8. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
ImPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS
l In trigonometry, we deal with relations between the sides and angles of a
triangle.
l Ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle with respect to its acute angles, are
called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
l For ∠A, AC is the base, BC the perpendicular and AB is the hypotenuse. For ∠B,
BC is the base, AC the perpendicular and AB is the hypotenuse.
N
A
Perpendicular y
(i) Sine θ = = . Sine θ is written as sin θ.
SH
Hypotenuse r
Base x
(ii) Cosine θ = = . Cosine θ is written as cos θ.
A
Hypotenuse r
K
(iii) Tangent θ = Perpendicular = y . Tangent θ is written as tan θ.
A
Base x
Base x
PR
(iv) Cotangent θ = = . Cotangent θ is written as cot θ.
Perpendicular y
S
Hypotenuse r
ER
Hypotenuse r
(vi) Cosecant θ = = . Cosecant θ is written as cosec θ.
Perpendicular y
O
1 1
(i) cosec θ = or sin θ = or sin θ cosec θ = 1
sin θ cosec θ
L
1 1
YA
1 1
G
1
T- θ → 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
ratios ↓
1 1 3
sin θ 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos θ 1 0
2 2 2
1 3
tan θ 0 1 Not defined
3
3 1
cot θ Not defined 1 0
3
N
A
2 2
sec θ 1 2 Not defined
SH
3
2 2
A
cosec θ Not defined 2 1
3
K
A
Students may find easier to memorize the first row (values of sine ratio) as
sin 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° PR
0 1 2 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
S
1 1 3
ER
= 0 == = =1
2 2 2
l Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
TH
cosec (90° – θ) = sec θ (c) The following steps should be kept in mind while
YA
Trigonometric Identities
l proving trigonometric identities :
(i) Start with more complicated side of the identity
O
a trigonometric identity, if it is satisfied (ii) If the identity contains sine, cosine and other
for all values of θ for which the given trigonometric ratios, then express all the ratios
trigonometric ratios are defined. in terms of sine and cosine.
(b) S o m e i m p o r t a n t t r i g o n o m e t r i c (iii) If one side of an identity cannot be easily
identities : reduced to the other side value, then simplify
(i) sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 both sides and prove them identically equal.
or sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ (iv) While proving identities, never transfer terms
from one side to another.
or cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ
2
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. Important Questions
4 4
1. If cos A = , then the value of tan A is : 9. If cot θ = , then cos2 θ – sin2 θ is equal to :
5 3
3 3 4 5 7 7 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) 1 (c) – (d)
5 4 3 3 25 25 25
a 1
2. If sin θ = then cos θ is equal to : 10. If sin A = then the value of cot A is :
b, 2,
N
b 1 3
(a) (b) b (a) 3 (b) (c) (d) 1
A
b − a2
2
a
3
2
SH
a
(c) b2 − a 2 (d) 11. If a = b tan θ, then a sin θ + b cos θ is equal to :
b b2 − a 2 a sin θ − b cos θ
A
3. The value of tan A is always less than 1. a 2 + b2 a 2 - b2 a+b a −b
K
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
(a) false
2
a −b 2
a +b 2 a − b a +b
A
(b) true
3
(c) sometimes true, sometimes false
(d) none of the above
PR
12. If sin θ = , then the value of (tan θ + sec θ)2 is
equal to :
5
4 sin θ − cos θ 14. The value of (sin 30° + cos 30°) – (sin 60°
6. If 4 tan θ = 3, then is equal
R
3 2
1
YA
7. If θ is an acute angle such that sec2 θ = 3, then (a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
2 2
tan 2 θ − cosec2 θ
the value of is :
O
4 3 2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d)
7 7 7 7 2 2
4 tan 30°
8. sin θ = for some angle θ, is : 17. The value of is :
3 cos 60°
