THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE, Toward a Humanized Tecnology ) 20 by ERICH FROMM HARPER COLOPHON BOOKS Harper Row Publishers 1968Contents Forswonn xt 1. Thee Crossuoans t L Hore 6 £ 1. What Hope Is Not k 2 The Paradox nd Nature of Hope 3. Faith 5 Renurection 6 Mesianie Hope 1. The Sauering of Hope HL, Waray Ant Wi Now avo Waar Ans We Hiraoes? 25 ‘mci 96s iit By Ei Fromm. rel the 1 Where Are We Now? ‘eat mre gh reed Ne at of th ok my bed ee ister 0.2000 3. The Present Technological Society Hae Row sen. |TV, Whar Doss Fr Man x0 Bx HOMAN? 6 1 Hloman Nature and Its Various Manifestations2, The Condition of Homan Existence |3 The Need for Frames of Orientation nd Devotion 44, Survival and Tranvsurvval Needs 5, “Humane Experiences’ 6. Values and Noms Y, Siaps zo rae HinanizaTion oF Teewwovocica Soir” 93 1 General Premises 2. Humanistic Planning 4. tivation and Liberation of Energies 4 Humanized Consumption 5. Paychosptitual Renewal VL Cay We Do TP ut 1. Some Conditions 2. A Movement Eeuoove by Ruth Nanda Ansten 1s, Foreword “This ook is written a a reponse to America’s situation in the fear 1068. Tis bom ot of the convieton hat we are at the Crossroads: one rond leads to a completely mechanized society Srith man ata helps cog in the machine-if aot to destruction by thermonuclee war; the other toa enaisance of humanism thd hopento a society that puts technigue in the service of tman's wellbeing “This bok is meant to catify the iaues for those who have not clearly recognized our dilemma, and iti an appeal ro 2c tion, Iis based on the conviction that we can find the necesary new solutions with the help of reason and passionate love for life, and not though iratonality and hae. I is addres co 8 ‘broad spectrum of readers with diferent politcal and religions ‘concep but sharing this concer for Life and respect for reason snd reali “This ok, lke all my preyioas work, attempts to distinguish tetween idivideal and focal reality and the Weologes that Inisuse and “coop” valuable ides for the purpose of suppo ing the statu quo. For many of the young generation who be lite the value of traditional thought, shout ike to stress my fonvition that even the most radial development moe have its continuity with the past hat we cannot progres by throw ing away the bext achievement ofthe uma snind and that 0 be young isnot enought ‘Since this book deals with topice I have dealt with in vaious ‘works in the past forty years, T could not avoid mentioning Iman of the sme ideas, They are reorganized around the cer tral iouer the alternatives to dehumanization. But this book Contains also many new Hess that go beyond my previous thinking.Since Iam writing for a large audience, Ihave reduced quota: tions to the bare tani, but Thave quoted all authors who hve infuenced my thinking in writing this book. Asa rule, T Ihave alto not made veferenceto those of my books which have & direct relevance to the material dealt with here. These ate ‘expecially: Ecape from Preedom (Holt, Rinchatt and Winston, 1941), Man for Himself Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1947), The Sane Society (Hole, Rinehart and Winston, 1928), The Heart of Man (Harper & Row, 1064) ‘The general approach taken in thie book reflects the char- acter ofthe central problem under coesideration, While thi is 51 should be, i may at cies pose some minor dificult for the reader. The work attempts to bring together two problem areas that are often treated Sepaately-homan ebiracter strc ture, qualities and potentiates, and contemporary social, po Tisical, and economic problems. The emphasis dies from sc tion to section, bt thoughout a major objective i to integrate and interweave these dscusions "Thi ir done inthe frm beet that realise and succesful approach tothe problens of cone temporary American society is only posible # the analyse of ‘our whole social jstem incitdes what iclled i this book "the "stem Man." I hope the reader will respond by overcoming the hough habies of compartmentalizton and’ not fd i too diene eo accompany me inthe jumps fom “paychology” eo ‘scilogy” sid politc,” and back again. Te remains to expres my thanks to those who have real the whole manuscripe repeatedly and made many editorial sugges tons~to Ruth Nanda Anshen, tomy wile, and to Raymond G. Brown, who in addition has susted me with valuable suggee tions inthe feld of economics lao want to expres my thanks to the poblisers for their special effort, which made it posible for the book #9 be published ten weeks alter delivery of the smanusripe. THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE Toward « Humanized TechnologyFor ohm thats joined wo alee living therThe Crossroads A specter is walking in our midst whom only afew see with Clary. Ie nt the old ghost of communis or fascism. Its 2 new specter: a completely mechanized society, devoted to maxi ‘mal material outpot and consumption, directed by computes, and in tis social proces, man bimuelf is being tratformed into A purtof the woul mschine, well fed and entertained, yet pstive, ‘ual, and wich lle Celing, With the victory of the new seciey, individualism and privacy will have ditppeaced fee: ings toward other will be engineered by prychoogiel cond tioning and odher devices, or droge which alo serve new kind of intospective experience. As Zbigniew Braczneki pt i "In the technetoni cet the trend woul seem ¢ be toward the aggregation of the individual suppert of millions of uncoord rated cizens eatily within the reach of magnetic and atractive personalities effectively exploiting the Tats comminicato techniques to manipulate emotions and control reason.” This ‘new form of tity has een predicted inthe form of tion in Orwell's 1994 and Aldous Henleys Brave New World Peshape is most ominous aspect at present i hat we sem to lose contol over our own sytem. We execute the decisions ‘which oar computer calculations take for us, We as hua beings have no aims except producing and consuming more and The Tene Sey neu, Val. XXX, No acy, 18,more. We will nothing, nor do we notwill anything. We are threatened with extinction by nicear wenpons and with inner eacnes by the passivenes which our exclusion from respons: ‘le decison raking engenders How did ie happen? How did man, atthe very height of bis vicory over nature, become the pritoner of his own creation and in serious danger of destoying msl’ 1m the each for scientific ruth, man came acots knowledge that he could wse forthe dominition of nature, He had ee imendous eacees, But in the onesided emphasis on techoique 3d materia consampeion, man Tow touch with himell, with life Having lo religious faith and the humanistic valuet ound up with i, he concentrated on technical nd material values and os the capacity for deep emotional experiences, for the joy and sanes that accompany them, The machine he but ‘became so powerful that i developed is own program, which ‘now determines man's ox thinking "At the moment, one of the gravest symptoms of our sper is the fact that our economy ress upon arms production (Plus maintenance ofthe whole defense exablishmest) and on the principle of maximal consumption. We have = wellfane: Boning economic sytem under the condition that we ae pro- dlcing goods which treaten us with physical dexructon, that see transform the individual into a otal passive consumer and ‘hus deoden him, and chat we have created a barenacracy which makes the individ feel impotent Are we confronted with 9 tapi, inolvable dilemma? Must tee produce sch people inorder lo have a healthy economy, ‘am tie use our material resources, our inventions, ou Om puters to serve the ends of man? Must individuals Be pave fand dependant in onder to have sttong and wellfunctioning orgenisations? “The answers wo these questions dil. Among those who recognize the revolutionary and drastic change ia husma life ‘which the “megamachine” could bring about are the writers ‘rue cxossnoans 3 who say that the new society is unavoidable, and hence that there it no pont in arguing about ite merits, At dhe same time, they are sympathetic tothe mew society, although they express Sight misgivings about what might do to man swe know him ‘bigniew Bracsineki and H. Kahn are representative of his atutude, On the other end ofthe spectrom is Jacques Plu who fn his Technological Socety describes with grest force dhe ew ticity which we are approaching and is destructive influence fon man, He faces the spectrin its dreadful lack of homannest is conclusion ie not dat the new society is bound to win, alehough he thinks that, in terms of probabilities, 8 key “win. Bur he ses a possibility thatthe dehamanized society may fot be the vitor “if an increasing number of people become fully aware ofthe three the technological world poses to man's personal and epititual life and if hey determine to ase their freedom by upsetting the course of thi evolution." Lewis Mumford’s position may be considered similar to that of Ela In his profound and brillant The Myth of the Machine? he eseribes the “megamachine,”sarting with i Grst manifest tions in Egyptian and Babylonian societies But in contrast hve who, like the previously mentioned authors, 2ecognize the specter with ether sympathy or horror ae the majority of en, Hove atthe topof the evablishment and the average czen, who flo not see a specter. They have the o-fashioned belief of the hineteenth century thatthe machine will help Hghten man's borden hati will remain a means to an end, nd they do not see the danger that if technology is permitted to fll it oem Togic it wil become 3 eanceriike growth, evenualy threaten ing the stractared sytem of individual and roca if. The por sition taken in thi book i in principe that of Murnford and weESatt Aegan cin, Ate Kas4 "THE REVOLUTION oF HOPE ul. Yi peshap deren inthe sense that sce a somewhat sreater posbiity of reworing the socal systcta to man's com "eo. My hopes in this respect are based on the flowing factor 1. The present socal system can be understood 2 grest deal ‘beter fone connects the system “Man” with the whole stem, Homan nature isnot an abstraction nor an inftely maltese and hence dynamically negligible ste. I has is own specie ‘alte, laws, and alternatives, The study ofthe sere Man ermits ts to see what certain factors inthe socioeconomic fem do to man, how disturbances in the system Man produce imbalances in the whole socal system, By introducing the hhuman factor into the analysis of the whole system, we are Detter prepared to understand ite dysfunctioning end to define ‘orm which relate the healthy economic functioning ofthe 4. al system tothe optimal wellbeing of the people who pace pate init Al his vali, of coune, only if there ts agreement ‘that maximal development of the human system in terms of 8 wn strucure—that isto say, human wellbeing-is the ever ding geal. 2. The increasing satisfaction with our present way of ile, ts pauivenes and slene boredom, ts lack of pracy and fs lepersonalization, and the longing for a joytul, meanings ‘existence, which answers thore specie needs of man whieh he thas developed inthe fast few ehoarand yeas of his history an which make him diferene from the animal as wells from the ‘computer. This tendency isall the stronger beewse the affuent [rt ofthe population has already tasted fall material sata ‘Hon and has found out thatthe conmumer’s paradise does not ‘eliver the happiness i promised. (The poor of course, have rt yet had any chance to find out, except by watching the lak ‘of oy of those who “have everything s man could wane"), eolagies and concepts have love much of their stration; traditional clichés ike “right” snd “lft” o¢ “communi” sod “capitalism” have lose their meaning. Peope seek x ew orca sie exossnoans 5 tation, a new philosophy, one which is centered on the priorities of lfe“phyially and spiritually-and not on the prisiis of death “There is a growing polaiation cccursing in the United States and in the whole world: There ate thote who are at tracted to force, "aw and order," burenscraic methods, and eventually to nem, and thote with deep longing fo lite, for new attitudes rather than for readymade schemes and blue prin. This new front iva movement which combines the wish for profound changes in out economic and socal practice with ‘changes in our pychic and spisitual approach to ie I is most general form, its aim is dhe activation of che individual, the Testoration of man's contol over the socal system, the bunan ination of technology. Ie 2 movement inthe name of ie, and ithas sch a broad and common bate becaute the trea oie is today a threat not to one clas, to one nation, but a threat to al. The following chapters atempe to dicus in detail some of the problems outlined here, specially thre which have to do with the relation between human nae andthe socioeconomic sem. “There is, however, one point that must be dariid fist Today a widespread hopeesmes exist with regard to the pos. silty of changing the course we have ken. This hopelessess | mainly unconscious, while cancowsly people xe “optimis fe" and hope for further “progress” The dicusion of the present situation and its potential fr hope shouldbe preceded byadiscssion ofthe phenomenon of hopeu Hope 1, What Hope Is Not Hope isa decisive element ia any attempt to bring about social change in the direction of grater aliveness awarene and reason, But dhe nature of hope i often misunderstood and eonfased with autudes that have nothing to-do with hope and Intacesze the very opie Whatisicto hope 1s it a¢ many think, eo have desires and wishes? IE his were 10, those who desire more and beter eas, houses, and gadgets ‘would be people of hope. But they are nots they are people Test for more consumption and not people of hope 1s it to hope if hope’ object is nota thing but fale ie, state of greater alivenens a liberation from eteral boredom: ot to wie a theologieal term, fr salvation; or, 4 polite ter, [ot evolution? Indeed, ehis Lind of expectation could be hope: bat itis mon-hope fi ha the Quality of asivencsy and “witng for"—untl the hope becomes, i fc, 8 cover for resignation, & mere ideology ‘Katka has beauuully described this kind of resigned and passive hope ina story in The Trial, A man comes tothe door leading into heaven (uhe Law) and begs admittance from the doorkeeper. The doorkeeper says he eannot admit the man at the moment. Although the door leading ito the Lav sands nore 7 open, the man decides that he had better wait until he gets permission to enter. So he st down and waits for days and Yeas, He repeatedly asks to be allowed in, but is alvays tld fat he cannot he allowed to enter yet Dering all thee long eas the man studies the doorkeeper almost incessinly and Teams to know even the lea in his fur cll. Evenaly hei ald and near death. For the frat time, he sia the question, "How docs it come about that in ll hese years ao one has comme seeking admittance but me?" The dootkeeper answers, "No-one bt you could gain admitance shough this door, since this oor vat intended for you. Tam now gong to shat i “The old man was ton old to undertane, and maybe he would rot have undersiod if he had been younger. The bureaucrats have the lst words i they sy no, he cannot ener fhe had had ‘more than this pasive, waiting hope, he would have entered tnd his courage to disregard the bureaucrats would have been the liberating act which would have carried him to the shining alice, Many people are Uke Kala's od man, They hope, but Se isnoe given to them to act upon their heart's imprle, and a Tang a the Bureaucrats donot give the green light they wait and wait "This hind of passive hope is closely elated o a generalized form of hope, which might be decribed a hoping for ime. ‘Time and the future become the central category of this kind of hope. Nothing i expected to happen inthe row but only inthe ‘next moment the next da, the next Year and in another world {fe is too absurd to believe that hope can be realized in thi ‘world. Behind this belie is the idoaty of “Future,” “Hisory and “Posterty” which began inthe French Revolution with ‘men lke Robespiere, who worshiped the future ata goddet I 0 nothing: I Temain passive, because Tam nothing and im potent; But the future, eh projection af ime, will bring about8 "TE REVOLUTION oF Hore ‘what I cannot achieve. This worship ofthe future, which i a diferent aspect of the worship of “progres” in moder bow fgeois thought, Is precisely the alienation of hope. Instead of something T do of 1 become, the idols, future and posterity, bering shout something without my doing anyching® "While pave waiting is» diaguied fore of bopeleness and impotence, there is another form of hopelesmest and. despair ‘which cakes exactly the oppose dsguise—she dxguie of phrase ‘making and adventusism of disepard for reality, and of forcing what cannot be forced This war the atitade of the flee ‘Messiah spd of the Putich ledevs, who had contempt for hase who didnot under all cumstances prefer death to defeat. In thee days, this pseudo radial disguise of hopelessness and aii jum is not rare among some ofthe most dedicated members of the young generation. ‘They are appealing in their boldnes and dedication bot they become unconvincing by hit lack of realism, sense of strategy and, in some, by lack of lve for life? woh ty or wat eS eae ne Men a Selig pecan oy Ee EA cea eects ee airs re aa a nore ° a get beater rr rt ook bosecrae een Soe ieee one gone ene eee eee ed pene Per rooted peer eeni a Tes nee so yah ‘eo tobe the ment progr tte oe tot te‘wrongly synonymous with suppresion of sexual wishes and ‘ites, In doing so they deprive Freud's dicoeris of tome Of their most important consequence, The second resto Het probably in the fact that iti far lee diaturing forthe po Victorian generations to become aware of repreiedsexial de- sire tan of thote experiences like alienation, hopelesmes, oF freed. To we only one of the mot obvious examples: most people do not admit to themselves fetings of fear, boredom, loneliness, hopelesiness—that is to say, they are wnconscious of these feelings. This a9 fora simple reason. Our social pattern is uch that the succeufal man isnot supposed to be afraid or bored or lonely, He must ind this world the best of al worlds {inorder to have the bets chance for promotion he must repress {earas well asdoube,depresion, boreiom, or hopelessness. “There ave many who fect comciouly hopeful and uncon sciounly bopefesy end there area few for whom iti the otber tray around. What maviers in the examination of hope and hogelesnes isnot primarity what people Ukink about dei fee ings, bot what they eral fee, This ean be recognized last from ther words and phrase, but ean be detected from ther facial fexpresions, their way of walking, their capacity to react with Interest to something in front of their eyes, and their lack of fanaticism, whichis shown in their ability to listen to reaton- able argument. “The dynamic viewpoint applied inthis book to social psycho. logical phenodena is fundamentally diferent trom the dexp- tive ebaviorist approach in mos sociabscience research From the dynamic sadpein we are not primarily interested in knowing what a person thinks or spr or how he behaves now. ‘We are interested in hi character sucure—that i in the Pinte wars cae pee ee semipermanent structure of his energies, in the directions in which they ate channeled, and in the intensity with which they flow. IE we know the driving forecs motivating behavior, not nly do we understand present behavior but we cn also take reasonable sumptions about how a pevion is ikely to act, lunder changed cizcumstances. In the dynamic view, surprising “changes” ina person's thought or behavior ae changes which moly could have been foresen, given the knowledge of his haracter structure ‘More could be sad about what hope isnot, But let us pres forvard and ak what hope i Can i be described at all in words or can it only be communicated in poem, in a song, in 3 ‘gesture, ina facial expresion, orn a ded? % ‘As with everyasher human experience, words are insficent to describe the experience Ta fat, moat ofthe time words do ‘the opposite they obscure it disect it and ill ie Too often in the process of talking about love or hate ot hope, ene lowes ontct with what one wae apposed to be tang about, Poetry Imusic, and other forme of at ate by far the bes suited media for describing human experience because they ate precise and avoid the abstraction and vaguenes of wornott coins which ate ‘ken fr adequate representations of human experience