January, 2000
For Version 950
Copyright 2000
All rights Reserved
Notes Developed by
&
Brad Maker, Ph.D. (LSTC’s Principle Code Developer)
Mailing Address
EMAIL: sales@lstc.com
ACKNOWELEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank several people for valuable comments and discussions on the notes.
Firstly, Dr. J. Hallquist advance course notes were of great help in constructing the lecture notes.
Many thanks goes to Dr. B. Maker for valuable comments, suggestions, and discussions. Thanks
also go to the LSTC staff for their support.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1-5
Damping 8-94
Springback 12-108
INTRODUCTION
Version 950 includes the first release of implicit analysis capability using LS-DYNA. Initially
targeted at metal forming springback simulation, this new capability allows static stress analysis
without interfacing to LSTC's implicit software package LS-NIKE3D. Over time, increased
implicit functionality will be added to LS-DYNA, and the need for LS-NIKE3D will be eliminated.
LSTC anticipates that including both explicit and implicit capability in a single software package
will simplify both code development and analysis.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
The new implicit features in LS-DYNA were not simply created using subroutines from LS-
NIKE3D. Instead, the existing element and material routines in LS-DYNA were augmented to add
stiffness matrix calculations when the implicit mode is active. This approach has several
advantages:
This means that all of LS-DYNA's optimized programming and data structures are used in the
implicit mode, so high speed is preserved. Furthermore, pre- and post-processing interfaces are
virtually unchanged, so that existing support software can be used with LS-DYNA's new implicit
features. This also provides the first opportunity for LSTC customers to use an implicit code with
keyword or structured format input, and fully arbitrary ID numbering.
One disadvantage to this low-level, closely coupled implementation is that all of the functionality
of LS-NIKE3D is not immediately available in LS-DYNA. Instead, implicit stiffness matrix
calculations must be added individually to activate each LS-DYNA feature for implicit mode. The
summary below shows features currently available for implicit analysis. Contact LSTC or your LS-
DYNA distributor if you need a feature which is not shown, since this list is expanding rapidly.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-5
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
discrete springs
Implicit Analysis Features nonlinear equation solvers: Linear, Full Newton, Quasi-Newton, Arc
Length, sparse linear equations solvers: direct incore/out-of-core, CG and Lanczos iterative
automatic time step control, Newmark method for implicit dynamics, artificial stabilization for
multi-step springback analysis, eigenvalue analysis, seamless switching for springback analysis.
LS-DYNA's implicit mode may be activated in two ways. Using one of the new
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT keywords, a simulation may be flagged to run completely in implicit
mode. Alternatively, an explicit simulation may be seamlessly switched into implicit mode at a
specific time using the *INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_SEAMLESS feature. (All of the implicit
controls and options are also available using structured format input). The seamless switching
feature is intended to simplify metal forming springback calculations, where the forming phase can
be run in explicit mode, followed immediately by an implicit static springback simulation. In case
of difficulty, full restart capability is supported.
Seven new keywords are available to support implicit analysis, along with corresponding new
control cards in the structured format input deck. Default values are carefully selected to minimize
input necessary for most simulations. These are summarized below:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-6
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
Implicit Keywords
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR (optional)
• parameters for linear equation solver, which inverts stiffness matrix: [K]{x}={f}
• does NOT invoke a "linear" analysis
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR (optional)
• parameters for nonlinear equation solver (Newton-based methods)
• controls iterative equilibrium search, convergence
• "linear" analysis selected here (a special case where no iterations are performed)
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO (optional)
• activates automatic time step control
• back up, try again if equilibrium iterations fail
• default is fixed time step size, error termination if any steps fail to converge
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-7
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS (optional)
• include inertia terms: M∆a n +1 + K∆u n +1 = f next+1 − f nint − Ma n
• problem "time" must now be real, physical time
• can improve convergence, especially when (even weak) rigid body modes are present
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE (optional)
• signals LS-DYNA to perform eigenvalue analysis, then stop
• number of eigenvalues/vectors, optional frequency shift
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-8
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
activates implicit analysis
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
activates eigenvalue solver
input number of eigenvalues, optional shift frequency
Applied Loads
• force, pressure, gravity, angular acceleration
• most loads which contribute only a RHS term, no stiffness contribution
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The list of features available for implicit analysis within LS-DYNA is growing each week.
Customers are encouraged to notify either LSTC or LS-DYNA distributors about important
features needed for their applications. Development priority will be strongly customer driven.
LSTC anticipates that an important future application area will be implicit stress initialization,
followed seamlessly by an explicit simulation. This will likely become the most common
application of implicit LS-DYNA.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-9
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
PROGRESS OF ITERATIONS
Control parameters for the nonlinear equation solver are input using the
*control_implicit_nonlinear keyword. By defaults, the progress of the equilibrium search is not
shown to the screen. This output can be activated using the “NLPRINT” input parameter, or
interactively toggled on and off by entering “<ctrl-c>” nlprint. The box below shows a typical
iteration sequence, where the norms of displacement and energy are displayed. When these norms
are reduced below user prescribed tolerances, equilibrium is reached within sufficient accuracy, the
iteration process is said to have converged, and the solution proceeds to the next time step.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-10
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The next box depicts a typical print-out of the defult BFGS nonlinear equation solver. Several
automatic stiffness reformation are performed, initialy due to divergence, and later when the defult
limit of 10 iterations is exceeded.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-11
INTRODUCTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
(multiple steps may be used to divide the nonlinear behavior into manageable pices)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 1-12
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The equations of equilibrium governing the dynamic response of the system are:
where
[M] is the mass matrix,
[C] is the damping matrix,
[K] is the stiffness matrix,
{u}, {u}, and {u} are the nodal accelerations, velocities, and displacements vectors respectively,
{ }
R ext (t ) is the external forces vector.
where
{FI (t )}= [M ]{u}
{FD (t )} = [C ]{u}
{ }
and R int (t ) = [K ]{u}
are the inertia force, the damping force, and the internal forces vectors all of which are time
dependent. Equations (1), which represent a system of nonlinear second order differential
equations, are solved with the help of the LSDYNA Explicit or Implicit finite element codes using
direct time integration techniques.
[
u t + ∆t = u t + ∆t u t + ∆t 2 (1 / 2 − β )u t + β u t + ∆t ] (3)
[ ]
u t + ∆t = u t + ∆t (1 − γ )u t + γ u t + ∆t ,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-13
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
where β and γ are parameters of the system. Thus, expressing the velocities and accelerations at
t + ∆t in terms of the displacements at t + ∆t and substitution into equations (1) yields:
[K ]{u }= {F }
t + ∆t t + ∆t
(4)
where
[K ] = [K ([K ], [M ], [C ], ∆t )] is the effective stiffness matrix, and
{F }= {F ({F }, [M ], [C ], ∆t, {u }, {u }, {u })} is the effective load at time t + ∆t.
t + ∆t t + ∆t t t t
The explicit dynamic analysis is based on integrating the equations of motion for the system using
the explicit central difference formula
u t =
1
u
∆t 2 t −∆t
(
− 2u t + u t + ∆t )
(5)
u t =
1
u
2∆t t + ∆t
(
− u t −∆t )
Thus equations (1) take the form
[M ]{u t + ∆t / 2
}= {F } t
(6)
where
Equations (4) are solved at time t + ∆t and the corresponding solution methods are called implicit,
while equations (6) are solved at time t, and the corresponding methods are called explicit.