(a) true 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 1
(b) false 2 3
(c) it is not possible to say anything about it sin 45°
definitely 18. The value of is :
cosec 45°
(d) neither (a) nor (b) 1
(a) 1 (b)
2
(c) 2 (d) none of these
3
19. The value of (sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°) 3
is : (a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)
2
3 +1 3 3 +1 3 −1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 32. sin (45° + θ) – cos (45° – θ) is equal to :
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) 2 cosec θ (b) 0
20. The value of (sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60°) (c) sin θ (d) 1
is : 33. 9 sec2 θ – 9 tan2 θ is equal to :
(a) sin 90° (b) cos 90° (c) sin 0° (d) cos 30° (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 0
8
1 − sin 60° 34. If sin A = and A is acute, then cot A is equal
21. is equal to : to : 17
2
15 15 8 17
(a) sin 60° (b) sin 30° (c) sin 90° (d) sin 0° (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 17 15 8
22. The value of 3sin 30° – 4sin3 30° is :
35. (cosec 72° – tan 18°) is equal to :
2 2
N
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 1
A
2 3
(c) (d) none of these
SH
2
sin18°
23. The value of is : 36. If x = sec θ + tan θ, then tan θ is equal to :
cos 72°
A
x2 + 1 x2 − 1 x 2 + 14 x2 − 1
1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
K
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) x x 2x 2x
2
A
37. tan2 θ sin2 θ is equal to :
24. cos 48° – sin 42° is : PR
(a) tan2 θ – sin2 θ (b) tan2 θ + sin2 θ
1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) tan 2 θ
2 (c) (d) none of these
sin 2 θ
S
25. The value of tan 80° . tan 75° . tan 15°. tan 10° 38. If cos θ – sin θ = 1, then the value of cos θ +
ER
is : sin θ is equal to :
(a) –1 (b) 0 (a) ± 4 (b) ± 3 (c) ± 2 (d) ± 1
TH
cot 64°
(a) sec2 θ (b) – 1 (c) cot2 θ (d) tan2 θ
R
2
1 1 + cos θ
YA
28. The value of (tan 2° tan 4° tan 6° ... tan 88°) is : (a) cot θ – cosec θ (b) cosec θ + cot θ
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) cosec2 θ + cot2 θ (d) cot θ + cosec2 θ
G
4
44. (a) 2 (b) 1
(1 + sin θ)(1 − sin θ) is equal to :
(c) 0 (d) none of these
(a) sin θ (b) sin2 θ (c) cos2θ (d) cos θ 46. If cos 9α = sin α and 9α < 90°, then the value of
45. The value of the expression tan 5α is :
sin 2 22° + sin 2 68° (a) 0 (b) 1
cos 2 22° + cos 2 68° + sin 63° + cos 63° sin 27° is :
2
N
D equal to : [2010 (T-I)]
A
S
SH
a
B
5 5 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A
T R
12 13 12 13
cm
K
13 5 cm
12
2. If cot A = , then the value of
A
5 P Q
(sin A + cos A) × cosec A is : [2010 (T-I)] PR (a)
4
3
(b)
14
3
(c)
5
3
(d)
13
3
13 17 14
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
5 5 5 11. If x = 3 sec2 θ – 1, y = tan2 θ – 2, then x – 3y is
S
equal to : [2010 (T-I)]
ER
3. cos 1°, cos 2°, cos 3°, ........ cos 180° is equal
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 5
to : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) –1 12. (sec A + tan A)(1 – sin A) is equal to :
TH
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 90° 13. If sec θ – tan θ = , the value of (sec θ + tan θ)
3
is :
B
cot 45°
is : [2010 (T-I)] 14. The value of is equal to :
sin 30° + cos 60°
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 [2010 (T-I)]
O
cot y° 1 2 1
of is : [2010 (T-I)] (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
cot x° 2 3 2
A
x° 3
y° 15. If cos 3θ = ; 0 < θ < 20° , then the value of θ
is : 2
[2010 (T-I)]
C B
(a) 15° (b) 10° (c) 0° (d) 12°
D
16. ∆ABC is a right angled at A, the value of
1 1 1 tan B × tan C is : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) none of these
5
A
1
17. If sin θ = , then the value of 2 cot2 θ + 2 is equal
3
to : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d) 18 x° y°
C B
D
18. The value of tan 1°.tan 2°.tan 3° ........ tan 89°
is : [2010 (T-I)] (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 29. If cosec θ − cot θ = , the value of (cosec θ + cot θ)
2 3
is :
1 1 [2010 (T-I)]
19. If sin( A − B) = and cos( A + B) = , then the
2 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
value of B is : [2010 (T-I)] 30. If sin θ = cos θ, then the value of cosec θ is :
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 15° (d) 0° [2010 (T-I)]
20. Value of (1 + tan θ + sec θ)(1 + cot θ - cosec θ) 2
N
is : [2010 (T-I)] (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
3
A
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –4
31. In sin 3θ = cos (θ – 26°), where 3θ and (θ – 26°)
SH
21. The value of [sin2 20° + sin2 70° – tan2 45°] is :
are acute angles, then value of θ is : [2010 (T-I)]
[2010 (T-I)] (a) 30° (b) 29° (c) 27° (d) 26°
A
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
1
32. If sin α = and α is acute, then (3 cos α–4 cos3 α)
K
1 1 2
22. Given that sin A = , and cos B = , then the
A
2 2 is equal to : [2010 (T-I)]
value of (A + B) is : [2010 (T-I)] PR 1 1
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 75° (d) 15° (a) 0 (b) (c) (d) –1
2 6
cos A
S
23. The value of + sin A is : [2010 (T-I)] 12
cot A 33. If sec A = cosec B = , then (A + B) is equal
ER
7
(a) cot A (b) 2 sin A (c) 2 cos A (d) sec A to : [2010 (T-I)]
24. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), then the value of A (a) 0° (b) 90° (c) <90° (d) >90°
TH
cot A cot 2 A
25. Expression of sin A in terms of cot A is : is :
[2010 (T-I)]
R
1 + cot A
2 1 35. If sec θ + tan θ = x, then tan θ is : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) (b)
L
cot A 1 − cot 2 A x2 + 1 x2 − 1 x2 + 1 x2 − 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
YA
1 1 − cot 2 A x x 2x 2x
(c) (d)
1 + cot 2 A cot A
36. If 2 sin 2θ = 3 , then the value of θ is :
O
at B, then the value of sin A + cos A is : (a) 90° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
[2010 (T-I)] 37. If x cos A = 1 and tan A = y, then x2 – y2 is equal
(a) equal to one (b) greater than one to : [2010 (T-I)]
(c) less than one (d) equal to two (a) tan A (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –tan A
27. If cos (α + β) = 0, then sin (α – β) can be reduced 38. [cos4 A – sin4 A] is equal to : [2010 (T-I)]
to : [2010 (T-I)] (a) 2 cos2 A + 1 (b) 2 cos2 A – 1
(a) cos β (b) cos 2β (c) sin α (d) sin 2α (c) 2 sin2 A – 1 (d) 2 sin2 A + 1
28. In the figure, if D is mid point of BC, then the 39. The value of the expression [(sec 2 θ – 1)
tan x° (1 – cosec2 θ)] is : [2010 (T-I)]
value of is : [2010 (T-I)] 1
tan y° (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
2
6
1 1 49. If cos A + cos2 A = 1, then sin2 A + sin4 A is :
40. If ( A − B) = and sin A = , then the value
3 2 [2010 (T-I)]
of B is :
[2010 (T-I)] (a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 0° (d) 15° 50. From the figure, the value of cosec A + cot A
is : [2010 (T-I)]
41. In ∆ABC right angled at B, tan A = 1, the value
C
of 2 sin A cos A is : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
b a
42. If 2 sin (60° − α ) = 1, then the value of α is :
[2010 (T-I)]
A c B
(a) 45° (b) 15° (c) 60° (d) 30°
b+c a+b a b
43. sin (60° + θ) – cos (30° – θ) is equal to : (a) (b) (c) (d)
b+c a+c
N
a c
[2010 (T-I)]
A
51. If a cos θ + b sin θ = 4 and a sin θ – b cos θ = 3,
(a) 2 cos θ (b) 2 sin θ (c) 0 (d) 1
then a2 + b2 is : [2010 (T-I)]
SH
1 2 sec θ
44. Given that cos θ = , the value of is : (a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 25 (d) none
2 1 + tan 2 θ
A
52. If cosec θ (1 + cos θ)(1 – cos θ) = λ, then the
2
K
1 (a) 0 (b) cos2 θ (c) 1 (d) –1
A