Yet, aking thee qualifcatons seriously, iti not impos ‘let touch upon fering experience in words which ae not those of poetry. This would not be possible it people did not share the experience one talks about, at eae to some degree. TO describe it means to point out the various aspect of the experi, fence and thus w establish a cammunicaton in which the wit tnd the reader know that they are referring to the same thing. Tn making this atempt, T mus ak the reer to work with me and not expect me to give him an aniwer to the question of ‘what hope i T muse ak him to mobile his own experiences in order 1 make our dialogue pose “To hope isa state of being! Tis an inner readines, that of| intense but notyetspentactivenes! The concept of “activity” ress upon one of the mow widespread of mar’ ilusiont in| ‘modem indusval society. Our whole culture is geared to ac tiey-actinty in the sense of being busy, and being busy im the! sense of bnynes (the busynes Necessary for busines). In fac | ‘ost people ae 0 “active” that they cannot stand doing noth! ing: they even transform ther soealed leisure time into an} oer frm face Hyon ae no active making mone yo tre active driving around, playing gif, or jos chatting sbow! nothing. What is dresded isthe moment in which you have ‘really nothing "to da” Whether ane call thi kind of behavior actviy is 2 terminological question. The trouble is that mos people who think they are very active are not aware of the fat tae they ae intently passive in spite oftheir “busynest” The] constanly need the stimulus from the outside, be it other people's chater, or the sight of movies or travel and other| {eras of more tiling coneumplon excitements even if i i ‘only anew man of woman asa sexial partner, They need to Bel prompted, to be "turned on,” tempted, seduced. They always fun and never sand, They alvays "tll for" and never get up [And they imagine themselves to be immeneely active while they are driven by the obueion eo do something in order to exape the anxiety that is aroused when they ate confronted with themelven "Hope a piychic concomitant co life and growth, If tree vic does noe get sun ends is erank to where the non comes! from, we cannot my tha the ee “hopes” the same way in| which a man hopes since hope in man i connected with fe] ge andl swarenie thatthe tee may not Rave. And ye it would ‘ronal communion bam Wich Maca omenpondngty tone ta cnc psy we son oa el S| Mataipaty Eno haa te a Be ety? TT ie ft wok tm “aint 3 Hore 13 ‘not be wong to say that the tree hopes forthe sunlight and xpress this hope by twisting its tank toward che sun. Is it fierent with the child thats Born? Hle may have no awarenes, yet his acivisy express his hope to be born and breathe Independently. Dace the sucking not hope for his mother’s tena? Does the infant not hope to stand erect and to valk? Does the sick man not hope to Be wel, the privoner to be fee, the hungay to eat? Do we not hope to wake up co another day ‘nen we Ll asleep? Does love making not imply a man’s hope In his potency, in his capacity to arcuve his patter, and the ‘womans hope to respond snd toarowse hi? Faith “When hope has gone life has ended, actualy or potently. Hope sani element ofthe sructe of if, of the Symone of ans pic Tew dney lied with another ele: tment ofthe srctre of Me faith Pith ino a weak on of Telex howd iis ot th i thio Ca fh the aor abou the ae yor proven, th knowledge of the tal _Sanlbig, the sparen ok pregnancy ih aoa we Tete che nice of the rel yu unborn its bed onthe fealty of tnowicdge and compeetesion, Which penctats dhe Strat and ace the Lema, Fith like hopes no prediction tthe future it othe vison of the prownt in 8 aate Of eames “The statement cht fh i certainty neds x qualieton. 1 ‘kgtin bo testo pb ie i no er thm inthe ec of tequonae preci, The chi nny be willorn prematurely tay Gein the act of ith imny dic in the st two weeks of Hl. That i the paradox of Ete ft the een of the wncvain® It i erin terms of ans vison and comprehension! i ino cen i4 {THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE, terms of the final outcome of reality. We nec no faith in that hich is seienically predictable, nor ca there be faith in that ‘whichis impouible. Faith is based on our experience of living, of trandorming ourselves. Faith that others can change i the ‘outcome of the experience tht T can change? ‘There is an importan distinction between rational and fra ional faith White rational fth is theresa of one's own | inner actvenes in thought or feeling irstional faith i submis. | Sion to something given, which one acept as true regndies of Whether ts or not. The esentil element of all rational faith is its pasive character, be its object an idol «leader, of an | ideology. Even the scienst needs to be free from intational | fais in erations ideas in order to have tational ath inthe power of his creative thought. Once his dcovery i “proved” he mee no more faith, except inthe text step he is conte plating. In the sphere of human reatons, “having faith” tt other person means to be certain of his rore=that i of the Xeliablity and unchangeabiley of his fundamental atitudes Ta | the same sense we can have fith in ourpevernet in the com stancy of our opinions but ia our baie erentation to life the matric of our character sructre. Such faith is conditioned by | the experience of el, by tr eapcity toy "I" legitimately, by | the sent of on identity. | ope isthe mood that accompanies ith: Faith could not be rostsined without the meod of hope, Hope ean have no bate xcept in fh 4. Foritude “Thee isl mother clement Tinks with hope and ath in | the srctre of ie: enrages Spins cae ie ode Fortude is perhaps the lew smbigvourexpreion, because today courage is more often tied to dmensene hecoage | ore: 15 die rather than the ourage to live, Fortitude is the capacity to resi the tempeaton to compromise hope and faith by trans: {forming them=and thus destroying them into empty optimism ‘oF ino irrational faith, Fortivade ie the capacity my "no" ‘when the weld wants to er "yes" But fortitude isnot fully understood ness we mention an- other pect of i featlesness. The fates person isnot aad ‘ofthreats not even of death. Bu, a0 offen, the word “fares coves several entirely diferent attudes f mention ony the thee most important ones: First, a peron can be fares be: aus he doesnot care to live; life not worth much to him, hence he is fearless when it comes to the danger of dying: but hile he is not afraid of dest, be may be ara of lite, His feariesmes i+ based on lack of love of life; he is usualy not earls at all when he isnot inthe sitsation of risking hiy lie, Jn fact, he frequently looks for dangerods situations, in ord ‘oid his ea fife, of himself, and of people. ‘A second kind of erlessneat that of che person who lives fn ‘symbiotic submission to an idl, be i¢a person, an institution, oF an ides; the commands of the idol ate cred: they ae fa ‘more compelling than even the survival commands of his badly. Ihe could disobey or doube these commands of the idol Ne ‘would face the danger of losing his identity wih the idols ‘his means he would be running the rik of finding himsel ‘tery isolated, and dha athe verge of insanity. He filing to die because hei afraid of exposing himself o this anger ‘The third kind of fearlesmes it to be found in the fally eveloped person, who rests within himself and loves lite. The ‘etson who has overcome greed does not cling to any il or ny thing and hence has nothing to lose: he i ich beeswe he empty, he is strong because he ls noe the save of his desies. He ‘an lt goof idols, irtional deste, and fantasies, bees hei {in fit touch with reality, inside and outside himele Tf wach petson has reached fll "ealightenment."he is eompetly fet Jes. If he has moved toward this gol without having ative,6 {THE REVOLUTION OF NoPE his fertemen wil alo not be complete. Bt anyone who tes to move tvard the sate of being fay himct ow that | ‘whenever a new ep towaed fexienes is made, ens of| scogt and joys avakened that unminalable feat it ew paseo if ad Begun He a fel he truth of Goethe | Tine “Ihave pt my hows on mothing, thas why the whole srl is mine’? (ch hab mein Feu chs gel, deka | [Phoert mit ie game Well) | Hope and faith, being esential qualities of life, are by their | ‘very mate moving inthe dietion of transcending the satus | {tu individaly and vac. eis oneo the quale allie | that eis na coonant proces of change and never ean he | fame st any given moment® Life chat wages tend to de i | the stagnation is compete, death has ocurred follows that le ins moving quay tendo breakout of and to overcome the stars ques We grow cher sronge or weaker of ‘oreo more pumas or mort coward very acon | ia moment of deco, for the beter or the worse. We eed Cur slth, greed or hat, or we steve it The move we fed | the szonger grow; the more we stave the weter fe ‘becomes. | ‘What holds re for she indivi hots tue fra sciey | is never sti; if ie does mot grow, 1 decays; if it does ot | ttancnd the talus que forte bet, ange forthe wore | Often we, the individual or the people who make up soc, dave dhe isin we could stand al and noe alter the given tivation inthe one or the other dieton. Ths i ove of the ‘how dangerous lain ‘The moment we tnd ll, we begin today. loo mar rope Oe rine tec et ey. | RSP Seat Pls tt pet aa aa | Le a | mn | | | 5 Resurrection tal -vcloy Pesnysctae “This concept of personal a sca! wanaformation allows and even compels us to redefine the meaning of reurrection, with ‘ut any releence to is theological implications in Chriaiat. Resurection in is new meaning-lor which the Christian meaning would be one ofthe posible symbolic expessions—is rot the creation of another reality after the reality of ts ile, ‘but the transformation ofthis realty in the direction of greater slivenes, Man ad soiery ae esurected every moment inthe ‘et of hope and of faith inthe here and now; every ct of lve, ‘of smareness, of compatson iresurection; every at of loth of reed, ofselishnese i death, Every moment existence confronts 1 ith the alternatives of reurrecton or death every moment ‘we gvean anever, This anewer lies notin what we ty ot think, butin what were, bow we ay, where we aremoving. 6, Meuianic Hope Faith and hope and thisworkly resurrection have found thelr slamicexprenion inthe mesiane vison of the prophets. They do not predice the future, like a Cassandra or the chorus of | Grek aged thy oe te present ey fe fm te lin {olds of public opinion and authority. ‘They donot want to be ‘propheu but fel compelled to expres the voice oftheir com ‘eience—of their “knowing-with"—to say what posits they tee and to show the people the alternatives and to warn them. ‘This is all they spre to do. Beis up eo the people to take their ‘warming seioualy and to change thee way, orto remain deal ‘and blind-and to elfer, Prophetic language is always the language: of alternatives, of cole, and of freedom i is never shat of determinism, for eiter or wore, The sorte forsals ———eeeeeeeEeE—— Eee8 [THE REVOLUTION oF HOPE tion of prophetic alternativiam is the verse in Deuteronomy: "I pat before you today life and death, and you chose life!™ ore 19 that sptitual aims must be applied to the politi and social | proc Outside of the Church, original Marxist scialiam Inthe prophetic iterate the menianic vison rested upon | war the mon sgnbeantexpreniom of the testi vio n+ the tension bemeen “what exe or wat sll there and fat | cular langage, only to be comepte and denoyed by the ‘hich was becoming abd was yet Be" Inthe postop | communist dituron of Mark In recent yer the mesanie Jerod change ook pice ih the meaning of the mento} clement Maxim bas found is yoke again mube of {ea making ts fat appenance in the Book of Dae around | cle humanist, pedal im Yupoavin, Poland Cocco 164 ne and in poradoepigrphicl lnemtare which war not} owhis, aed Hungey” Mantes and Chiaiane have teem Jncorporte in the coletion of the Old Tesumen, This teenaged ina worldwie Gialogue, bed on the common me stare hats “Vertic” iden of salvation at agaiit the ork | sane heriage™ Zenit" storia idea of the prophets. The emphasis on the transformation ofthe iniviual and largely on cxtato-| 7. The Shattering of Ho plc end of soy, occurring in final eacysm, That 2p seet ore {atyptc version isnot tha of shernatives but preieion; aot| hope fh and feruade ate concomitant fie, how iit {hat of recom bot of determine, tat so many le hop, ath an Tortiude and love the ver Tn the later Tali or Rabbinic raion the orginal} tide and dependence? Te peciely the poi ofthis low propbede alteratvie ‘vison preved, Fary Chvttan| ta churacterinie of human exience. We srt ov with Rourke was more songly influenced bythe apoalpic ver. Dope faith and fortude-they are the unconscious “no. sion of mestanic Wooght, although prado, a ints Sought” qualities ofthe yer ad the gg of thet unin, af tution the Church usually reveated to's postion of psive| the prow ofthe feu aod shah But whe ie ogi the wey | sites of environment and acide bp fo frie oo Nevenheles in the concept ofthe “Second Coming” she Buck he poten of hope prophet concept remained sive and the prophectterpra | Mow of shad hoped fo eLovednot jut o be coded and {ion of Chitin a as wana agin found fa exprenon |e fed, ut so be nderood oe cared fr co be especie ‘revolutionary and "hres today the rae! Wi9G | sae pean na Pi Hope (ee Pic py, hs oe (he Roman Caoie Church, 8 wel nthe varios non-cnth-| al 2 et arte et alle Chrian denominaoss. shows 4 marked return to the prophet pict, oi altenativian ar well tothe concept | fo a Soi Sale! ot ctr ple ons cote othe goal stmt ne pp) nt ss eaton nanan "| fave eo a pop hr ayn wich ni Tat edn bi at tes i i E } F a i i AMost of us hoped ta beable to trust. When we were litle we aabeve Inear” We see many peopletrom juvenile delinquents not only that zt ‘hird-boiled but effective sdulte_who at one point in their hot yet know the human invention ofthe ie Fase Raat fing with ones voice, one's yer[ites maybe at five, maybe a ele, maybe at Gwen, cannot Hae ee ee ee Capleton How tuuld he cit bland tobe hoe any more, Some of them, 25 in sudden vision rae ae eae eas TecenTngeoiy he ie? Mom ft conversion, decide tha they have bad enough a they wll eRe swahened, me more ad seme ts tray, to the fc fel anwhing ny mor: that nobody wil ever be able to hapuipe en dono mean what they ay or ay che oppostelH8t them, but tat they will be able o hurt others. Fey my Tee ne ae ar apcee te ney ope omplain aboot ther bd fuck not Bing any Bend ot any aan a fone who foes them, but i i noe tir bad luk, fee fate ‘Few poople cup the late tha a one print or another intaving lose companion and empathy, they dono touch any- their developeneal ther hopes are diappointed—somctinesPOHY-Ror can they be touched. ‘Their eiumph i lie i noe to omptecly shawered. Peshape this is good, H'a man aid noted anybody. They take pride in their untouchailty and ‘Xpatene the daapptntmen of hi hope, how cold is hopeplessire being abe to hurt, Wheter this is done i rimia ‘ome stony and unguenchable? How ‘could he avoid thet legitimate ways depends much more on socal ators than on Anger of being an optimistic dreamer? But onthe other hand, ¢hoogial ones Most of them remain frozen and hence un fope etn is atered thoroughly thats man ray never#2PPY thei lives runout Not oral, a mira happens seamen [anda shaw begins. Te may simply be that they meet a peso in Tr fet the responses and eactions to the shattering of hopefove concern or interes they belive, and new dimensions of vary diet dant depending on many circumstance: histor feling open. If they are lucky, they unreeze completely and Ten, peuonal, poycholega, and comututional. Many peope he stds of hope which sem to have een deiroyed altogeter probaniy the majority rac to the disappointment of cei pM tie, pe by adjostmont tothe average optimism which hopes fr! Another and much more dasic result of shattered hope is the be without owhering to secogaie that ot even the goodHetroctvenes and violence. Precisely because mes cannot lve th plshaye indeed. the wort mayoccr, As long a everyboayithout hope, the one whose hope has been uterly dextoyed us uhinles ch people whiste too, and instead of felingtes lif, Since he cannot crete lf, he wants to destroy He fis opelesnes they seem to parccipate in = kind of pophhich is ony ile le of «mitale—but much more es} to uncer They neue their demands to what they ean get endecomplih, He wanes Co avenge himself for hs unlived life and {donot even decom of that which scems tobe out their reach fe doa thy throwing himet ino toa desrctvenet 3 that “They ate well adjusted members of the herd and they never feet maters lil whether he detsoys others os destroyed. foplow because nebedy ete seems 10 fel hopeless. They} Usually che destractive reaction to shatter hope isto be rere uh pichve of 2 peulor kind of resigned opdimimefostd annong thove who, for taal op economic reasons, are Un we sce nso many members of contemporary Westerafxluded from the comforts of the majority and have wo place {beierythe optimism usally being conscious sod the resign go scaly of economically I isnot primarily the economic “Another outcome ofthe shattering of hope i the “hardeninghas SS a aes Cod Pae eren frustration which leads to hate and violence; itis the hopelese ‘es of the station, the eversepested broken promises, which are just as conducive to violence and destuctivenes. in fact tere is litle doute that groupe which ate wo deprived and mie treated that they eannot even be hopelet because they have no vision of hope ae les violent than those who see the possiblity ‘of hope and yet recognize atthe sume tine that the circum: stances make the taleation of thelr hopes iimpusble. Pry logically speaking, destrctiveness is the alternative to hope, js as attraction to death is the alternative ta the love of life, and jst as oy isthe alternative to boredom, ‘Not only does the individu live by hope. Nations and social clase lve through hope, faith, and foritade, and if they lx {his potential they disappear—cither by ther lack of vitally oF ‘by the irrational destructiveness which they develop. Note should be taken of the fact that the development of hope or hopelesnes in an individual is lgely determined by the presence of hope or hopelesmes in his icity or clase However shattered an individuals hope may have been it childhood, if he lives in a period of hope and faith, his own hope will'be kindled: om the other hud. the person whose experience leads him to be hopeful wil often tnd to be de. ‘ese and hopeles when his society orcas as lot the spit othope ‘Today, and increasingly 20 since the beginning of the Fist ‘World War, and perhaps specifically in America ever since the defeat of the Antilmopeiaie League atthe end ofthe lat ‘century, hope is disappearing fast in the Western world, As T said before, the hoplesnes covered up as optimism and im & fev, ap revolutionary niilise, But whatever a man thinks shout hinself sof tie importance im companion with what he, with what he rly fea and mot of us are not aware of hat we fel ‘The signs of hopelessness are all here. Look at the bored ‘expresion ofthe average person, the lack of contact betwee Hore 2 Peoplemeven when they desperately ey “to make contact.” ‘Look atthe incapacity to plan seriously for overcoming the ever increasing poisonousnes of the citys water and aie and the predicuable famine in the poor countries, not to speak of the Inability to get rd of che daily threat to the lives and plans of all of us-the thermonaclear weapon. Whatever we sy o think about hope, our inability to act or plan for life betrays our hopeesmes, ‘We know a ite about the reason for tht growing hopeless res Before 1914 people thought thatthe world was» safe place, that wars, with dhelr complete disregard for human ie, ere @ mater of the past, And yet the Fire World War took place and every government lied shout its motives Then come the Spanish Civil War, with its comedy of pretensions both from the Wesern powers and from the Soviet Union the tettor ‘of the Stalin sytem and the Hier sytem; the Second World War, with its complete disregard for the lives of cians and the war in Vietnam, where fr years the American government tried t0 use its power to crush 4 small people in onder to ‘And neither one ofthe reat powers has made the one sep which would have given hope to al getting rid ofits ow uclear weapons, trusting the others to\be sine enough to {allow si ut here are stl other reasons for the increasing hopes nest: the formation of the totally bateaucratized dasa seciety and the powerlesess of the individual vivis the ‘ongaiation, which I sal eal wih inthe next chapter. If America and dhe Western word continee in thei state of unconscious hopelesnes Tack of fith and of fortitude, itis predictabie that they wil noe be able ta resist the tempeation of ‘he big bang by nuclear weapons, which would end all probe Jems—overpopultion, boredom, and hunger-since ie would do aay with al ie. Progress in the direction of social and eultural order in ‘which man is i te rade depends on our capacity to come to| | 4 “TIE REVOLUTION oF HOPE pa with our hoplesnes. iat of al, we have tse it And Send, have to examine whether there iv ea! posbiity ‘of changing our soil, ewanomie and clear ife ina new dk Scion nich wll aki poe to hope gun. HE here 0 Such real posi, then inded hope theerfolshnes. But Were real pony, there cat be hope ised on exami Inton of new aleatvs snd pions, nd on concerted actions {Stwringshout the reaiation of there new alee. ul ‘Where Are We Now and Where Are We Headed? 