (1999), Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Mohabbatein
(2000), Dhoom 2 (2006), Guru (2007), Aye Dil Hai Mushkil
(2016).
2. Jacqueline Housefull (2010), Murder 2 (2011), Race 2 (2013), Kick (2014),
Fernandez Roy (2015), Dishoom (2016), A Flying Jatt (2016).
3. Deepika Padukone Om Shanti Om (2007), Love Aaj Kal (2009), Chennai Express
(2013), Ram Leela (2013), Piku (2015), Bajirao Mastani (2015).
4. Priyanka Chopra Andaaz (2003), Fashion (2008), Aitraaz (2004), Barfi (2012),
Mary Kom (2014), Dil Dhadakne Do (2015), Bajilrao Mastani
(2015).
5. Anushka Sharma Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008), Badmaash Company (2010), Jab
Tak Hai Jaan (2012), PK (2014), NH 10 (2015), Sultan (2016).
List of Top 10 Highest-grossing Bollywood Movies of 2016
Movie Name Budget Lifetime Business
1. Sultan 90 Cr. 300.45 Cr.
2. M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story 104 Cr. 132.85 Cr.
3. Airlift 30 Cr. 127.80 Cr.
4. Rustom 40 Cr. 127.13 Cr.
5. Ae Dil Hai Mushkil 72 Cr. 109.00 Cr.
6. House full 3 85 Cr. 108 Cr.
7. Shivaay 105 Cr. 97.57 Cr.
8. Fan 105 Cr. 85 Cr.
9. Baaghi 47 Cr. 76 Cr.
10. Neerja 30 Cr. 75.61 Cr.
'Mughal-e-Azam (1960) was a trilingual-with all scenes shot thrice in Hindi, Tamil and English.
GK-486
FILM INDUSTRY
Lyricists
1. Bob Dylan - Forrest Gump, American Beauty, Silver Linings Playbook, The Big Lebowski
2. David Bowie - Labyrinth, Basquiat, The Hunger, The Man Who Fell to Earth
3. Tyler Perry - Diary of a Mad Black Woman, I Can Do Bad All by Myself, For Better or
Worse, Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor
In the 19th Century, Charlie Chapter Chaplin made his theatrical debut at the age of eight, in 1897.
FILM INDUSTRY GK-487
4. Mel Brooks - The Producers, Spaceballs, Blazing Saddles, History of the World: Part I
5. Stevie Wonder - Silver Linings Playbook, Die Hard, I Am Legend, I, Robot
Actors
Name Films and Year
1. Christian Bale Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008 ), Terminator
Salvation (2009), Public Enemies (2009), The Dark Knight Rises
(2012).
2. Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006), Pirates of
the Caribbean: At World’s End (2007), Public Enemies (2009),
Alice in Wonderland (2010), The Tourist (2010), Pirates of the
Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), The Rum Diary (2011).
3. Leonardo DiCaprio Titanic (1997), The Departed (2006), Blood Diamond (2006),
Body of Lies (2008), Inception (2010 ), The Great Gatsby (2013
), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), The Revenant (2015).
4. Robert Downey Jr. Zodiac (2007 ); Lucky You (2007), Iron Man (2008), Tropic
Thunder (2008), Sherlock Holmes (2009), Iron Man 2 (2010),
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011), The Avengers
(2012), Iron Man 3 2015 Avengers (2013).
5. Brad Pitt Ocean’s Eleven (2001), Troy (2004), Ocean’s Twelve (2004 ),
Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), Ocean’s Thirteen (2007), Tree of Life
(2011), Moneyball (2011 ), World War Z (2013), 12 Years a
Slave (2013 ), Fury (2014).
Actresses
Name Films and Year
1. Emma Stone Superbad (2007), Zombieland (2009), Easy A (2010), Crazy,
Stupid, Love (2011), The Help (2011), The Amazing Spider-
Man (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Birdman
(2014)
2. Jennifer Lawrence 2013 The Hunger Games: Catching Fire; 2013 American Hustle;
2015 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2; 2015 Joy ; 2016
A Beautiful Planet; 2016 X-Men: Apocalypse; 2016 Passengers
3. Natalie Portman 2009 The Other Woman; 2009 New York, I Love You
Brothers; 2010 Black Swan; 2011 No Strings Attached; 2011
Your Highness; 2011 Thor; 2013 Illusions & Mirrors; 2013
Thor: The Dark World
4. Angelina Jolie 2005 Mr. & Mrs. Smith; 2008 Wanted; 2010 The Tourist; 2008
Changeling; 2010 Salt; 2014 Maleficent; 2015 By the Sea
5. Scarlett Johansson 2009 He’s Just Not That Into You; 2010 Iron Man 2; 2011 We
Bought a Zoo; 2012 The Avengers; 2014 Captain America: The
Winter Soldier; 2014 Chef; 2014 Lucy; 2015 Avengers: Age of
Ultron
Roundhay Garden Scence, an 1888 short silent film is the oldest surviving film in existence, noted by the Guinness Book of Records.
GK-488
FILM INDUSTRY
Producers
Name Films and Year
1. Kathleen Kennedy Rogue One (2016) Star wars (2015), LinColn (2012),
Crossing Over (2009), The Last Airbender (2010), Jurassic
Park (1993).
2. Quentin Tarantino Planet Terror (2007), Hostel (2005), Hell Ride (2008), My
Best Friend's Birthday (1987).
3. Peter Jackson The Hobbit (2014), West of Memphis (2012), King Kong
(2005), District 9 (2009), The Lovely Bones (2009).
4. Frank Marshall Jason Bourne (2016), Jurassic World (2015), The Bourne
Legacy (2012), The Sixth Sense (1999), Signs (2002), The
Young Black Stallion (2003).
5. Harvey Weinstein Southpaw (2015), Scream (2015), Carol (2015), Sin City
(2014), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), Spy kids (2011),
Rambo (2008) The Reader (2008).
The Sensorium is regarded the world's first commercial 4D film and was first screened in a Six Flags theme park in Baltimore in 1984.
EDUCATION AND CAREER GK-489
EDUCATION AND
CAREER
STRUCTURE OF HRD
EDUCATION IN INDIA
Education in India is provided by public sector as well as the private sector. with control
and funding coming from three levels: Central, State, and Local. The Central and most state
boards uniformly follow the “10+2+3” pattern of education.
Of all the schools in the world, the City Montessori School is the largest in India.
GK-492
EDUCATION AND CAREER
Regulatory Framework of Higher Education in India
• Department of Higher Education, • University Grants Commission
Ministry of Human Resources Development • AICTE, MCI, PCI, DEC, BCI, NCTE
• Association of Indian Universities • ICAR, ICMR, ICSSR, CSIR
gn
• Central Advisory Board of Education • States Regulatiors
Re
ki
ma
gu
• State Councils for Higher Education
lat
y
lic
io
n
Po
Accreditation
CAREER
The word career refers to a person’s chosen changes in your life and the world of
profession or occupation. A career often work.
requires special training and comes with Career Guidance
some expectation of progress throughout
the course of an individual’s life. Career guidance consists of the services
that help people successfully manage their
Career Exploration
career development. Although this aspect
Career Exploration is the process of.
of human development occurs on its own
• learning about yourself and the world of
as we mature, everyone can benefit from
work assistance navigating through this process.
• identifying and exploring potentially
satisfying occupations Service
• developing an effective strategy to realize Since career guidance is intended to support
your goals an individual through his or her entire career,
Career Planning 4-step Planning it includes the following components:
Process • Career Choice Assistance
• Job Search Help
Career planning is an ongoing process that • Early and Mid-Career Advice
can help you manage your learning and • Job Loss Recovery
development. • Motivatation
• Career Change
UPSC
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
is one of the many constitutional bodies in
India. It is authorized to conduct competitive
examinations and interviews for recruitment
of civil services, defence services and posts
under the Union Government or Central
Government.
Some of the most sought after exams are
as follows:
You can use the four step planning process
Civil Services Examination
whether you are:
• still at school; It is conducted by the UPSC. Top services
• a school dropper; offered by this examination are: IAS (Indian
• an adult adding on skills; or Administrative Service), IPS (Indian Police
• an adult changing your job or career. Service), IFS (Indian Foreign Service), IRS
Career Planning is the Continuous (Indian Revenue Service), Indian Customs
Process of: and Central Excise Service etc. There are
• thinking about your interests, values, total twenty-four services offered through
skills and preferences; this single examination. Considering the
• exploring the life, work and learning importance and the nature of the jobs,
options available to you; UPSC takes utmost care in selecting the right
• ensuring that your work fits with your people. A three level examination is conducted
personal circumstances; and to achieve this purpose which include
• continuously fine-tuning your work and Preliminary Examination (Objective-type
learning plans to help you manage the questions), Main Examination (Descriptive-
The world’s first university was established in Taxila in 700 BC.
GK-496
EDUCATION AND CAREER
type questions), and interview test. This and the Air force. The candidates Joining
examination is open to graduates in any Indian Naval Academy would undergo
discipline. 4 years B.Tech Course and would be given an
Indian Forest Service Examination opportunity to join Executive and Technical
Branches of the Navy subject to availability
IFS officers are recruited through the IFS
examination conducted annually by the Union of vacancies. The examination consists of
Public Service Commission. The examination 2 Papers-Mathematics (300 marks) and
is open to graduates in any science or General Ability Test (600 marks) with
objective type questions, inclusive of
engineering discipline and has a three-
negative marking for every wrong answer.
stage selection process including Preliminary
Examination (Objective-type questions), Combined Medical Services
Main Examination (Written and Interview) Examination
spanning nearly seven months. The officers The “Combined Medical Services”
while in field postings in their state cadres Examination or the CMS Exam is conducted
work for conservation, protection and by the Union Public Service Commission for
development of forests and wildlife along with recruitment as Medical Officer in various
an aim to enhance livelihood opportunities of organizations such as the Indian Ordnance
forest dependent communities of rural and Factories, Indian Railways functioning
tribal areas. under the Government of India. There is an
objective-type written examination with
Engineering Services Examination two papers of two hours duration, each
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) carrying a maximum of 250 marks. This
conducts Engineering Services Examination is followed by a Personality Test carrying
as a combined competitive examination 100 marks of candidates who qualify on the
for recruitment to the services or posts of results of the written examination.
Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, and Electronics and SSC
Telecommunication Engineering. The exam Staff Selection Commission (SSC) is an
is conducted for selection of engineers for Indian organization to recruit staff for
government’s engineering organizations, such various posts in the various Ministries and
as Indian Railway Service of Engineers (IRSE), Departments of the Government of India
Central Engineering Service (CES), Military
and in Subordinate Offices by administering
Engineering Services (MES), etc. The entrance
comprises of a Written Exam (section I and various competitive exams.
II) and an Interview. The examinations which are conducted under
the purview off SSC are broadly categorized as:
Combined Defence Services 1. Open Examinations
Examination (CDS) 2. Departmental Examinations
(CDS) Combined Defence Service
Examination is an exam conducted twice OPEN EXAMINATION
every year by Union Public Service S. No. Name of the Examinations
Commission (UPSC). It is an exam to induct 1 Combined Graduate Level Examination
officers into the Indian Defence Forces i.e.
the Army and the Air force. The entrance 2 Tax Assistant Examination
comprises of a Written Exam followed by 3 Statistical Investigators (SSS) Grade IV
and Intelligence and Personality Test. Examination
4 Junior Engineers Examination
National Defence Academy (NDA)
Examination 5 Junior Translators (CSOLS) Examination
This exam is conducted for admission to 6 Section Officer (Commercial Audit)
Examination
the Army, Navy and Air Force wings of the
NDA and for Indian Naval Academy Course 7 Deputy Field Officer (Cab Sect)
Examination
(INAC) by UPSC. It is an exam to induct cadets
into the Indian Defence Forces i.e. the Army 8 Data Entry Operator (DEO) Examination
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is considered the world’s largest open university.
EDUCATION AND CAREER GK-497
Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian to join Indian Civil Service (ICS) in the year 1864.
GK-498
EDUCATION AND CAREER
Struc- The SAT The GRE The GMAT The IELTS test Has internet
ture consists of a consists of consists of has four sections based test and
of the 70 minutes Analytical analytical Listening (30 paper based
test Critical Reading Writing writing minutes plus 10 test. The internet
section (one section (1 assessment minutes’ transfer based test has
20-min section hour), Verbal (30 min), time), Reading reading (60–100
and two 25-min Reasoning integrated (60 minutes), min), listening
sections); a 70 section (20 reasoning Writing (60 (60–90 min),
minutes Math questions in 30 (30 min minutes) and speaking (20
section (one minutes) and for 12 Speaking min) and writing
20-min section 2 sections of questions), (11–14 minutes) (50 min). And
and two 25-min Quantitative the the paper based
sections) and Reasoning (20 quantitative test Listening
a 60 minutes questions in 35 section (75 (30 – 40 min),
Writing section minutes) min for 37 Structure
(one 25-min questions), and Written
essay, one and the Expression (25
25-min section, verbal min), Reading
and one 10-min section (75 Comprehension
section) min for 41 (55 min) and
questions) Writing (30 min).