The explicit central difference operator is very convenient when lumped mass matrix can be
assumed and velocity-dependent damping can be neglected. Then [M ] is a diagonal matrix and the
solution is achieved automatically without having to solve the system of equations.
On the other hand the explicit operator is only conditionally stable, which means that in order to
obtain accurate results, the time step must be smaller than a certain critical value which is defined
by the mass and stiffness properties of the complete element assemblage.
Depending on the particular problem, the stable time increment of the model may be very small
which would require too many steps to solve and therefore extremely large CPU time. In such
cases the implicit method, which is unconditionally stable, may provide better efficiency.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-14
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
dv
M{ } = {R ext } − {R int } + {R bod } , however in here we have additional terms as follows:
dt
dv
M { } = {R ext } − {R int } + {R bod } + {R hgr } + {R cont }
dt
M = ∑ ∫ ρN I N J dV is the mass matrix
elements V
{R } =
ext
∑ ∫N
elements S
I pi d S is the externally applied loads vector
∂N I
{R int } = ∑ ∫σ
elements
ij
∂χ j
dV is the internal forces vector
V
{R bod } } = ∑ ∫N
elements V
I ρbi dV is the body forces vector
{R hgr } = ∑r
elements
hgr
is the hourglass resistant forces vector
{R cont } = ∑r
contact surfaces
cont
is the contact forces vector
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-15
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1
−
Initial conditions σ = σ (t = 0); u = u (t = 0), n = 0
0 2
1
u(t = 0) = [ Roext − Roint − Cu (t = 0)]
mii
1 1
n+ n−
Update: Velocities u 2
= u 2
+ ∆t un
1
n+
n +1
Displacements u = u + ∆t u
n 2
Update stress: σ n +1
= σ n + ∆t σ n +1 / 2
= ∫ B T σ n +1 d V
n +1
Internal forces: rint
V
n +1 n +1
Assemble: rint into Rint
n +1
Compute external nodal forces Rext
1 n +1 n +1
Accelerations: un+1 = [ Rext − Rint − Cu n +1/ 2 ]
mii
Output n Ån +1; go to 2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-16
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
To obtain solution at load increment n+1 given solution at load increment n, the linearized
equations are:
∗ ∗
K ∆u 0 = R ( x ) n+1 − R ( x )
ext n n
where
∗ 1
K = Kt + M
β∆t 2
.
∗ un 1 1
R = R (x ) − M [ + ( − β )u n ]
int n ..
β∆t β 2
Solution of the above equation yields ∆u 0 . The coordinate vector is updated using
x n+1 = x n + ∆u 0
∗ n +1 ∗ n +1 n +1
K j ( x j )∆u i = R ( x i ) n+1 − R ( x i ) = Q i j≤i
n ext
( )M
Advantages as DT becomes small
mass contribution to stiffness matrix grows rapidly: K ∗ = K + 1
β∆t 2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-17
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
int ∗ ∗
2. Form M , R 0 , K t 0 , K 0 , and R 0
−1
3. Calculate u 0 = M ( R 0 − R 0 )
.. ext int
4. Set i = 0
∗
5. Solve for ∆u i=0 using K ( x )∆u 0 = R ( x ) n +1 − R ( x )
n ext n int n
n +1
= x + ∆u 0
n
6. Update coordinate vector x
∗ n +1
7. Calculate σ n+1 , R ( x )
8. Set i = i + 1
∗ n +1 ∗ n +1 n +1
10. K j ( x j )∆u i = R ( x i ) n+1 − R ( x i ) = Q i j≤i
n ext
n +1 n +1
12. Set x i = x i + ∆u i and go to 8
n +1 ∗ n +1 ∗
14. Set x i=0 = x i and R ( x i=0 ) = R ( x i )
n n
. ..
15. Calculate u n and u n
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-18
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
However, latest generation computers offer new opportunities for implicit FEA codes
● huge memory is now common (RAM > 1.0 Gbyte)
Several crucial enhancements have been added, allowing implicit codes to offer a credible
alternative to explicit
● material, contact algorithms (rigid tooling)
● fast linear equation solver
● robust nonlinear solver
● keyword input, unified I/O databases
Summery
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-19
FE EQUATIONS AND TIME INTEGRATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 2-20
EQUILIBRIUM AND NONLINEARITIES
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
∫B
The concept of mechanical equilibrium is: σ dν = Rexternal
v
Geometric Nonlinearities
∫B σdV = Rexternal
T
v
↑↑
Effects:
Stress- stiffening
Bifurcation, buckling, and collapse
Snap-through
Necking
Other large displacement effects
Material Nonlinearities
∫B σdV = Rexternal
T
v
Effects:
Plasticity
Plastic hinge formation and plastic collapse
Rubber nonlinear elasticity
Other nonlinear material effects
Boundary Nonlinearities
∫B σ dV = Rexternal
T
v
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 3-21
EQUILIBRIUM AND NONLINEARITIES
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects:
Contact across body surfaces (by means of load transfer)
Nonlinear external loads
Pressure load nonlinearities
Follower forces
Linear Equilibrium
For each F , there will always be only one solution u (existence and uniqueness).
If F causes a displacement of u , then (aF ) causes a displacement (au ) (scaling).
If F causes a displacement u and P causes a displacement v then F + P causes a
displacement u + v (superposition).
In a linearized problem, the solution u is determined by the current value of the load
Rexternal .
Ku = Rexternal
Nonlinear Equilibrium
For a particular F , there may be none, one, many, or an infinite number of solutions u
(non-existence and non-uniqueness).
If F causes a displacement of u , then (aF ) probably doesn’t cause (au ) (no scaling)
If F causes a displacement u and P causes a displacement v, then (F + P ) probably
doesn’t cause (u + v ) (no superposition).
In a real (nonlinear) problem, the “unique” solution is determined by the entire load history
of Rexternal
∫ B T σdV = Rexternal
v
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 3-22
EQUILIBRIUM AND NONLINEARITIES
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The solution of a linear FEM model involves the solution of the linear N dof × N dof matrix
equation: Ku = Rexternal
The solution of a nonlinear FEA model involves the simultaneous solution of N dof
∫B σdV = Rexternal
T
nonlinear vector equations:
v
There are no good, general methods for solving systems of more than one nonlinear
equation. There never will be any good, general methods.
Æ Nonconvergence
Solves the equation iteratively by using some of the Newton methods (or variations of these
methods) to find an approximate solution that minimizes the residuals!
What are “ residuals” ?
Interpretation
The residuals are just the distribution and the magnitude of extra external force at each DOF
needed to bring the structure into equilibrium at u :
r (u ) = ∫ B T σdV − Rexternal ≠ 0 , u is not in equilibrium under Rexternal
v
Newton Method
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 3-23
EQUILIBRIUM AND NONLINEARITIES
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The solution of a linear FEA model involves single solution of the linear N dof × N dof matrix
equation: Ku = Fexternal
The solution of a nonlinear FEA model involves many solutions of the linear N dof × N dof
matrix equation: K tan gent ∆u = − ∫ B σdV + Rexternal
T
v
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 3-24
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• MATRIX EQUATIONS
F = ∑ ∫ B tσdVe
e Ve
• NONLINEARITIES
Fe (x, x ) = ∫ B tσ (ε , ε )dVe
Ve
Where ε and ε are the strains and the strain rates. If linear
Where K, C and ∆ x are the stiffness matrix, damping and displacement vector. Nonlinearities also
arise in P due to the geometry dependant loadings.