1. Where Ave We Now? 1s dlfcult to leeate our exact position on the historical trajectory lading fom eighteenth: abd nineteentscentary in dlstilinm to the futur, Tei eer to ay where we are not ‘We are not on the way to free enterprise, but are moving rapidly avay from it, We are not on the way to greater indi ‘duals, Dut ate becoming an increasingly manipulated mast ivillation. We ate noe on the way tothe places toward which ‘our ideological mas tellus we are moving. We are marching in fan entirely dierent dicetion. Some see the direction quite Clearly: among them are those who favorit and those who feat i But mowt of ut look at maps which ae ay diferent from ality at was the map ofthe world in che year $00 mc Te isnot ‘enough to know that our maps ae as, Tis important have ‘correct maps f we are tobe able ogo in the direction we want tog The mos. important Feature of the new map isthe inica- tion that we have passed the tage ofthe fist Industral Revol- ‘on and Rave begun the petid of the second Industrial Revo- Tution, ‘The se Industral Revolution was characterized by the fact, ‘that man had feared to replace live energy (that of animalsi | 26 ‘nur nevoLUTION oF Hore and men) by mechanical energy (that of steam, oi, electricity, nd the stom). These new oees of energy were the bairfor fundamental change in industrial production. Related to thit ‘new industrial potential was a certain type of industrial orgs ‘zation, hat of great number of what we would cal day small of mediumsized industrial enterprises, which were man ‘aged by their owner, which competed with each other, and Which exploited their workers and fought with them aboxt the ‘hare ofthe profits The member of the middle nd upper cae ‘was the master of is enterprise, as he was che master of his ‘home and he considered himself to be the master of hit destiny. Ruthles exploitation of nonwhite populations went together with domestic reform, increasingly benevolent atiudes toward the poor, and eventually in the fst hal ofthis century, hese fof the working cas from abysmal poverty toa relatively com: forablelite. nat pene " TThe frst Industrial Revolution is being followed by the second Industrial Revolution, the beginning of which we wi nes tthe preent time, Ii characterized by the fact not ony that fing energy as been replaced by enechaneal energy, but that human thought is being replaced bythe thinking of ms chines Cybernet and automation (eyberation”) make ie posible co build machines that function much mare precisely find much more quichly chan the human Drain forthe porpene ‘of answering important technical and organizational quesions. CGybernation i erating the pomibility of 4 new hind of eo. nomic and social organization. A elaively small number of ‘mammoth enterprises hae become the center of the economic machine and ysl leit completely in the noteooditant fu ture, The enterprie, although legally the property of hundreds fof thouands of tockholder, i managed (and for all practat pprpons managed independently ofthe Iga! owner) by asl Derpetuating bureaveracy. The alliance beeween private bust hes and government is becoming #0 cose that the two com ponents of this alliance become ever less distinguishable. The WHERE ARE-WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WH HEADED? 27 majority of che population in Americ it well fd, well housed, fnd well amet, and the sector of “underdeveloped” Amer ‘ine who ail ive under substandard conditions wil probably join the majority in the foreseeable fare. We continue © profess individualism, freedom, and faith in God, but our pro- ESsions ae wearing thin when compared with te reality of the ‘onganization man's obsesional conformity guided by the prin ‘lect hedonistic materiale, 1 society could stand all—which ic can do a litle as an individval-shings might noe be sr ominous as they are. Bat we ae headed in the direction of a new kind of society and anew kind of human fe, of which we now see only the beginning snd which is rapidly aceelerating ‘The Vision ofthe Dehumantized Society of A. 2000 What isthe kindof society and the kind of man we might find in the year 2000, provided nuclear war has not destroyed the human race before thea? i people knew the likely course which American scety will take, rnany not mose of them would be ao horrified that they Imight take adequace measures to permit changing the course IE people are not aware ofthe direction in which they ate going. they will swaken when itis too late and when their fate has ‘en irrevocably sealed, Unforeanately, the vast majority are rot amare of where they ae going. They are not aware thatthe new society toward which they ate moving iss radically difer- tent from Greek and Roman, medieral and waditiona industria tocities as the agricultural society wa from that ofthe food fatherets and hunters, Most peope sil think inthe concepts of the society ofthe tt Industrial Rewoltion. They see that we have more and better machines dhan man had Sly years ag0 and mark this down at progress They Believe that ack of diveet [litical oppresion is manifetation of the achievement of personal from. Their vision ofthe yar 2000 is that twill be8 {THE REVOLUTION OF Hore the full elizacon >f the aspirations of man since the end ofthe Middle Ages, and wey do not see that che yeat 2000 may be not the fuldliment and happy culmination of a period in which ‘nan sruggled for freedom and happnes, but the begining of 3 period in which man ceatesto be human and becomes tae formed into an unthinking and nfecling machine. tt intereaing to note that the dangers of the new de- ‘hamanined society were already clearly recognized by ineiive sninds in che nineteenth century, and ie adda to the impeesive- ress of thelr vision that they were peopl of opposite poitial amp ‘A conservative like Disracli and a socialist like Marx were practically of the same opinion concerning the danger to man that would arise rom the uncontrlled growth of production ‘and consumpsion. ‘They both saw how man would become ‘weakened by enslavernent to the machine and his own ever Increasing cupidity. Diraeli thought the soltion could be found by containing the power of the new bourgeoisie; Marx believed that a highly industrialized society could be crane formed into a humane one, in which man and not material goods were the goal of all scial effort? One of the most bi Tiane progrenive thinkers ofthe lat century, Job Seuare Mil, sw the problem with all arty ‘Toanfe am not charmed with the el of ie Held et by those ‘ro think hat the acral ate of Roman Being hat of sgn {o get on thatthe trampling crushing, elbowing. and treding on ich others hed, which form the existing type of soda ie ae the ‘most desible lot of human kind, or anything bt he disgrerble Symptoms of one ofthe phase of industria rogren oe tng nec, i, at while ices ae owe, ad to grow ach as pone the snieral object of ambition, the path toss atime hold be open al without tiour or paral. But the Bex te “ih men ye Pon Ree, Fe, TEEEAAER Reb ii ni li ee vrs Un 8 [WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE MEADED? 29 for human nature is that in whieh, while no one it poor, no ene ‘srr tobe rik, nor Ba any renton fet being tras ack By {he ellor of oes to po themselves forward? 1 seems that great minds a. hondred years ago saw wha would happen today or tomorrow, while we 10 whom it happening Blind ourselves in order not tobe disturbed in out sly routine. Te seems that liberals and conservatives ave ‘equally blind in this respec There are only few writes of ‘sion wo have cleatly seen the monster to which we are giving Birth. Tes mo: Hobbes’ Leviathan, but a Moloch, he allde- structive idol, to which human life is to be sicrificed, This ‘Moloch has Boen dseibed most imaginatively by Orwell and Aldous Huxley, by # number of sciencefition writers who show more perpcacity than mos profesional sociologiats and poychoogias. have alteady quoted Braszindis description of the techne- tronic secier, and only want to quote the following addition: “The largely humanistoriented, ocasonaly”ideologicaly- minded inellectuadisienter «is rapidly being spaced ‘ither by expert and speciaie »-. or bythe genealisteinte ftom, who become in eect howesdeologues for those i power, providing overall intellectual integration for disparate 'A profound and bilint picture of the new society has been sven recently by one ofthe most outstanding humane of out ‘ge, Lewis Munford Future historians, i there are any, will Consider his work to be one ofthe prophetic warnings of our time, Mumford gives new depth and perspective tothe future by analyzing it roow in the past The central phenomenon which connects past and fue, as he sees ic he calls the “megaman.” Pip of el Eom SER ESSERE Fane aon, 8 at ein 18Pa [THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE. ‘The “megamachine” isthe toaly organized and nized social stem in which society av such functions Mee {machin and men the is part This Lind of onion be ‘oul cordiaton, by "the consant Ince of sede, owed, Preictabilty and above all conto,” achieved almost chenee {oes technic rests in early megamachine like the Egret and Mesopotamian societies, an fe will nd is falls oe sion, with the help of modern tectnclogy, inthe future of tr technological society Munford’ coneepe of the megamachine helps to ake eat ‘certain recent phenomena, The fit time the megsmeehing oar Used ons lange sale in modern ies was it scans toe aoe Saline gat of indwtalisation, and ster tat in eens ied by Chinese Communi. While Lenin and ‘Trost sen ‘oped that he Revolution would eventaly ead tothe so ol Scity by the individual, a» Marx ad viaised, sone {ined mhaever wa let of thea hopes and sed the bee nas have comply disappeared. Satin coud build hee machine on the nucleus ofa welldeveloped industieh eet te though one far below these of entre lke Beglonto muah sak o Ther only ep wate pct eee 3d she pains and tough of 700 milion ech ne? {lide that by means of the complete ensdieeg reT ‘uman materia hey could este the equiesonr et ne oye ‘ccumuation of capial neceaay t achene © echnies pment which ina elativey short tine would rec nares tht ofthe West This oul codnaon had whe antec 4 minture of force, penonalty cat and inden a, in conast wo the freedom and individualin Mare hed Woe ‘WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 38 inthe Chinese ye tet hut fr, lthough Blended wth Salts stil and haope son te oe ‘html don of Ma night in hcl beak Between th fst pla of indo snd he od edu Ree stil tessa vast aching of which mane ing Fane ts oer by cain inpvtandifeenes betwee the megamacine of Eeyp and into the twentieth enna Fis othe nro te live puts ee gyn Set Wat fred abr hema tlt af death or Song eed the Fayptan worker ery oo bi tk Toy in thee tet cetary, the worker nthe mow developed dul cos ties, such the Unie Ste, oes coor leone ‘hich would hve een ke ile of uname ley to his acer workings Hundred yet ge Heh ai a prin leone of the eor of Mar, pte i the ee em progies lait. poed om ean des, asa ges eal orto lonetan hi ca “he bureweracy whch dives the work i very diferent Som the burner elt ofthe od megaman ee fed more er less bythe me mnidcean vies tate ‘ald or the worker: sithoughismember ae be pad ea sn ites nom uy ‘ser than quality. Employers and wovker smoke te tise Saree an hy ride nth the woe eee the bees esa more mosh than the cheaper one ‘rach theme mes so thee levon sows sd tt eeu he tt eget? ‘The managerial clte es diferent hom ths of odin nether pec thy are ut nh appendage a ee Shine thot whom hey comand. The ere oa ean, or perhaps mores, ja aso of the mone oaBa "MH REVOLIMION oF nore worker in one oftheir factories They are ote, ike excyone fhe and use the se ance apn orem. ‘They ae ek fs the eles were of oda eaten prope te i oup Although ‘hey spt» god del of ther soncy to ther aes set sr att they ae ay mh anne ft esr wel ants ecpiens, The euurectenng gosp lee oe the ftinge, They ate cree seni nd ari ba ace thay has the mont Bewa esnm f twenthcetny ‘eciygrowson theres ose and on there se 8. The Present Technological Society ‘The technetronic society may be the aytem ofthe future, butt snot yet het; it can develop from what is alteady ete, a it Probably will, unless suficiene number of people see the danger and redirect our coute. In order todo sit necesaty to onderstnd in greater detail the operation of the present technological sytem andthe fle: it has on mat What are the guiding principles of thi sytem a it is today? Tis programed by two printiples that dect the corsa ‘thoughts of everyone working in it The fist principle isthe ‘axim that something ough to be done because iis techy posible to doit. fits posible to build nuclear weapons, they ‘mut be built even if they might destroy us al. I is posble {otavel tothe moon or othe planets, t mast be done even 1 atthe expense of many unfulfilled needs heve on ear, ‘This principle means the negation of al values which the humanist "aadtion has developed. ‘This tradition said that something should be done because tt needed or man, for his growth jo and reaon, because its beautiful, good, or rucr Once the Principle is acepted that something ough to be done because ‘is technically posible t do it all other values are dethroned, WHERE ARE. WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 33 and technological development Becomes the foundation of The second peicipe i that of maximal efciency and ou srt 'The requttemene of asia ciency tase wn cone {quence to the requirement of minimal individuality. The socal Itachi works more eficieny, soit believed if individuals fevcut doy to purely quantile unit whose penonalies Gin be exprened on punched cards, Fae unis cam be amine {ered nore enly by boreucatic rales beeause they do not Inake trouble or cen fiction, tn onder oseach hirer en ‘uate deidividulzed and toghe co Bd thee Set in the corporation rather thn in themes ‘ihe question af economic eiency ris caret thowght. “The te of being economic ficient, tht is 1 9. sing the salle posible amount of resources tp obtain wax ‘ec should be placed in itor and evoltionary ene text The question is obviously more important in 3 mcety thee real material carci the prime fact of Hil, and its Importance diminishes a the prodactive powers of society strance “Ascend in of investpton should be ful consideration cf the fc that eicecy only known element in steady fcising activites Since we do not Know much abowe the Cficieny or ineficeney of untied approachen one most be Careful ta eading for things ae they sre on the gwounds of ar ch le ee aes coe ‘Seo fom se onda fa conan pia held pot in Ae a cece nee"THE REVOLUMON oF HORE ficiency. Furthermore, one mst be very careful to think through and specify the aren nd tne period being examined. ‘What may appear efcen by a natom dentin en be highly inefcicn ifthe ime and scpe ofthe dcuson ae eadeted, In economics there is increasing awareness of what se elle “neighborhood ec that is elect that go beyond the in edit activity and are often neglected in considering Benes fd co One example would be eeluating the efiency of ervcuae industrial project ony in terms of the immedite ‘ects om tis enterpie-lorgeting, for iosance, that wate materials deposited in nearby seams and the ai represen 9 cently and» serious ineiceney wit regard tothe community. We need to cealy develop standart of eicieney tat tke Se count of time and society interest a6 4 whole: Eventually. the than element needs tobe taken into scront asa bac actor Inthe sptem whine fiency we yt xamine Dehumanination ia the name of eficency fv an altopcoms mon occrrenee: eg, gan teepone syns employing Brave New World ecnique of receding person” contac with canes an aking comets eae ore pelo ‘mance and autids, teal aimed ailing “rope en. ployer ade, aandardaing service and increta icone. From the naiow perspective of mediate company porpoey, this may yield dalle, manageable workers, and ths eahance company eceny. In ern othe employes, es human beings the elec i to engender feslng of nadequcy, aie) and frustration, which may lend to ether inference ov how. 1 broader terms eve eficiency may not be served, nce the company aed seiey ae lige doublet pay 4 hesry price for these prcties, “Anather general practice in onpniing wor isto contandy remore cements uf ceatvty (avolvng an Clement o Fak of tencersng) and group work by dividing and subdividing aks {othe point where na julgment or interpersonal contact re tains oes required. Workets nd technics ae by no means (WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERY ARE WE HEADED? 