First SAT was developed in 1901 as a means of determining intelligence without systematic bias.
EDUCATION AND CAREER GK-499
The TOEFL test was first administered in 1964 by the Modern Language Association.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-503
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
on top instead of bald, Homeless instead the next syllable is a vowel, then we use ‘an’
of bum, letting him go instead of fired him, and not ‘a’.
passed away instead of died, put to sleep Example:
instead of euthanize. The train is an hour late.
Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis The definite Article- ‘the‘
or effect. Example: I’ve told you a hundred
times. He is older than dirt. Everybody The definite article ‘the’ is used when we
knows that. refer to some particular person or thing
such as:
Irony is using words where the meaning
The boy along with me is my brother. The
is the opposite of their usual meaning.
dog which was playing with you is mine.
Example: A traffic cop suspended for not
We also use the definite article ‘The’ for
paying his parking fee. The titanic was said some outstanding things: for example: The
to be unsinkable. Gita, The Bible, The koran etc.
Metaphor compares two unlike things The Ganga, The Indus, The Taj Mahal, The
or ideas. Example: Heart of stone, time is Sun, The Mars, The Economic Review etc.
money, the world is a stage. He is a night Some important buildings – The Taj Mahal,
owl. He is an ogre. The Red Fort, The Qutub Minar etc.
Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like Names of heavenly bodies -The Sun, The
what it is describing. Example: Splat, buzz, Moon, The Earth, The Mars, The Sky etc.
click.
Oxymoron is two contradictory terms Tenses
used together. Example: Peace force, small There are three tenses in the English
crowd, free market. language. They are (i) the Present Tense (ii)
Personification is giving human qualities the Past Tense (iii) the Future Tense. The
to non-living things or ideas. Example: The tenses of a verb show the time of an action
flowers danced, the wind howled. or event.
Simile is a comparison between two Present Tense
unlike things using the words “like” or “as.”
Example: As blind as a bat, eats like a pig, as A verb in a sentence which refers to the
slippery as an eel. present time or situation is called the
Synecdoche is when a part represents the Present Tense.
Example:
whole or the whole is represented by a part.
I play football.
Example: Wheels - a car, the police - one
Sita dances everyday.
policeman, Coke - any cola drink. However, the Present Tense has four
Understatement is when something is said different forms, which clarify the state or
to make something appear less important the situation of the action.
or less serious. Example: It’s just a scratch Example:
- referring to a large dent, the weather is I play football - Simple Present Tense
a little cooler today - referring to sub-zero I am playing football - Present Continuous
temperatures. I have played football - Present Perfect
I have been playing football -Present
Articles perfect continuous
An article is a word used to modify a noun, Past Tense
which is a person, place, object, or idea. When a verb in a sentence refers to the past
‘A’, or ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called Articles. In time or situation is called the Past Tense.
fact, they are demonstrative adjectives e.g.
which specify whether the person or thing I played football.
is singular or plural, or is indefinite or a Sita danced everyday.
definite. Example: I saw a boy playing. Similar to the Present tense, it also has four
I saw the boys playing. different forms, which denote the state or
This is an apple. the situation of the action.
The article ‘an’ is used before a noun which Example:
starts with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u. I played football.– Simple Past
However, there is an exception in using the I was playing football. – Past continuous
article ‘an’. When begin with a silent ‘h’ and I had played football. – Past perfect
The longest English word that can be spelled without repeating any letters is ‘uncopyrightable’.
GK-506
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
I had been playing football. – Past Perfect I shall have played football. – Future
continuous. Perfect Tense
Future Tense I shall have been playing football. – Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
When the verb in a sentence refers to the
future time or situation, then it is denoted Active and Passive Voice
as the Future Tense.
Example:
Active Voice
I shall play football. When the subject of a verb performs an
action the verb is said to be in the active
Sita shall/will dance everyday.
voice. The effect of the action may or may
Ram shall write a letter.
not fall on an object, that is, the verb may or
Future tense also has those four forms, may not have an object.
which tell the state and affairs of the work
which is to be done. Passive Voice
Examples: When the object of a verb appears to
I shall play football. – Simple Future Tense perform an action so that the effect of that
action appears to fall on the subject the verb
I shall be playing football. – Future
is said to be in the passive voice.
Continuous Tense
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IN VARIOUS TENSES
Tense Active Passive
Simple Present Once a week, Calvin cleans Once a week, the shed is cleaned by Calvin.
the shed.
Present Right now, Shreya is Right now, the letter is being written by
Continuous writing the letter. Shreya.
Simple Past Samuel repaired the car. The car was repaired by Samuel.
Past Continuous The accountant was The customer was being helped by the
helping the customer accountant when the thief came into the
when the thief came into store.
the store.
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited That fort has been visited by many tourists.
that fort.
Present Perfect Deepti has been doing the The work has been being done by Deepti.
Continuous work since morning.
Past Perfect Michelle had repaired Many cars had been repaired by Michelle
many cars before she before she received her mechanic’s license.
received her mechanic’s
license.
Past Perfect Chef Vikas had been The restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been
Continuous preparing the restaurant’s being prepared by Chef Vikas for two years
fantastic dinners for two before he moved to London.
years before he moved to
London.
Simple Future Someone will finish the The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
work by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future Sarita is going to make a A beautiful dinner is going to be made by
beautiful dinner tonight. Sarita tonight.
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, Kevin At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being
Continuous will be washing the dishes. washed by Kevin.
‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every letter in the
English language.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-507
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, Kevin At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to
Continuous is going to be washing the be being washed by Kevin.
dishes.
Future Perfect They will have completed The building will have been completed
the building before the before the deadline.
deadline.
Future Perfect They are going to have The building is going to have been
completed the building completed before the deadline.
before the deadline.
Future Perfect The famous artist will The mural will have been being painted by
Continuous have been painting the the famous artist for over one year by the
mural for over one year by time it is finished.
the time it is finished.
Future Perfect The famous artist is going The mural is going to have been being
Continuous to have been painting the painted by the famous artist for over one
mural for over one year by year by the time it is finished.
the time it is finished.
Used to Kunal used to pay the The bills used to be paid by Kunal.
bills.
Would Always My mother would always The desserts would always be made by my
make the desserts. mother.
Future in the Past I knew Akriti would finish I knew the work would be finished by 5:00
Would the work by 5:00 PM. PM.
Future in the Past I thought Swati was going I thought a beautiful dinner was going to
Was Going to to make a beautiful dinner be made by Swati tonight.
tonight.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH This week That week
Direct Speech Tomorrow The following day
Direct speech reports the speech by The next day
repeating the actual words of a speaker. The day after
Example: He said, ‘I am going to school.’
Next week The following week
Indirect or reported speech The next week
Indirect speech is a sentence where the The week after
main idea of a speaker’s words is reported Yesterday The previous day
by another person. Usually, they are The day before
summarized or paraphrased and there are
Last week The previous week
no special punctuation issues to take into
The week before
account.
Example: He said that he was going to school. Ago Previously before
2 weeks ago 2 weeks previously
RULE CHART FOR CHANGING 2 weeks before
DIRECT INTO INDIRECT
Tonight that night
Direct Indirect Last Saturday The previous Saturday
Now Then The Saturday before
Today That day Next Saturday The following Saturday
The next Saturday
Here There The Saturday after
This That The Saturday after
The longest word in English has 45 letters: ‘pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis’. It is a type of lung disease
caused by inhaling ash and sand dust.
GK-508
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TENSE CHANGE RULES Drink like a fish drink excessive
amounts of alcohol
Direct Indirect
Have a memory to be very bad at
Simple present Simple Past like a sieve remembering things
Simple Past Past Perfect Sleep like a log to sleep very soundly
Have eyes like a miss nothing of what is
Present continuous Past Continuous
hawk going on around one
Present Perfect Past Perfect Sleep like a baby a very deep and restful
Can Could sleep
Sing like a bird to have a beautiful
Will Would
singing voice
May Might Eat like a pig to eat noisily and
unpleasantly
LIST OF SIMILES As harmless as a innocent, meek and
Direct Indirect dove gentle
Gleamed like shining very brightly As fragile as a easily destroyed or
pearls house of cards spoilt
As green as very green As fresh as the air very fresh
mould in spring
as clear as crystal easy to understand As ugly as sin very ugly and
As bold as brass very brave and unpleasant to look at
confident As soft as a very soft
As dead as a quite dead daffodil’s petals
doornail
Deaf as a post having very bad LIST OF IDIOMS
hearing
A penny for to ask someone what
Hot as hell extremely warm your thoughts they are thinking about
As crooked as a very dishonest
witch’s hat At the drop of without hesitation or
Sharp as a razor very sharp a hat good reason
As sick as a dog very ill Ball is in your it is someone’s turn to
court make the decision
As slippery as devious and
an eel untrustworthy Beat around To avoid getting to the
As fiery as a quickly or easily the bush point of an issue
volcano becoming angry Bite off more take on a commitment
As solid as a rock to be very strong than you can one cannot fulfill
chew
As stubborn as a extremely stubborn
mule Blessing in an apparent misfortune
As white as a extremely pale (when disguise that eventually has good
ghost frightened) results
Burn the read or work late into the
Wise as an owl very wise
midnight oil night
As red as a red-faced,
beetroot typically through Costs an arm to be very expensive
embarrassment and a leg
Eat like a horse to eat large amounts Curiosity killed Being curious can get
of food the cat you into trouble
There is no word in the English language that rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-509
Don’t put all don’t risk everything Come up with To produce or find a
your eggs in on the success of one (something) thought/idea/answer
one basket venture
Right away Immediately
Every cloud Every bad situation has
has a silver some good aspect to it Take over To take control of something
lining
Run through Be present in every part
Hit the sack go to sleep of; pervade.
It takes two to Actions or
tango communications need To call a To be frank and truthful a
more than one person spade spade
Once in a blue Happening very rarely Bring Raise a child up
moon someone
See eye to eye to agree about someone Chip in Help
Steal win praise for oneself by
someone’s pre-empting someone En route On the way
thunder else’s attempt to impress Lingua Common language
Your guess is as To say something when franca
good as mine you do not know the
answer to a question Count on To rely on a person or
Whole nine everything possible or someone/ thing
yards available something
Miss the boat to miss out Grow apart To end a friendship
Last straw the final difficulty in a
Hang in To stay strong and positive
series
Barking up the To pursue a mistaken line
wrong tree of thought or course of LIST OF HOMOPHONES
action Aid: to help
Cry over spilt to be unhappy about Aide: an assistant
milk what cannot be undone
Allowed: let someone to do something.
Cut corners do something Aloud: out loud
perfunctorily so as to
Alter: change in character or composition
save time or money
Altar: The table in a Christian church on
LIST OF PHRASES which the bread and wine are consecrated
in communion services.
Phrases Meaning
Bait: Food placed on a hook or in a net
Feel blue Feel sad Bate: An angry mood
Rain or Not allowing the weather Bail: temporary release of an accused
shine to prevent you from doing person awaiting trial
something Bale: A large wrapped or bound bundle of
Over one’s When something is paper, hay, or cotton
head mentally too difficult to Base: The lowest part or edge of
understand
something
Sleep Tight Get a good night’s sleep Bass: The member of a family of
Down to Realistic; reasonable; instruments that is the lowest in pitch
Earth sensible Berth: a fixed bunk on a ship, train, or
Drop Send a letter or email to a other means of transport
someone line someone Birth: give birth to
‘Queueing’ is the only word with five consecutive vowels (five vowels in a row).
GK-510
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Bridal: of or concerning a bride or a newly Anecdote A short interesting or
amusing story
married couple.
Bridle: the headgear used to control a Anthology A collection of poems or
writings
horse
Apiary A place where bees are kept
Cereal: a grain used for food
Serial: consisting of or taking place in a Arboreal Those who live in trees
series. Ascetic One who avoids physical
pleasures and comforts
Desert: abandon in a way considered Astronomy Scientific study of heavenly
disloyal or treacherous. bodies
Dessert: the sweet course eaten at the end Aviary A place for keeping birds
of a meal Backlog It means an accumulation of
arrears.
Discreet: careful and prudent in one’s Barbarian An uncivilised person
speech or actions Beverage A liquid for drinking
Discrete: individually separate and
Bibliography A list of writings on a subject
distinct
Biennial Happening once every two
Flour: a powder obtained by grinding years
grain
Floor: Lower surface of a room Bigamy System of two marriages
Genes: a unit of heredity which is Blue Blood The quality of being a noble
transferred from a parent to offspring person by birth
Jeans: hard-wearing casual trousers made Bonsai The art of growing a plant in
of denim or other cotton fabric a pot that is prevented from
reaching its natural size
Grate: reduce (food) to small shreds by
rubbing it on a grater Bookworm One who is too fond of
Great: intensity considerably above reading and study
average Bottleneck It is a narrow passage, a
Hoard: a stock or store of money or valued place, stage or condition that
objects checks progress.