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
2 53. If x = 2 sin2 θ, y = 2 cos2 θ + 1, then the value
45. In the figure, AD = 3 cm, BD = 4 cm and
PR of x + y is : [2010 (T-I)]
CB = 12 cm, then tan θ equals : [2010 (T-I)] 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d) 1
S
A 2
ER
C
B 55. The maximum value of is :
cosec θ
[2010 (T-I)]
R
3 5 4 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
B
3
4 12 3 5 (a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d)
2
L
7 (1 + cos θ) (1 − cos θ)
46. If cot θ = , then the value of
YA
3
8 (1 − sin θ) (1 + sin θ) 56. If tan A = and A + B = 90°, then the value of
is : 4
[2010 (T-I)]
cot B is equal to :
O
[2010 (T-I)]
49 8 64 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
G
4 1 3
64 7 49 8 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1
3 2 4
47. The value of sin θ cos (90° – θ) + cos θ
sin (90° – θ) is : [2010 (T-I)] 57. If ∆PQR is right angled at R, then the value of
cos (P + Q) is : [2010 (T-I)]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) –1
1 3
48. If tan θ = cot θ, then the value of sec θ is : (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
2 2
[2010 (T-I)]
1 1
2 58. Given that sin α = and cosβ = , then the
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2 2 2
3 value of α + β is :
[2010 (T-I)]
(a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 30° (d) 60°
7
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2 Marks]
A. Important Questions
1. In figure, find tan P – cot R. 11. If sin 5A = cos 4A, where 5A and 4A are acute
angles, find the value of A.
12. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric
ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
13. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
Prove the following identies :
cos θ + tan 2 θ − 1
14. = tan 2 θ
sin 2
θ
1
2. If tan θ + = 2, find the value of
15.
cot θ + tan θ = cosec θ sec θ
tan θ
sin 4 A − cos 4 A
1 16. =1
N
tan 2 θ + .
sin A − cos A
2 2
tan 2 θ
A
tan 3 θ − 1
17. = sec 2 θ + tan θ
SH
3. If 3 tan θ = 1, then find the value of sin θ – 2
tan θ − 1
cos2 θ.
1
4. In a right triangle ABC, right angled at C, if 18. sec A + tan A =
A
tan θ = 1, then verify that 2 sin θ.cos θ = 1. sec A − tan A
K
5. State whether the following are true or false. 19. ∆ABC is right angled at B and ∆PQR is right angled
at Q. If cos A = cos P, show that ∠A = ∠P.
A
Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B. 20. ∆ABC is right angled at B and ∆DEF is right angled
PR
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases. at E. If cos C = cot F, show that ∠C = ∠F.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases. 21. If 60 sec A = 61, find sin A and tan A.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ. 13 sin A − 1
S
22. If cos A = 12/13, find .
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0º. 12 tan A + 1
ER
6. Find the value of θ in the following : 16 cos A + 2 sin A
cos 2θ = cos 60° cos 30° + sin 60° sin 30° 23. If 8 cot A = 15, find
24 cos A + 2 sin A
TH
4 cos 2 60° + 3 sec 2 30° − cot 2 45°
26. Evaluate :
L
29. Evaluate : tan 38° tan 33° tan 52° tan 57°.
N
+ = sec θ.cosec θ 23. It cosec θ = , find the value of cot θ + tan θ.
sin (90° − θ) cos (90° − θ) 12
A
10. Evaluate : [2010 (T-I)] [2010 (T-I)]
SH
5
tan 60° + 4 sin 45° + 3 sec 30° + 5 cos 2 90°
2 2 2
24. If tan A = , find the value of (sin A + cos A).
12
cosec 30° + sec 60° − cot 2 30° sec A.
A
[2008]
K
11. If tan (A + B) = 3 , tan (A – B) = 1, where A > B 7
25. If cos A = , find the value of tan A + cot A.
A
and A, B are acute angles, find the values of A and 25
B. [2010 (T-I)] PR [2008]
12. I f 3 tan θ = 3 sin θ , t h e n p r o v e t h a t 1 cosec 2 θ − sec 2 θ
26. If tan θ = , then evaluate
1 cosec θ + sec θ
2 2
S
sin θ − cos 2 θ = .