35 Insensitive to this proces. Their uutzation is often perceptive and articolate, and comments such ap "We are human” and “The work ix aot ft for human beings” are not uncommon, ‘Agu, ficiency in a narrow seage can be demoralizing and ‘oly in individual and social terms. Te we are only concerned with inputoutput figure, sstem may give the lmpresion of eficieny. Ie we take ino account twine the given methods do tothe human beings in the system, tre may discover that they are bored, anxious, depressed, tense, ‘ce. The reat would be a twofold one: (1) Their imagination ‘would be hobbled by their paychie pucology, they would be lancrestive, their thinking Would be routinized and bureate cri, and hence they would not come up with new ideas And dolutions which would contribute to’ a mare produc tive development ofthe system; altogether, their energy would bbe considerably lowered. (2) They would wafer from many piysca il, which are the Telt of tres and tension his loot {health i aug lon for the system. Furthermae, fone ex snus what this tension and anniety do to them in thei re lationship to their wives and children, and in their functioning 48 responibe cts, iemay turn ovt that forthe sytem as a tnhole che seemingly ecient taedhod i most ineiclent no only in human terms But alo ar measured by merely economic "To sum vp: efficiency is desirable in any kind of purposefal activity: But it should be examined im terms of the larger Systems, of which the system under stidy i only a part) it Should take account of the human factor within the sytem. Eventually eficency at such should not be dominant age any kind of enterprise "The other supe of the same principle that of maximum ‘up, formulated very simply, rasta that the more we [Produce of whatever we preduce, the beter, The success of the Economy of the county i mesnired by ite ie of total prodc ton, So he success of «company. Ford ay lose several hun:6 {THE REVOLUTION oF nore rel min tas y the ae of wy dew md ie {ett toy in he eg ee {in stve ris The plonth of he secon Tesh a tm fering prodton ant ee wae Lenk ye mere prune Sine The seaceen Between counties ro up ie sine pec Ta nia hpes wo ape Uled Saxe yeaa Sacrpieinenoa po et nl tnd pod rll byte pring ot continent lon, The Guaseat c Iie ame ern the word: ae Se ‘The ue in pore: eee recs Koel spe "et ven the tad ted the mene em ke ee mine he ane pies aphid ea Howe dyin the dae ox he eles the egy sn pps we pope rector te none by the prod cng tat ey re a ae ee rte One cold go on eenly pe esa Whe Seep ht comant icaco! qantas athe Series inet wath neo ype Tew pple ate the gon of queer chat al hi ingen guy god tn somite ia ‘ty whi ot ceed ound a any me ea Gee npc tt gua ache aloes ean st SS dt the predanae ofthe ping fhe se Scena tan in he wl en a cy sree on dig mee he Ghali of eral Se tte anaes at eee meee Sn a he tem eer fre patra a et WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADES? 97 1 the overriding economic principle i that we produce more sd mere, the consumer mt be pepe 9 wanta so ‘ensime-more and more. Industry does not rely on the com ‘omer’ spontaneous dsites for more and more eommadities By building in obmoleence i often fores him to buy new ‘things when the old nes ould lat much Tonge. By changes in fying of products, dieses, durable goods, and even food, it forces him psychologically to buy more than he might need oF want, But industry in 8 meed for increased production, does pot rely on the consumer's needs and wants But toa consider ble extent om advertising, which i the most imporant ofe five against the consumer’ right to know what be wants. The pending of 165 billion dllae on direct advertising in 1066, {in newspapers, magazines, radio, TV) may sound lke an ir onal and wistefol te of human talent of per and print Tt ie sno ieational ina system that believes that increasing production and hence conscmption is 2 vital Feature of our ‘Cconomic sytem, without which it would collapse. IF we add to the cost of advertising the considerable cos for resting of ‘durable gods especialy cas and of packaging, which party is ‘another form of whettng the consumer's appetite it is dear ‘at indus is wll co pay a high price forthe guarantee of the upward production and sles curve? (8 ite re ul Senter Dassen RS rte me rte mt te Slee Se ‘cobain, fa ‘shen ead rs mac ‘ite a Secret ireceone «EB et te tm8 ‘Te REVOLUTION oF NoPE ‘The atscy of indy aboot what migh happen to our economy if our sl of life hanged sexed ti oe ‘ety ening vest baer lshing wot be prc fo iy food would be bought nthe Eas of eeontny sl mrt ue atooebies eee be sipped to eset nd bd byte sme one fe he a 1 oy rn fh re es es ute Sincere drei o ole, wana ep tse ‘eigotiod. nd wha woul happen oa mart depenest pak new model, new syle, new idea aa me Db. is errecr ov way Wha i he elec ofthis pe of ogiton om man? Ie dacs man to an appendage ofthe anche raed y a *bythn and demande Ie tanonms him ints Homa cousenoe, tte total conse. whone ly im noha rtd oe ire, Th wy pices hanya ge and 6 the fine degree many wslon peopl Man sv cog the pede tion machin, beeomer thing apd cease orb Bums He ‘pens sine ding things in which be sno evened wee people in whom he nt intree, pacing hg nich he fnoe nts and when he ioe pedcing he ico ming, He ihe eerat mlling wih the of most, ‘ain in with efor and without inert ah ever the boredom preventing (and boredom pug Indes ty foes on him-cigueten cr, movie tei spo, ‘ecuestiited nly by what he can afer Ba the bec preventing indy, that oy the ggerseing dan, the sntomebile fteasy, the mv ins, the Wigs inary and 0 om, co oly succeed in preveig ine ee dom trom becoming concious Tn face, the ere the tae WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 39 dora, a¢ a salty drink taken to quench the thiet increases it However unconcious, boredom remains boredom nevertheless ‘The passvenese of man in industial society today is one of tis most characteristic and pathological featore. He takes a, he santero be fed, but he doce not move, initiate, he does not ‘get his fod, a8 fe were. le does noe require in a produce tive farhion what he inberited, but he amass tor consomes it He slfere om a severe estemic deficiency, not too dasa to that which one finds in more exreme forms in depresed people ‘Mans pasivenss is only one symptom among 2 total sy rome, which one may cll the "sdrome of alienation” Being psive, he doesnot relate himself tothe world actively and is forced to subeae to his idols and their demands. Hence, he feels powerles, lonely, and anscious. He has ue ease of integrity or fetfidentiey. Conformity vems t0 be the only way 10 avoid Intolerable anaiey—and even conformity doer noe slays ae leviatehisannety. No American writer has perceive this dynamism more lealy than Thorstein Veblen, He wrote 1m al the received formulations of economic theory, whether at se hands ofthe English economins or thne ofthe continent the Iman materia with which the ngiry concerned concen edo ert that 40 syn ters of 4 pave and stn. Silly inert and mts given human mature The helen tie coneption of tan it tat of lighting actor of please snd paimy who ones like « homogeneous globule of site of Eappioee onder the impute of iol that ae him about he ‘re bt lve him intact. He has nee antecedent tor conse Gent He i an Slated, deinive human datun, in sable ul Tiviu except fr the bales of the impging lores that isplce hi in one ection or oder. Seltimpose in elemental spac, he pin symitrialy about his own spiritual axis wn the psa {rum of ores eat down pon him, wherespon he flows the ine ‘ofthe reultane When te force ofthe impatient, he comes° “TUE REVOLUTION oF HoPE Sci he of ee a Spiny, te ving excep in the ene that he is oubjet toa sree roa ‘ont enforced pom him by excumiances extemal tna te sid om the paola sta ersten pane ne thee ae oh wh at tnporant fe a ing of its pg of mem a ee ee Bowing eof ebm tnt ee coin expr: he spt bene ghee a ‘mind from the heart, truth from passion. Me ‘ting Lgl though i otal Hs merle ad ‘es ied bythe concern nif and bythe gut me sal proceso ving i all i omer sed a Cerritos, On th er hand not sly iain Bae Cations an be ato Le wont seion ee cg eat acl phe fs “hfe know mating ot) Ravens n cane ‘eis teem a hep te peer onan barons tle ta one {ine oi ts roth Th france aa love which enhance he p's depen, hee soe and howl. Rational Tote ls lve which relates 8 pone intimately another atte ome ne een hit ‘pendence and integrity. " iat "Reseon fovs fom the ending ef nao ad et ing I the two fmcinare toh apr tin nee into shade ary. eng Soca near teaming psi Seas Se Ri a a i dept Yo ay Eocene oe mE. WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 4 ‘The spi between thought and afect leads toa sickness toa Iowegrade chronic schizophrenia, from which the new man of the tchnetroni age begins to fle. Inthe social tciences i as ‘ecm fashionable to thiok about human problems with mo reference to the feelings related to thee problems Teis assumed that scientise objectivity demands that thoughts and theor ‘concerning man be emptied of all emotional concera with man. “An example ofthis emotion re thinking i Herman Kahn's ‘book on thermonsclesr warfare. The quetion i dicaned: how ‘many millins of dead American are “accepable” if we use a ‘titerion the ability to rebuild uhe economic machine ater Inoclear war in a retonably short new that i tat good a oF beter than before Figures for GNP and population increase ot Aecrene are the basi eategrie in eis hind of thinking, while the question ofthe human rele of nuclear war in terme of sulfeting, pain, brutalizaion, et, is lef aside Kahn's ‘The Year 2000 is another example of che writing which we may expect in che completely alienated meyamachine tociety. Kabn's concern ir that of the Bgures for production, population increae, and various scenarios for war OF peace, as the case may be, He impresses many readers because they mise take the thousands of litle data which he combines in ever hanging Laledascopie plctres for erudition or profandiy. ‘They da not noice the base supercar in his reaoning and the lck of the human dimension in his description of the fate, ‘When I speak here of lowsgrade chronic schizophrenia, ‘rie explanation tems to be nerded. Schizophrenia, like any other pychotic rate, must be defined not only in psychiaic ‘terms but algo in social terms Schizophrenic experience Beyond 4 certtin threshold would be considered a Sickness in any fociey since thoveslfering from it would be unable to fame: tion under any socal circumstances (unles the scizopsitenic is ‘levated into the statu ofa god, saan, sain, pest et) Bat there are low-grade chronic forms of pyehoses which can be eeei “ Tue REVOLUTION oF Hore stated by milion of people and which-precialy bee 4 not go beyond a eran trehold—to na ponents, ople fem fonctoning scaly. As long av thy ere teh ‘eden with millon of others they tae the tanya ingot eg tne! the word hey sed hat ea ‘orale ation which wy carn of fal edged {oni Othe contrary, they tsk tthe nore fo 4 tote who hive na othe ink between het and snd Being Ya.” tna tomer forms of pees th dee ton snow pends en the uo to whee the eology i sare or not fst 8 there i Tow ge eons sizopreia, an thre ex ah lowpade chic panes and depron, And there i pleny of evidence that seg evan ra ofthe poplaton paraly on ecasons hehe 4 threatens, he pane cient incrane Bt ae eee ‘spuhologal songs they arecomman ‘The tendency onsale progres athe highest value {lied up not ony with our everen pha os ine see tose Inpotantly, wih a deep emotional seacon to te snechani coal aise slits hat manna Te stration the nowalve,whih isin is moe extreme forse Aan t death and ery (oecrophlig, laa ee in lesa rm tonite orient of rere is" Those who ate strate tothe nonlieste he poe ho reer “lw and order” to ving sractre, buresece { spontaneous methods gage to Tsing bingy epets 40 orgy, nentes to exuberance, herding to speeding 228 Siem ey a ei td ae nt TS a ha cre agate eg "sFieema a ei eg ae ‘ers nt i nt sare a ten epee ‘Sen st yin pap dy pra es [WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WH HEADED? 43, “They wan to onto life bese they ate ata of its un- ontrllsle spontanciy, they would father Lil i than to expat themselves ot and merge withthe worl around thew. ‘They often gantle wih death becuse tey ate ht toned Iie; their erage s the courage fo di and the sjmba oftheir ‘kimate courage inthe Ruan roulete™ The rte of our Automobile aeidents andthe preperation for thesnomucest Wrarare tesienony to this rendins wo gamble with det A trio would not eventually prefer thin excking paabie to the ering unalvenes ofthe organization tan? ‘One srptom of the attraction ofthe merely mechanical is the growing popularity, among seme scientits andthe pubic, ofthe en tat twill be posible o construct computers which Se no diferent fom man in thinking feeling, ray other ‘pect of functioning The sain problem, it secs fo me, ‘not whether such = compaterman can be constricted i Tather why the idea iv Becoming #0 popular in + historical eiod when nothing seems tobe mote portant than fo tan form the exiting tan Jato x more ration) harmonions, an pesceloving being, One eno hep being suspicious that often {he srscton of the covpoterian iden isthe expeston ofa igh tom life nd from bummane experience ino the mechan. caland porely cerebral. “The pny tat we can bul robots who re ike men longs if anywhere, tothe futere, But the present already Shows usmen who ct like robots. When te majority of nen ar he destclning peas br seus popesices by the appt to % of neal ula a hoe ie mahi Men (Sen York Miron unten a wl en pan ee ey Saaremaa Saou Sees4 [THE REVOLUTION oF noPE, es he ned it en ee i bn rotenone mete note accra Bol toc ese sa ee a ES we ot mci The cpa Ma ‘neni may wpe Beer er ‘ins anus pen ee "Thc in he met na tying pty sep eet ico mn bane aan So ea wach ne poe Ft fi emcee at Sifter yates ae ‘ng ep appar eae Scion Bech Ren tae Ye ‘ean ot Demon Ma he Ne ys on a oy ew erie ee pte et ne hl a ToS mh dt yi he iva ad Ste ae eae Seca pope meni sone eee pani tempus bors ea Sia pen ot anon na sae soul enw dnp cnn tous ee 17 tn the sp team ame be ever ence ‘ett ae she es saan’ Beth ne ape wh np an a ee wan crew coe eR Tate Nan ay ee Sok aac Sim SE TP co tome sc. a ee a [WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 45 aera eee aman, tne more us be nentione: the dlsppearae of pr eae cet ae ne chat arate Leama seat ce Seen ah ipa Pager ah eater wise Gomera a a Sime seee age ea ra oecy, oy oe He oe etic ten part Fe tas Serge eset ge ate cea tet toy ae cee is meh et ee feces ee San Cee ha a Aer Somes acteurs oumetpeamnne Hah ngeuastaaaae amie eco ecean i ee eta es lon eee eee er big nue pen aetna Ae og eta he em esc od ‘Steen tanen nacionr Sewldng Bom te Sagan ot ema soe eee fa re Enis ase ie mrt go a er ae ris| 6 {THE REVOLUTION oF HOPE, sis devote whatever nowlige of man they ive to his Saipan in the iteey of what the big pace ‘onset cticiency Thun ycelogins become ae nec of te stil and goverment yom we is 4g the their actives Serve the optinal development of ran, ‘This alm te tae ch the rainaliaton ht wae te forth coxporation i best for man th import tat Imenagerundersand tht uch of what they ft pps logic eng is bacon the vey limited peta of ean hic, in fat, management requis have anual to ake prycholgi who in tem gine it back to manyeneny oe Iegdly 2 a ret of an independent sey of aT hey "eth oe il that the intsinn o piay tay ade onto of the individual wah emote al and cold be nore devaating han what totalitarian sates hve demonstrate tes far Orvells 1984 wil need much asistanc fom toning, oe eng and antigo pola in ere ee ae i of skal importance to dings between eh that underaands and aims a the welling of manned soe “hology tht sais man ata obec, with the so mang him ore ie! othe echelgialie In our discussion thus far, I have omitted one factor of the stent importance for the undertanding of man’s evo in Present society: man’s need for certainty, Man is ot equipped ‘wth nsec of instincts that regulate his behavior quate automat cally. He is contronted with choice and this means inal importa matters with grave risks to bis lie if hi cholets are wrong, The doubt that besets him when he muse decide. often vickly—cases pfu tensian and can even seriously endanger is capacity for quick decision As a consequence, ma hi intense need fo certainty; he wants to belive that there ‘WHERE ANE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADIEG? 47 ‘need to doubs that the method by which he makes his decisions ‘ight In face, he would rather make the “wrong” decision and be sire about ie than the “right” decision nd be tormented ith doubt abou its validity. This is one ofthe payehologal ‘reasons for man's Dele in iis and political leaders They all ‘ake out doube and risk from his decision makings thi does not ‘mean that there i not a rik for his ite, Beedom, et, after the decision has been made, but that there 8 no rk tha the ‘method ofhis decision making war wrong. "For many centuries certainty was guaranteed by the concept ‘€ God. God, omniscient and omnipotent, had not only created the world but also announced the principles of action about hich there was no doubt. The church “interpreted” thexe ‘rincpls in det, and the individual, scan his place i the ‘church by following its rules, was certain that, whatever ape pened, he was on the way to salvation and to eterna life in feaven.* ‘With the Deginning ofthe sientife appro and the corro- sion of eligons certainty, man wat forced into anew seach for certainy. At fist, scence seemed to be eapable of giving a new basis for certainty. This wa 20 forthe atonal man of the ost, centuries. But with the increasing complexities of life, which Jos all human proportions, withthe growing feling of ini vidual powerlesiess and lalati, the wienceoriented man eased to be a rational and independent man. He Tow the ‘courage to think for himself and to make decisions onthe basis of his fll intllecual and emotional commiement to life. He wanted to exchange the "uncertain cetsinty” which rational {hae cc tt omni pe Yom rom, Fav pot SUSAR? Sa nk on reer,e [THE nEvoLUTON oF Hore thought an gv for an “abe cerany" he alleged tific” certainty, based on predictability. . alaed “This ceanty i gatnied pet by man's own unetible Anowiedge and emotions bur bythe computers whieh permit edition and become. gsrator of eranty. Takeo an {rape the planing of he ig conpoation With the help of omputry it can plan ahead for many yen Gncleding! he ‘nrpulaion of man's mind aed a) he manage dot not tre tose any more on his ini jeden bt oe “uh chats pronounced by the compere The managers don may be wrong init vette eed ot ei {ctl ofthe decon making proces, He el that he ee {© acceptor rjc De reat of computer prognostication, Bat fecal pratialparposes he as ihe ee av plows Cian esto ttamina Ga wi Hevulddo bt hema ne {Stent ofhismind to ake the ahi hereto noes eter ‘eure of ering thin Gor the comet sta “This need for cerainy cress he teed of What amon to ‘ind ete in the eflecy of the method of computed grin. The my i ne thove who ae employed inthe eganiation Ici peeely the fac tat man's jgment sl avons alee nt tee fer with te prcesofdechion making at ete computee ‘Spann ean in govemment poly a stgy the ame lanai em ‘eomes ines pple The teal tat veg pli 2 that ean oda sho mia plening-are fet om the ‘biraines ofthe human wil ened to's esupote ‘pee whic he ine pet ae hee, Sor fas ian at rind. The ea at all olen ‘itary suaegy ae based on computer decent and Inplies tat all the faces are brown, considered, aod made 264th tag rs un ein ign Fs a see eel a ts ae Fe io met in be by eg a a es We WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 49 usable to the computer. With this method, doubs becomes excluded, although disaster is by no means necessarily avoided. ‘Bat if dimer does happen ater the decisions are made on the ‘bss of unquestionable "aes," i x ike an act of God, which fone must acept, since man cannot do more than make the best ‘ecsion be knows how to make Ie seems tome that these considerations ae dhe only terms In hich one can answer this puring question: How is it posible {or out policy and urategy planners fo tolerate he idea that at ‘certain point they may give orders the consequence of which vill mean the destruction of their own families, most of Ameri- ‘ans and "at best” mos ofthe industrialized worl? If they rely ton the decision the facts seem to have made for them, thei fonsience is cleared, However dreadful the consequences of their decisions may be, they need not have qualms about the tightness and legicimacy af tne method by which they arived at their decision. They act on faith, not esentally diferent from the faith on which the actions of the ingusios of the Holy fice were based. Like Dostocrakis Grand Inquisitor, some may even be eapic Spares who cannot ace diflerenly, because they se no other way of Being certain that they doehe best they ‘an. The alleged rational character of our planners is Eusically ‘ot diferent trom the religiously based decisions in 2 prescien- tie age, Thee sone qualifeation chat must be made: bok the religious decision, which sa blind surrender to God's wil, and the computer decision, based onthe faith in the loge of "acts," tare form of alienated decisions in which man surrenders his ‘wn insight, Knowledge, inquiry, and responsibilty to an iol, bbe it God or the computer. The humanist religion of the prophes knew no such surrender the decision was man’s He bad to understand his situation, se che alternatives, and then decide, True scientific rationality is not diferent. The com- pater can help man in viualising several posites, but the Aecsin isnot made for him, not ony i the sense that he can ‘hoote between the various models, but also in the sense that hei | | 0 {THE REVOLUNON oF Hore, ‘mus use his reason, relate to and vespond to the reality with hich he deal, and elicit troe the computer those fats wich are reevant fom the standpotae of reson, ad that means fom ‘he standpoine of sustaining and fulfling man’talivenese ‘The blind and irational reliance om computer delion be- comes dangerous in foreign policy at well as suategie planning ‘when done by opponents, each of whom works with his owe ‘dae procening system. He anticipates the apponent's mover plans his own, and construct scenarios forthe % pout of ‘mores on both sides. He ean construct his game ih may ways that of his side winning. a stalemate, oF both losing, But at Harvey Wheeler has pointed out if either "wins" itis the ‘end of both, While the purpese of the game it tn achieve @ ‘stalemate, the rules ofthe game make a alemateunliely Both players by their methods and their need for certainty, give up the way which has been ehat of precomputer diplovicy. and strategy: the dalogue~wich its posit of give and take, open ‘oF veiled withdrawal, compromise or even surender whe hat 4s the only rational’ decision. With the pretent method, the dialogue, with all is posibiltes for atuiding caustrophe, fe Tuled out. The action of the leaders je fanatical beenure i pporsied even to the point of seltdestructon, although in 2 Drycholosical sense they are not fanatics, Because chelt stint are based on an emotiontre belief in the rationality fans lability) ofthe computer methods. ‘The hotline between Washington and Moscow ian ironical {comment on this method of impersnaldeckion making. When the computer