Horde: a large group of people Boulevard A broad street having trees on
each side
ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION Bourgeois Belonging to the middle class
Abdicate Renounce a throne, high Bric-a-brac Small objects kept for
decoration
office or dignity
Abolish Do away with Cabal A small group of people who
make secret plans for political
Acrobat One who performs action
gymnastic feats Calligraphy The art of beautiful writing
Adulterate Make impure by the by hand
addition of inferior Canine Of a dog
substance
Ad hoc Made for a particular Cannibal One who eats human flesh
purpose Chalet A wooden house with a
steeply sloping roof
Agoraphobia Fear of open spaces
Alimony Compensatory allowance Celibacy One who does not indulge in
given to wife after divorce carnal pleasure
Altruist One who is habitually kind Clock-and- Stories that deal with
to others Dagger adventure and exciting
Alumnus A former student of a mystery
school or college Clot A half-solid mass or lump
Anachronism That which appears to be in formed from a liquid,
the wrong period especially blood
English is the official language of the sky! It doesn’t matter which country they are from, all pilots speak in English on
International flights.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-511
Coagulate Change from a liquid into a Chefd’ oeuvre masterpiece (Mona Lisa is
solid by chemical action Vinci’s Chef-d’ oeuvre)
Cold war Severe political struggle Corrigenda a list of errors (in a book)
between countries, without Dejure from the law, by law.
actual fighting Dramatis characters of the drama or
personae play
Foreign Words and Phrases En masse in a body (They took leave
The knowledge of foreign words and phrases en masse)
will help you reading comprehension and Errata list of errors
other types of common questions. So, make Ex-officio in virtue of his office
yourself familiar with the common foreign Faux pas a false step; slip in
words and phrases. behaviour
Aborigine from the origin Impasse a deadlock (Talks reached
Addenda list of additions (addenda an impasse)
to a book) In memoriam in memory
Ad hoc a body elected or appointed Modus manner of working. (of a
for a definite work. (ad hoc operandi gang, group etc.)
committee). Per se by itself
Alma mater a school which one has
attended Word Formation
A la carte according to the bill of English has many ways of making new
fare (a la carte dishes are words from old words like:
available) • By adding something to a word before
Amour self love or after.
propre • By changing its grammatical category
Au revoir until we meet again (to say • By combining two or more whole words
au revoir at parting) or part of one and part of another
Beaumonde the world of fashion English is able to produce new words
Bonjour Good morning whenever required. This is called the
Bona fide good faith (His bona fide process of word formation.
in the matter cannot be
doubted) Prefixes
A prefix is affix that’s added in front of a
Bizarre odd, fantastic word and often changes the meaning of it.
Bon voyage a good voyage or journey Common prefixes include--- re-, un-, mis-
to you etc.
To jirble means “to spill a liquid while pouring it because your hands are shaking.”
GK-512
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
semi- half Semicircle
sub- under Submarine
super above Superstar
trans across Transport
un- not Unfriendly
under- under Undersea
contra- against contraindicate, contraceptive
de- down, away Descend
ex- former ex-husband
ex- out Exhort
an- not, without anaemic
in- not Inconvenient
in- into inebriate, indulge
homo- same homograph, homophone, homogeneous
magn- great magnate, magnificent, magnanimous,
magnitude, magnify
para- beside paragraph, paramedic, paradox triangle,
tri- three tripod, triceps, triathlon
Suffix
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or
to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the original word. For example,
the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made
into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.
Common Suffixes in English
Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, assurance
-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, skepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship
Verb Suffixes
-ate become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate
-en become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
-ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
-ize, -ise become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize
Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish
-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive,
decisive -less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
Bamboozle derives from a French word, embabouiner, meaning “to make a baboon out of someone.”
ENGLISH LANGUAGE GK-513
Noon is derived from the Latin for “ninth” novem. It originally referred to the ninth hour of the Roman day -- 3pm.
GK-514
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
LOGIES
Arachnology The scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions.
Aetiology The branch of medical science that studies the causes of diseases
and the factors underlying their spread
Andrology The branch of medicine concerned with diseases in men, esp of the
reproductive organs
Anemology The science of the winds
Carpology A branch of botany that deals with the study of fruits and seeds.
Cytology Deals with the structure and function of plant and animal cells
Dermatology The branch of medicine dealing with the skin, nails, hair diseases
Gastroenterology The branch of medicine which deals with disorders of the stomach
and intestines.
The infinity sign, ∞, is called a lemniscate. Its name means “decorated with ribbons” in Latin.
GK-516
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Gemmology The science of gemstones.
Metrology The science of weights and measures; the study of units of measurement
Ophiology The branch of zoology that is concerned with the study of snakes.
Rhinology The branch of medical science concerned with the nose and its diseases.
Uranology The branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe
as a whole.
GENERAL APTITUDE
& PERSONALITY
GENERAL APTITUDE
An Aptitude is natural ability to do something i.e. for learning and proficiency in a specific
area or discipline. Outstanding Aptitude can be considered “TALENT”. Aptitude may be
physical or mental.
Aptitude is expressed in interest and is reflected in current performance which is expected
to improve over time with training.
‘Aptitude found in the understanding and is often inherited. Genius coming from reason
and imagination, rarely’. –Marcus Aurelius
General Aptitude was developed during World War.
GK-518
GENERAL APTITUDE & PERSONALITY
Reasoning a person’s strengths and weaknesses.
It is the set of processes that enables us to 3. Aptitude tests can afford the candidate
an opportunity to examine the types of
go beyond the information given
skills the position calls for. Job applicant
Logic should feel that they will be the right fit
It is a tool to develop reasonable conclusions for the position
based on a given set of data. Logic is free of
emotion and deals very specifically with Verbal Reasoning
information in its purest form. Verbal reasoning is understanding and
reasoning using concepts framed in words.
Aptitude Test It aims at evaluating, ability to think
These are one of the most commonly used constructively rather than at simple fluency or
assessments in measuring candidates’ vocabulary recognition. This type of reasoning
suitability for a role. Advantage of aptitude refers to how well students solve problems
tests is that they may suggests areas in using words.
which you could succeed, even though you
do not have yet any experience of them. Types of Verbal Reasoning Tests
The kind of ability testing is usually called The skill needed to perform well in verbal
‘aptitude testing’. There are 2 types of reasoning tests can be broken down into 3
aptitude tests. separate categories:
•• General aptitude test •• Comprehension: Your ability to understand
•• Scholastic aptitude test and analyze written information.
•• Grammar: Your ability to spell correctly
(a) General Aptitude Test
and know to correct tenses. Such tests
These test are designed to give you include sentences completion and same
information about types of intelligence that type of tests.
are relevant to different skills. Completing •• Vocabulary: Some tests are deliberately
all of the tests will allow you to establish worded difficult and use long complicated
different skills. Completing all of the tests routes to tell you the information. Such
will allow you to establish your likely methods include the use of double
strengths and weaknesses. negative and other such forms.
(b) Scholastic Aptitude Test Topic Based On Verbal Reasoning
These tests are designed to give you •• Analogy: Analogy refers to relationship.
information about intelligence relevant In this type of tests a particular
to different subjects. Completing all the relationship is given and another
tests will establish your strengths and similar relationship has to be identified
weaknesses in different subjects. from the alternatives provided.
•• Classification: Classification means to
Benefits of Aptitude Tests
separate the item which does not belong
1. Accurate Prediction: Aptitude tests to a particular group of items classified
are quite accurate in predicting the on the bases of certain qualities.
potentials for success. There are further •• Coding-decoding: Code refers to a
advantages too in using the test to help system of words, letters or symbols
identify the right candidate for the job, used to represent others. Coding is
whether it is a new hire or promotion. a method of transmitting a message
2. Accurate Assessment: These tests are between the sender and the receiver
fairly accurate when it comes to assessing without knowing anybody else. While
Carl Brigham, a psychologist developed General Aptitude Test.
GENERAL APTITUDE & PERSONALITY GK-519
PERSONALITY
Personality
Ethics/Human Personality
Values Assessment
Five broad personality dimensions that compose human personality are: Extraversion Agreeableness, conscientiousness,
Neuroticism & openness.
GENERAL APTITUDE & PERSONALITY GK-521
Ethics is derived form Ancient Greek word Ethikos whichi means “relating to one’s character.
GK-522
GENERAL APTITUDE & PERSONALITY
• Kindness: Gaining trust depends on • Not doing harm to any living being.
your feelings for others. Therefore, • Avoiding unethical behaviours like
selfless service with kindness is a stealing or causing misunderstandings.
noble virtue that will enlighten your • Avoid telling lies, deceiving others,
personality.
manipulating or using abusive or
• Faithfulness: We should be faithful hurtful words.
to those we are serving. We should
• Avoid using intoxicating substances.
honour our obligations to serve the
public. • Develop ethical behaviour towards
parents and the environment.
Code of Conduct
• Sense of justice.
Code of conduct in terms of personality
• Respect to Motherland and law of the
means to follow certain set of social rules,
land.
accepted by all, for the good of the society
and the nation. This includes principles, • Respect to Culture and traditions.
values, standards and rules of behaviour. • Sense of duty and time.
The basic aim is to contribute to the welfare Society, organisations and business entities
of all and respect the rights of all people follow code of conduct for the betterment
affected by your conduct. of their members employees. Govt. servants
Some of the important personal codes of are also prescribed with certain codes of
conducts are: conduct while assigning their duties.
The common IIT-JEE was conducted for the first time in 1960, when it had four subjects including an English language paper.
GK-525
QUIZZES
QUIZZES
u National u International
u Science u Finance
NATIONAL
1. Which was the largest site of Indus 9. Arya Samaj was started by-
Civilization? (a) Swami Vivekananda
(a) Mohenjodaro (b) Lothal (b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(c) Chanhudaro (d) Dholavira (c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
2. Babur established Mughal rule in India (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
through his victory in 1526, over 10. Bannerghatta National Park is situated in
(a) Rana Sanga (a) Meghalaya
(b) Sikandar Lodi (b) Rajasthan
(c) Daulat Khan Lodi (c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Ibrahim Lodi (d) Karnataka
3. The cavalry of Shivaji was known as
11. Which of the following crops is regarded
(a) Risala (b) Sir-i-Naubat
as a plantation crop?
(c) Bergir (d) Paga
4. The first jute mill was set up in India in – (a) Coconut (b) Cotton
(a) 1920 (b) 1850 (c) Sugarcane (d) Rice
(c) 1855 (d) 1755 12. The most ideal region for the cultivation
5. Who among the following created the of cotton in India is
Khalsa Panth? (a) the Brahmaputra valley
(a) Guru Teg Bahadur (b) the Indo-Gangetic valley
(b) Guru Hargobind (c) the Deccan plateau
(c) Guru Gobind Singh (d) the Rann of Kutch
(d) Guru Arjan Dev 13. The Aravallis mountain ranges are the
6. Who was the first Governor General of example of-
Bengal? (a) old fold mountains
(a) Warren Hastings (b) young fold mountains
(b) Robert Clive (c) Volcanic mountains
(c) William Bentinck (d) block mountains
(d) Lord Cornwallis 14. The only state in India that produces
7. Who was the founder of Indian National saffron is-
Congress? (a) Assam
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhle (b) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Allen Octavian Hume
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Feroz Shah Mehta
(d) Meghalaya
(d) Bipin Chandra Pal
8. Who is regarded as the ‘ Mother of the 15. The India’s highest annual rainfall is
Indian Revolution’ ? reported at
(a) Devika Rani (a) Namchi, Sikkim
(b) Madam Bhikaji Cama (b) Churu, Rajasthan
(c) Rani Laxmibai (c) Mawsynram, Meghalaya
(d) Begum Hazrat Mahal (d) Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
GK-526
QUIZZES
26. The typical area of sal forest in the Indian (a) Pankaj Advani
peninsular upland occurs (b) Sachin Tendulkar
(a) on the western ghats (c) Vishwanathan Anand
(b) between the Tapti and the Narmada (d) Abhinav Bindra
(c) to the north-east of the Godavari 26. In which town of Uttar Pradesh did
(d) on the Malwa plateau Gautam Buddha attain Mahaparinirvana
17. Which mythological weapon is depicted (salvation)?
on the Param Vir Chakra medal? (a) Lumbini (b) Kushinagar
(a) Vajra (c) Nanded (d) Pavapuri
(b) Khatvanga 27. In which hill station is the Himalayan
(c) Sudarshan Chakra Mountaineering Institute (HMI) located?
(d) Kaumodaki (a) Darjeeling (b) Srinagar
18. Which is the oldest football club in India? (c) Nainital (d) Shimla
(a) Mohun Bagan
28. In India, the inflation rate represents the
(b) East Bengal
annual change (in percentage) in which
(c) Mohammedan Sporting
index?