2
3
3
[2008 C]
ER
13. If 7 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ = 4, then prove that sec θ
2 27. If sec2 θ (1 + sin θ)(1 – sin θ) = k, then find the
+ cosec θ = 2 + . value of k. [2009]
TH
3
28. Without using the trigonometric tables, evaluate :
1 1 [2008]
O
1 (i) −
15. I f tan θ = , find the value of 7 cos 20° 7 tan15 tan35 tan55 . tan 75
B
7
cosec 2 θ + sec 2 θ (ii) (sin2 25° + sin2 65°) + 3 (tan 5° tan 15°
L
3 4 sin θ − 3 cos θ
29. In a ∆ABC, right angled at A, if tan C = 3 , find
G
N
= .
a sin θ + b cos θ a 2 + b 2 [HOTS]
A
tan A tan A
18. − = 2 cosec A
1 + sec A 1 − sec A
SH
3
7. Find acute angles A and B, if sin (A + 2B) =
2 cot 2 A
and cos (A + 4B) = 0°. A > B. 19. + 1 = cosec A
1 + cosec A
A
8. Prove : tan2 θ + cot2 θ = sec2 θ cosec2 θ – 2.
K
9. Prove : 20. sin6 A + cos6 A + 3 sin2 A cos2 A = 1.
A
21. (sin4 A – cos4 A + 1) cosec2 A = 2.
1 1
(1 + tan 2 θ) + 1 + = PR
tan 2 θ (sin 2 θ − sin 4 θ) 22. If A + B = 90°, show that
1 + sec θ − tan θ 1 − sin θ cos A cosec B − cos A sin B = sin A
10. Prove that =
S
1 + sec θ + tan θ cos θ 23. If x = γ cos α sin β; y = γ cos α cos β and
11. If x sin3 θ + y cos3 θ = sin θ cos θ and x sin θ =
ER
Q
cos α cos α D C
1. = m and = n , then show that 30°
B
cos β sin β
[2010 (T-I)] P
(m 2 + n 2 ) cos 2 β = n 2 .
30 cm
L
30°
2. If x = a sec θ + b tan θ , y = a tan θ + b sec θ
YA
3. In the figure, ∆ABC is right angled at B, BC = 5. Evaluate : sin (50° + θ) – cos (40° – θ) + tan 1°
G
7 cm and AC – AB = 1 cm. Find the value of tan 10° tan 20° tan 70° tan 80°
cos A − sin A. [2010 (T-I)] tan 89° + sec (90° – θ).cosec θ – tan (90° – θ).cot θ.
A
cos A 1 + sin A
+
6. Prove that = 2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A
[2010 (T-I)]
7. Prove that (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
1
B C
= tan A + cot A [2010 (T-I)]
4. In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle in which
segments AP and AQ are drawn. Find the length 8. Prove that (sin θ + cosec θ)2 + (cos θ + sec θ)2
(AP + AQ). [2010 (T-I)] = 7 + tan2 θ + cot2 θ. [2010 (T-I)]
10
9. If A, B, C are interior angles of ∆ABC, show that:
24. If tan A = n tan B and sin A = m sin B, prove that
B +C A
co sec 2 − tan 2 = 1
2 2 [2010 (T-I)] m2 − 1
cos2 A = 2 . [2010 (T-I)]
10. Prove sec θ + cot (90° – θ) = 2 cosec2 (90° – θ)
2 2
n − 1
– 1. [2010 (T-I)] 1 + sec A sin 2 A
11. If A, B, C are interior angles of ∆ABC, show that : 25. Prove that : − . [2010 (T-I)]
sec A 1 − cos A
B +C A
sec 2 − 1 = cot 2
2 2 26. If sin θ + cos θ = 2 sin (90 − θ), then find the
[2010 (T-I)]
value of tan θ.
12. Prove that : 27. Evaluate : [2010 (T-I)]
cos (90 − θ) 1 + sin (90° − θ) sin 39°
+ = 2 cosec θ + 2 tan 11° tan 31° tan 45° tan
1 + sin (90° − θ) cos (90° − θ) cos 51°
59° tan 79° – 3(sin2 21° + sin2 69°).
sec θ − 1 sec θ + 1
N
13. Prove that : + = 2 cosec θ cos θ cos θ
sec θ + 1 sec θ − 1 28. Prove that + = 2 sec θ.