method seems to have atthe two powers of & ‘olson course, from which neither might be able to extreate ‘himself, Doth sides employ the old-fashioned devie of pettnal ‘communication asthe ultima ¥atio of politcal prcedae. The {Cabsn mie crisis was solved with’ the help of a number ‘of personal communications between Kennedy and Khrashcher esas Pe Conet ete by Niel Cader (ne Yrs The Ving WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 51 Jn. xe ino he bel Wa, methine tappened. ‘The Tae tack on the Ameticantneligece {Rip Libery led to unutual American sierafboged ai ac, “The Rusians were moisrng the Ameren movements how ee mee Sem pp ft aggrenon? At this point Washingt explsined ae: tins to Meza onthe bor line, Memo belied the expan ion and + poubtetltay coeeentaion was prevented, The hoc ine is evidence tat the leaders ofthe sem can cane to thei sents moment before ist Int and tae they Fecogie that man dialogue vase wy ove dager tenkrontatins thn the moves dicated by the computers But onsen the whole ted the hot Hine weak poecon forthe survival of mankind, since the two payers mht mist the right momen for explanation or eat for ere. “Tsar I have only spoken ofthe need for etn inthe seonemic and pital sentepe rocears But the modern Syem sites this need In many cher spect: The penal iret ir made predicabe grnee fom pinay sol om ‘huh igh acho and college. pee cholo fen, pt the pediaion of 3 peron'seaecr-suje, of courte, Vo the nt acting he ant es Teling of uncenainty a men ht het the ie of San who wan tomate hu way up the Ir f the ig ion. He can fall at any pith can fa 9 rh Speed pal and become a failure in the eyes of his family and frends. But his at only increas is wit for cern, It he tue in pit ofthe cain meth of Gcison maing ‘Ser him heat las need not lame hime The sane need tobe certain exis inthe real of thou, feling. and setbere appreciation, By the wth of leeey an of the mass mat the india! leaar quickly which Uhoughtsae “right” whic behavior incorrect ich fling it ‘rma, whe ae "in." Ale hat do to be receptive the nigh ofthe eda and he ane certain to oakie a “TH nevoLUTON oF Hore raisake. The fashion magarnes tll what syle t like and che ‘book cus what books o read, and to top ial recent methods fof finding proper mareiage parmers are based on the deiiont of computer, ‘Our age has found a subsituee for God: the impertonal ‘aeulation. This new god has turned into an idl to whom all ‘mea may be acticed. A new concept ofthe sere and unquee [onable is arising: that of eaeulability, probability, facta. "We must address ourselves now to the question, What i wrong with the principe that if we give the computer alle fact, the computer can make the best posible decisions about furereaction? ‘What are fac? In themslves, even if correct and not di toreed by personal or political bias, fats cannot only be mean- Ingles, mey can be untiue by their vey selection, taking auntion away from what is relevant, or scattering and ba Imenting one's thinking a0 mach that one is lew capable of ‘making meaningful decisions the more “information” one hak seeeived. The selection of facts iples evaluation and choir. ‘The awareness of this ie a necetsry condition of making ‘ational use of fact, Am important statement about fact hat ‘been made by Whitehead. "The basis of all authority,” he wrote in The Function of Reason, "is the supremacy of fact ‘over thought. Yee this contrat of fact and thought ca be cone ‘eve fallacionsty. For thought ia factor inthe fact of expert ‘nce. Thus the immediate lactis what is partly by reson of {the choughe involved in i" "acs must be relevant. But relevant to what or to whom? IE ‘am informed Unt A has been in prison for having wounded & ‘val in a wate of intense jealousy, Thave been informed about a {ac can formulate the te information by sying that A wat in jit or thae A was (or) a violent man, oF A wat (ors) jealous msn: yet all these fact sy very litle about A. Maybe he Ss. very intense man, a proud man, a shan of great integrity: “WHERE ARE WH NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 59 ‘maybe any fain information fils to infor ate that when A speaks with children his eyes light up and he ie concerned sad Felpl. This fact may have been omitted because it did not fcr relevant tothe datum ofthis crime: besides, i sas yet— ‘itu forthe computer to register a cerain expresion in a ‘man's ejes,oF to observe and code the fine nuances of the ex pression of is mouth. "To pte bret, “fac” ae interpretations of events and the Incerpreationpresuppotes certain concerns which constitute the event's relevance. The crucial question i 19 be aware of ‘what my cancer is and hence of what the facs have to bein order to be relevant. Aum I the man's lend, of a detective, oF imply a man who wat o ee dhe total man in his bamanity? ‘side from being aware of ay concern, T would have to Raow all the denils about the epiiode—and even then perhaps the esl would ot tell me haw to evaluate bir act Nothing short el knowing him, in his individuality and suchnes, his character “rncluding the elements he himself may not be aware of ‘would permit me to evaluate his act; but in order to be well informed, I would also have to know myscll, my own value foster, what o€ it ie genuine and what of ie i ieslogy, my eres selish of otherwise. The fact, presented merely de- scriptively, may make me ether more or less informed, and ics wel Known that there fs no more effective way of distortion than to llr noching bu series of fa" ‘What bolus ue in this example of how to evalvate one ‘pis in the life of a man i all the more complicated and ‘omsequential when we speak of facts pertaining to pli and Social life, If we show for fact that Commies are aking lMepe to assume power in a Far East country, does this fact limp thae they threaten eo conquer al of Southeast Asia, o all ‘of Asin? Would the latter mean that dey threaten the “exist fence” ofthe United Sater? Does a threat to the “existence” of the United Seater mean a threat to the physical existence of ‘Americans, or to our veil sytem, otto our Reedom of expresPs “Tue REVOLUTION OF HOPE sion and action, or dos it mean that they want to replace out tlie in the aen with one of ther own? Which of thee possible ‘outcomes would Justify oF demand the posible descracion of 100 millon Americans, or of al life? The “ace” ofthe Com -monist threat asumer a diferent meaning according to the ‘raluation ofthe total strategy and planning ofthe Comat Bat who are the Communists? ‘The Soviet government, the Chinese government, or who? And ytho isthe Soviet govern ‘cnt? That of Konygin reshney or oftheir sucesors who may {in power iftheir present strategy El? ‘What [want to show is thatthe one fact fom which we start means nothing without the evaluation of the whole system, Mich means an analyis of» proces in which we as observers are alto included, Eventually i rast be stated tha the very fat fof having decided to seers certain events as facts has a effect on ‘urstves. By this decision we have commited ourselves to move ina certain direction, and ehis commitment determines our further selection of facts The same holds true for out oppo nents They alo ae influenced by their own selection of Ta, ‘ell at by core But not only the facts themselves are selected and ordered sccordng to values; the programing of the computer iets Dased on builvin and often unconscious values. The principle thot the more me produce the beter i nie 2 value judg iment. If instead we believe that on system should be cond ‘ve to optimum human activenes and alivenes, we would Program siflerenly and other facts would become relevant. pe illuson ofthe certainty of the computer decision, shared by a lange secior af the public and by many deciion maker, ress pom the eronenns sumptions (2) tha facts are objective ‘givenn” snd (8) that the programing Is rormtree 'Al planning, whether with or without the wse of computes, depends on she norms and values that underlie the planning. ano el ete da ping “mn WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? 55 Planning ill i one of the most progressive steps the human rnee hs taken, But ic can be a cae ts "bind” planing, i ‘hich man abdicater his own decision, value judgment, and Tesponsibilicy IC i ie alive, responsive, “open” planning, in Jrhtch the usnan ends ae in full arenes and guiding the Planing proces, fc wll bea blewing ‘The computer facilitates Planning tremendosaly, but ite use does noe really alter the indmental principle of the proper zelatinship between ‘means and ends only ts suse wilVv What Does It Mean to Be Human? 1. Humen Natare and ls Various Manifestations Having cased the preset suation of man in technologh in chat Ga socket oar next epi to amine the robles oe ee be done to umize she acolo sry. Bt bee ee {20 Soke this step we must sak Curler that fees be tumantht wis the human lene hich we age Consider as an eentl lace inthe fanedoning whe eat system, “ ‘This undertaking goes beyond what ie clled“ppchology" It should more propery be called aie of man sing hich dels with he data of hitory, wxioogy, ee theology. mpoloy, phniloy,ecncmn and ate oe, theyarerelevanto the uadentiding of an, Whee face tha cape i nective echo cu those specs wih seem Yo me me meee A omtextt chi bok and with ear tote eadento hon ie sn Tear othe readers oh Man wat-and sil seas sued ino aceptng + prt Ja form of being humana hs exec. To the dene woke ths happens an dines his homanity in er Se ge sth we he vis inset However whl hs asa rue there have been exepiony There wes aloe eee ho asked beyond the dimen of tes oes ae s [WHAT Dons FP accaN ro me mCAN? m7 ee hey may hae ee alle fo remnant me They ae the ter of rest non a frat eon of ham history is concened-sod vnained something nh abe fale wiverally oman and which ot Mental with what [article society asumer han patere to be, Thee were fivaye men who were bold and imaginative tooagh tse ‘eyond the omer a eeiovn wc exence Te might be ep ores few Sf man which say enemas none word tat which peti human Manas ben ened as Ho faber=the el mater, nec, snen iva tol mike br ances Bete they wee fll mon were men ent ‘Man hs een define’ at Homo spins, btn his definition all depends om what means by spies To se heh forte Porpese of ting eter nan ot arial and wap ache hat we want cpaiy sins io have, and tee io Berea quanaivediternce Between ma an ano fa this hind of achievement eancere I, however, one meant by sapiens bnowledge in the seme of thought which te to tndertand the cre of phenomens,shoght that peneate from de deepive sre to what “rey rea tengh the purpose of whch oto maniplate bo 6 comprehend hen Home sen would nde bes coc denon of Man hasbeen defied st Horn adeneoman he player? play mesning nnperpotal cy amcending the ined eneeis fortuna fndeed fom etme of te reno of the Gave puting to the pent day, san ha indlged i mone pl cic wo othr dentine of man might be ade. One: Homo Zig Monts emaon of is prt m6 The AGA of te jaan Hating, Hon Lan 4 Sid of the Py een i une sue, aoe Cg nd Soe ele ‘et Su Tur ae Mec (ev af Eat agen timers of Py Sa Se Ms an Sssi ne 38 “DHE REVOLUTION OF HOPE egnicman who cn ty “to,” aleough mot men sy “yes” when thee rv or her aang ees From set {al sanipein on human behav, man shold Be ele, Inter the eran. Bt from the sani of te hema otenal;man is disingised ftom all he anal by hive Jouity 1 ny "no," by hi aiematon of tat Tove, eg {en atthe expense physi sri ‘Another denon of man would be Homo, eperans_the ‘hoping man. As I have indicated in the second chapter, to hope ivan esentl condition of being human. It man has ier op aM ope he Has entered the at of hell-wheher he Hows ‘nota he as lt bend him hs own human Perhaps the mom gin defen ofthe species chara teristic ofan ha bem given by Mara ho dened se, cone acti” Laer Vs dca the mening of ti cncep Probably more sich define cold be aed tothe one just mentioned, bot tey all do ho josie to the queaon ‘What does fem tobe human ‘They etna ony erin elements of being human without eyog to ge ere om, Beteandspematicanenet ‘Any atempt wo give an anawer wil immediately mest with ‘the objection that at the very best such an free ‘no more, {han metaphysical wecltion, prhiaye pot, bul at ay tate the expres of ubjerive preference eer ta taeent ot ay defintely serena realy. These lat word elt ‘mind the eheoretiat physicist who enght speak of his wn con ‘cepa in terms of an objective reality and yet dvlnim any ial Statement he might make about the acute of mates. Indeed, no final statement about whae # means to be human ean be Ts posible tha i may never be able to be made rade nov, WHAT DORS fF MEAN TO ME HUMAN? 29 ‘ven if human evolution were to far transcend the present pot ‘of history in which man has hardy bexun coe fly human ‘But a skeptical atic toward the possibility of making fat fatements about the nature of man does not mean that a homber of statements cannot he made which have w scientific Character, that ito ay, which draw concusions from observing ‘he facts, conclusions which are correct in spite of the fact that the motivation to find the amaver was the wis for @ happier lie; on the contrary, ae Whitehead put it: "The function of Reason eto promote the artf life" What knowledge can we draw on in order to answer the (question, what doet it mean to be human? he answer cannot Tie inthe diection wehich such answers have often ken: that ‘man is good or bad, loving or desvuctve, gullible or indepen- ‘ent, ete. Obvioualy, man can be all this just as he ean be Isic or tonedes,veritive to prising or eoler bind, a saint fr a rasa All there and many other qualities are various Dosibiltes of being human. a fat, they areal within eh fone of ux. To be fly sare of one's humanity means to be Seare tat, at Terence sid, "Homo sum; human nil @ me enum puto" (Lain a man and nothing human is alien to tng)! that each one caries all of humaniy within hirselt—the ‘nine aswell a the criminal; as Goethe put it, that there fs no rime of which one cannot imagine oneself to be the author. All these manifestations of humanity ae not the answer to what foes it mean to Be human. They ate only answering the ques tion how diferent can we be and yet be human? If we want 10 [know wat it sneata co be human, e must be prepared to find answers notin tenis of diferent human posites, but in terns ofthe very conditions of aman existence from which all these ponsbilities spring as powible alternatives. ‘These condi- tons can be recoppizd a aYesult not of metaphysical speclae 7h actin Komen: Sane, apt 38| wprernmettatntrarmes oe. an ci eS 6 "THE REVOLUNON oF Hore tion but ofthe examination ofthe data of anthropology, hi ‘ory, cid poco, individual and wil pryhopatcions 2, The Condition of Human Es ate hese condos Thee ae esetily eo ahh eh ithe ee of ce Sa the higher we gon atime! eaten, testing te eee a in an, in wom the fe of eae ee gees pat tomar nied face Second, the remends incu in ean compli of se Ban in empnon wth body weg ear el ae hes inthe ond Hal fe Phen Thk eng Core is the bas Lr sateen insane a abe Lelie sch peach a badge hac "Ma, cing te insiealeupent of hanna at wal equipped Bight oto ac a ani Hts “con” ily, the pon boone who ieee ee the river nore spa ts yung nds heey ils ace were tog uth nse winter and there oreann eae ‘he Hn dsl rent made or hin Uy eee tate thom He edwin ad tee a lars evr decom he malay The ue it an ‘onicouses since, He ca Zand ni inet ee, ‘vee and aceptag the Hams eatin andy ree ent even hongh he arn gsomee bes so crtanty: he oly erin predian Ie ena oe orate rection bean ake et Man bom aa ek of ator, eng within stare ad yet srascenting ic He hse find price a seton od a ‘making which replace the principles of instinct. He has to have 4 rame of rentaon with permis him epg sca ‘tent picture of the world as a condition for consistent actions. Helio Beh nt oly agua te dagen cove ee [WHAT DOES IF MEAN TO BE HUMAN? a a being hur, bu alo aginst another danger which is specif- ally uman: that of becoming insane. Tn other words, he as.t0 roec hms not only. agin she dango long Bi ie bak ‘again se, danger of losing binant. The buman- being, bora under te condones er, woul nde go mad if be dd. not ind» frame of seftence chsh, permite hin 10 feel at home inthe word in ome form aod to respe the exper nce of tie helpless dsxignaton and. woods. ‘Thee are many ways in which man can id » solution to the tek of taping ali aod of eraning aoe, Some are bese than cothersand some ae worse, By “better” meant a way condcive to greater suength dary, joy, independence; and by “worse” the very opposite. But more important than finding the beter solution ifn rome slution which viable “The foregins though rae the problem of mat malleable fry. Some anthropologists and other observes of man ave bee lieved that man i infitely malleable. At Tis place thin seems to bes, Justa he can est mest or vegetable or bot, he can live a aave and a fre man in warty or abundance, ina sority which values love and one which values destrcion Indeed, man can do almost anything, or. pehape beter, the ‘ocil oder can do almost anything to man. The “almost” is importa. Even ifthe socal order ean do everything to man starve him, torture him, imprison him, oF verted hia -is cannot be done without cenain consequences which follow from the very conditions of human exhtence. Mani ieriy ‘mull and pleaure, will be incapable of per ‘cers any-shiled work IC be is not. that ssa he wilted to rebel you make him a sane tend to be sole it ie.i-1o boring: he wil tend to {ce lf ceativiy if ou make him into machine, Ma in shit respect is not diferent fom animals or fom inanimate matter ‘at Insane Se wee Stage eps ops6 “Tie REVOLUTION oF HOE Ee py ee gram mine ut ne 4 a Seater oe oe ty St me pee mg heater ned ie een anna ct tart te i Sey Eames daa ike ere ems aera | SSS ye tl i Dap irate | ‘because a culture would have succeeded in.making man.submit | Sopatiunatemetieenen st ‘ely malleable, las always reacted with protest against condi | saues acinar eer | sith cer mone Hearts Rar ease heme ane Sea el eee re ae ‘dynamism of the evolution of man in history. Man’ protest | Si koweaseer eee | macthenceetaersm i | ‘evolution andthe dynamics of change, 3. The Need for Frames of Orientation and Devotion a sp se hatin dh sma viens ey They are cnel soe ve eben (oe te ned or frame smi 20 ct Se fora frame of devotion, Ser heed voter te aero the need fra ame of cnc? | ‘The cntoerilg inter wh meet oe wil anu be awred cy cee is sa Tiny ini ie tapped w Tose ane h ae a amis natn ern pr tr ts ee diaries Saree ee ieee me ‘wast DOES eka x0 BE HUMAN? 6 who plans and orders and who promises to everyone dat EriDiowing him he aa i he be icons of al Tore 29 nore allegiance tote leer onto pu dient, 1 ive ‘ee navidal enough ht believe the leer, the ener ‘CSgnumed to have qutises transcending thoue of any of is Shbfece Heb soppoed to be omnipotent, omniscient, sacred fete god his ora go's viceroy oF high pres, knowing {he sce ofthe Cosmos and peforng the vials neceay for fs comimiy, To be nine the leaders ave usually wed Foes an iveas to manipalateasbmiion. But eit by Tecan the whole ory. Man, along ashe has not arrved at {higher form of hs own evaluation, has needed the lear sd Hes nly to eager to believe the fata tries proving the Teptimcy of the king, god father, monarch pie ete. This teed for he lade al xi in he mow enlightened soiees “tour day Even in connie ike dhe United Sates oF the SO “Viet Union, decon afecting the ite nd death a everyone ate TE toa tall group of leaden or to one man who Is ating Under che formal gndate of the consation heer eH Called “democratic” or "toca" In this wish for seit, m dependence, expecially ii ih made eas iby Ue Feat comfort of matral lle avd by we Oogles whch call bininwaching “education” ad submision =o "There tno need to sec forthe rot of thie submisivenes the tenor of dominance sbanieson among avimals Tafa inquteafow animal itt as extreme or Widespread ei in man, and the very conditions of human exsence outs i complete Peer oesnerp. to ag, onmich abe ot an an ‘Aaa san feet in being slated to and conscious of ‘aly uotouch he er mith his fect, sith Gree legend of anh ruges the more fly he i touch fealty, A eng ashe only sheep an his eal6 THE REVOLUTION oF HOPE nothing bt se Seto ul wp by iso fo more coven feoc manipulation of men aad thingy he i weak a msn, A fang inthe soi pte hetens ti wih net Gurity and even madnes decane his whole seladonahip-i rely yma bythe etton reaity which pete sp him ae. ‘The more he can grasp real on hs cs salon nly at = atu with which saeey provides him, the more sah ee Bt fa competey depends he nh msn a hence the le heated ysl change a ua i a here tendo enlage i bn of ‘els and tat meso apron the wat Wes ot ne he witha meta on of ah bth concept of increasing approximation, which means decreas Secon an det. In cparion withthe prance oh nase oF dees of one's gasp of ral the queen wheter there isa nal truth abowt anting remains cae Aharact and ietevant. Fhe proces of ineeaing i hothing bt he proceso aa aeseyesand of awakening, of opening one's eyes a seeing what i ont of one. Aarne meso lg way with lions and, to the degre that thio Ie secomp itisa rocmot liberation mee Tn spite ofthe face he theve it tragic disproportion be fngetiec and emesion atthe prone momen tn Inderal sei, tere denying the fact tha the history of an a sory of growing awarenem ‘Tis awarenes tele the fact ‘of nature cutie of himselt swell aso sown nate, Whe ‘nn sl wears Bind in may respec his ral fson hs covered re del ato the ate oh ner he nature of man. Hei ill very much at the begining oth ote of dicory, and the cial queton wheter te esrcive power which is preset knee has gen Permit him ogo on extending this Inowiedge toa extent ‘hich i unimaginable tay, or wither he wil destroy hs tefore he ‘ean build am everuler picture of fealty oth resent oundatons venue \WHtar DOES IF MEAN TO BE HUMAN? 