• RESIDUAL VECTOR
Q = Mx + F − P = 0
If linear
• LINEARIZATION
The residual vector becomes an implicit function of x n+1 only. We seek he vector x n+1 such that
( )
Q x n+1 = 0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-25
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
( ) ( ) ( )
Q x n+1 = Q xkn−+11 ∆xk + J xkn−+11 ∆xk
n +1 n +1
xk = xk −1 + ∆xk
∂Q n+1
( )
J xkn−+11 = |x
∂x k −1
∂x ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂P
J =M + + −
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂x ∂x ∂P
J =M + C + Kt −
∂x ∂x ∂x
where
∂F
C= is the tangent damping matrix
∂x
∂F
Kt = is the tangent stiffness matrix.
∂x
• STRAIN CALCULATION
To prevent locking during incompressible flow, we impose a constant volumetric strain over the
element. A consistent B matrix for the constant pressure assumption is employed in the tangent
stiffness matrix. B is defined by Hughes in: T. R. Hughes, “Generalization of selective Integration
Procedures to Anisotropic and Nonlinear Media”, Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Engineering,
Vol. 15 no. 9, pp. 1413-1418 (1980).
Based on midpoint geometry
1 ∂xi 2 ∂x j 2
n+ 1 n+ 1
εij = n+ 1 + n+ 1
2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
j i
this strain measure is a valid large strain measure , i.e., rigid body rotations do not cause straining
• IMPLICIT ALGORITHM
( )
K t x n ∆uo = P x n( ) n +1
( )
− F xn
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-26
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
( ) n +1
P x n = External load vector at n+1 based on the geometry at time n.
( )
F x n = Stress divergence vector at time n.
Update displacement vector
n +1
x1 = x n + s0 ∆u0
K t j ∆ui = P xi ( )
n +1 n +1
( )= Q
− F xi
n +1
i
n +1
where the subscript i denotes the iterate and j<i. s0 is a parameter between 0 and 1 found from a
line search.
∆ui
< εd
u max
and
t
ui Q i
t
< εe
u0 Q i
are satisfied.
and perform anther iteration. Lack of convergence within allowable number of iteration
(default=10) or divergence
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-27
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Line searches
Stiffness updates
Slightly more expensive than modified Newton but results in more stable program
• QUASI-NEWTON SCHEMES
K i ∆ui−1 = ∆Qi
where
∆Qi = Qi−1 − Qi = ( Pi−1 − Fi−1 ) − ( Pi − Fi )
Two classes of matrix updates that satisfy the Quasi-Newton equations are of interest
Rank one updates K i = K i −1 + αzx t
Rank two updates K i = K i −1 + αzx t + βvy t
Recall the Quasi-Newton equation K i ∆ui−1 = ∆ui
Subsitituting
K i = K i −1 + αzx t
we find
K i−1∆ui −1 + αzx t ∆ui−1 = ∆Qi
By choosing
α = 1 / x t ∆ui−1
z = ∆Qi − K i−1∆ui−1
∆uit−1 x ≠ 0
∆Qi − K i−1∆ui −1 t
K i = K i−1 + ∆ui−1
∆uit−1∆ui−1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-28
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
x = ∆Qi − K i−1∆ui−1
∆Qi − K i−1∆ui −1
K i = K i−1 + (∆Qi − K i−1∆ui−1 )t
(∆Qi − K i −1∆ui−1 ) ∆ui −1
t
A−1ab t A−1
( A + ab t ) −1 = A−1 −
1 + b t A−1a
∆Qi − K i −1 ∆u i −1
a=
∆u t ∆ui −1 i −1
b = ∆ui−1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-29
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
α = 1 / x t ∆ui−1
β = 1 / y t ∆ui−1
z = − K i −1∆ui −1
v = ∆Qi
∆uit−1 x ≠ 0 and
∆uit−1 y ≠ 0 and ∆uit−1 y ≠ 0
x = K i−1∆ui −1
y = ∆Qi
That preserves the symmetry of the secant matrix. A double application of the Sherman-Morrison
formula leads to the inverse form.
Special product forms have been derived for the DFP and BFGS updates and exploited by Matthies
and Strang (1979).
The primary advantage of the product form is that the determinant of K i and therefore the change
in condition number can be easily computed to control updates.
Update vectors
Let,
δ i = ∆ui−1
γ i = Qi−1 − Qi
∆u γ 1
vi = Qi − Qi −1 1 + ( i i ) 2
δ i Qi−1
δ
wi = i
δ iγ i
Determinant
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-30
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
{ }
4
(v t v) 12 ( wt w) 12 + v t vwt w + 4(1 + v t w) 1
2
c=
[
4(1 + v t w)
2
]
• LINE SEARCHES
∆ui = sd i
where
d i = K i−1Qi
ui+1 = ui + si d i
Assume solution lies in direction d i . The line search then component si such that components of
(P-F) in the search direction is zero
Broyden:
Broyden’s Algorithm:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-31
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Solve d = K $−1Qi
2. Do i = 1, k − 1
Recall β = ∆uit−1d
d = d + βα i −1wi−1
wk −1 = ∆ui−1 − ∆uk −1 / s + d
3.
α k −1 = 1 / ∆ukt −1 (∆uk −1 − wk −1 )
β = ∆ukt −1d
4. d k −1 = d + βα k −1wk −1
• ARC-LENGTH METHOD
It is well known that the foregoing approach fails in the neighborhood of limit points.
Geomtrically, the plane of λ =constant does not necessarily intersect the load deflection curve. In
the arc length method of Riks/Wempner a constraint equation is added to limit the load step to a
constant “arc length”, in load/displacement space.
Consider F − λp = 0
where λ is the proportional load factor. Newton’s method leads to the incremental equations
i
K∆x ( j ) = iλp − i F
2. Linearized equation
K i ∆ui = λp − R(ui )
xi+1 = xi + ∆ui
equivalently,
ui+1 = ui + ∆ui
3. Constraint equation
ui ui + λ2 = s 2
t
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-32
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Iterative displacements
∆ui = K −1 (λP − R ) = K −1 [∆λi P + (λi + λm )P − R ]
∆ui = ∆λi ∆ui + ∆ui
I II
∆ui = K −1 P
I
∆ui = K −1 [(λm + λi ) P − R ]
II
∂f i ∂f
∆ui + i ∆λi + f (ui , λi ) = 0
∂u ∂λ
or γ i ∆ui + α i λi + f i = 0
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-33
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• if AUTO not active, error termination occurs when MAXREF is reached so MAXRED should
be larger (~15, default)
12
force, F(u)
F=10 8 k=1
k(u) u
k=2
4
k=4
1 2 3 4 5
displacement, u
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-34
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Iteration #1:
u0 = 0, k (0 ) = 4, u1 = 104 = 2.5
If the nonlinear solution method is linear, stop here and assume solution is correct. Do not
bother to check for equilibrium.