A
[2010 (T-I)] 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
[2010 (T-I)]
SH
3
14. If sin( A + B) = and cos( A − B) 29. If m sin θ + n cos θ = p and m cos θ – n sin θ =
2 q, then prove that m2 + n2 = p2 + q2 [2010 (T-I)]
A
= 1, 0° < ( A + B) < 90°, A ≥ B, 30. In ∆PQR, right angled at Q, if PR + QR = 25 cm
K
find A and B. [2010 (T-I)] and PQ = 5 cm, determine the value of sin P and
A
tan p.
15. Evaluate :
31. Evaluate :
PR [2010 (T-I)]
− tan θ.cot (90 − θ) + sec θ.cosec (90 − θ) + sin 2 35° + sin 2 55° 2 sin 68° 2 tan(90° − 15°)
tan 10 .tann 20 .tan 30 .tan 70 .tan 80 −
cos 22° 5 cot 15°
[2010 (T-I)]
S
3 tan 45° tan 20° tan 40° tan 50° tan 70°
− .
5(sin 2 70° + sin 2 20°)
ER
tan θ cot θ
16. Prove that + = 1 + sec θ, cosec θ
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ sec θ + tan θ 1 + sin θ
2
tan A + cot A
18. Prove that (1 + cot θ – cosec θ)(1 + tan θ 34. If A + B = 90°, then prove that
B
[2010 (T-I)]
+ sec θ) = 2. [2010 (T-I)]
L
19. Prove that : [2010 (T-I)] tan A tan B + tan A cot B sin 2 B
− = tan A
YA
1 + cot 2 A 1 − cot A
sin 70° cosec 36° 2 cos 43°cosec 47°
+ −
[2008 C] cos 20° sec 54 tan 10 tan 40 tan 50 tan 80
N
[2004 C]
A
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 Marks]
SH
A. Important Questions
A
cos α 5. If sin θ + sin2 θ + sin3 θ = 1, then prove that cos6
sin α
K
1. If = m and = n, prove that θ – 4 cos4 θ + 8 cos2 θ = 4.
cos β sin β
A
6. In an acute angled triangle ABC, if sin 2(A + B – C)
(n − m ) sin β = 1 − m .
2 2 2 2
[HOTS] PR = 1 and tan (B + C – A) = 3 , find the values
of A, B and C. [HOTS]
2. If sin θ + cos θ = 1, prove that (cos θ – sin θ)
= ± 1 7. I f tan 2 θ = 1 + 2 tan 2 φ, prove that
S
p2 −1 [HOTS]
= 2 cot θ cosec θ + 1
p +1 8. Prove : + = 2 sec θ
cosec θ + 1 cot θ
TH
that cos α = 2 .
2
2
b −1
R
B
[2010 (T-I)]
G
1 + sec A sin 2 A 1
15. Prove that = = . sin(50° + θ) − cos(40° − θ) + cot 2 30°
4
N
sec A 1 − cos A [2010 (T-I)]
3 tan 45° tan 20° tan 40° tan 50° tan 70°
A
tan θ + 1 + sec θ 1 +
16. Prove that : = . 5
SH
tan θ + 1 − sec θ sec θ − tan θ sin 63° + sin 27°
2 2
+
[2010 (T-I)] cos 2 17° + cos 2 73°
A
1
17. If sec θ = x + , then prove that 29. Prove that : (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
K
4x
(tan A + cot A) = 1. [2010 (T-I)]
A
1
sec θ + tan θ = 2 x or . [2010 (T-I)] 30. Prove that : [2010 (T-I)]
2 x PR 1 1 1 1
tan θ cot θ − = − .
18. Prove that + = 1 + tan θ + cot θ. sec θ − tan θ cos θ cos θ sec θ + tan θ
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
S
cos A sin A
[2010 (T-I)] 32. Prove that + = sin A + cos A
1 − tan A 1 − cot A
O
p2 − 1 [2002]
20. If sec θ + tan θ = p, show that = sin θ.
R
[2010 (T-I)]
θ – b sin θ = a + b − c . (cot θ + cosec θ) (cot θ − cosec θ)
2 2 2
22. Prove that [2010 (T-I)] [2000]
O
Formative Assessment
13
2. A group of 144 things. Clues Across :
3. A cumulative frequency curve. 9. A series of well defined steps which gives a
4. The term which is used for the expression procedure for solving a type of problem.
which is not defined. 10. Solutions of equations.