6 If this development isto take place, ane condition is neces sary: tha the social contradictions and irrationalities which Chroughont mot of man’s hintory have forced upon him a "false Conscowines!™in order ta justify domination and submission fespectivel~disappear ora leas are reduced to such » degree thot the apology forthe extent wocial order doesnot paralyze Ian's capacity for crital thought OF course, this i not matter of whats ft abd what fsecond, Avarenes of existing Tealty and of alternatives for its improvement helps to change Telit, and every Improvement in reality Helps the earifiaion fof dught. Toray, when sientie reasoning has reached a peak, che transformation of society, burdened by the inertia of previous cicamstances, into a sane vciety could permit the Srerage oan to use his tetson with the same objecivity 1 which we are aceistomed from the scientists. This i a matter hot pearly of superior intelligence but of the disappearance ‘Of rationally fom socal Lifewan ieationalty which neces ‘rly leas to contaon ofthe mie "Man ot only has a mind and iin ned o a frame of orient tion which permis him to ke some sense of ad to suet lize the world around bm; heat also heart an a body which ea oe ied emotionally tothe world—to man and to nate. [As mentioned before, the aniaa's testo the world ate give, mediated by his instinets Man, st apart by his selfawareness nd the capacity to feel lonely, would be a helpless bit of dust, riven by the winds if be did not Sind emotional tes which Satised his need to be related and unified withthe world be ‘ond his own person. Buti contrast to de animal, he has Ural alternative ways thus (9 be ted. Aa in the case of mind, Shine ponies are better than others, but what he needs mas inorder oretainhisanie some te to which he fecls securely elated The one wha ha no such tei, by definition, insane, incapable of any emotional connecion with his fellow man. “The easiest and most frequent form of man’s relatednest his pranary testo where he comes from—to blood, sol clan, to6s “HE REVOLUTON oF Nore moe and father o,in a mote compen sce, to hs ation, ‘isto orcas, Then eae aoe pene of eal mate ‘they ful the lnging fxn who hn ot pow as Secome hime to oyrcome she moe of enbeaaeeprte ‘es. This sation ofthe problem of human separates by SGinwing what he alle she “primary ere whic ae tural and neceary forthe ft fn hittin © tthciin obvious when we say the pintine cul of toe ‘othip ofthe slo aker vf mounthny ora animals often compas by the indvdsas mb Wentiteaon with ‘hee ial oem animal) Were icin the mare eh A005 in which the Grevt Mother nd odes offend {the wl ae wohiped” There nem te bean tea overcome thse pity ti other and nth inthe fae Scal eigions im which these acy the ping. al Shi lw or sate are eect of mony. Bet ag tat ‘ep fromthe matrthl (othe patch cul inst Frosrenive one, the sno fnms have in common the ae fan fins bis emronl esc ¢tpair satel MER Be Bind obey By ceainng bone wnt mothe oe fuer, mam inded surenin fing at hme the ner bt he pasa twemerovn pice fo hse, theo sae sion, sepent wenoe, and a blockage to the full development of his feasn a of hr capac fo love, He semaine should Become mate ne Mahone “ie primitive forms of incestous es o mothe, wil at, scoot pout a a ap weed ea eae [WHAT DOES 1f MEAN TO RE HUMAN? oy te, of benign and of matignantextasie can dapper ony it tan finds a higher form of fevlng a home i the wold if not ‘nly his imtllec develop ut lo Bs apy eo fel related ‘ithout mbmising st heme wihost emg imprisoned, in Ine widhout being ied. On social sale, thismew ven was ‘speene frome the middle of the second milena Reo the fate of the frst milenim-one of the most remarkable periods numa Bory. The balan to human exience was olnger soup inthe Fetun onatut nor in Bll obedience {oe fae igure, but na new vison hat man cn agin fee 4 home inthe word and vercome his sense of tightening Tonetnes tha he can-achieve tis by the fll development of [rmuman powers of hs capac to Tove, to we his reason, 1 ee and enjoy Het 1 she humanity witha foow men Duddhim, Judai, 4nd'Chrstanity prodaimed hsnew vin, “Thee bond which emits man 1 fel atone with al men is fndamenally dient rom that ofthe submison bond funer and mother: tthe taronious bond of wtheood in hich sodas. and human er are not vated by revricion “Eiecdam sider emocerally or iselectaly. This i the ‘eau why the solution of Brotherlne isnot one of subjective fretrence es the ony one which sss the two needs of fn tobe cll elated and athe sae ime wo be fee, wo be fart of wholes te ndependnt.eisawton which has Tren experienced by many indus and ao by group, el fo or tcl, which were ad ae able to develop the bonds ‘kusidrty together with wnresricted invduaie ad inde pendence, 4. Survival and Tranesurvical Needs {In order to understand fly the human predicament and the posible choices man i confronted with, muse discus another ‘pe of findamenal confit saherent in human existence. sean amin asiit or nailer oceanveloped a real needs forming the material bass for 6 ‘THE REVOLUTION oF Hore, TInaxmuch as man has a body and bodily needs exentilly the same as thos ofthe animal, he hava bsleén svn fr physical survival, even though the methods he user do not have the ininctive,refledike character which are more developed it ‘the animal. Man’s body makes hm want to survive regardes of sireumstanees even of happiness oF unhappines, slavery oF freedom, As a consequence, man must work or force others to ‘work for hm. In the pase history of man, most of mats time was spent on food gathering. I we the tenn “food gathering” Inee ina very Broad vnge. With the animal i esentlly nea sathering the food in the quantity and quality his instinctive Apparatus sugges co him. In man there is much greater Bex bility in the kindof food he can choote; ut more than this ‘man, once he begins the process of civilization, works not only ‘tw ger food but to make clothes, to build shelters, and in the ‘more advanced cultures, to produce dhe many things which are not stitly necesry for hie physical survival but which have ite ‘hit permite devsiopment acre Amun vere sid pend is ie by making there would be to problem Although he dos no have th insines of ane an" slice exiaenee would neverdes be Fevtecy wera: However, prt ofthe human endton tac nes th big a nh ae om ‘phere of hinlogeat or material sera, there i 9 haere of man which one cin Cll the wanssural oF cramer pcre ‘What doe hit mea? Preciely beat man tas aarenes, and imaginaon, ad been heh the poeta of econ, ie hasan inherent tendency not tbe, inten one pt “ic thrown ou ofthe cup” le wane not only know mst is necesary in ender mie, but he wan toner ‘at human fe aboot. He nthe only ae fie beng sare © | of ieell. He wants co make use of thote faculties which he has developed in the proces of history and which serve more than / EE \WHAT DOES TF MEAN 70 RE NUMAN? 6 the proce of mere bilgi suv, Hunger and sex, as forty physiologic phenomena, Dlg to the sphere of sr Sha eu pychaogia stm soBer fom the main eror Which wat pat of the mechanic materialism of hs tne aad Thich led Hs lds pyeology on thre dives which serve vival) But man hae pions which ae speciiclly haman and rans the sion of aia ‘Nondy bas exresed this ore cleany than Marx: “Pasion fx mats ble srving vo obtain thee abject” In this Stutement, ion i conidcred a a concept of elation ov r- Ines "Phe dyuamiesr of Rama mature nash 2618 Bian Waly roted in this ned ofan fo expres is ecslies' ation the Wr Vth ha mis ned 080 {he wort a6 means for the saison of hit physiological neces. "Tis mean: eee Thave eyes, Ihave the need “fer bara T ve et, have the need to heat; Deus Yhave ‘inind, Ihave the ned to think: and eens T have a he have the new to fel In sor, beesuse Tam a man, Tam in "eed ofa and of the wold Mary take ey leat what he ses yuma ae hc ele the din frslonate way ls han rosie wo the workd-secng, Fearing selling tating toting thinking. observing. fel Ing, desing, acting. loving-in which all the organs of bis Intividualigy ae the «= seve expresion (Betactigung) of human realy + I practice 1 cam only relate ill in 2 thman way to hing wen the hing reac in man Woy toman."™ ‘Mans drive, inasmuch a they ate aneurin, are an cexpreuion of «fundamental and ipecifeally human nee the esd oe related to man and nate and to conkra himself in iy “Eaole at ‘Monge Manas” Engh wana, igs tm Moco a ee Yo0 “THE REVOLUTION oF HOPE forthe purpose of survival ina narrow or broader see and sha ole and spontaneous acy expeing man’ cies tnd sechng fr rcaning beyond tain wee inheeae in man's exinence Each clety and exch man hast ow pr taalar rythm in which tho two foro Living make eet Appearance. What mate the veatve en whch each of ‘hetwohane and whichon amine thee Both action and though sare ite dowble nature ofthis party. Activity on the evel of survivals What one aay {2s work, Acdvenes on the tanssurvial lve! is What one falls payor al thn actives rested to el teal ao rt “Thoughts appears nto forms, one serving the function of survival and on sersng the feo of krowledg in the ses ‘ undersanding and insing. The dsinton st sr and Ctansurvival thought erry portant forthe unde et concoune a eee tasnsiows Gar ee though is hae pe of thinking inked iin anguage, nh folows the soda exegrir of thought rpriied in Oat Sng om ty ch" Ont emcee te awatenew of such phenomena which thee te ny of ianguae og. sh taboos pent sto ezine sate a ‘Those phenomens which comer pss esc iter romain unconscious o, more accurately speaking, we ate unuware veryhing tnt cannor peta ty our enseionoet beetne thesia ter blocks enn Thi the ree why com tcioumes i deveined bythe wructre of sci), Hower thissmement is only deep, Inu sy ta ato eek ‘within given soc, hs ned for arial tendo make oe accept the social conceptions and hence to repeat Which he would be swore of had hi eomminmes cn ts Prine with iferee schemata This mr the place ge Samples ofthis hypothe bts not dicular, ‘sede pti by ue Ch Scapa. | | 6 (WHAT DOES TF MEAN TO ME HUMAN? n to Gnd his own example if he studies other cultures. The eae feries of thought the industrial age are that of quantification, tnrection and comprion of prot and loss, of ficiency and Inaficiency, The member of = consumer society of the prevent ay, for example, does not need to repres sexual desires because tex is not toed by the schemata of industrial society. The member ofthe middle clas of the nineteenth centry who Was busy acumulatng capital and inverting i rather than eonsam ing ic had to repres sexual desires Beaune they did not into the acquisitive and hoarding mood of his society, or, more Correctly, of the middle cates. If we think of medieval or Greek sciety or of such caleures asthe Pueblo Indians, we can cly recognize that dey were very consioas of diferent as- Dect of lle 0 which ther social leer granted entry into onaiousnes while others were tbooed. “The most eminent cae in which man doesnot have ro accept the sil categories of hit society is when he is asleep. Slep it that state of being in which man ie free from the eed to take Care of his survival, While hei awa, he is Langly determined by the survival function; hile saseep, he isa free man. As 1 revlt, his thinking is nok subject to the thougbe categorie of his society and shows that peculiae creaiiey which we Bedi ream Tn deeams, man ceates symbols and has insight ito the nature of life and_of his own personality which he is incapable of baving while he is the Creature Busy with food {gathering and defense, Often, indeed, this lack of contact with {cial reality can cause him fo have experiences and ehoughts which are archaic, priv, malignane, but even chow are Tuthente and represent him rather than the thought patterns of his.anciey. In dreams, dhe individual transcends. the narrow boundaries of his society and becomes flly human. That hy Freud's dicovery of dream interpretation, even though he Tooked basically for the represed sexual instinct has paved the ‘vay for the understanding of te uncensored humanity whichis inl of us (Sometimes children, Blare they have been sulle suas7 “THe REVOLUTION oF HOPE ciently indoctrinated by che proces of education, and prychotis tho Rave severed al relationships tothe socal world manifest Insights and creative artiste possibilities which the adapted dalcannot recover) But dreame ae nly special cate of hat tanegrvial lif of san. Tis eon expranion i instants, srbolnpeinting, poetry, drama, and music. Our uiliaian dhinking as, quite logically, tried to interpret all thete phenomena at serving the survinal fonction, (a vlgarized Maraism has somesimes ali Itself in subsence, although not in form, with this type of materia), More profound observers ike Lewis Mumford tnd others have emphasied the fact thatthe cave paintings in France andthe ornaments on primitive poten, as well as more sdvanced form of art, have no witaian parpote. One might ‘ay chat thelr function isto help the survival of tan’ pit, but nt hat of man's boy. “Here lies the connection between beauty and trth, Beauty is not the opposite of the “ugly,” but of the “fale”; itis the sensory statement of the schnes of 3 thing ora person. To eate beauty prosppos in temas of Zen Buddhist thinking, the sate of mind in which one hs emptied oneself in order #9 SM one with what ane. portays #0 that one becomes it “Beautiful” ‘and “ugly” are merely conventional categories which vary from culture to clture, A good example of our failure to comprehend beauty isthe average person's tendency to che “sunset” au an example of the besuful, av if ran or fog were not just at beautiful, alshough sometimes Test pleasine forthe body Al grat ate ie by it very enence in conc with the society vith which it coexist: Te expresses the th about existence Tegandles of whether thie truth serves or hinder the survival purposes ofa given vociety. All great artis revolutionary be- nute i toucher upon the reality of man and questions the reality ofthe various ransitry forms of human sclety. Even an rst who isa politcal reaclonary i more revolutionary he is grat arist~than the artist of “soca realism” who only a: = a eee (WHAT DOES MEAN TO RE HUMAN? n rior the particular form oftheir wey with it cont Te ea atoning fact that art has not been forbidden throughout hisiry by the pwc thet were oars Thee sre perp several reo for thin One shat witha at tani steed and ethan even afl forthe praca purposes of is sce: Atoter tha by his pica for nd pereton the restate ava "ouer sd bee wile i samated sve ee was noe dangerom becuse Re Gia nor onl at Ino pole tee Bese it sual reach only the ee or ply lew dangers lass of xy. The artis he ben the ert er a ut hry They were pom to my the th sun hey rented tins prear et incl ered are foe “Te nda wry of our ine prides il onthe act hat mils of people have chee ann face ie he cance Hien o exile ie or eed mu, ose tthe many imeem inthe coamey and ond the mer of ham iterate fom Pat © Revs ney aa sexpenne ‘stn No dot fossa minty ti encounter sth ar Snd‘iatre hs geouine espero Pr he ws maj, Streamate ste of oompton and» was syne inumuch av having sen te "igh pcues owing the "ight msi, and having read the good bonne lege dnion and hence atl fer clabig the soa ad SThe be of at fan been tanered ian aide of come ‘omplon, aod tht we ay i ced ton an inated fst. The proto hint nyo he very sae pope th got concerts ten to cal muse and buy pages ic Piao view tien snd. vlgr oerings on tcleion sthou ge Ifthe experience with art wee gene thy Mould wm oie leone when sey arc ated ses, at arama "Yet mans longing for thst which is drama, cht which dead. While mor ofthe drama tre intents orca he” “THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE. screen is either a nonartistc commodity oF is consumed in an alienated fashion, the modern “drama” is primitive and bar Darie when itis genuine "in our day the longing for drama is manifested most gene finely in the atraction whlch real oF ftionalved accidents, ‘crimes, and violence have for most people. An automobile ‘ecient or Bre wil attract crowds of people who wate with arent intensity. Why do they do 20? Simply becxiee the ele ‘mental confrontation with life and death breaks into the rorface ‘of conventional experience and fascinates people hungry for rama, For the same reson, nothing sells 2 newspaper beter than reports of crime and violence, The fact stat while on the surface the Greek drama or Rembrandt’ paintings are held in the highes esteem, del real substitutes ae rime, smurde, and violence, either diecdly visible on the television seen or Fepored in the newspaper, 5, “Humane Experiences” Contemporary industrial man has undergone an intellectual evelopment to which we do not yet se any limits, Simulane- Duly he tends to emphinne those sensations and leling expert fences which he shares withthe animal: sexual desire, aggre ‘aed thins. The dechive question iy Are there any emotional experience which are specifically human and which donot correspond to what we know at being rooted in the lover brain? ‘The view is often voiced thatthe tremen- lous development ofthe neocortex has made it possible for man to ariveat an ever increasing intellectual capaity But that hit Tower brain is hardly dierent from chat of his primate ances tors and hence that emotionally speaking, he has not developed and can at est deal with his "rive only by repression or coos 27 ow fr ina, edb po gt Le on ety hatin a scat ies} be Se SEL ear a ea [WHAT DOES TF MEAN 70 mE HUMAN? % 1 submit shat theve ate specially human experiences which are neither ofan intellectual character nor identical with those Feeling experience which by and lage af similar to the of the animal. Not being competent in the eld of newrophys- ‘logy, Team only gue that particular relations Between the large neocortex and the old brain are the baie for thewe specifically human feelings. ‘There are reasons to speculate that the specially human affective experience lke lve, tend ‘es, compassion, and all affects whieh do not serve the function of survival ate based on the imeration between the new and the ol bain: hence, that man is no distinguished fom the ani- ral only by his inet, but by new affective qualities which resul from she interaction between the necortex at the base ‘of animal emotionality. The rudent of maa nature can ob- Serve thse specially human affects empirically and he cannot be deterred by the lat that neurophysiology has ot yet demon- strated the neurophysological basis for thir sector of exper- fences. As with many other fundamental probleme of oman nature the wudent ofthe scence of man cannot be placed in the postin of neglecing his ebserations because neurophys- ology has noe yet given the gen light. Each wience, nero. physology a8 well at psychology, bas its own method and fecesarily will deat with such problems a i cam handle at given punt in escent development. Ie i he ask of the pryhologit to challenge the newrophysiologs, urging him to Contr or deny his findings just it shiek toe aware of neurophyiological conclusions and to be stimulated apd chal- lenged by them. Both sciences, poyehology and neurophyriology, sre young and very much a ther inception, They must develo relatively independently and yet remain in clove touch with ‘each other, mutually challenging and simulating ™ tne Ral Herne Pa, Nei, 42 Be Ms i, Rel ae BST ny Se ae a peg ha at “in ich oe or he ers ‘Sed pai oe tie assert casa. cae TR Geen att6 “rue nevouumon of nore In the discussion ofthe specially humnan experience, which shal ell “humane experiences” in what follows, we might best begin with the examination of “gree.” Greed i a common ‘quality of desires by which men ate driven to achieve 3 certain foal Tn the aongreedy feeling, man is not diven, he is not ‘passive, buthe isfre and active ‘Greet can be mocivated in two ways: (2) By a physiological imbalance which produces che greedy desire for fod, drink et. ‘Once the physiological ned i ted the grt ectes, ules the imbalance is chronic. (2) By a peycholgical imbalance, specially the presence of increased ankiey,loneines, ine: ‘arty ack of identity, etc, whichis alleviated by the stieae tion Of certain desires Ike those for food, sexual satisfaction, power, fame, property et: This type of greed is, in principe, Insatiable, unles «person's ankety, et, ceases o it greatly re ‘duced. The fst type of greed ix reactive to citcumstances; the second is inherent in the character erature ‘The greedy feeling is highly egocentric. Whether tis hunger, hist, oF sexual desir, the greedy person wants something for himself exclusively and hat by which he satisfies hit dvi it only a means for his own parposer. This i obviout when we speak of hunger and whet, Bue it salo the case when we peal fof sexual arousal init greedy form, where the other person ‘Decomes primarily an object. In the nongreedy feeling, there is lite egocenriciy. ‘The experience is not needed to preserve ‘one’ life, to allay anxiety, o to satisfy or enhance one's eg it doesnot serve to sila powertal tension, bat begins preciely ‘where necesity in the sense of survival or milling of anety fends. In the nongredy feeling, the person ca et goof hime eal dope wk wed pn wile pe of fing wai arp cen la ina o Ee a tcp Se Soe es Sa ala a a cola a pememptmae \WitaT DORS Hr MEAN 70 ne HUMAN? 