In a nonlinear problem, evaluate equilibrium by determining the internal force and the out-of
balance force R:
u1 = 2.5, F (u1 ) = 7 12
force, F(u)
R1 = F ext − F int = 3
8
k 2 8
F (u2 ) = 9, R2 = F ext − F int = 1
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-35
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
force, F(u)
k 1 8
F (u2 ) = 10, R2 = F ext − F int = 0.
4
evaluate new R, convergence norms
∆u 1.50
= = 0.200 1 2 3 4 5
u 5.0
displacement, u
e ∆u ∗ R 1.0 ∗ 0.
= = = 0.000
eo u1 ∗ Ro 2.5 * 10
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-36
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
If convergence fails, LSDYNA backs up to beginning of step with smaller DT. Solution is retried.
If convergence again fails, solution is retried with a smaller step and so on. Finally DT is set to
DTMIN, if fails terminate.
An optional number of iterations, IOPT, per step is chosen. Let ILS be the number of iterations
during the last increment. If
ILS<IOPT
1
DT= DT+(DTMAX –DT) MIN {0.5, [( IOPT / ILS ) − 1]} 2
ILS>IOPT
1
DT=DT-(DT-DTMIN) [1 − ( IOPT / ILS ) 2 ]
Where DT, DTMAX, and DTMIN are the current step size, the maximum step permitted, and the
minimum step size permitted, respectively.
• Automatic time step control allows specification of the Optimum Number of Equilibrium
Iterations per step.
• This indicated how hard LSDYNA should work in each time step.
• If equilibrium is reached in fewer than optimum iterations, the size of the next step is increased.
• If equilibrium search requires more than the optimum number of iterations, then the next step
size is decreased.
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO:
Automatic Time Step Control
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-37
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-38
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
Define control parameters for the implicit nonlinear equation solver: There are two groups
for nonlinear solution. One group with four solution methods. The second group is the same as the
first group, however, with the arclength method.
EQ 2: BFGS updates
EQ 3: Broyden updates
EQ 4: DFP updates
EQ 5: Davidon updates
EQ 6: BFGS updates + arclength
EQ 7: Broyden updates + arclength
EQ 8: DFP updates + arclength
EQ 9: Davidon updates + arclength
The nth load increment is applied-then using the tangential stiffness matrix the iterative displacent
are found and hence the residual forces.The new tangential stifness is then evaluated and the new
iterative displacement and redidual forces are found. The process is repated until convergence is
obtained. The figure below depicts the algorithm.
ˆ (u(i ) )∆u = R
K ˆ (i ) = f ext − f int (u(i ) )
ˆ (u1 )
K ˆ2
R
in
f n+1
ˆ1
R
Force Norm
ˆ (un )
K
f ex
n
The difference here between this method and the one before is that there is no update of the
tangential stiffness matrix after the initial iteration. The figure below depints the algorithm.
• BFGS Method
Also called the quasi-newton method (QN). In here an approximation to the local tangent matrices
are found. No factorization is required. The approximation to the local tangent matrix was defined
in the previous section. The figure below depicts the algorethim.
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-40
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
In many collapse problems the equilibrium path could look like the figure below. In this type of
behavior the BFGS method or in general the Newton method has deficulties with the limit points.
For the ascending branch of the equilibrium curve, load control is greatly the most efficient
method. As the plateau in the response is reached (point A), then difficulties with convergence are
experienced (with the BFGS method the solutiion will jump to point A’). If displacement control is
adopted then when point ‘B’ is reached again there will be convergence difficulties (solution could
jump to point B’). To overcome this problem an algorithen is added to LS-DYNA that provide the
correct structural response. This algorithm is called the Arc-Length Method.
• Arc-Length Method
The arc-length method basic idea is that a constaint equation is added so that load level is modified
at each iteration rather thann holding it constant. The method is graphicaly depicted in the figure
below. Two arc-length methods are available in LS-DYNA. These methods are called the Ramm
method (updated normal plane method) and the Crisfield method (spherical path method)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-41
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
In here as oppose to forcing the iteration process to follow a plane perpendicular to the initial
tangent for each load step, the iteration process is constrained to be normal to the current arc. The
method is graphicly depicted in the figure below.
In here the iteration process is constrained to follow a spherical path centred at point ‘o’ with
radius equal to the arc length. The method is graphicly depicted in the figure below.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-42
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ˆ ∆u = R
During each nonlinear iteration, the linear system K ˆ is solved.
Iterative Methods
• (preconditioned) conjugate gradient
• potentially low operation count
• convergence difficult for some problems
• promising future developments
x x • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
x • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
x x x • • • x x x • • • • • • • • •
x x • • • x x x • • • • • • • • •
x • • • x x x • • • • • • • • •
x x x • • • • • • x x x • • •
x x • • • • • • x x x • • •
x • • • • • • x x x • • •
x x x • • • • • • • • •
x x • • • • • • • • •
x • • • • • • • • •
x x x • • • x x x
x x • • • x x x
x • • • x x x
x x x • • •
x x • • •
x • • •
x x x
x x
x
Direct Methods
• gaussian elimination
• inexpensive backsolve (quasi-Newton)
• The sparse direct solver looks promising for large linear systems
• substantial storage savings
• huge operation count reduction
• Model Size
• node points
• beam elements
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-43
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Model Size
• 32,540 node points
• 31,640 shell elements
• 195,212 degrees of freedom
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-44
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
20x20x20 brick elements, 26,460 equations
Solver type DIRECT ITERATIVE
LSOLVR 0 (default) 16
Memory 120 Mb 9 Mb
CPU 400 sec 21 sec
F
An optional print-out is available to show memory and CPU requirements of the linear equation
solver: [K]{x}={f}
• activated by keyword input *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR: lprint
• activated interactively <ctrl-c> lprint
• memory estimate printed before attempting to allocate
• change memory using command line option
• ls-dyna3d i=inputfile.k memory=8000000
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-45
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-46
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
REMARKS
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
IGS
Geometric nonlinearity is introduced when displacements become “large” (example: tip
deflection of a cantilever beam is greater than the beam thickness), or rotation become “large”
(example: beam rotation theta is large enough that the approximation sin(theta)=theta is not
reasonable).
A second geometric nonlinearity is due to finite rigid body rotation. Both of these nonlinearity
are always accounted for in LSDYNA-Implicit.
The flag IGS is an option to include an additional term in the stiffness matrix which reflects a
change in apparent stiffness due to rotation of stress. This flag does not change the degree of
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-47
INCREMENTAL EQUATIONS & LINEARIZATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
nonlinearity included in calculation of internal or external forces. IGS does not alter the
equilibrium solution. However, the path taken during the iteration process to reach the final
solution depends on the stiffness matrix. In some cases, adding this term will accelerate
convergence and in other cases this term will create a singular stiffness matrix and halt the
iteration process. For instance including this term will speed convergence for transversely
loaded plates with clamped boundaries, where transverse deflection generates sharp increase in
membrane stress. It is required by hyperelastic materials.
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
LSOLVR
The LSOLVR "linear solver" provides the solution to the linear system of algebraic equations
Kx=f. There are several methods to compute this expensive solution. LSOLVR selects
between them.
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
NSOLVR
In contrast, the nonlinear solver controls the iteration process as we seek to find the
displacements which balance internal and external forces.