(d) Churchill Brothers
(a) Consumer Price Index (CPI)
19. What name has been given to the first
Boeing 747/700 jet, inducted into Indian (b) Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)
Air Force, designed to work as the Indian (c) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
President’s office-in-the-sky? (d) Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
(a) Samrat (b) Rajdoot 29. In addition to Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
(c) Maharaja (d) Badshah Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and
20. The novel ‘Q & A’, on which 8 Oscar awards West Bengal, the Tropic of Cancer passes
winning film ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ (2008) through which north eastern states of
is based, was authored by which Indian India?
civil servant? (a) Assam and Meghalaya
(a) Vikas Swarup (b) Vikram Seth (b) Meghalaya and Manipur
(c) Amitav Ghosh (d) Aravind Adiga (c) Manipur and Nagaland
21. Ghatigaon Sanctuary, set up for the (d) Tripura and Mizoram
conservation of the Son Chiriya (great 30. In 1965, at which port was the India’s first
Indian bustard), is located in which state? Free Trade Zone established?
(a) Haryana (a) Kandla (Gujarat)
(b) Rajasthan (b) Kochi (Kerala)
(c) Madhya Pradesh (c) Falta (West Bengal)
(d) Karnataka (d) Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
22. Which Indian state is the largest producer in 31. By what name is the Irish lady Margaret
the world of the golden coloured ‘Muga’ silk ? Elizabeth Noble, a disciple of Swami
(a) Assam (b) Odisha Vivekananda, better known?
(c) West Bengal (d) Karnataka (a) Meera Ben
23. Which was the first Indian company to list (b) Mother Teresa
on the Nasdaq in 1999? (c) Savitri Khanolkar
(a) Wipro (d) Sister Nivedita
(b) Infosys 32. Who authored the ‘Gitanjali’, an anthology
(c) Satyam Computers of poems?
(d) Tech Mahindra (a) Sumitranandan Pant
24. Which state is known as the ‘Spice Garden (b) Makhanlal Chaturvedi
of India’? (c) Rabindranath Tagore
(a) Kerala (d) Maithili Sharan Gupt
(b) Karnataka 33. To have legal rights for self-employed
(c) Andhra Pradesh women like industrial workers, which lady
(d) Tamil Nadu activist founded Self-Employed Women’s
25. Who is the first Indian sportsman whose Association (SEWA)?
wax statue was inducted at Madame (a) Aruna Roy (b) Ela Bhatt
Tussaud’s Wax Museum in London? (c) Medha Patkar (d) Teesta Setalvad
QUIZZES GK-527
34. Kailash Temple at Ellora in Maharahstra, (a) Governor of Reserve bank of India
the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture, (b) Finance Minister of India
was built by the rulers of which dynasty? (c) Comptroller & Auditor General of India
(a) Kadamba (b) Rashtrakuta (d) Supreme Court of India
(c) Chalukya (d) Satavahana 44. The National Optic Fibre Network (NOFN)
35. Anamudi Peak, located in the Idukki project is to link the optical fibre for of-
district of Kerala, is the highest peak of fering a 100 mbps broadband ser-
which Indian mountain range? vice to which among the following levels?
(a) Aravali (a) District
(b) Vindhyas (b) Tehsil / Taluka
(c) Sahyadri (W.Ghats) (c) Gram Panchayat
(d) Satpura (d) Block Gram Panchayat
36. Which Indian state was originally known 45. How many articles are there in Constitution
as the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) ? of India?
(a) Manipur (a) 395 (b) 397
(b) Meghalaya (c) 448 (d) 410
(c) Arunachal Pradesh 46. Which of the following is not a constitutional
(d) Nagaland body?
37. Which Ramon Magsaysay Award winner, (a) Election Commission
popularly known as Water Man, founded (b) Planning Commission
an NGO called ‘Tarun Bharat Sangh’ near (c) National Advisory Council
Alwar in Rajasthan to work on watershed (d) Inter State Council
projects and rain-water harvesting? 47. The oath of office is administered to the
Governor by the
(a) Sandeep Pandey
(a) Chief Justice of India
(b) Rajendra Singh
(b) President
(c) Mahesh Chandra Mehta
(c) Chief Justice of high court
(d) Arvind Kejriwal
(d) Speaker of legislative assembly
38. What is the minimum age limit to become 48. In which Constitutional Amendment Act
the President of India? Sikkim was made full-fledged State of the
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years Union of India?
(c) 35 years (d) 40 years (a) 21st Constitutional Amendment Act
39. In which city is the dargah (tomb) of sufi (b) 31st Constitutional Amendment
saint Moinuddin Chishti located ? Act, 1973
(a) Mumbai (b) Srinagar (c) 35th Constitutional Amendment
(c) New Delhi (d) Ajmer Act, 1974
40. Who was the first person to address the (d) 36th Constitutional Amendment
United Nations in Hindi? Act, 1975
(a) Morarji Desai 49. When Right to Information Act came into
(b) Atal Behari Vajpayee force in India?
(c) V.P.Singh (a) 10th June 2005
(d) P.V. Narasimha Rao (b) 11th March 2005
41. Which princely state was the first to (c) 12th October 2005
be annexed to the British East India (d) 13th November 2005
Company under the Doctrine of Lapse 50. In which Constitutional Amendment Act,
policy, devised by Lord Dalhousie? seats of Lok Sabha were increased from
(a) Satara (b) Sambalpur 525 to 545?
(c) Jhansi (d) Awadh (a) 21st Constitutional Amendment
42. Which one of the following organisation Act, 1967
was launched to help the poor in rural (b) 24th Constitutional Amendment
area to make them self employed Act, 1971
(a) DPAP (b) IRDP (c) 25th Constitutional Amendment
(c) TRYSIM (d) DDP Act, 1971
43. Who among the following is called the (d) 31st Constitutional Amendment
“guardian of the public purse” of India? Act, 1973
GK-528
QUIZZES
51. Article 44 is related to? 61. India’s first Defence University is set up in-
(a) Uniform civil code for citizens. (a) Haryana (b) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Provision of early childhood care and (c) Punjab (d) Delhi
education to children below the age 62. “Pahla kadam , pahli udan” account is
of 6 years. launched by which bank ?
(c) Duty of the state to raise the level of (a) SBI (b) Andhra Bank
nutrition. (c) Bank of Baroda (d) Canara Bank
(d) Organization of agriculture and 63. When, for the first time, did the Prime
animal husbandry. Minister of India announce the 20-point
52. Who among the following is a famous Economic Programme?
Santoor player? (a) 1973 (b) 1974
(a) Hari Prasad Chaurasia (c) 1975 (d) 1976
(b) Ravi Shankar 64. Name the Card launched by Indian
(c) Zakir Hussain Railways to avoid payment transaction
(d) Shiv Kumar Sharma during ticket booking?
53. Natya Shastra the main source of India (a) Go India smart Card
classical dances was written by
(b) Metro Card
(a) Bharat Muni (b) Tandu Muni
(c) Smart Citizen Card
(c) Narad Muni (d) Abhinav Gupt
(d) Adhar Card
54. The words ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed
below the base plate of the emblem of 65. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme was
India are taken from which scripture. launched by which ministry?
(a) Ramayana (a) Ministry of Women and Child
(b.) Mundaka Upanishad Development
(c) Rigveda (b) Ministry of Human Resource
(d) Satpath Brahmana Development
55. Where is the largest concentration of (c) Ministry of Home Affairs
Stupas in India? (d Ministry of Health and Family
(a) Himachal Pradesh Welfare
(b) Andhra Pradesh 66. The committee on Cauvery water dispute
(c) Madhya Pradesh was known as:
(d) Arunachal Pradesh (a) P. Sathasivam
56. Manusmrithi was translated into English (b) H. L. Dattu
by- (c) B.S Chauhan
(a) Macauely (d) K. G. Balakrishnan
(b) J.S Mill 67. RBI Adjusts Liquidity by which tool?
(c) William Jones (a) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
(d) Max Muller (b) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
57. Who wrote Charaka Samhita? (c) Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
(a) Kautiliya (b) Charaka (d) Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS)
(c) Aryabatta (d) Chanakya 68. Who has become the first Indian to be
58. Who is the Sanskrit Scholar in the court elected the President of the International
of Chandragupta II? Hockey Federation (FIH)?
(a) Bimbisara (b) Ariean (a) Narinder Batra (b) Dhanraj Pillay
(c) Amarsimba (d) Bindu Sar
(c) K D Singh (d) Kirtan Singh
59. Who was the founder of Maurya dynasty?
69. Which is the focus country in the 2016
(a) Karikala
India International Trade Fair (IITF)?
(b) Raja Raja
(a) South Korea (b) Belarus
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Ashok (c) Japan (d) Thailand
60. Which city is known as the Pittsburg of 70. The book “SRK – 25 Years of a Life” has
India? been authored by whom?
(a) Jamshedpur (b) Kerala (a) Samar Khan (b) R K Kapoor
(c) New Delhi (d) Punjab (c) Sonali Kokra (d) Omang Tripathi
QUIZZES GK-529
71. What is the theme of 2016 World 80. The 2016 Asia-Pacific Economic
Pneumonia Day (WPD)? Cooperation (APEC) will be hosted by
(a) Universal access to pneumonia which country?
prevention and care (a) India (b) Peru
(b) Keep the Promise, Stop Pneumonia (c) China (d) Philippines
Now 81. “Smart India Hackathon 2017” has been
(c) Every Breath Counts: Stop launched by which Union Minister?
Pneumonia Now (a) Ravi Shankar Prasad
(d) Innovate to End Child Pneumonia (b) Narendra Modi
72. The World Science Day for Peace and (c) Prakash Javadekar
Development (WSDPD) is observed on (d) Dr. Harsh Vardhan
which date? 82. Which country is hosting the 2016
(a) November 11 (b) November 12 International Regulatory Cooperation
(c) November 10 (d) November 13 for Herbal Medicines (IRCH)?
73. Who is the newly appointed chairman of (a) Germany (b) Morocco
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)? (c) Indonesia (d) India
(a) Ishaat Hussain 83. Who has been bestowed with the 2016
(b) Aman Mehta Reporters Without Borders (RSF) – TV5
(c) Ron Sommer Monde Press Freedom Prize in journalist
(d) N Chandrasekaran category?
74. The book “Beyond the Last Blue Mountain: (a) Hadi Abdullah (b) Zaina Erhaim
A Life Of J. R. D. Tata” has been authored (c) Li Tingyu (d) Inan Kizilkaya
by whom? 84. The 2016 International Academy of
(a) Elena Ferrante Aviation & Space Medicine (IAASM) has
(b) Gita Subramaniam started in which city?
(c) C. S. Lakshmi (a) Brasília (b) New Delhi
(d) R M Lala (c) Pretoria (d) Beijing
75. The Public Service Broadcasting Day is 85. How much loan amount has been
observed on which date in India? sanctioned by the Asian Development
(a) November 9 (b) November 15 Bank (ADB) to improve to improve
(c) November 12 (d) November 14 Assam’s power distribution system?
76. “Lakshmi”, India’s first banking robot has (a) $54 million (b) $48 million
been launched by which bank? (c) $88 million (d) $63 million
(a) State Bank of India 86. Who will be conferred with the Rashtriya
(b) City Union Bank
Kalidas Samman for year 2016-17?
(c) ICICI Bank
(a) N. Rajam (b) Anupam Kher
(d) Axis Bank
(c) Raj Bisaria (d) Banshi Kaul
77. The 2018 International Competition
87. The 7th session of Conference of Parties
Network (ICN) annual conference will be
(COP7) on tobacco control has started in
hosted by which country?
(a) Portugal (b) India which state of India?
(c) Japan (d) Singapore (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Haryana
78. Which state government has launched (c) Rajasthan (d) Odisha
“Lakshya Bhagirathi” campaign to 88. Which country is hosting the Conference
complete the irrigation projects? of Parties (COP22) of the UN Framework
(a) Madhya Pradesh Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
(b) Uttar Pradesh (a) India (b) Morocco
(c) Chhattisgarh (c) Nepal (d) Palestine
(d) Assam 89. The Defence Research & Development
79. India’s first-ever Liquefied Natural Gas Organisation (DRDO) has signed a MoU
(LNG) driven bus has been launched in with which IIT institute to establish a Joint
which state? Advanced Technology Centre (JATC)?
(a) Kerala (b) Assam (a) IIT Bombay (b) IIT Kharagpur
(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Karnataka (c) IIT Indore (d) IIT Delhi
GK-530
QUIZZES
90. Which Indian Armed Force has launched (c) Live To Tell: Raising Awareness
“Operation school chalo” in South (d) Effective Education and
Kashmir? Evacuation Drills
(a) Indian Army (b) Indian Air Force 96. The book “An Era of Darkness: The British
(c) Indian Navy (d) All of the above Empire in India” has been authored by
91. Who has been appointed as the new whom?
Executive Director (ED) of the Reserve (a) Amrish Tripathi
Bank of India (RBI)? (b) Hamid Ansari
(a) K K Malhotra (b) MRajeshwarRao (c) Shashi Tharoor
(c) Arindam Kunar (d) Greesh Bindra (d) Romesh Dutt
92. Who has been appointed as MD & CEO of 97. Which country will host the 2016
Central Registry of Securitisation Asset International Energy Forum –
Reconstruction and Security Interest of International Gas Union (IEF-IGU)
India (CERSAI)? Ministerial Forum?