5. A number which cannot be expressed in the 11. Plural of radius.
form p/q, where p and q are integers and q
12. An algebraic expression in which the
≠ 0.
variables involves have only non-negative
6. The value of the observation having maximum integral powers.
frequency.
13. A solid obtained by rolling a rectangular
7. Unit of length.
paper along its length or breadth.
8. Figures having the same shape.
14. Unit of area.
15. A solid having one vertex and two faces, one
N
curved and one flat.
A
16. Part of a circle.
SH
A
K
A
PR
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
L
YA
O
G
14
Class X Chapter 8 – Introduction to Trigonometry Maths
Exercise 8.1
Question 1:
In ∆ABC right angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 m. Determine
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Answer:
Applying Pythagoras theorem for ∆ABC, we obtain
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= (24 cm)2 + (7 cm)2
= (576 + 49) cm2
= 625 cm2
∴ AC = cm = 25 cm
(i) sin A =
cos A =
(ii)
Page 1 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
sin C =
cos C =
Question 2:
In the given figure find tan P − cot R
Answer:
Applying Pythagoras theorem for ∆PQR, we obtain
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
(13 cm)2 = (12 cm)2 + QR2
Page 2 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
tan P − cot R =
Question 3:
Page 3 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Given that,
AB =
Question 4:
Page 4 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
It is given that,
cot A =
Page 5 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 5:
Page 6 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
BC = 5k
Question 6:
If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that
∠A = ∠B.
Answer:
Let us consider a triangle ABC in which CD ⊥ AB.
It is given that
cos A = cos B
… (1)
Page 7 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
We have to prove ∠A = ∠B. To prove this, let us extend AC to P such that BC = CP.
Page 8 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
It is given that,
cos A = cos B
Let
⇒ AD = k BD … (1)
And, AC = k BC … (2)
Using Pythagoras theorem for triangles CAD and CBD, we obtain
CD2 = AC2 − AD2 … (3)
And, CD2 = BC2 − BD2 … (4)
From equations (3) and (4), we obtain
AC2 − AD2 = BC2 − BD2
⇒ (k BC)2 − (k BD)2 = BC2 − BD2
⇒ k2 (BC2 − BD2) = BC2 − BD2
⇒ k2 = 1
⇒k=1
Putting this value in equation (2), we obtain
AC = BC
⇒ ∠A = ∠B(Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle)
Page 9 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 7:
If cot θ = , evaluate
AC =
Page 10 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(i)
Question 8:
Or, cot A =
Page 11 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Page 12 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
cos2 A − sin2 A =
Question 9:
Page 13 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
=
= 3k2 + k2 = 4k2
∴ AC = 2k
Page 14 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 10:
In ∆PQR, right angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values
of sin P, cos P and tan P.
Answer:
Given that, PR + QR = 25
PQ = 5
Let PR be x.
Therefore, QR = 25 − x
Page 15 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 11:
State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
Page 16 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
But >1
∴tan A > 1
So, tan A < 1 is not always true.
Hence, the given statement is false.
(ii)
Page 17 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
However, BC = 10.9k. Clearly, such a triangle is possible and hence, such value of
sec A is possible.
Hence, the given statement is true.
(iii) Abbreviation used for cosecant of angle A is cosec A. And cos A is the
abbreviation used for cosine of angle A.
Hence, the given statement is false.
(iv) cot A is not the product of cot and A. It is the cotangent of ∠A.
Hence, the given statement is false.
(v) sin θ =
We know that in a right-angled triangle,
Page 18 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Exercise 8.2
Question 1:
Evaluate the following
(i) sin60° cos30° + sin30° cos 60°
(ii) 2tan245° + cos230° − sin260°
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Answer:
(i) sin60° cos30° + sin30° cos 60°
(iii)
Page 19 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(iv)
Page 20 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(v)
Page 21 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 2:
Choose the correct option and justify your choice.
(i)
(A). sin60°
(B). cos60°
(C). tan60°
(D). sin30°
(ii)
(A). tan90°
(B). 1
(C). sin45°
(D). 0
(iii) sin2A = 2sinA is true when A =
(A). 0°
(B). 30°
(C). 45°
(D). 60°
(iv)
(A). cos60°
(B). sin60°
(C). tan60°
(D). sin30°
Answer:
Page 22 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
Page 23 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 3:
If and ;
0° < A + B ≤ 90°, A > B find A and B.