There are several nonlinear solvers to choose from, many of which are based on Newton
iteration. The parameter NSOLVR is used to make this choice.
The simplest nonlinear solver option is "NSOLVR=1", which is to skip the equilibrium
iterations and accept the linear approximation to the solutions.
This choice is commonly referred to as a "linear" solution (not to be confused with the linear
equation solver LSOLVR above).
Typing the switch a second time deactivates the flag, so you can turn them on and off at will. One
caution is that you must enter these interactive commands during the nonlinear iteration phase of a
time step. If you happen to issue the command during another solution phase, say while the plot
file is being printed, then the command will be ignored.
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 4-48
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS
• Design Situation
• Physical Nature of Design Concerns
• Information Required
• Most Effective Level of Simulation Detail
DESIGN SITUATION
• New Design or Existing Problem
INFORMATION REQUIRED
• Full scale tests, material characterization, geometry, etc.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-49
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ELEMENT SELECTION
2-D structure
3-D shell
structure
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-50
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The time to perform a finite element analysis (preprocessing, solution, postprocessing) is roughly
proportional to the number of nodes in the model squared, Time ∝ N 2
*ELEMENT_DISCRETE
*MAT_SPRING_option *MAT_DAMPER_option
elastic viscous
elastic-plastic (E, Et, SGMY) nonlinear viscous
nonlinear elastic
inelastic (allow tension or compression only)
general nonlinear (negative or zero slope allowed in the F vs. D curve)
Maxwell (exponential decay of stiffness)
*SECTION_DISCRETE
transnational or rotational
dynamic magnification factor
tension/compression limits
*ELEMENT_MASS
element ID, node ID, mass value
*ELEMENT_BEAM
element ID
part ID
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-51
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*SECTION_BEAM
Beam (axial, bending, torsional deformations)
Hughes-Liu (default)
CROSS SECTION
Rectangular, tubular, arbitrary
Area and inertia’s
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-52
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*ELEMENT_SOLID
element ID
part ID
4-noded tetrahedron
6-noded wedge
8-noded brick
*SECTION_SOLID
FORMULATION
8-noded reduce integration (default)
8-noded fully integrated (selective reduce integration)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-53
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*ELEMENT_SHELL
element ID
part ID
4 nodes for quads and 3 nodes for tris
thickness can be defined in element card
*SECTION_SHELL
FORMULATION
Hughes-Liu
Beltschko-Tsay (default)
BCIZ triangular
C-zero triangular
S/R Hughes-Liu
Fast S/R integration
You can define material orientation for orthotropic and composite materials.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-54
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Co-Rotational Coordinate
• Material rotation is assumed to coincide with rigid body rotation of the element local reference
coordinate.
• The mid surface of the quadrilateral element is defined by the location of the element’s four
corner nodes
• If the four nodes are co-planner then the unit vectors in the e1 and e2 directions are tangent to
mid surface and e3 is in the fiber direction “f”.
As the element deforms, an angle may develop between “f” and e3 with magnitude
e3 . f −1 < δ . Acceptable values of δ on the order 10^-2 and therefore the difference
between co-rotational coordinate and material rotation should be small which is the
consideration for finite strain.
4-Noded 3-Noded
1. H.L. 1. BCIZ
2. B.T. 2. C-zero
3. B.T. Membrane
4. S/R H.L.
5. S/R H.L. (co-rotational)
6. B.L.
7. B.T. Membrane full integration
8. B. Wang Chiang
9. H.L. (co-rotational)
10. Fast fully integrated shell
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-55
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-56
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-57
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*ELEMENT_TSHELL
element ID
part ID
8-noded
*SECTION_TSHELL
• one point integration or
• selective reduce integration
• Similar to solid element with enhancement based on H.L. and B.T. shell.
• To obtain shell like behavior it is necessary to have several integration point through the
thickness while employing plan stress constitutive equations.
• Uses reference coordinate system similar to B.T. shell (co-rotational).
• To ensure plan stress condition the normal stress is updated as a penalty condition to maintain
the shell thickness.
X
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-58
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Bolts or Rivets
Eccentric Connections
Stiffening Ribs in Shell Structures
In many situations, the analysis can be simplified to a 2D situation. The types of 2D continuum
elements, which are generally provided, are:
• Based on shell theory like a thin shell, but is like a 3D element and has 6 DOF per node (plane
stress constitutive equations).
• Provides a convenient way of transitioning from shell –like to solid-like structures.
• Not all general-purpose FE programs provide this type of element.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-59
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• The element is in general too stiff and in many cases can be replaced by solid element.
• The types of elements available are topologically similar to solid elements.
• Solid elements are the most versatile type of element available in general finite element
program.
• Virtually any type of structure can be modeled with this type of element; however its use is
primarily for:
Fully 3 dimensional structures for which a simplification to one of the previously described
situations not judged to be valid due to:
• Complex 3D geometry.
• Stress fields, which are fully 3D.
• Loadings which are not symmetric.
• Faster locations
• Welds
• Fillets
3. MESH DENSITY
In this section we will discuss some of the factors which influence how the user of finite element
analysis can estimate how fine a mesh is required to yield accurate results.
Obviously, since the finite element technique involves discretization of some type of physical
continuum into a gridwork (i.e. ”mesh”), the way in which the users chooses to do this influences
the outcome of the analysis to some extent. Furthermore, there are basically an infinite variety of
valid ways of discretizing a given physical phenomenon and arriving at approximately the “right
answer”.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-60
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• Element size must be small enough that it adequately matches the shape of the structure
boundaries.
• Element internal strain distribution must approximate the actual strain field in the physical
component.
• The model must be constructed so that stresses are sampled at or near where expected
concentration of stress actually exists in the model.
• For example, if we construct a cantilever beam from 8-noded brick solid elements, and apply a
uniform tensile load to it, we obtain:
Fixed P
end
• We would find that the predicted stress and strain are exactly the correct values.
• But if we apply a lateral shear loading to this model we would find that
Fixed
end
• We would find that the predicted MAXIMUM stress and strain values are not the maximum
values in this structure.
• Why?
• The answer is simply that the error is in the modeling of the structure.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-61
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• A liner hexahedral solid can in fact predict the linear strain distribution. And as a result, this
model dose in fact predicts the CORRECT MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS for the tensile
load.
• As we know from simple beam theory the maximum bending stress is actually at c= b/2 and is
thus:
Mb
σ =
max 2 I
• But for stresses and strains:
The optimal stress recovery point for a linear solid element is the centroid of the element.
In this model, the stress recovery point lie a long the centroidal axis of the beam structure,
thus, the maximum stress at this point is:
MC
σ = And c = 0, thus, stress is zero
max I
GUIDELINES:
The following general guidelines can be stated relative to determining an appropriate mesh density:
• The mesh density should be based upon the degree of accuracy required from the analysis.
• If only displacements or mode shapes are required, it is not necessary to mesh finely around
areas of very localized stress concentration.
• When it is desired to model local features in detail, the size of the elements around that detail
should be an order of magnitude less than that of the detail itself. Must have smooth mesh size
transition.
• Spacing of nodes should be closer near the detail. Some studies based on analytical solutions of
stress concentrations around holes and fillets suggest that a logarithmic spacing is a good
guideline.