(a) Rishabh Jain (a) India (b) Qatar
(b) Praveen Kumar Sharma (c) Iran (d) Israel
(c) Kirti Singh 98. Which country’s hockey team has won the
(d) Sudha Singhvi 2016 Women’s Asian Champions Trophy?
93. Which state government has recently (a) China (b) India
inked MoU with Union Ministry of Civil (c) Japan (d) Malaysia
Aviation for Regional Connectivity Scheme 99. Asia’s largest man-made ‘Jungle Safari’
(RCS)-UDAN? is located in which state of India?
(a) Assam (b) Odisha (a) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Haryana (d) Madhya Pradesh (b) Chhattisgarh
94. Where is the headquarters of the (c) Rajasthan
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)? (d) Uttar Pradesh
(a) Pune (b) New Delhi 100.“Aware and Care” the health awareness
(c) Bhopal (d) Raipur campaign has been launched by which
95. What is the theme of the first-ever World state government?
Tsunami Awareness Day (WTAD)? (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Kerala
(a) Reduce Mortality, Raise awareness (c) Punjab (d) Karnataka
(b) Knowledge for Life
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 16. (d) 31. (b) 46. (c) 61. (a) 76. (b) 91. (b)
2. (d) 17. (a) 32. (c) 47. (c) 62. (a) 77. (b) 92. (b)
3. (d) 18. (a) 33. (b) 48. (d) 63. (c) 78. (c) 93. (a)
4. (c) 19. (b) 34. (b) 49. (c) 64. (a) 79. (a) 94. (b)
5. (c) 20. (a) 35. (c) 50. (d) 65. (a) 80. (b) 95. (d)
6. (a) 21. (c) 36. (c) 51. (a) 66. (c) 81. (c) 96. (c)
7. (b) 22. (a) 37. (b) 52. (d) 67. (c) 82. (d) 97. (a)
8. (b) 23. (b) 38. (c) 53. (a) 68. (a) 83. (a) 98. (b)
9. (c) 24. (a) 39. (d) 54. (b) 69. (b) 84. (b) 99. (b)
10. (d) 25. (b) 40. (b) 55. (c) 70. (a) 85. (b) 100. (c)
11. (a) 26. (d) 41. (a) 56. (c) 71. (b) 86. (d)
12. (c) 27. (a) 42. (c) 57. (b) 72. (c) 87. (a)
13. (a) 28. (c) 43. (c) 58. (c) 73. (a) 88. (b)
14. (c) 29. (d) 44. (c) 59. (c) 74. (d) 89. (d)
15. (c) 30. (a) 45. (c) 60. (a) 75. (c) 90. (a)
QUIZZES GK-531
INTERNATIONAL
1. Who wrote the famous novel “Alice’s 13. Who invented the ball point pen?
Adventures in Wonderland”? (a) Waterman Brothers
(a) Rudyard Kipling (b) Bicc Brothers
(b) John Keats (c) Biro Brothers
(c) Lewis Carroll (d) Wright Brothers
(d) H G Wells 14. Which scientist discovered the radioactive
2. Who was the first to complete the element radium?
circumnavigation of Earth? (a) Isaac Newton
(b) Albert Einstein
(a) Francis Drake (b) Columbus
(c) Benjamin Franklin
(c) Magellan (d) Vasco da Gama
(d) Marie Curie
3. The Nobel prize was instituted by which 15. Who invented Dynamite?
country? (a) Sir Alexander Graham Bell
(a) USA (b) UK (b) Benjamin Franklin
(c) Russia (d) Sweden (c) Thomas Alva Edison
4. Which of the following is an award (d) Alfred B. Nobel
instituted by UNESCO? 16. Who is the father of English Poetry?
(a) Kalinga Award (b) Pulitzer prize (a) Charles Dickens
(c) Stirling prize (d) Pritzker prize (b) John Milton
5. Magsaysay award is given by (c) Geoffrey Chaucer
(a) USA (b) UK (d) William Wordsworth
(c) Malaysia (d) Philippines 17. Who wrote the novel War and Peace?
6. Which of the following organisations is (a) Leo Tolstoy
not associated with the UNO? (b) Mahatma Gandhi
(a) ILO (b) WHO (c) Charles Dickens
(d) Rudyard Kipling
(c) ASEAN (d) All of the above
18. Who was the first woman to win the Nobel
7. Where is the headquarters of UNESCO Prize?
situated? (a) Marie Curie
(a) Rome (b) Geneva (b) Bertha von Suttner
(c) New York (d) Paris (c) Selma Lagerlöf
8. The five permanent members of UN (d) Grazia Deledda
Security Council are 19. Who is called as “The Father of History”?
(a) Japan, West Germany, USSR, UK and (a) Euclid (b) Herodotus
USA (c) Aristotle (d) Julius Caesar
(b) Canada, China, France, USSR and USA 20. Who wrote the novel “Anna Karenina”?
(c) Germany, China, USSR, UK and USA (a) Lewis Carroll (b) Leo Tolstoy
(d) China, France, USSR, UK and USA (c) Victor Hugo (d) Boris Pasternak
9. Which of the following is the headquarters 21. Who wrote the novel “A Farewell to Arms”?
of World Trade Organisation (WTO)? (a) Charles Dickens
(a) New York (b) Geneva (b) Ernest Hemingway
(c) Thomas Hardy
(c) Madrid (d) Paris
(d) Aldous Leonard Huxley
10. The Great Victoria Desert is located in
22. Who wrote the controversial novel “The
(a) Canada (b) West Africa Satanic Verses”?
(c) Australia (d) North America (a) William Golding
11. Which of the following is tropical (b) Gunnar Myrdal
grassland? (c) Salman Rushdie
(a) Taiga (b) Savannah (d) Agatha Christie
(c) Pampas (d) Prairies 23. Who is the author of the novel Les
12. The humidity of the air depends upon Misérables?
(a) Temperature (b) Location (a) Victor Hugo (b) ALium tofler
(c) Weather (d) All of the above (c) G.Wynne (d) Agatha Christie
GK-532
QUIZZES
24. Who wrote the book ‘Gulliver’s Travels’? 35. Who was the author of the American
(a) Jonathan Swift Declaration of Independence?
(b) Charles Dickens (a) George Washington
(c) Charles Lamb (b) Thomas Paine
(d) Alexandra Dumas (c) Thomas Jefferson
25. Who wrote the book ‘Tom Sawyer’? (d) Marquis de Lafayette
(a) William Shakespeare 36. Who authored the book The Social
(b) John Ruskin Contract?
(c) Mark Twain (a) Voltaire
(d) Leo Tolstoy (b) Denis Diderot
26. Who wrote the 16th-century political (c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
treatise “The Prince”? (d) Aristotle
(a) George Bernard Shaw 37. Who discovered the sea-route from
(b) V.S. Naipaul Europe to India?
(c) Emile Zola (a) Christopher Columbus
(b) Vasco-da-Gama
(d) Niccolo Machiavelli
(c) Marco Polo
27. Who was the first woman to go to space?
(d) Magellan
(a) Valentina Tereshkova
38. Who defined Democracy as the
(b) Sally Ride Government of the people, by the people
(c) Sunita Williams and for the people?
(d) Liu Yang (a) George Washington
28. Anthropology is the study of? (b) John Stuart mill
(a) Science (b) Psychology (c) Abraham Lincoln
(c) Literature (d) Humanity (d) Winston Churchill
29. The working languages of the UNESCO 39. Das Capital and Communist Manifesto
is/are were written by
(a) French only (a) Engels (b) Trotsky
(b) English only (c) Karl Marx (d) Lenin
(c) English and French 40. The Battle of Waterloo in the year 1815
(d) English, French and Russian was fought between
30. ‘World Cancer Day’ is observed on (a) Britain and France
(a) 19th February (b) 4th February (b) Britain and Germany
(c) 12th February (d) 17th January (c) Japan and China
31. Who invented Mobile phone? (d) Austria and Russia
(a) Graham Bell (b) Martin Cooper 41. The Boston Tea Party took place in which
(c) Edison (d) Larry Page year?
32. Who among the following is the co- (a) 1776 (b) 1773
founder of Google? (c) 1774 (d) 1770
(a) Larry Page 42. Which style of painting was used by early
(b) Time Berners-Lee renaissance artists?
(c) Philippe Kahn (a) Graeco-Roman (b) Catholic Art
(c) Gothic (d) None of these
(d) Richard Davis
43. Which is the longest River in the world?
33. The Last Super, a famous renaissance
(a) Nile (b) Amazon
painting was a master piece of
(c) Thames (d) Ganges
(a) Leonardo da Vinci 44. Where is the headquarters of FIFA
(b) Raphael situated?
(c) Michael Angelo (a) Zurich (b) Sao Paulo
(d) Titian (c) London (d) Dubai
34. The terms Liberty, Equality and Fraternity 45. Which is the oldest Grand Slam tennis
are associated with which of the following? tournament?
(a) Industrial Revolution (a) Wimbledon
(b) Russian Revolution (b) French open
(c) French Revolution (c) Australian open
(d) Olympic Games (d) US open
QUIZZES GK-533
90. What is the theme of 2016 World (a) Bhutan (b) South Africa
Osteoporosis Day (WOD) ? (c) Nepal (d) Bangladesh
(a) Stop at One: Make Your First Break 96. Which city has topped the 2016 Global
Your Last Power City Index (GPCI) ?
(b) Love Your Bones: Perfect Your Future (a) Tokyo (b) Rio de Janeiro
(c) Real Men Build Their Strength from (c) London (d) Mumbai
Within 97. Who has been awarded with the first
(d) Serve Up Bone Health International Prize in Statistics?
91. The 2016 FIFA U-17 Women’s World cup
(a) Ron Wasserstein
has been won by which country?
(a) Venezuela (b) Japan (b) William Johnson
(c) Spain (d) North Korea (c) David Cox
92. The powerful Typhoon Haima has recently (d) Susan Ellenberg
hit which of the following countries? 98. How much fund will be provided by
(a) India (b) Malaysia World Bank to Bangladesh to fight child
(c) Indonesia (d) Philippines malnutrition?
93. Who is the newly elected President of (a) $5 billion (b) $1 billion
the International Gymnastics Federation (c) $4 billion (d) $2 billion
(IFG)? 99. What is the theme of 2016 World Food
(a) Emilia Romagna Day (WFD)?
(b) Morinari Watanabe (a) Social protection and Agriculture
(c) Georges Guelzec (b) Feeding the world, caring for the earth
(d) Bruno Grandi (c) Climate is changing. Food and
94. Which Italian city has recently honoured agriculture must too
the Dalai Lama with an honorary
(d) Family Farming: Breaking the Cycle
Citizenship award? (
of Rural Poverty
a) Rome (b) Florence
(c) Naples (d) Milan 100. Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who passed away
95. Mewa Ramgobin, who passed away was the king of which country?
recently, was well-known Gandhian (a) Kenya (b) Rwanda
activist of which country? (c) Egypt (d) South Africa
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 18. (a) 35. (c) 52. (c) 69. (c) 86. (c)
2. (c) 19. (b) 36. (c) 53. (d) 70. (b) 87. (c)
3. (d) 20. (b) 37. (b) 54. (b) 71. (d) 88. (b)
4. (a) 21. (b) 38. (c) 55. (b) 72. (d) 89. (c)
5. (d) 22. (c) 39. (c) 56. (c) 73. (c) 90. (b)
6. (c) 23. (a) 40. (a) 57. (c) 74. (d) 91. (d)
7. (d) 24. (a) 41. (b) 58. (d) 75. (d) 92. (d)
8. (d) 25. (c) 42. (a) 59. (d) 76. (b) 93. (b)
9. (b) 26. (d) 43. (a) 60. (b) 77. (c) 94. (d)
10. (c) 27. (a) 44. (a) 61. (a) 78. (c) 95. (b)
11. (b) 28. (d) 45. (a) 62. (c) 79. (a) 96. (c)
12. (d) 29. (d) 46. (a) 63. (b) 80. (c) 97. (c)
13. (c) 30. (b) 47. (b) 64. (a) 81. (b) 98. (b)
14. (d) 31. (b) 48. (c) 65. (d) 82. (b) 99. (c)
15. (d) 32. (a) 49. (d) 66. (c) 83. (d) 100. (b)
16. (c) 33. (a) 50. (a) 67. (c) 84. (a)
17. (a) 34. (c) 51. (c) 68. (c) 85. (a)
GK-536
QUIZZES
SCIENCE
1. What is the purpose of Biotech – KISAN 9. In which country the world’s first baby
scheme launched by the Union Ministry was born from a new procedure that
of Science and Technology? combines the DNA of three people?