7 {not compulsively holding on to what he ha nd what he wants to have, but is open and responsive ‘Sexual experience can be stplysensuouly pleasurable with- fut the depth of love but alo without 2 marked degree of agreed. The sexual atonsil is physiologically stimulated, and it {ay or may not lead to human intimacy. The oppoite of thie ‘kind of sexual deste i characterized by an oppesite sequence, ‘namely, tht love creates sexual deste. This means, more cob. ctetely speaking, hata man and a woman may fel a deep sense fof lve foreach other i terme of concer, knowledge, itinacy. and responsibility, and tha chis deep human experience arouses the with for physical union. I is obvious that this second typeof sexual desire wll occur more frequently, although by no means exclusively o, among people beyond their mid-twenties and that itis the basis for the continuation of sexual disive in ‘monogamous human relationships of long duration. Where this ‘ype of sexual arousal doesnot take place, i is natural that— auide from sexual perversions which might bind two people together for lifetime Beease of the individual nature of their perversion-the merely physiological arowsal will tend to re ‘quire change and new sexual experiences. Both these kinds of ‘Sexal arousal ae fundamentally diferent from the greedy one thar isessetially motivated by ansety or narcissism In spite of che complexity of the distinction between greedy and “tre” sexuality, the diainction existe Ie could be demon” Stated in a volume which would be at detailed in the descriy tion of sexta relationships ar Kinsey's nd Master but which would transcend the natrownes of thei pointe of observation Bat Ido not believe we have to walt for this volume to be writ ten, Eneryone who becomes awate of and sensitive tothe die. fence can observe in imei and herself the various types of rows, and choe with more sexual experimentation than Was the eave in the mile lat of the Victorian age may be sp- posed vo have rich materi! for sich observation Tsay they my be supposed to have, because, unfortunately, increased exe [ | '6 “TUE REVOLUTION oF HoPE experimentation as nt been combined suficienty with greater discernment ofthe qualitative differences in sexual experience althoug Iam sure that a considerable numberof people exit who, when they refect upon these maters, can verify the ‘alii ofthe ditnction ‘We can now proceed to dacus some other “humane experi ences” without claiming thatthe following desripion is in aay ‘way exhaustive. Related to nongreedy sexual desire bat differ ent from itis tendernet, Freud, whose whole psychology deals cxcusively with “drives,” necessaly had to explain tendernet 48 an outcome of the sexual dive, as 3 goalinhibited sextal ‘sie, His theory made this definition necessary, but observa: ‘don tends to show that tenderness not a phenomenon which ‘an be explained as goalinhibited sexual device Ie nan experk- fence su generis. Ie fit charactriie is that i i free fom reed. In the experience of tendemes, one diet ot want anything from the other person, not even reciprocity. Thus particular aim and purpose, not even that which ie present in the relatively ungreedy form of sexuality, nately, of the final ‘hysial culmination. 1 isnot restricted to any sek or any ae. cis lent of ll expresibe in wards, excep perhaps im 3 poet, 1 most exquisitely exprened in the way in whch a person may touch another, look st him of her, o in the tone of woe, ‘One eam say hati has vous inthe enderneat which a mother feels toward her child, bat even if thei, human tenderness far ranszends the mothers tendernes tothe child because its ee from the biological te co the child and fom the narciitie clement in motherly love. It free not only frm greed but {rom hurry and purpose Among alee feelings which man hat created in hime during his history, chere is perbape none ‘which surpasses tendernes in the pre quality of simply being human, Compaision and empathy are two ther flings clearly ve ed to tendemmess but noc entirely identical with fe The ence iar ooRsir MeaN'To RE MENA? 79, of compasion i that one “fers wth” on a broader sere, “iciwith” anther geron This mest that one does otk a the petson fom the tide pero being the “abject” (never egee tat "objat” and “bjeton™ have the Ame Joo) of my ine or concer but that one pit hime in the other penon. This means T experince win mye what he cxpeincen Thi i a ratdaes which We no frome the "P™ to he “thu tt one wih scarcer by the pm: T ‘am thou (Tat Twam Asi) . Compassion or empathy implies that Tesperence in myself hat which is experienced by the ober pron and ence that inthis experience he and Tate one Al Enowalge of another peron it real knowledge only Hf iit ase ont my experiencing tn mat hat wich be experiences Wns notte cae and the pen remains an obec may now a lot sbout him but {donot Know him" Goce Bak cps this Lind of Kawedge very seein. “Man Loot Kiel only within hime and he aware of hel wie the word, Each new objet ely recogazd open up net gan within cureies™ "The posit of his kind of Knowledge bated on overcom- dag the pit beween she observing whbjes andthe observed ject rule af ou the humanitcpromie which ten honed above, namely that evry Fetnn ae whine Slot banat that wishin ourivs we ae sin and cia tale hough in varying dopece and hence har thee i Tosbing Sn ander person which we cannot fel ax part of furcves Tat experience requie that e fre oureves fom sen pena of a mo Sep pater» two ‘Sut giber Eougr a‘! chow’ ac shut i The dar of dpm and spree te pnt eae nap frwcng n ec econ tu sna at Lace wh as (Soir tet sl se sag pms peso wT sn ‘Grwinseaing fara sate Beery epoch MEthe narrowness of ing related only to those familiar 1 ws Uther by te fact that they are blood relaions ot in a larger Snes cht we ea the sme fod, speak dhe same language, and Ihave the sme “common sense” Knowing men in the seme of ‘Compamionate and empathetic knowledge requires chat we get ‘ido the narrowing ts of = given society, race, o cleure ard pevettte tothe depth of thar human rely in which we are all ‘othing but humah. True compusion and knowledge of man fw been Targely underrated an a revolutionary factor in the developement of man, just as art has been, ‘Tendemesy love, nd compasion are exquisite feeling ex periencer and generally recognized as such. T wish now (o ‘hens some “humane experiences” which are not as catty demu as felings but ave more fequently eed tives “Their man diffrence fom the experiences discussed ofa is fn he fact that they do not expres the same direct relatedness toanother person, but ar, rather, experiences which are within “oneself and which ony secondaely eer to other perion. "The frst one among this second group T wish to describe is imteest” Poe word “terest” today ha ost met of is meat ing "fo tay "Ta intereted in this or that i almost equivalent tosajing "I have vo patculaly sang feeling about it but Tam hot ently indiferene.” Te sone of those cover words which Tsk the absence of intensity and which are vague enough $9 fever almost anything from having ar interet in 2 certain Shura toch toa strest ina gi. But cis deterioration of ‘meaning which i so general cannot deter us from using words Their orginal and deeper meaning, and that means to restore them co eit own digit. “terest comes fom the Latin in- tere, that Ig "to be ivbetween:” ET am interested, Y mist amscend my ego, be open to the word, and jump int it Theres is based om acivencs Ie the zelatvey constant atte thie which permits one at any moment to grasp inteletualy as troll at emotionaliy and senmuouly the world outside, The [WHAT DOES TF MEAN TO BE HUMAN? & interested person becomes interesting to others because interest ‘nas an infectious quality which avakens interest im those who eit without help, ‘The meaning of interest be lear when we think of i opposite: curiosity. The furious penton is basically prntive. He wants to be fed with Snowiedge and sensation and can never have enough since ‘quantity of information ia sabsttae for the depth quaity of Sinowledge. ‘The moe important realm in which curiosity ‘itsied is gossip e tthe smallown gop of the woman Who titsat the window and watches with her apyases what i oi fon around her or the somewhat more elaborate gosip which fills the newspaper columns, occurs inthe faculty mectings of professors as well at inthe management meetings of the bur eaucracy, ad a the cocktail partes ofthe writer and arts Garicsty, by its very mature instal since, aside fom its amalicioumnes, it never veally answers the question, Who is the ‘other person? TIncerese has many object: perio, plants, animals ideas, social structures, and it depends to some extent on the temper tment and the spec character of «person as to what his incre are. Nevertheless the objets ae secondary. Interest is an alpervading aitade and form of relatedness 1 the world, tnd one might define icin avery broad sense a the interest of the living pero in all hati alive and grows. Even when this phere of interes in one perton seems tobe small ithe interest {f genune, there wil be no dificuly in arousing bis interest ‘ther lds, simply because be san nceresed person. ‘Another of the “humane experience to be discussed here it tha of responsibility. Agen, the word "tesposibiley” has lost i original mianing and i sualy sed a 2 synonym for dat, Duty i concept in the realm of uoteedom, while responsibil ‘ayia concept inthe reslm of freedom. "Tals diference between duty and responsibility coresponds to the distinction between the authoritarian and humanistic ‘conieace: ‘The authoritarian coneience is sentially the8 TE REVOLUTION OF HOPE, readiness to follow the onders of the authorities to which one Submits ie glorified obedience. The humanistic conscience is the readiness to listen to the voice of one's own humanity and is Independent of orders given by anyane else!" “Teo other types of "humane experience” are dict to assy in terms of feelings, fect, atticodes, But it matters Tittle How we clasity them, sce all these clasiatons them selves are based on tational distinctions, he validity of which {B quesonabie. I am referring to the sense of identity and integrity. ‘irvevent years the problem of identity hasbeen much in the foreground of prychologial discussion, expecially simulated by the excelent work of Erik Erikson. He has spoken of the "ident rss” and, undoubtedly, he bat touched upon one of the major psychologic probleme of industrial society. But in tuy opinion. he has not gone afar or penetated as deeply 28 it neta fr the fll understanding ofthe phenomena of iden tity and. Henig criss, In industrial soceey men are trans formed into thingy, and things have no identity, Or do they? Ts fot every Ford cnr of 2 certain year and a certain model Ftentical with every other Ford cat of the seme model and Allferent from ether models and vintage? Has not any dollar Dill es identity, ike any other dollar Bil inasmuch a8 thas the same design, value, exchangeabiity, but diferent from any father dollar bill in terms ofthe dillerences in the quality of the paper brought about by the length of wie? Things can be the oe or diferent, Homeve, if ye speak of identity, we speak of sualty which does ot pertain to things bot only to man. ‘What then i dency ina human sense? Among the many approaches to this question, 1 want to sres ony the concept that idenity i the experience Which permits a person 0 sy sper egy i iene he comand aa pero fon of he ah cd aa WHAT D088 7 MEAN TO Re HUMAN? 8s legicimately “I"="T" a an organizing active center of the structure ofall my actual or potential actives. This exper: tence of "T” existe only in the sate of spontaneous axivry, but it floes not exist inthe state of pawiveres and balfawakeness a te in which people are suficiently awake to go about their busines Bue not awake enough to sense an "I" a6 the ative center within themselves hit concept of “I” is diferent ftom the concept of ego. (Ido not ws this term in the Freudian sense but in the popula vente of person who, for example, bas "big ego”) The experience of my “ego” isthe experience of ryielf sta thing, ofthe body T have, the memory I have~the rmaney, dhe hovse the social postion, dhe power, the eildren, the problems Ihave. I look at mses a thing and my social role is another attribute of thingnes. Many people easly Confuse the idemtity of ego withthe identity of "I" oF wel. The ‘diference i fndamental and unsistalable. The experience of ego, and of egorideniy, i based on the concept of having. T Iheve ve” aT have all other things which this “me” owas dentty of “Ton elt refers to the etegory of being and not of having. Lam "1" only tothe extent to which Tam alive, inter ced, related, active, and to which Ihave achieved an integra. tion beoveen my appeatanceto oters and/or to myselt-and the core of my personae. ‘The ideniy ers of our time is ‘sed essendally on the increasing alienation and reifiation of man, and it can be wlved only t0 the extent to which man ‘ines to life again, becomes atlve agin. There are no poycho- Togial shortcuts to the soloion to the ienticy crisis except the fandamental transformation of alienated man into living man. "The increasing emphasis on ego versus sll, on having versos being, finds 2 lating expreson in the development of our ‘ny rata he in 1 re at tine fe 1 ed in he pee ies es i URL ga ee Sas crs be empl oniptea “THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE, langue. I has come cstomary for people to ay, “Ihave Freon" instead ef ying “leant sep" om“ ba 8 roblem: intend of 1 fe a, cnfsed” oF whatever tay Boron havea happy mactiog(ometime sccetul ma ge) instead of ty ly wile ad I ove cath tbe.” AL {mtg othe proto teing sre tantomed ive ate ore ot aving.The sho, staic and uomoned, relates to the Sin corms ting sj whee ree he Norlin the proce of pvticipaton. Modern man has every Thing: ext owe, 3 pb "Aid" 2 marrage, robens, {robes sotone-and al tat snot enough, he has his i ef oti PM oneep which presnppses that of en i ta fine rig ean be dese wth ore Because ine sip eats TTitogren no ovate ont deny, ibe many ways Aeich seen wilion Is pole. Today the main tempaions Torviaionofence iets the opportonites fr vane trent in indus vce. Since he ie within the ocety ends tome man epaience hime hing anyway. ase of itenuty ia rare phenomenon Bu he problem is complied Dy the fae that aide fem det at conscious phenomenon 2 desctited above there is Kind of unconscious en. Dy Ghat T mean that tome people, wile comcouly they have tint ining cy cosy a ee oi ent ely becae the sca proce at tot suceeded fn tan ming them comply fo things ‘The people, when Jilung tthe tompaton of oltng te tg may Rave Wear git whch uncouth ve hem {enim uenines stow they ae nova of see Te {Puen cny for ontbodox paychomalyeprcedare o explain rive of gl te rl fone’ imeetuos wies or on reas homosexity" The tithe tha nach 82 tox enfrelydeadin a ppeologie sese-be fe ity for ving wth ig Mpa dsoston of entity and Sntepity needs be supple [WHAT DOES FF MEAN TO BE HUREAN? 85 rented by at lea bridly mentioning another auitude for ‘which Monsignor W. Fox hat coined an excellent word! w= ‘erably. ‘The person who experience hime a a0 ego and ‘whose sense of identity is hat ofegoideniy naturally wants to protect this thing-him, his body, memory, propery, and so 0m, ‘but alio his opinions and emetional invezmens which have Docume part of his ego He i constantly on the defensive against anyone or any experience which could disturb the permanence nd solidity of his mummified existence I eonrast the person ‘who experiences hime not as having but a being permits bimeelf to be vulnerable, Nothing belongs to him except that he is by being alive. But at every moment in which he foes his sense of activity, in which he i unconcentrated, he isin danger ‘of neither having anything nor being anybody. Tis danger he ‘an meet only by consant aeriessawakenes, and alivenes, ind he is vulnerable compared with the egoman, who is safe Decne he has without being T would speak now of hope, th, and courage at other “humane experiences” but having treated them extensively 18 the rst chapter, Tan forgo any farther reference at this point "This dicwsion of all the phenomena of "humane expert ‘ence would remain ately incomplete without making © plicit the phenomenon which implicitly nderies the coneeps dscased here: transcendence, Transcendence, i customarily sed in a religious context and it reters to transcending the ‘human dimensions in order to arrive a the experience of the divine Such detaiton of wanscendence makes good sence in & ‘hele sem: fom a oatheistc nandpoin team Be sad that the concept of God was a poetic symbol forthe act of Jasing the prion of one's oo and achieving the freedoms of openest land yelatednes tothe world. Dw speak of trantendence in ‘onthealogical. see there is na need forthe concept of God. However, the pachologial reality isthe sme, The base for ove, enderne, companion, interest, responsibility, and iden TW press that of Being vets having. nd that means96 ‘THe REVOLUTION OF HOPE, tearacending thee Ke means letting Roof one 6, Stone’ gree, making oneselt empty in order c fill once ‘making oneself poor in. onders9 be sh Ta our wish to ssrvive physically, we obey the bi limpolse imprinted on us since the birth of ying mbt transmitted by milions of Yeats of evolution, ‘The. wish dive "beyond survival” is she eeation of man in hiss. his alternate to dexpiz and fliers, ‘Gis disusnon of "humane experiences” culminates im the saatement tha freedom. is 2-quallty of being. lly humane Tmakmoch as we transcend the realm of physial survival and iach as we are not driven by fat, impotence, nares, Alependency, etc, we transcend compulsion. Loves tenderaes, tere incre integrity, and idensiythey all are che hil (hon of treadom, Poitial freedom is 2 condition of human Rend only stn aie frthes the development of hat [Speifelly human, Political freedom in an alienated society, Sich contributes to the dehimanization of man, Becomes u- Freedom, sing 0 6, Values and Norms 1 Sa we have not touched upon one of he Fndameta eons he naman sno, and thal mate need for ‘thew ude stn an sings Oconee Tae) Ttagpaney berween what people consider heir ales a ee cus whch dec tem a of which re ace Tn whe inl cette fil co TROLS Seno therein and mani radon: TeaNuatg: ove Compson, ope, ee: Bu cheval ave aaa aaa for man Feo and are not eect #0 thang human Debs The wrens vals MBE