• If the structure is very complex, a “two step” procedure is often appropriate:
Make a reasonable overall model of the structure with a fairly coarse grid.
Then make a detail model of the region in question and apply displacements from the
overall model to the detail model as boundary conditions.
4. SYMMETRY
TYPES OF SYMMETRY
1. Symmetry in the Geometry
2. Symmetry in Loading
• Rotational Symmetry
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-62
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The structure is symmetric about some axis of revolution (here we say the structure is
axisymmetric).
• Reflective Symmetry
The structure has one or more planes about which a mirror image exists.
• Antisymmetry
The structure itself is symmetric but the loading or restraints are reversed on opposite sides
of the plane (s) of symmetry.
• Cyclic Symmetry
• Simple cyclic symmetry, in which the smallest repetitive piece of the structure can be
modeled, loading is symmetric.
• Dihedral cyclic symmetry in which a repetitive segment exists which is in itself
reflectively symmetric about its own midsection, loading is not symmetric.
• Rotation cyclic symmetry, in which a repetitive section exists when rotated about an
axis of revolution, loading is not symmetric.
When symmetry and antisymmetry are used, the proper boundary conditions (restrained degrees of
freedom) must be specified at nodes which lie in the plane of symmetry.
Example: A thin disk with holes, the section shown is modeled with symmetry boundary condition
applied in nodal local coordinate systems to the edges.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-63
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• If symmetry is used in dynamics, remember that due to the boundary conditions ONLY the
symmetric modes will be found if symmetry boundary conditions are imposed.
• If anti symmetry is used in dynamics, remember that due to the boundary conditions only the
antisymetric mode will be found if antisymetric boundary conditions are imposed.
• For rotational cyclic symmetry, only the modes involving the K th nodal diameter will be found
when the cyclic symmetry constraints are applied.
*SET_NODES_option
• Define a set of nodes by a set identification number (SID)
• Define the nodes to be included (NID’S)
*SET_NODE_LIST
• Define the nodes, 8 per line
*SET_NODE_COLUMN
• Define the nodes, 1 per line
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-64
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*DEFINE_BOX
• Define a box–shaped volume, everything inside the box can be used as input. Assign a box
identification number (BOXID)
• Define two extreme corners of the box
Xmin Xmax
Ymin Ymax
Zmin Zmax
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION
• Impose nodal motion on a node, set of node, or a rigid body
• Applicable to one degree of freedom
• Displacement, velocity, and acceleration (nodes only)
• Motion prescribed by a load curve
*DEFINE_CURVE
• Define a (load) curve to be used as input to other options
• Assign a load curve identification number (LCID)
• Define the point of the curve (Abscissa “x” and Ordinate “y”)
• Examples: force vs. time, velocity vs. time, force vs. displacement, etc.
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_option
• Used as input to other options
• Assign a coordinate system identification number (CID)
Define using:
NODES 3nodes: local origin, along local x-axis, in local x-y plane
SYSTEM x,y,z of three points (same as nodes)
VECTOR 2 vectors: local x-axis, local in –plane vector
*LOAD_option
• Define various loads (forces, moments, pressures, body, heat, etc.)
• Avoid single concentrated loads sine it is physically unrealistic and promote hourglass modes
• Requires a load curve
• Load can be scaled
*LOAD_BEAM
• Distributed traction load along any axis of a beam or set of beams
• Load is given in force per unit length
*LOAD_BODY
• Body force load due to a prescribed base acceleration, angular velocity
• Any degree of freedom: X,Y, Z, RX, RY, RZ
• All nodes or a subset of nodes
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-65
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
DISTRINUTED PRESSURE
• Apply a distributed pressure to a:
• Segment (*LOAD_SEGMENT)
• Set of segments (*LOAD_SEGMENT_SET)
• Shell (*LOAD_SHELL_ELEMENT)
• Set of shells (*LOAD_SHELL_SET)
• Positive pressure acts in the negative normal direction of the shell/segment
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-66
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
(some examples)
INTRODUCTION
Some situations require special modeling techniques or considerations.
In this portion of the course, we will examine some of these and explain how to use proper
modeling techniques to insure correct results.
3-D beam
shell
Physical modeling
• In this case both the space ( 3D ) beam, and thin shell elements have six degrees of freedom at
each node:
X, Y and Z Transnational Displacement DOF’s
X, Y and Z Rotational DOF’s.
• These two elements are thus entirely compatible
• Now suppose we have a similar situation, but this time support strut is to be welded to a
massive, thick plate structure:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-67
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3-D beam
shell
Physical modeling
• In this case 3D beam element has six degrees of freedom at each node:
X, Y and Z Transnational Displacement DOF’s
X, Y and Z Rotational DOF’s
• These two elements are not entirely compatible, and in fact, modeling this way will cause a
”ball joint” to exist at the end of the beam attached to the solid since the solid will not transmit
moments to the end of the beam and vice versa.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to connect the beam end “J” to more than one point on the
solids structure to establish a ‘moment lever” by which the bending is transmitted to the solids.
This can be accomplished by either the use of rigid connectors.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-68
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
GEOMETRIC DISCONTINUITES
• As another case where geometric discontinuity can cause problems, consider the case of a
branch in a thin shell structure.
• Here the problems that can arise are in the interpretation of stress result at the intersection.
Most finite element programs produce contour plots by extrapolation of the element interior
(i.e. integration point) data to the nodes and AVERAGING that data for all elements connected
to given node. It is the nodal data that is then contoured.
• This is acceptable for planar or 3D solid element types, but is unacceptable for shells, since:
Shell element generally has its own coordinate system.
• In general, and especially when the shells have an intersection angle greater than say 5 degrees,
the like components of stress are in significantly different directions.
Shell 3
Shell 1 σx3
σx1
Shell 2
Node 1
σx2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-69
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
maximum principal stresses could be averaged if they are computed from components averaged
in a common coordinate system.
• It is possible to make the program average the stress properly by placing two sets of nodes at
the joining line and constraining the co-located joints to have the same displacements. This
method will give correct nodal averaged values since the elements on one branch will not have
results averaged with those of the other branch.
MATRIAL DISCONTINUITIES
• When two or more materials exist in a given model, the same problem can occur in stress
averaging at the nodes on the material interface.
steel
brass
• One solution is to place two sets of nodes at the same location at the interface and couple them
as was described for the shell problem previously discussed.
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-70
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Beam elements are frequently used to represent stiffeners for plate/shell structures. If beams are
directly connected between shell mid-surface node points then:
• Frequently, the operating environment of structural components involves its response to time
varying loads (dynamic and impulsive).
• The determination of acceptable displacement and stress response can often be obtained with
simple quasi-static analysis.
• The choice of performing static or transient dynamic analysis depends on the frequency
characteristic of the applied time varying loads and the responding structural components.
• Rule of thumb: when the frequency of excitation is less than one third of the lowest natural
frequency of the structural then static analysis can be performed.
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LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-71
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. AD HOC GUIDELINES
• Finite Element mesh should be uniform where this is practical however, nonuinformity is often
necessary to achieve refinement of the gridwork in regions of rapid changes in loading and /or
behavior.
• Analyses to obtain displacement (or force) behavior do not require as refined a gridwork as is
required to obtain strain (or stress) behavior.
• Prediction of modes of vibration usually requires a more refined idealization than dose the
prediction of frequency of vibration.