(a) Its purpose is to connect farmers, (a) China (b) Australia
scientist and science institution (c) US (d) Mexico
across country 10. 2nd largest black hole in Milky Way is
(b) The scheme aims at boosting selective found by which country?
breeding of the native livestock more (a) China (b) Japan
accurately to ensure high-yielding, (c) North Korea (d) US
disease-resistant, resilient livestock. 11. Which organization has discovered
(c) In this scheme farmers are provided the presence of Neon Gas in Moon’s
with free seeds. atmosphere?
(d) None of the above (a) ISRO (b) BARC
2. What is the name of the satellite launched (c) NASA (d) JAXA
by China space lab Tiangong-2? 12. Researchers of which country has
(a) Shenzhou - 11 (b) Banxing-2 developed a laboratory on Smartphone
(c) Shenzhou – 10 (d) None of the above that can detect cancer?
3. What is the name of the vaccine (a) China (b) US
launched by The Indian Immunologicals (c) UK (d) Japan
Limited (IIL) to fight against Taenia 13. The scientist of which Indian institute
solium Tapeworms in pigs? or university has developed a catalyst
(a) CYSVAX (b) CYYVAX to render the drinking water E.coli free?
(c) TAXVAX (d) None of the above (a) IIT – Kanpur
4. India has signed an agreement for (b) IIT – Mumbai
cooperation in the development of a (c) Indian institute of Sciences
network of 25 integrated infrastructure Agro (d) National Chemical Laboratory
irradiation centres with which country? 14. The surgeons of which country
(a) US (b) UK performed the world’s first robotic
(c) Russia (d) China operation inside the eye?
5. Researchers from Kolkata based Indian (a) China (b) Japan
Institute of Science Education and (c) US (d) Britain
Research (IISER) has produced cost- 15. What is the name given to the largest
effective, metal-free cathodes using planet recently discovered by NASA that
__________for use in solar cells. orbits two suns?
(a) Human hair (b) Coal (a) Keplar 1647b (b) SDSU 69
(c) Human skin (d) None of the above (c) Keplar 7689a (d) None of the above
6. India has launched latest communication 16. The world’s 1st scanning Helium
satellite GSAT-18 from which country? Microscope (SHeM) is developed by
(a) Russia (b) Turkey which country?
(c) Vizag (d) Guiana (a) India (b) UK
7. From where does India launch its (c) Australia (d) Russia
fastest and most powerful computer, 17. Which of the following countries have
PARAM-ISHAN? launched the 1st rocket from its newly
(a) IIT – Madras (b) IIT – Bombay built Vostochny Cosmodrome recently?
(c) IIT – Guwahati (d) IIT - Delhi (a) South Korea (b) Russia
8. Which country has invited India to join (c) China (d) Japan
in developing next-generation nuclear 18. The domain of which country has
reactors and participate in its fast reactor become the world’s most commonly
research project, known as MBIR? used domain over Internet?
(a) US (b) China (a) US (b) UK
(c) Russia (d) UK (c) China (d) India
QUIZZES GK-537
19. India has developed Long Range Surface 28. What is the name of the second multi-
to Air Missile (LRSAM) Barak 8 which spectral remote sensing Indonesian
was successfully test fired from INS satellite launched by India that will help
Kolkata. With which country it tested the country to monitor land-use, natural
the Missile jointly? resource and in disaster mitigation?
(a) Israel (b) Russia (a) LAPAN A1/Tubsat
(c) UAE (d) UK (b) LAPAN A2/ Orari
20. Recently Kwangmyongsong-4 satellite (c) LAPAN A2/Tubsat
has been launched by which country? (d) None of the above
(a) South Korea (b) North Korea 29. Which country has successfully
(c) China (d) Japan launched a new model of carrier rocket,
21. Which country has successfully Test- the Long March-11?
Fired Anti-Ship ‘Zarb’ Missile? (a) South Korea (b) China
(a) Russia (b) India (c) Japan (d) India
(c) China (d) Pakistan 30. From which of the following naval ships
22. Which company has hired the world’s has India successfully test fired Long
first robot lawyer ROSS to assist the Range surface to Air missile, LR – SAM?
company and its various teams? (a) INS Kolkata (b) INS Kamrota
(a) Baker Hostetler (c) INS Kavaratti (d) None of the above
(b) DLA Piper 31. Which of the following Indian states will
(c) Dentons get the 1st ever solar, stellar observatory?
(d) None of the above (a) Rajasthan (b) Uttar Pradesh
23. Which country has successfully (c) Maharashtra (d) Gujarat
launched Yaogan-30 remote sensing 32. Which of the following statements are
satellite into sun-synchronous orbit correct regarding INS Vikrant?
(SSO) using the Long March-2D rocket? (a) It was India’s first indigenously-
(a) Russia (b) China built largest aircraft carrier
(c) UK (d) Mongolia (b) It was successfully undocked at
24. What is the name of the insect which Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) in
has been declared as a world’s largest Cochin district of Kerala.
insect? (c) With successful completion of
(a) Indian spider construction of INS Vikrant India
(b) China bug joins elite group of four nations
(c) Indian grasshopper in the world viz United States,
(d) None of the above Russia, United Kingdom and France
25. 1st IVF puppies were developed by that are capable of designing and
which country? constructing aircraft carriers.
(a) US (b) UK (d) All the above
(c) China (d) Russia 33. Which material is used for the
26. Which of the following statements are construction of filament of the world’s
true? thinnest light bulb?
(a) GSAT-15, India’s latest communications (a) Carbon (b) Graphene
satellite, was launched successfully (c) Graphite (d) None of the above
by the European Ariane 5 VA-227 34. Which country manufactured the
launch Vehicle world’s first electric passenger aircraft
named BX1E?
(b) The weight of the satellite is 3164kg
(a) India (b) Russia
(c) It carries communication transponders
(c) China (d) US
in Ku-band and a GPS Aided GEO
35. What is India’s world rank in Nuclear
Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)
Power Generation?
payload operating in L1 & L5 bands.
(a) 60th (b) 19th
(d) All the above
(c) 12th (d) 20th
27. ARSAT2 is a second communication
36. Which statement is correct regarding
satellite launched by which country?
GSLV – D 6 satellite launched by India?
(a) US (b) Russia
(a) Its launch vehicle is having the
(c) Argentina (d) Mexico
complex cryogenic engine
GK-538
QUIZZES
(b) The GSAT-6 satellite will provide (a) New Zealand (b) Australia
S-band Communication services (c) China (d) US
mostly to the defence sector. 45. What is the name of the world’s lightest
(c) The Weight of GSLV – D 6 launching material developed by ISRO scientists?
Vehicle is 414.75 Tonnes. (a) Carbon Aerogel
(d) All the above (b) Graphite Aerogel
37. What is the name of the Indian origin (c) Silica Aerogel
scientist who has developed the world’s (d) None of the above
first wireless pacemaker? 46. Maximum of how many satellites does
(a) Dr. Vivek Reddy ISRO launched in a single mission held
(b) Dr. Vishvanand Prasad in May 2016?
(c) Dr. J. P. Singh (a) 23 (b) 27
(d) None of the above (c) 22 (d) 25
38. What is the name of the Gene behind 47. Which country has successfully launched
Brain Development? its most sophisticated observational
(a) USP6X (b) USP9X satellite, Gaofen – 4?
(c) USP10X (d) USP8X (a) China (b) India
39. What is the name of the compound (c) Russia (d) UK
developed by IISER to scoop out marine 48. Recently WHO has launched flavoured
drugs for kids to counter which disease?
oil spills?
(a) Malaria (b) Dengue
(a) Carbon (b) Fiberol
(c) TB (d) Swine Flu
(c) Gelator (d) None of the above
49. Which American MNC recently
40. In which country first baby is born developed the 1st human like speech
using Next-Generation DNA sequencing recognition system?
method? (a) Apple Inc (b) Samsung
(a) US (b) UK (c) HP (d) None of these
(c) Australia (d) China 50. Which of the following companies has
41. Which statements are correct regarding introduced the Li – Fi technology?
World’s first holographic flexible (a) Ericsson (b) Google
Smartphone? (c) Velmenni (d) Motorola
(a) HoloFlex features a 1920x1080 full 51. _____________is an independent regional
high-definition Flexible Organic navigation satellite system being
Light Emitting Diode (FOLED) developed by India.
touch screen display. (a) PSLV (b) IRNSS
(b) Images are rendered into 12-pixel (c) INSAT (d) ISTRAC
wide circular blocks rendering the 52. Which is India’s first dedicated multi
full view of the 3D object from a wavelength space Observatory?
particular viewpoint. (a) ASTROSAT (b) GEOSAT
(c) HoloFlex is also equipped with a (c) SLV (d) MOM
bend sensor 53. GAGAN stands for
(d) All the above (a) GPRS Aided Geography Augmented
42. Which country has test fired a ballistic Navigation
missile named “Musudan missile” (b) General Aided GEO Augmented
(a) South korea (b) North korea Narrow
(c) China (d) Japan (c) GPS Aided GEO Augmented
43. Which bank has launched SmartUp, a Navigation
dedicated solution for start-ups to fulfil (d) GEO Aided GPS Augmented
Navigation
all their banking needs?
54. Which gas is usually filled in the electric
(a) ICICI Bank (b) Axis Bank
bulb is?
(c) Yes Bank (d) HDFC Bank (a) Carbon Dioxide (b) Nitrogen
44. The National Aeronautics and Space (c) Oxygen (d) Hydrogen
Administration (NASA) has successfully 55. Which of the following rays are more
launched a super pressure balloon from penetrating?
which country to conduct near-space (a) X rays (b) Alpha rays
scientific investigations? (c) Beta rays (d) Gamma rays
QUIZZES GK-539
56. Deep blue colour is imparted to glass by 63. During a thunderstorm, the thunder in
the presence of: the skies is produced by the:
(a) Cupric Oxide (b) Nickel Oxide (a) Meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in
(c) Iron Oxide (d) Cobalt Oxide the sky
57. Which of the following is the first ever (b) Lightning that separates the nimbus
manned Spacecraft? clouds
(a) Vostok-I (b) Sputnik-I (c) Violent upward movement of air
(c) Louika (d) Columbia and water particles
58. Which of the following lab is the first (d) Both a and c
space lab in orbit? 64. Which points are correct regarding
(a) Skylab Cattle Genomics Scheme launched by
(b) American Space lab the government recently?
(c) Media-Saturn SPACELAB (a) The scheme aims at boosting
(d) Flylab selective breeding of the native
59. What is the importance of Graphene? livestock more accurately to ensure
(a) It is a two-dimensional material and high-yielding, disease-resistant,
has good electrical conductivity. resilient livestock.
(b) It is one of the thinnest but strongest (b) Under it, government will
materials tested so far. undertake an ambitious project of
(c) It can be used as ‘conducting genome sequencing of 40 registered
electrodes’ required for touch indigenous cattle breeds of India.
screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. (c) A high-density DNA chips will be
(d) All the above developed under this scheme to
60. Consider the statements about ‘Dark reduce the cost and time interval of
Energy and Dark Matter’. breeding of the native livestock
(a) Dark energy attracts while Dark (d) All the above
matter repels. 65. Which of the following is/are example/
(b) While dark energy shows itself examples of chemical change?
only on the largest cosmic scale, (a) Crystallization of sodium chloride
dark matter exerts its influence on (b) Melting of ice
individual galaxies as well as the (c) Souring of milk
universe at large. (d) All the above
(c) Both a and b 66. Which statement is correct regarding
(d) None of the above GSAT-11?
61. Which of the above are responsible (a) It will basically address the rural
for bringing dynamic changes on the communication requirement
surface of the earth? (b) Its mission life is 15 years
(a) Electromagnetic radiation (c) It will provide high throughput
(b) Geothermal energy capacity of about 10Gbps to render
(c) Gravitational force broadband connectivity
(d) All the above (d) All the above
62. “A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness 67. Which among the following are
observed over the Sun’s surface or the ‘Nocturnal’ in nature?
solar limb, which is interpreted as a large (a) Bat (b) Catfish
energy release”. Consider the statements (c) Kiwi (d) All the above
with reference to it 68. Consider the statements with reference
(a) They are always followed by a to ‘Ebola Virus’
colossal mass ejection. (a) Fruit bats and animals like monkeys
(b) The flare ejects clouds of neutrons, are natural hosts.
ions, and atoms through the corona (b) It spreads through direct contact
of the sun into space. with the blood, secretions, body
(c) They produce radiation across fluids and aerosol transmission.
electromagnetic spectrum at all (c) It can be diagnosed through electron
wavelength except visible microscopy and ELISA test only.