Answer:
⇒
⇒ A + B = 60 … (1)
⇒ tan (A − B) = tan30
⇒ A − B = 30 … (2)
On adding both equations, we obtain
2A = 90
⇒ A = 45
From equation (1), we obtain
45 + B = 60
B = 15
Therefore, ∠A = 45° and ∠B = 15°
Question 4:
State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B
Page 24 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
sin 90° = 1
Hence, the given statement is true.
(iii) cos 0° = 1
Page 25 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
cos90° = 0
It can be observed that the value of cos θ does not increase in the interval of 0° < θ
< 90°.
Hence, the given statement is false.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
This is true when θ = 45°
As
As and ,
Hence, the given statement is false.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°
As ,
= undefined
Hence, the given statement is true.
Page 26 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Exercise 8.3
Question 1:
Evaluate
(I)
(II)
(III) cos 48° − sin 42°
(IV)cosec 31° − sec 59°
Answer:
(I)
(II)
Question 2:
Show that
(I) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(II)cos 38° cos 52° − sin 38° sin 52° = 0
Page 27 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Answer:
(I) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
= tan (90° − 42°) tan (90° − 67°) tan 42° tan 67°
= cot 42° cot 67° tan 42° tan 67°
= (cot 42° tan 42°) (cot 67° tan 67°)
= (1) (1)
=1
(II) cos 38° cos 52° − sin 38° sin 52°
= cos (90° − 52°) cos (90°−38°) − sin 38° sin 52°
= sin 52° sin 38° − sin 38° sin 52°
=0
Question 3:
If tan 2A = cot (A− 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Answer:
Given that,
tan 2A = cot (A− 18°)
cot (90° − 2A) = cot (A −18°)
90° − 2A = A− 18°
108° = 3A
A = 36°
Question 4:
If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°
Answer:
Given that,
tan A = cot B
tan A = tan (90° − B)
A = 90° − B
Page 28 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
A + B = 90°
Question 5:
If sec 4A = cosec (A− 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Answer:
Given that,
sec 4A = cosec (A − 20°)
cosec (90° − 4A) = cosec (A − 20°)
90° − 4A= A− 20°
110° = 5A
A = 22°
Question 6:
If A, Band C are interior angles of a triangle ABC then show that
Answer:
We know that for a triangle ABC,
∠ A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠B + ∠C= 180° − ∠A
Question 7:
Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and
45°.
Answer:
sin 67° + cos 75°
Page 29 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Page 30 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Exercise 8.4
Question 1:
Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
Answer:
We know that,
Therefore,
We know that,
However,
Therefore,
Also,
Page 31 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 2:
Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A.
Answer:
We know that,
tan2A + 1 = sec2A
tan2A = sec2A − 1
Question 3:
Evaluate
(i)
Page 32 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(i)
= sin225° + cos225°
= 1 (As sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Question 4:
Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
(i) 9 sec2 A − 9 tan2 A =
(A) 1
(B) 9
(C) 8
(D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ)
Page 33 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) −1
(iii) (secA + tanA) (1 − sinA) =
(A) secA
(B) sinA
(C) cosecA
(D) cosA
(iv)
(A) sec2 A
(B) −1
(C) cot2 A
(D) tan2 A
Answer:
(i) 9 sec2A − 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A − tan2A)
= 9 (1) [As sec2 A − tan2 A = 1]
=9
Hence, alternative (B) is correct.
(ii)
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ)
Page 34 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
= cosA
Hence, alternative (D) is correct.
(iv)
Page 35 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Question 5:
Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which
the expressions are defined.
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
Page 36 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(iii)
Page 37 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
= secθ cosec θ +
= R.H.S.
(iv)
Page 38 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
= R.H.S
(v)
L.H.S =
Page 39 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
= cosec A + cot A
= R.H.S
(vi)
Page 40 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(vii)
(viii)
Page 41 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
(ix)
(x)
Page 42 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717
Page 43 of 43
Website: www.vidhyarjan.com Email: contact@vidhyarjan.com Mobile: 9999 249717