• The use of constant strain triangle finite element should be avoided wherever possible.
• A mesh planned for static analyses will be satisfactory for dynamic unless high frequency
response content is significant.
• Determining that the solution is insensitive to spatial and temporal mesh size provides an
adequate check of modeling except in rare cases.
• Rapid changes in element size should be minimized.
• For complex structures consider a “stage” analysis. Analyze the entire structure with a coarse
mesh and then study the areas of interest with a fine mesh, using as boundary the results of the
coarse analysis.
• Three elements through the wall thickness of thick-walled structures will usually give
reasonable result.
• If the structure and loading posses symmetry, advantage should be taken into account of this
fact. However, one should be careful in buckling and frequency analyses where asymmetric
modes might be important.
• When modeling reduced portions of the structure for evaluation of local effects, make the
boundary of this local area far enough away from the area of interest to avoid boundary effects
on the information at the area of interest.
• Aspect ratio limits vary from element to element; however, a general guideline is to keep
element aspect ratios below 10 for deformation analysis and below 5 for stress analysis.
• Element of extreme shape (high aspect ratio rectangles, large angled triangles, etc.) are
unfavorable with respect to minimizing error and should be avoided.
• Solutions for structures with uniform stiffness distribution are more accurate than those for
structure with stiff and flexible regions (e.g., portal frame in which axial deformation of
horizontal member is considered). The same rule may be worded differently as: solutions for
structures with a large frequency range are less accurate than those for structures with a small
range.
• For convergence studies, one must refine (i.e., subdivide) the original mesh, otherwise a new
approximating sequence is begun.
• The recommended first checks on predicted behavior are equilibrium checks using loads,
reactions and forces for quasi-static and energy balance check for impact problems.
• Vibration analyses using lumped mass model usually yield slightly lower frequency values than
are obtained from consistent mass models. LSDYNA uses lumped mass matrix.
• “Consistent mass model give frequency values higher than exact solution.
• Analyses including nonlinearity in geometry or material usually requires a more refined
idealization than linear analyses.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-72
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SOLUTION ACCURACY
• Compare the results with “textbook” analytical solutions for similar stress concentration, using
the far – field stress in the model and an appropriate stress concentration factor from an
analytical/empirical solution (normally not available).
• Compare the results with test data. This is the best way to gain confidence in the modeling
technique for a specific type of component. Using test correlation, the user will have a high
degree of confidence in future modeling of similar types of components using the specific
modeling technique.
• If neither of the above two methods is viable, a finer mesh of the structure can be constructed
and the results compared to the original mesh. This process of refining can be repeated until the
results converge to an acceptable tolerance. The drawback to this method is obviously the
amount of repetitive modeling and computer run time, but it can be worth while for complex
components where no test prototype is readily obtainable.
• One serious error that is commonly made in using finite element analysis is a failure to
adequately verify that the results from the analysis are reasonable.
• There are a number of things that users can do to verify that the model is yielding reasonable
results. Will discuss some of the things you can do to examine the accuracy of the results.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-73
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
GLOBAL SUMMATIONS
• These give the user a good idea of how well equilibrium requirements have been met, and are
indicator of round-off error in the overall solution.
• Types of global sums which can be used in structural analysis are:
GLOBAL ENERGY
GLOBAL FORCE SUM (Quasi-Static Structural Analysis):
This output provides an absolute check on whether or not the structure is in equilibrium.
NODAL RESULTS
• Displacements
• Summation of Forces
Examine the sum of forces at free nodes to verify that they are zero and at restrained nodes
to verify that they are reasonable non-zero values.
ELEMENT RESULTS
• As a result, the elemental results are generally less accurate than the fundamental nodal result
because they are DERIVED results, not FUNDAMENAL results
• Assessing the accuracy of elemental results can be done by:
• Looking at the variation of values around critical locations (numerically, by X-Y graph plots or
iso-value line contour plots). High variation, shown by jagged graph or iso-value contour liner,
indicates too coarse a mesh.
• Qualitatively comparing the stress distribution with that predicted by previous test or known
analytical solutions for similar stress concentration features (holes, fillets, etc.).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-74
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-75
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNOLOGY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 5-76
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Penalty Method:
Node-to-Surface
One part is referred as the master part and the other as the slave part
A node may belong to several interfaces
An interface node can be in rigid body
Breaks down with bad or disjointed mesh
Penetration is reduced by the penalty method
The algorithm have the following characteristics
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-77
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The spatial distribution of forces is not smooth and may induce hourglass deformation. This
Interface simulates impacts between a master surface and a list of slave nodes.
ALGORITHM
REDUCTION OF PENETRATION
Let:
N Slave Node
C Contact point
Mt Element Corner Node
mi Masses of Element Corners
K Spring Stiffness
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-78
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
∆ Penetration
Penetration is reduced by the introduction of a massless spring of stiffness K between node N and
contact point C. A force F = K∆ is applied on node N in direction NC.
F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = − F
Forces Fi are functions of the position of contact point C and are evaluated by
Fi = − N i (ξ c , ηc ) F
Where
Ni are the standard shape functions
ξ c , ηc are the contact point natural coordinates
SPRING STIFFNESS K
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-79
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1
K = αEt
2
Where E is young modulus, t is shell thickness, and α is stiffness factor. The default value for the
stiffness factor is 0.2
1 A2
K = αB
2 V
Where
B: bulk modulus
A: segment area
V: element volume
α: stiffness factor (default is 0.2)
If a segment is a shell as well as the face of a brick element, the shell stiffness is used.
Surface-to-Surface
Used to simulate contact between two surfaces and works properly if the two surfaces are simply
convex
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-80
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
On the master side the segments must be connected to solid or shell elements
It is not allowed to put the same node in the two impact surfaces
Perform two times the algorithm for type node-to-surface contact
Symmetric computation slave and master surfaces play identical rule
First time solve penetration of nodes of surface 1 with respect to segments of surface 2
Second time solve penetration of nodes of surface 2 with respect to segments of surface 1
Is not effected by discontinuous (bad) mesh
Penalty stiffness is the minimum of the impacting segments
Precision is improved, however, cost is increased.
SINGLE SURFACE
• The single surface contact algorithm evolved from the surface to surface contact. Post contact
searching follows the procedure employed for the surface to surface contact.
• The algorithm loops through the contact segments and computes the normal segment vectors
and accumulates an area weighted average at the nodal points to determine normal vectors at
the nodal points.
• Then it loops through the bucket sorts and locates the node, which is nearest.
• It checks to see if nearest node is within a penetration tolerance.
• For shell elements, determine if the nearest node approaching the segment from positive or
negative side. Project both the node and the contact segment along the nodal line vectors.
• Check for interpenetrating nodes and if a node has penetrated apply a nodal point force.
Contact interface types 3, m3, 5, m5, 10, m10, 13 are currently available:
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
NODES_TO_SURFACE
ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_NODES_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
2D_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
TIED_OFFSET
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-81
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
slave slave
master master
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-82
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• Not properly accounting for shell thickness In contact is responsible for most modeling and run
time difficulties such as shooting nodes, energy spikes, and nonphysical behavior.
• Contact surface or nodes must be offset to account for shell thicknesses. For single-surface
contact we must allow for contact from either side.
• Taking shell thicknesses into account in is optional for contact types 3 and 5.