(d) None of the above (d) None of the above
GK-540
QUIZZES
69. What is the difference between a CFL 77. What is El Nino?
and an LED lamp? (a) The surname given to Ventura
(a) To produce light, a CFL uses mercury Reyes Prósper
vapour and phosphor while an LED (b) A major warming of the equatorial
lamp uses semiconductor material. waters in the Pacific Ocean
(b) The average life span of a CFL is much (c) A particularly damaging type of
longer than that of an LED lamp. hurricane
(c) A CFL is less energy-efficient as (d) The nine forms the Ebola disease
compared to an LED lamp. can take
(d) Both a and c 78. Which statement is correct regarding
70. The objective of developing a genetically the lightest material developed by ISRO
engineered brinjal named as Bt Brinjal ‘silica aerogel’:
is to: (a) It can be used both in space and earth
(a) To make it pest-resistant (b) Can be used in thermal jackets
(b) To improve its taste and nutritive (c) It has low density
qualities (d) All the above
(c) To make it drought-resistant 79. Which of the following are optical illusions?
(d) To make its shelf-life longer (a) Size of the sun at dusk
71. Leakage of which of the following gases (b) Colour of the sun at dawn
had caused the Bhopal Gas Tragedy? (c) Twinkle of stars in the sky
(a) Methyl isocyanate (d) All the above
(b) Carbon Mono-oxide 80. “A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness
(c) Nitric oxide observed over the Sun’s surface or the
solar limb, which is interpreted as a large
(d) Sulphur dioxide
energy release”. Consider the statements
72. What is measured by the sling
with reference to it
Psychrometer? (a) They are always followed by a
(a) Temperature (b) Humidity colossal mass ejection.
(c) Pressure (d) Wind velocity (b) The flare ejects clouds of neutrons,
73. Cryogenic engines fined applications in: ions, and atoms through the corona
(a) Sub-marine propulsion of the sun into space.
(b) Frost free refrigerators (c) They produce radiation across
(c) Rocket technology electromagnetic spectrum at all
(d) Superconductivity wavelength except visible
74. What is the theme of the 2015 Indian (d) None of the above
Science Congress? 81. Consider the statements about ‘Dark
(a) Science and Technology for Energy and Dark Matter’. Which of the
Sustainable Growth following are correct:
(b) Science and Technology for Human (a) Dark energy attracts while Dark
Development matter repels.
(c) Ancient science for today’s growth (b) While dark energy shows itself
(d) Technology for better future only on the largest cosmic scale,
75. Which physical law is behind the idea of dark matter exerts its influence on
a rocket engine? individual galaxies as well as the
(a) The law of gravity universe at large.
(b) The action-reaction principle (c) Both a and b
(c) The law on the conservation of energy (d) None of the above
(d) The General Relativity 82. Many transplanted seedlings do not
76. What is the A380? grow because:
(a) The biggest civilian aircraft ever, (a) the new soil does not contain
built by Airbus favourable minerals
(b) The code name for AMD’s next- (b) most of the root hairs grip the new
generation laptop chips soil too hard
(c) The model of the rocket used by China (c) most of the root hairs are lost
to send its first astronaut in space during transplantation
(d) A supersonic military transport (d) leaves get damaged during
aircraft being developed by Boing transplantation
QUIZZES GK-541
83. Which of the following plants are 93. Which country has developed the 1st
propagated by stem cutting? Helium Microscope?
(a) Rhodendron (b) Rose (a) Australia (b) Russia
(c) Mulberry (d) All the above (c) UK (d) US
84. Which of the following statements are 94. Which was the India’s first satellite
correct regarding ‘Phyto Chemicals’? launched from Kapustin Yar using a
(a) They posses antioxidant and Kosmos-3M launch vehicle?
hormone like activity. (a) Apple (b) Mangalyam
(b) They can be found in apples, tea and (c) Aryabhata (d) Ariane
carrot 95. Which was the First experimental
(c) They have potential to treat cancer, remote sensing satellite which Carried
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes etc TV and microwave cameras?
(d) All the above (a) Bhaskara-I (b) Rohini – I
85. Which of the following statements are (c) GSAT (d) PSLV
correct? 96. Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic
1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for Engineering) allows genes to be
the generation of energy. transferred:
2. Viruses can be cultured in any (a) Across different species of plants.
synthetic medium. (b) From animals to plants.
3. Viruses are transmitted from one (c) From microorganisms to higher
organisms.
organism to another by biological
(d) All the above
vectors only.
97. Satellites used for telecommunication
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only relay are kept in a geostationary orbit.
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 A satellite is said to be in such an orbit
86. Exomars is the mars mission launched when:
jointly between Europe and which (a) The orbit is geosynchronous.
other country? (b) The orbit is circular,
(a) India (b) America (c) The orbit lies in the plane of the
(c) Australia (d) Russia Earth’s equator.
87. What is the application of IRNSS? (d) All the above
(a) Disaster Management 98. What is “Virtual Private Network”?
(b) Vehicle tracking (a) It is a private computer network of
(c) Mapping an organization where the remote
(d) All the above users can transmit encrypted
88. How do organisms use Adenosine information through the server of
Triphosphate? the organization
(a) as a digestive enzyme (b) It is a computer network across a
(b) as an energy carrier public internet that provides users
(c) to maintain cell membrane integrity access to their organization’s network
(d) as a competitive inhibitor while maintaining the security of the
89. How many pairs of chromosomes does a information transmitted
human usually have? (c) It is a computer network in which
(a) 23 (b) 36 users can access a shared pool of
(c) 48 (d) 56 computing resources through a
90. What is the technology to provide high service provider.
speed internet access over telephone (d) None of the above
wiring called? 99. The term ‘Polymorphism’ is associated
(a) DSL (b) ADSL with:
(c) MODEM (d) None of the above (a) Genetics
91. Tuberculosis is caused by: (b) Material science
(a) Virus (b) Fungus (c) Computer science
(c) Bacteria (d) None of the above (d) All the above
92. Which of the following is not a scientific 100. When is National Technology Day
optical instrument? celebrated in India?
(a) telescope (b) periscope (a) 2nd May (b) 20th April
(c) endoscope (d) microscope (c) 5th April (d) 11th May
GK-542
QUIZZES
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 18. (c) 35. (c) 52. (a) 69. (d) 86. (d)
2. (b) 19. (a) 36. (d) 53. (c) 70. (a) 87. (d)
3. (a) 20. (b) 37. (a) 54. (b) 71. (a) 88. (b)
4. (c) 21. (d) 38. (b) 55. (d) 72. (b) 89. (a)
5. (a) 22. (a) 39. (c) 56. (d) 73. (c) 90. (b)
6. (d) 23. (b) 40. (b) 57. (a) 74. (b) 91. (c)
7. (c) 24. (b) 41. (d) 58. (a) 75. (b) 92. (b)
8. (c) 25. (a) 42. (b) 59. (d) 76. (a) 93. (a)
9. (d) 26. (d) 43. (d) 60. (b) 77. (b) 94. (c)
10. (b) 27. (c) 44. (a) 61. (d) 78. (d) 95. (a)
11. (c) 28. (b) 45. (c) 62. (d) 79. (d) 96. (a)
12. (b) 29. (b) 46. (c) 63. (d) 80. (c) 97. (d)
13. (c) 30. (a) 47. (a) 64. (d) 81. (b) 98. (b)
14. (d) 31. (d) 48. (c) 65. (c) 82. (c) 99. (d)
15. (a) 32. (d) 49. (d) 66. (d) 83. (d) 100. (d)
16. (c) 33. (b) 50. (c) 67. (d) 84. (d)
17. (b) 34. (c) 51. (b) 68. (d) 85. (c)
QUIZZES GK-543
FINANCE
1. With which of the following banks 8. Which of the following is not one of the
the SBI has signed an MOU in the four organizations which have been
fields of corporate finance and project selected for sale of share in HUDCO?
financing? (a) SBI Caps (b) ICICI Securities
(a) Royal bank of Scotland (c) IDBI Capital (d) HDFC Infra
(b) Asian Development Bank 9. Which of the following has become
(c) Korea development bank the first major port in India to sign an
(d) IBRD agreement with SBI and Development
2. Syndicate bank has started the project
Bank of Singapore for raising External
to offer latest digital banking facilities
Commercial Borrowing?
to customer including the proposal of
opening fully operational account in (a) Chennai port trust
less than one day. The project has been (b) Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
named? (c) Paradip Port Trust
(a) Project Ananya (d) Kandla Port Trust
(b) Project Antariksha 10. What is the limit to the cash transactions
(c) Project Digidhwani that has been fixed by the Government
(d) Project Antyodaya with an objective of curbing the black
3. In which state the BSE has signed an money?
MOU to setup an International Stock (a) 2 lakh (b) 4 lakh
Exchange? (c) 5 lakh (d) 3 lakh
(a) Uttarakhand (b) Uttar Pradesh 11. Which of the following banks has tied up
(c) Karnataka (d) Gujrat with IBM for using its cloud commerce
4. Consider following two statements solutions?
I. PFRDA has reduced the minimum (a) SBI (b) ICICI
annual contribution to Rs. 1000 for (c) IndusInd (d) IDBI
keeping the account active. 12. As per RBI guidelines the loans to
II. Earlier this limit was minimum women SHGs will be provided under
10,000 per annum. the NRLM Ajeevika scheme at the
Which of the above statements are interest rate of?
correct? (a) 9% (b) 7%
(a) Both I and II (b) Only I (c) 8% (d) 10%
(c) Only II (d) Neither I nor II 13. Who has been appointed as the
5. Which of the following entities chairman of the Committee set up by
joined hands with Federal Bank for MoF for digitizing incentive payments?
distribution of Indian Gold Coin (IGC)? (a) Raghuram Rajan
(a) SBI (b) MMTC (b) Kaushik Basu
(c) RBI (d) ICICI (c) Arun Jaitly
6. Which of the following received the (d) Ratan Watal
certificate of incorporation from the 14. Qatar based Doha Bank has opened its
registrar of companies thus setting to first branch in which of the following
start operations in 2017? Indian states?
(a) India Post Payment Bank (a) Kerala
(b) Indian Bank of Post Payments (b) Tamilnadu
(c) Indian Bank of Restructuring (c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Indian Development and Restructuring (d) Telangana
Bank 15. Who of the following has been
7. Bhartiya Mahila Bank is to be merged appointed as the new CEO of Reliance
with which of the following? Life?
(a) SBI (b) PNB (a) Deep Bora (b) Kamal Siddhu
(c) NABARD (d) IDBI (c) Ashish Vohra (d) Ashish Khaitan
GK-544
QUIZZES
16. Who has been appointed as the chief of 24. Who has been appointed as the
the Banks Board Bureau? chairman of the LIC of India?
(a) Sushil mahajan (a) V K Sharma
(b) B N Kaul (b) S K Rao
(c) R Rajan (c) P V Bharti
(d) Vinod Rai (d) Mallikarjun Rao
17. Who of the following has been 25. Who of the following was recently
appointed as the new governor of RBI? appointed as the World Bank’s country
(a) Kaushik Basu director to India?
(b) Subramanyam Swami (a) Onno ruhl (b) Jim Yong Kim
(c) Raghuram Rajan (c) Junaid Ahmed (d) Reena Kala
(d) Urjit Patel 26. Which of the following institutions has
18. Which of the following states is not
launched the ‘Hope Loans’ at reduced
included amongst the three states in
interest rates?
which HDFC – Ergo has implemented
(a) PNB (b) SBI
Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme
(c) HDFC (d) ICICI
(WBCIS)?
27. Which of the following recently
(a) Uttarakhand
acquired BSS Microfinance?
(b) Assam
(a) Karur Vyasya
(c) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Yes Bank
(d) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Muthoot Finance
19. Which of the following banks has
(d) Kotak Mahindra Bank
become the first in India to tie up with
28. Which of the following Public Sector
Banaras Hindu University (BHU) to
offer specialised courses in Banking bank recently opened its branch in
and Finance? Yangon, Myanmar?
(a) Axis Bank (b) HDFC Bank (a) SBI
(c) ICICI Bank (d) PNB (b) PNB
20. Which insurance company has joined (c) Dena Bank
hands with Paytm to provide health (d) Union Bank of India
insurance to cab and auto drivers which 29. Rajeev Rishi, the newly elected
shall cover the hospital expenses upto chairman of IBA is currently working as
50 thousand? CMD of which of the following banks?
(a) ING Vyasya (a) Canara Bank
(b) Bharti Axa (b) Syndicate Bank
(c) ICICI Prudential (c) PNB
(d) Tata AIG (d) Central Bank of India
21. Which of the following has become 30. Which of the followings banks recently
the first in Asia to tie up with a social designated P V Sindhu and K Srikanth
networking site (Twitter) for providing as brand ambassadors?
regular updates? (a) Canara Bank (b) SBI
(a) NSE (b) BSE (c) Bank of Baroda(d) PNB
(c) HSE (d) SSE 31. Which of the following has become the
22. Which of the following city has been first bank in India to introduce software
declared as the richest city in India by robotics in power banking?
the ‘New World Wealth’? (a) ICICI
(a) Delhi (b) Bangalore (b) IDBI
(c) Chandigarh (d) Mumbai (c) Kotak Mahindra
23. Who of the following has been (d) Yes bank
appointed as the MD of SBI? 32. In which of the following Indian
(a) Anuradha Rao cities the first BRICS film festival was
(b) Dinesh Khara organised?