ey ace busnan behavior ae tone which a7 e0- Seer te soci spe of the rear daria SE Me of eopeny eensimpton, sca postin, fn, WHAT DOES 7 MEAN TO BE HUMAN? & ‘excitement, te. This dicrepancy between conscious and in- ‘lective and unconscious and effective value creates havoc ‘rithin the personality. Having to act dlerently frm what he Tas been taught and profenes to abide by mates man fee! gil, dlstusfal of himself and ouhess. Tei that very discrepancy Which our young generation ha spotted and agains which it fas taken such an uncompromising san. ‘Valuee—theoficil or the factual ones-are not unsructral: ined items bat form a hierarchy in which cern supreme vals etermine the others a8 necessary correlates to the eealization of the former. The development of thoe specially human eX periencer which we have jute disused form the sytem of values Within the pychospirtual tradition of the West and of Tdi ‘nd China duting the ls 4000 years. AS Tong as these values rested upon revelation, they were binding for those who be lieved ithe source of revelation, which means, as fa asthe West is concerned, in God. (The values of Buddhism and ‘Taoism wore not baud on revelation by 3 superior being Specialy, in Buddhism, the validity of values is derived from sn cximination of the hase human condition-sufering, the ‘cognition offs soure, greed, and the recgaton ofthe vay to overcome greed, Ley the "eightfold path." For this Feason, the Buddhist hierarchy of wales is acesble co anyone tho does nor have any premise except that of rational thought fied authentic haman experience) For thse in the West, the ‘Question aries whether the hierarchy of values presented by ‘Wester religion can have any foundation other than that of revelation by God ‘Summing up bref, we find among those who do no accept God's nathorty a the foundation of valves the following pers 1. Complete relativism which aims dat all values are raters of personal taste and have no foundation beyond such fase, Surue’s philosophy basically does not difer from this,i | | 4 88 “Te REVOLUTION OF HOPE recive man's rey eoten project cam be anything Tra hence supreme ale afongasicsautentie Rha concep of lac tat of socally immanent ves "The dtendets ofthis poston start wih the peiae Tat the soa of exch aoit with iown social tread recom ms be the superego forall fs members ard fence tat these norms which sre conducive tothe arial of UC faruaarsolety ave the highs ales an ar binding fn Scnnaiidul I his view, eal noms are ident with Sci 'homs til nr te perpen ofa Fen soe) incuding i njatices and convaditons. Tit nha he ele hich governs 2.08 ses al the mest “Xtrduponl to make he octal or on Which is power fs Sproat be sre, univer nora ther reveled by God oF ‘Mherent in human atare ‘another value conipe& tha of biologically immanent salves "The rnsning of some of the Tepeesentaives of this {ght pene te ne, layup at Se rote in everpontng feeling the anna hana love Teens aelsen a hing thei one inthe animal ‘omer sae ard ou ay ed nthe cipeaesion amon any ail seen This yin of view Sernach he ad for ides nt ansrer the etal ‘Rao of he diference between human tenderes,slida- {tnd ocer"bumane experiences” and thse observed inthe ‘hima The analogies which autor lite Konrad Loren pre {env me far fret conning, Dilogially immanent vale ‘Sr often ives sme which are the ver) opposite fhe Bitorened one disused here 1a weltSmown ype of ‘eu Daswinom, etiam, competion, ahd aggresive ae {Sukie the bie racy beens they are allegedly the Sein princpls om which sur and evoltien ofthe pect “The value sytem corresponding to the point of view pre- seated in this book is bused on the concept of what Albert, ac “WAT DOES TF MEAN 70 RE HUMAN? % Schweizer called “reverence for life” Valuable oF good all that which contributes othe greater unfolding of man's speci Taculies ant furthers life. Negative or Bad i everything that, ranges life and parslyes man’s aciveneat All norms of the "Judai, Chesney, Sccraicy co comtemporary thinkers ae the specie abortion co thi general principle of values Overcoming of one's eed, love for ene’ neighbor, knowledge ofthe truth ferent 0m, the weil knowledge of fas) ae the goals common wall, humanist philosophical and religious systems of the West and the East Man could dicover thee ales oniy when he had teaches certain sca and ecpnomie development which lle ‘im enough ean energy to enable nc think exlsively Beyond the sms of mere pyc survival Dut ice thin pont tat been reached thew rales have een upheld and to some cxtenn, peotced wibin the sao. dare societies ers thinkers in the Hebrew tbe othe pilowpher ofthe Greek istates and the Roman Empite, theologians inthe medieval feudal wxiey, thinker inthe Renanance, the pllowpher of tie Enigttenmene downto sch the f te eal tovety a8 Goethe, Mare and no ge, Eintrin ad Schwet- fer There ino doube that in this paseo indus sory, the practice of thee values Becomes more and more dificil presi becuse the ried man experience ite of life and {rmead follows principles which have been programed or him By dhe machine "Any sal hope for visto over the dehumanind soit ofthe imegnachine nd forthe bung up of on india {ocr ret upon the condition tha the values of the tadon te brought olf, and that ciety emerges i which Tove and imegrtyare pnb Teving sel that che valoes I have called aman de- serve renpect and comsdeaton because of the fct that they ‘epreen a conseais among all ighr forms of culture, I mut {nk the question of whether there nobjective, cen evidence9 “Tig REVOLUTION OF HOPE ‘which could make i compelling, or at least highly suggestive, {hat these are the norms which should motivate our private lives nd which should be guiding principles fr all Ue socal enter [rics and aeiviies we plan Reersng wo what Ihave sid easier inthis chapter, Ysubrmit thar he validity of worms based om the conditions of human fxutence. Human personality consieates a sjtem with one Iminimal requirements woidance of madnes. But once this eauitement i fulfilled, man Sas choices: He can devote his fe fo howrding orto producing, to loving oF hating © being of Ihwing, ete. Whatever he choose, be builds a structure. (is harastet) in which certain orientations are dominant and fuhers necesaly follow. The lavs of human existence by no Ine Ted t0 the portation of one set of values a6 the only potrbte one, They lead to alternatives and we have to decide whic othe alternatives ae uperior to other. Tut are we not begrng the iaue by speaking of “supe roan Who decides what fs superion? The anewer to this ques tion will be made ease if we begin with sme concrete alterna: tives If man ir deprived of his freedom, he will become either resigned snd lowe Witty, or furious and aggresive: TE he is bored, he will become psrve or indiferen to ile TE he is cat down to an IBMcand equivalent, be will 1se bis originality, Cteaivenes, and interete. 10 maximize certain factors, T ‘inimize others corresponding. "The question then aries, which of these possiblities semms preferable: the alive, joyful iterewed, active, peaceful struc re or the tative, dul, uninterested, passive, aggresive ‘What matters to recognize chat we dal with stactore and ‘anor pick out preferred pats fom one structure and combine them with prefered pare ofthe odhr suture. The fat of ‘sucturlittion in social aswell as in individual ie narrows ‘down our choice eo that between srwetres rather than that tbemeen single frit slone or combined. Indeed, What most [WHAT DOKS HF EEAN TO BE HUMAN? o people woul like iso be aggresive, competitive, maximally Sucre in the make liked by xeyiny ant at the ne {ine eer, loving aod 4 person of itopy, Or on the el level people would He #xiety whith maxims materi ‘rotion and connmption, military ao pola pone and B the sme eine forthe peace, cata, ah spies values Such ea ar wren nd aly te "ie" aman fr ture inthe mine eve depo de te uly fae Once one recognises thn the choice Between ows. tures and tees early which sucrres ane “teat poise the dicaly in chosing becomes greay reduced and lite doubt remains which vale sroctne one peers ese with dierent character strate wl be i oro the vepeaive value stem wich appeals to thir carser ‘Thus the bio, Philos lfetoving penn wil decide for phous vals and theaecopilos pen for necopions oe Tne wae Between wil ty fo aid» Sea coe, or evenly make 2 choice srording to the dominant foes tn tei Charter Nething much would be gained practi tone eould prove ‘on bjetve rounds tat oe vale uncure y peio tall “tes for tse who doe ree withthe “pero” wee Sructare beni connie te demands Foted In tlt ‘ameter stature, sbjecive proof woud nos be comping Neverthe Iwan to sbi, mainly for tor rea se ey ive a eve a oe ah ‘ne premie! that kt desabe tat living stem shold prow Si prodce the maninuon of rial and Ine haan, te aubjeciely of wellBeing. An examination of the sy tem Man can show atthe blopilowr novus ae moe con dhcte to the growth and azeagt ofthe sem whe the secophiloss nis ar cnc to dfn ae pl ‘ry The tality ofthe some would lo fom the ae tim in promoting the optimum of owth and welling and tteminiaum ot a bcngo sn nEvoRSTION OF HOPE ‘Empirically, most people waver between various sptems of salu und hence never fully develop inthe one or the other Girton, They have nether eet vrtaee nor peat wees. They ‘ren Maen sso Bently expend ein Peer Gy, ike atin howe stamp ins been worn away the perio has no elt Suto deny, but strand to make thi dover. v Steps to the Humanization of Technological Society 1. General Premises If we are now to consider the pasibility of humanizing the Industrial society as it has developed in the second Industral Revolution, we must begin by considering tho inwittions and methods which for economic as well a psychological rea fons cannot be done avay with withoat the total disruption of ‘ur society. These elemene ae: (1) The lagescale centraliaed ‘enterprise as thas developed in dhe las decade in government, Dosines, universities, horptaly et. This proces of central tion sill continuing, and mon almox all major purposefal cities will be carried on by large systems. (2) Lergescale planning within each system, which results from the centralia- tion, (3) Cybernatia, that is eybernescs and automntion, a5 ‘the major theoretical and practical principle of contol, with the compute as the most imporeant element in atomaton, ‘But not cnly these thee elements are hereto stay, There i another element which appears in all social sytem the sytem Man, As T pointed out cate, this does not mean that harman nature is noe malleable e means that it allows only Hinted ‘number of potential structures, and confront ue wich certain suertainable alternative. The ast emportane alternative farom “THE REVOLUTION OF HOME asthe technological sciety is concerned isthe following: if man iS pasive, bored, unferling, and onesidedly cerebral, he de- ‘elope pethologieal symptoms like anaiey, depression, deper tomato, indiference to Mle, and violence. Indeed, a ‘Robert H. Davi wrote ima penewatingpsper, «the long: range implintios of a eybernated world for mental health are Gistrbing.” Ie is important to sues: ths point, since mote planners deal with the human factor a8 one which could adapt Feet to any condition without causing any disturbances. “The postbilties which confront ws ae few and axcetanable. (One powibiity is that we continue in the direction we have taken, This would led to sich dturbances ofthe toe system that ether chermonuclear war or severe human pathology ‘would be the outcome, The second posibiliy Is dhe attempt :0 Change that direcsion by force of violent revolution. This ‘would lad to dhe breakdown ofthe whole sytem and violence fd brutal dictatorship ata resulk, The third possibilty i the Ihomaniestion of the sytem, in sech a way that it serves the Dparpne of man's well-being snd groweh, or in other word, his Tite proces In this ease, the central elements of the second Tdttrial Revolution wil be kept intact. The question i Can this done and what steps need tobe eaken to achieve hardly need to aste the reader that Kes not my incention to present a "plan,” which would show how to achieve this end. ‘Nat only could that not be done in a shor book fe would also ‘opute many studir which could be rade only through the Collaboration of compeeent and concerned people. My inten ton i to diese the steps which, to me ane the mos important ‘ones, (1) Planning which includes the sytem Man and which {tbe on norms which follow from the examination of the ‘optimal functioning ofthe human being. (2) Activation of the Individual by methods of grasszoot activity and responsibil, by changing the presen methods of alienated bureaucracy into vy ed Sa Baia ce ake . STEPS TO HUMANIZATION OF THCKNOLOCICAL SOCIETY 95 one of humanistic management. (3) Changing ofthe consump: tion pattern in the direction of consamption that contributes 0 activation and diacourages“pusvation,™ (4) ‘The emergence ‘of new forms of paychospiritul orientation and devotion, which are equivalents ofthe religions systems ofthe pat. 2, Humenistic Planning Continuing the dicunion abou planning begun in Chapter IML T wish co nate agatha al anning dicted y ae jndments and nore wheter te ples are oreo or ‘ot This bold te alto of ll computer Panning: both he ‘eke of fact which arf nto te computer aswel athe brain imply vase jdgen HT want ome eam out my fs at well my ogra ier fom ‘he theywoutd bei wanted wo maxim human well-being, Interns oop, ntren in wor ctf the later eve ther fs ste considered an he program idee. Sees gon ron i rH eve ny ole sou human aver rept hy ce ping the {raidoal ones which at eat have the valdaton of come rare aceped ss a mater of peru tte or inn Ch Wat have refered othe fet tat the sate ot ellen an ‘an bedeenbed at erpivesl ond obey the tao i ‘ein: coniton condcie th nel ca he erie a Gan thte Teasing tolling both payal and men: ‘ely of the syste Man can lead othe aceptance of objee vey ald vals onthe grounds thx thoy len vo the opal functioning of the eptenyor at lea, tht if we rele the pore aternaives the hoanitnorns won be asec Prcerabetoheiroppsterty moss pope ‘Whatever the meri ofthe wore of he valid of mani norms the genera sim Humans indy ca be nant in pel in ie mt oe fm ‘ire me sessed as bed ee ee Fi i ec et cesta 6 “Tie REVOLUTION OF HOPE thus dein: the change of the sci, economia etal Iie of or society in sacha way tho fe ulate and tathers {he growth and alvenen of man enh tha ope tte Scns the individual rather than mating Rin pave sod ives that or technalogeal apts serve ma roth. Tecan nto be, we um veya cone oner the eo boasts mans wil uid by hs non ad by Be wh itr optinalaience mon ake the decors ‘Gen thee general tn, what tthe procedure of aman ini lnning? Computers shuld become’ fnctional part Iieorented socal tem ond not acancer which bein to lay Ihnvoeandventualy hls the tom, Machine of emptes sus become means for ends which ace determined by mat eson ad wil The tales whch determine the secon of {Ses and which infence the prortnag of ecomper mest ‘be gained onthe bas ofthe Hoowiedge of hoan ate, vaslour posible manieration, ie optal forme of develop. snen, and he eal ced conducive to thi development. That's tosay, man, no technique, must become the wtmate ure of ‘elves optimal human development and not macinl produc Sin the cero forall planning “Aide from this planing inthe Bld of economics mus be extended tothe vole ase; funthertore he opt Man trast be negated no he whe oa sytem Man, ate planer must be awe ofthe tle of man pat of he whole ‘tem, ani the ely cn of fe being aware of el san sem builder and stale em hime the uted do aot toe Send log i aed Sian eu ine mat oa he onto motte expan dr et send a usp sic smi edt. ing i (he are Hawn, cian of ae pay ‘Rl Sins Ranta os Marin Ss aed Raps Bowe) S09 TO MUMAMIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL OIETY 97 bjt he tee mn his mean atthe hotege Stray hema and eel pobre tment Imeem onthe a afore ‘Wha hec id fr she pani ard the short! arp th he pane were sent Sees ied by thw the ol wee fe ad tains ch ake op Bay entry pee ‘ta an ampon cma be mde {am of ober te “aking south das planar ane ab the ow te They mot ec mots be eee indo Mt en med avec nan et tpt tht stom py inorder ap hea te tdingo ea gata, pry oe deans Stier aout tl mans Othe ee) gens ‘ent planning the peal nes of the pol aon inere wt tht tepy and hence with et apes ‘aan nol. Tamer ne reuel on tes ok ‘er ace prin ot zen nt etn Foe andy tng va and meow by shires Pmt ata yon whom te pono ees Soul ten govermen planning he frre ak smn ning oing tan the Pesto Ee erporaton? The spment fo th es re ate ciation set bed with ome pseu al fin depenent oa acting pit prereset tag tiem fenced ses animes pct {eearch to cig ante re ped mee Fre ore cei ey fener in ton camper tin oct ne ‘ort Meat import ategenen and pe Seg Tow ene a he mow nivel pes af ten ‘tw satay he met han mn, oven ine otto cata nemo ee Imani Ths Sod'mny er srg ee ace et hi tn ern pe8 ‘THE REVOLUTION OF HOPE sive but not convincing with regard to evo eral point Tir the corporation operates for pro ad it interes prof ahough very madied in comparon with the prof Fret of the ninctendscentiry entteprenent, often nt tera with the let dnverens of the community, Second, the private corporation isnot abject even hat sal onto 1 Thich government is sbjec ins democratic ytem. (fone Mout ject hisby saying thatthe corporation i conrolle Ty the nner, Sey indirectly by the consumer, one would ‘hore the fact thatthe tates nd denies of he consumer ae TErgely manipolaed by the conporton) “To believe in the ‘inion and Good wil ofthe management i ne 2 sulcent JJustntce thatthe majors ighe noe pan in accordance with Frpenonal technical faut tather than for the sake of human development, Peel Beer he more enventonlly Inindcd manages do ot lack good wil bat ater imagination Th vision of» fly human ie, they ae ever more danger, from the sandpoone of bumaninie planing, In fac their personal dene) makes the more immune to doabes aboot Ihetmethods of the plansing. For these reson, I domo ae the optim expresed by Jo Kennet CaTbraith and oes {propose tat orporation planning alo sould he subject ontues by the yorernment snd hy dependent bodies thse Stoare subjects oftheir plang” 4, Activation and Liberation of Energies 1 follows from all that hasbeen id in the previous chapters tout man, that one basi requirement for his wellbeing i Boe active i the sense of the productive exercise ofall his facul- Salus wech ode te planing, av the dee entero STEPS TO HUMANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY 99, ties; that one ofthe mos pathogenic features in our society i the tend to make man pasive, by depriving him ofthe chance of ative poticipation in the afaits of his society, inthe enter prs, in which he works, and, in fact, alchough snore hidden, {nhs pervonal afar. This "pusivaton” of man is parly due to the “aenated bureaucratic” method wsed in ll centralized catego ere, a5 20 often, people are confronted by a confusing false Aichotomy. ‘They believe that the choice i between an anarchic system without any organization and control and, on the ther hand, the kind of bureaucracy which is typical both for con ‘erporary industrial and even mores forthe Soviet system [Bat thin alternative i by no mean the anyone, and we have ther option. The optlon have in sind is that between the "hamanistie berenucrtic™ or “humaine management” ‘method sid the “alienated buresucraie” method by which we ‘conduct or afr. "This alenated bureaucratic procedure can be characterized in several ways, First of all, i is oneway system; orders ‘soggetions, planning emanate from the top and ae directed the bottom of the pyramid. There i no room for the ini ‘vidual’ inativ. Persons are “cases.” whether welfare ass or medial cases, or, whatever the frame of reference i ass which ‘an all be pat down on 2 computer card without those ind ‘idea features which designate the diference between a “per Seen e sae ‘Our butenucratic method is iesponsble, inthe sense that it oes not “respond” to the needs views Fequtements ofa individual This iresponsibiliey is closely related to the caer cdunacter of the person who becomes an “objet” of the bur st a ere an i se estescegeaeene scape antennareaucracy, One ennot repo to ace but one can respond to a penn, ‘This irresponsibility of the bureaucrat has another safc hich ha ben a eave of barencracy fra longtime. {The boreauran, fing mele pat ofthe boeancrte hime mot oa wer nto ke spoil thu 0,

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