(c) R Gandhi (a) Bangalore (b) Mumbai
(d) Pami Dua (c) Delhi (d) Hyderabad
QUIZZES GK-545
33. India stands on which rank in the global (a) E- Nistasran (b) E- nivaran
competitiveness index for 2016-17? (c) E- sancharan (d) E- samadhan
(a) 35th (b) 45th 41. LG electronics has recently tied up with
(c) 39th (d) 49th which of the following e commerce
34. Which of the following states has ranked
companies for smart home services?
first in attracting industrial investment
in the year 2015-16? (a) Snap deal (b) Amazon
(a) Gujrat (c) Alibaba (d) Myntra
(b) Delhi 42. Which of the following became the
(c) Karnataka first start up of India to be acquired by
(d) Andhra Pradesh Apple?
35. What is the new limit of flexible fund (a) Tumble toe (b) Teeter pots
decided by the Government in the (c) Tuplejump (d) Imids
Centrally Sponsored Schemes in order
43. For which of the following field of
to give the states more freedom of
study the Nobel prize in economics
operation in these schemes?
(a) 10% (b) 15% was conferred to Oliver Hart and Bengt
(c) 20% (d) 25% Holmstrom?
36. Which of the following companies (a) Distribution of wealth
has been ranked on top by fortune (b) Welfare economics
magazine in ‘Change the World’ list for (c) Sustainability of demand
current year? (d) Contract theory
(a) Nicolas Piramal
44. India was recently declared to be on
(b) Zydus Pharma
97th rank in global hunger index. Which
(c) Glaxo Smithkline of the following organizations publishes
(d) Sun Pharma
the index?
37. Who of the following has been
(a) IFPRI (b) UNHRD
appointed as the president of Indian
(c) UNCHR (d) TERI
Statistical Institute (ISI)?
(a) C Rangrajan 45. Which of the following cities recently
(b) Vijay Kelkar hosted the 11th G20 summit?
(c) Vijay Tendulkar (a) New Delhi, India
(b) Shanghai, China
(d) R Rajan
(c) Hangzhou, China
38. Which of the following banks recently
(d) Bangalore, India
started its skill academy in Coimbatore
46. On what rank India is placed in
as part of its CSR functions?
the ‘Global Competitiveness Index’
(a) Yes Bank (b) ICICI Bank
published by World Economic Forum?
(c) HDFC Bank (d) Federal Bank
(a) 40th (b) 97th
39. In which of the following Indian states (c) 121st (d) 39th
the government has started the scheme 47. Which rank India stands on in the ‘Ease
of providing 50% subsidy on purchase of Doing Business Index’ released by
of scooty for college going girls? World Bank?
(a) Uttar Pradesh (a) 97th (b) 130th
(b) Madhya Pradesh (c) 100th (d) 21st
(c) Rajasthan 48. Who of the following was recently
(d) Jammu and Kashmir appointed as whole time member of
40. Central Board of Direct Taxes has SEBI?
recently launched an online service to (a) Gurumoorthy Mahalingam
provide easy grievance redressal for (b) Rishabh Sood
tax payers. What is the name of the (c) C Rangrajan
scheme? (d) Dinesh Chandra
GK-546
QUIZZES
49. Which of the following has been made 55. Who was the first Indian to calculate
the 5th Zone by SBI in north-east? national income of India?
(a) Guwahati (b) Aizawl (a) Dada Bhai Nauroji
(c) Dimapur (d) Silchar (b) Suresh Tendulkar
50. Who is the president of New Deve- (c) C Rajgopalachari
lopment Bank? (d) N M Joshi
(a) Paul Aldren (b) Sita Bajpayi
56. Which of the following factors is
(c) K V Kamath (d) U Patel
accounted in the calculation of Gross
51. Which one of the following is the most
Domestic Product of a country in the
appropriate method to measure the
economic growth of a country? expenditure method?
(a) National Income (a) Private consumption
(b) Net National Produce (b) Gross investments and government
(c) Gross Capital Formation spending
(d) Gross Domestic Product (c) Net expenditure of the expenditure
52. Consider the following statements on export and import
I. About 1/3 of GDP in India is (d) All of the above
contributed by the agriculture sector. 57. Which one of the following is not the
II. More than 60% of the country’s GDP component of the services sector of
is contributed by the services sector. Indian Economy?
Which of the statements given above is/ (a) Insurance and Finance
are correct?
(b) Community and Personal
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) Construction
53. Match list (Period) with list II (Growth (d) Trade and Hotel
rate of India’s population) and select 58. Which one of the following countries of
the correct answer using the codes Asia has the highest number of human
given below the list resource in Science and Technology?
List I List II (a) SriLanka (b) China
(a) 1891 to 1. High growth with (c) India (d) Thailand
1921 definite sign of 59. Who presented the first Union Budget
slowing down and of Independent India?
stabilisation (a) Morarji Desai
(b) 1921 to 2. Stagnant (b) John Mathai
1951 population growth (c) RK Shanmukham Chetty
(c) 1951 to 3. Steady population (d) NK Chanda
1981 growth 60. Which one of the following bodies/
(d) 1981 to 4. Rapid high agencies implements the largest
2011 population growth National Highways Development
Codes: Project (NHDP) in the country?
A B C D (a) BRO (b) CPWD
(a) 2 4 3 1 (c) NHAI (d) None of these
(b) 2 3 4 1 61. Which one of the following is the best
source of generating electricity in India
(c) 4 3 1 2
from the view point of sustainable
(d) 4 1 3 2
development?
54. Which one of the following sectors is the (a) Coal
major contribution towards the Gross (b) Mineral oil and gas
Domestic Saving in India in recent time? (c) Hydro-electricity
(a) Public Sector (d) Atomic energy
(b) Private Sector 62. Which of the following is not a harbour?
(c) Corporate Sector (a) Kandla (b) Cochin
(d) Household sector (c) Mangalore (d) Bengaluru
QUIZZES GK-547
63. Which one of the river basins has the 69. Consider the following statements
highest potential for the Hydel Power? I. In India robusta constitutes major
(a) Brahmaputra Basin portion of coffee production
(b) Ganga Basin II. India ranks II in coffee production
(c) East Flowing rivers of South India in the world
(d) West flowing rivers of South India Which of the above is correct?
64. What is the position of India in the term (a) Only I (b) Only II
of proven coal reserves in the world? (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) First (b) Second 70. Which of the following states ranks 1st
(c) Third (d) Fourth in production of coffee in India?
65. Which one of the following ports is not (a) Kerela (b) Karnataka
the major port of India? (c) Tamil nadu (d) Andra Pradesh
(a) Port Blair Port 71. Who is considered as the father of
(b) Ennore operation flood (White Revolution) in
(c) Paradeep India?
(d) None of the above (a) MS Swaminathan
66. Consider the following statements (b) Vargese Kurian
I. Agriculture and Allied sectors (c) KV Kamath
contribute less than 20% of Gross (d) E Shridharan
Domestic Product Of India. 72. The green revolution was restricted to
II. Around 60% of net sown which part of India?
agricultural area of India is (a) North west (b) North east
dependent on rainfall. (c) South (d) South east
Which of the statements given above is/ 73. Which of the following FYP had no
are correct? targets for crop production?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 7th (b) 10th
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I or II (c) 9th (d) 11th
74. What is India’s rank in coffee production
67. Match list I with List II and select the
in the world?
correct answer using the codes given
(a) 4 (b) 5
below the list (c) 6 (d) 7
List I List II 75. In which FYP National Horticulture
(Five Year Plan) (GDP Growth of Mission was launched?
Agriculture) (a) 9th (b) 10th
(a) Third Plan 1. More than 3% (c) 11th (d) 12th
(b) Eight Plan 2. Negative growth 76. Consider the following statements
rate I. India ranks 1st in the world in
(c) Ninth Plan 3. Around 2.5% dairy milk production
(d) Eleventh Plan 4. More than 4.5% II. India ranks 1st in the number of
Codes: pet cattle in the world
A B C D Which of the above is correct?
(a) 2 4 3 1 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(b) 2 3 4 1 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) 4 3 1 2 77. What does MSP stands for?
(d) 4 1 3 2 (a) Major Share Producer
68. Consider the following statements (b) Maximum support price
(c) Minimum support price
I. Between 1960 to 2010 the food grin
(d) Minimum structural price
production grew at around 2%
78. What does NABARD stands for?
II. The food grain production during this
(a) National Accredited Board for Arid
time is known as Hindu growth rate Region Development
Which of the above is correct? (b) National Bank for Agricultural and
(a) Only I Rural Development
(b) Only II (c) National Agriculture Board for
(c) Both I and II Arid Region Development
(d) Neither I nor II (d) None of the above
GK-548
QUIZZES
79. The ill effect of green revolution doesn’t 87. Devaluation of currency results in
include? (a) Fall in internal prices
(a) Interregional inequality (b) No change in internal prices
(b) Class inequality (c) Rise in internal prices
(c) Gender inequality (d) Unpredictable consequences
(d) Crop Diversification 88. Which of the following makes fiscal
80. Central Potato Research Institute is policy?
located at? (a) Ministry of finance
(a) Modinagar (b) Bangalore
(b) RBI
(c) Ahemdabad (d) Mumbai
(c) Niti Ayog
81. Which of the following is known as
narrow money in India? (d) NDC
(a) M1 (b) M2 89. What is repo rate?
(c) M3 (d) M4 (a) The rate at which RBI buys the
82. Which of the following are the currency
major instruments used for liquidity (b) The rate at which RBI buys the
management? government securities
I. Repo rate (c) The rate at which RBI repositions
II. Reverse repo rate its hold in the market
III. Lending rates (d) The rate at which RBI repositions
Which of the above is correct? its hold in the banks
(a) I and II (b) I and III 90. The proportion of cash which a
(c) II and III (d) I only commercial bank is required to
83. Which of the following type of currency maintain as reserved from its total
is difficult to convert in other currencies assets is called as?
as it may depreciate rapidly? (a) SLR (b) RR
(a) Hard Currency
(c) CRR (d) RRR
(b) Soft Currency
91. Which of the following is not a part of
(c) Gilt Edged Currency
scheduled banking structure?
(d) SDR’s
(a) Private banks
84. What are open market operations?
(b) PSUs banks
(a) sale and purchase of shares by
(c) Cooperative banks
brokers
(d) Money lenders
(b) Selling of government securities
92. At times the Governments opt for
by RBI to people
deliberate devaluation of currency.
(c) Selling of government securities
Which of the following is primary
by RBI to banks
objective?
(d) Sale of shares by companies
(a) Boosts exports
directly to people
85. Which of the following money is most (b) Boosts imports
(c) Boosts Internal Trade
liquid?
(d) Increase gold reserves
(a) Broad money
93. Which of the following committees was
(b) Bad money
formed for reforms in Indian banking
(c) Near money
system?
(d) Commodity money (a) Abhijeet Sen Committee
86. Who roles out the monetary policy of (b) Abid Husain Committee
India? (c) Suresh Tendulkar Committee
(a) Ministry of Finance (d) Narsimhan Committee
(b) Budget Division 94. Which of the following regulates mutual
(c) A collegiums of government and funds in India?
RBI members (a) SEBI (b) RBI
(d) RBI (c) PFRDA (d) IRDA
QUIZZES GK-549
95. Which of the following is not the part of 98. Which of the following bodies regulates
capital market? the insurance market in India?
(a) Government securities market (a) LIC (b) PFRDA
(b) Mutual funds
(c) RBI (d) IRDA
(c) Long term borrowings
(d) Call Money Markets 99. Which of the following is related with
96. Which of the following committees NIFTY junior?
submitted its report on full capital (a) Equity market
account convertibility? (b) Commodity market
(a) ESL Narshimhan Committee (c) Money Market
(b) Tarapore Committee (d) FDI
(c) Rajan Mehta Committee
100. Which of the following is considered to
(d) GVK Rao Committee
97. Which of the following setup ICICI bank be an asset for a commercial bank?
for developing SMEs in private sector in (a) Peoples deposits
India? (b) Industrial Deposits
(a) World bank (b) ADB (c) Agriculture Credits
(c) IMF (d) UNHCR (d) Borrowings from the RBI
ANSWERS KEY
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a)
7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (c)
43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a)
49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d)
55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (d) 65. (d) 66. (c)
67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (a)
73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (b)
79. (d) 80. (a) 81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (c)
85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (c)
91. (d) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (b)
97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (d)
GK-550
QUIZZES