• The thickness offsets are always included in contact types 13.
EQ.0: no change
EQ.1: membrane straining causes thickness change
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-83
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• By default membrane thickness changes are not accounted for in the single surface contact
algorithm. Thinning may be included by setting a flag on the contact control card.
EQ.0: no consideration
EQ.1: shell thickness changes are included
The slave and master surfaces must be offset in the input by one-half the total shell thickness. This
also allows the segments to be oriented automatically.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-84
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Segment based projection is used in contact types a 3, a 5, a 10, a 13, and 15. All other contact
types used nodal normal projections if projections are used.
PROJECTION OF SURFACES
REMARK
• Nodal projections are generally more accurate but are restricted to simple geometries.
• Segment based projection is MUCH cheaper.
The lack of a continuous contact surface requires special care in cases where nodes can
interpenetrate between contiguous segment.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-85
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES:
• Contact type node-to-surface contact is simple and works almost all the time with if the master
surface is a closed surface.
• Contact type surface-to-surface is also reliable if both master and slave surfaces are closed.
• The advantages of these contact types is that contact forces can be monitored in “RCFORC”
with no need to specify a transducer.
• In general, fine mesh leads to better representation of the contact area and is more stable.
• Contact normals must point to the opposing surface in these contact types.
• Contact type Automatic Single Surface is the most efficient and reliable contact for general
surfaces if time steps are not too large so the tracking algorithm can work properly.
• Must use *contact_force_transducer to be able to obtain contact forces in “RCFORC”.
• A contact thickness must be defined in order to check for initial penetrations.
• In implicit analysis since time step is relatively large full searching my become necessary at
least every cycle.
• Bucket sorting is done every several cycles (user controlled) and it is an expensive part of the
contact algorithm. In some problems it may be necessary to reduce this to less frequency for
sorting.
• Distance to the nodes in the slave node bucket and 27 neighbor buckets are calculated. The cost
is proportional to N*(27N-1) where N is the number of nodes.
• Nodal based search may not be able to find the closest master segment, segment based search is
more reliable.
• Nodal based projection is more reliable than segment based projection. Segment based
projection may cause a node to interpenetrate between contiguous segments. This leads to
energy growth.
FRICTION
Where
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-86
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
C1Co
V=
∆t
If exponential decay DC = 0 then µ c = µ s and f = µs N
If exponential decay DC ≈ 1.0e = ∞ then µ c = µ d
20
and f = µd N .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-87
CONTACT AND FRICTION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 6-88
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
PLASTICITY
At low stress level, the stresses in elastoplastic material depend only on the state of strain;
however, above a certain stress level, called the yield stress, σ y , non-recoverable plastic
deformations are obtained.
Post- yielding behavior from uni-axial tension tests typically shows the following behaviors.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-89
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ELASTIC-PLASTIC BEHAVIOR
Plasticity Theory:
• Yield criterion
(Von-Mises, typically)
• Flow rule
For metals use associated rule (flow rule and yield criterion are the same functions)
For granular materials like soil use non-associated rule (flow rule and yield criterion are
different functions
• Hardening rule
This is the rule that describes how the yield surface is changed by the history of the flow.
1. Kinematic hardening
2. Isotropic hardening
3. Mixed hardening
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-90
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-91
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Uniaxial Representation
σ
σyt
σy0
-σ~y
-σ y t -σ-y
Isotropic Hardening
Figure (a), yield surface expands uniformly.
Yield reappears when σ > σ B
Kinematic Hardening
Figure (b), yield surface translates in stress space but do not change size, shape, or orientation. The
elastic range of 2 oσ y is maintained.
t
σ + t σ~ =2o σ
y y y
Mixed Hardening
Figure (c), yield surface translate in stress space and change size.
t
2 oσ y < t σ y + σ y < 2 t σ y
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-92
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Assumption: elastic deformation is small compared to total deformation and plastic flow occurs at
constant volume.
• Covert force (p) vs. elongation ( l − lo ) curve to engineering stress vs. engineering strain
σ n = Ρ / Α0
l − lo ∆l
εo = =
lo lo
• Convert engineering stress to Cauchy (true) stress and engineering strain to true strain
• Using incompresibility Al = Ao lo
p p l p l − lo
σ= = = (1 + ) = σ n (1 + ε o )
A Ao lo Ao lo
l l − lo
ε = lu ( ) = lu (1 + ) = lu (1 + ε o )
lo lo
• If one is interested in post necking strain then the following equation can be used
Ao
ε = lu ( )
A
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-93
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The following figure depicts the applicability of the various strain and stress mesures:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 7-94
DAMPING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
DAMPING
• In general damping in structure is not viscous. It is due to hysteresis and usually modeled by
viscous damping.
• Treatment of damping:
C = αM + βK
*DAMPING_GLOBAL
*DAMPING_PART_MASS
*DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS
• For the first option you can either specify a load curve for damping or a system damping
constant “d”. With system damping the acceleration is computed as:
1
an = ( R ext − R int − R damp )
M
• The best damping constant for the system is usually based on the critical damping factor for the
lowest natural frequency of interest.
• The last two keyword options assigns mass weighted damping and stiffness damping by part ID
• You can specify mass weighted damping by a load curve.
• Mass weighted damping damps all motion including rigid body motions. It is more effective for
low frequencies.
• Stiffness proportional damping can be input by specifying the value of β .
• Using the normal mode methods we can write
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 8-95
DAMPING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
0.2
β=
ωi
• Stiffness proportional damping is effective for high frequencies and it is orthogonal to rigid
body motions.
• Stiffness proportional Rayleigh damping is introduced by replacing the incremental stress
computation by
α stiff
∆σ = C∆ε + C elas ∆ε
∆t
1 1 1
n+ n+ n+
2 2 2
elas
Where α stiff is the stiffness proportional damping coefficient, ∆t is the time step, and C is the
elastic consecutive tensor. The stiffness proportional damping coefficient is specified by material.
• Mass proportional damping is added with
α mass
Feint = ∫ BnT+1τ n +1 dV + M∆u e
Vn +1 ∆t
Where α mass is the proportional damping coefficient, M, is the element mass, matrix, and ∆u , is
the vector of nodal incremental displacements. In LSDYNA/IMPLICIT implementation, a unique
stiffness proportional damping coefficient may be specified for each part. However, one mass
proportional damping coefficient operates on the entire model mass. The damping force is
proportional to a midstep velocity approximation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 8-96
REDUCED INTEGRATION & HOURGLASSING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
However reduced integration rule produces zero energy deformation mode (or hourglass mode)
• (A pattern of nodal D.O.F. produces a strain that is zero at all integration points)
• If the integration points (gauss point) sense no strain under a certain deformation mode, the
resulting element stiffness matrix will have no resistant to that deformation mode.
• The stiffness matrix for bilinear four nodded elements has 8 eigenvalues in which lead to 8
independent displacement modes, they are:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 9-97
REDUCED INTEGRATION & HOURGLASSING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
If exact or recommended integration is used the stiffness matrix will have
8-3=5 nonzero eigenvalues
(The 3 zero eigenvalues correspond to rigid body motion)
If reduced integration is used the stiffness matrix will have only 3 nonzero eigenvalues
So we will have two additional displacement modes that will not contribute to the strain energy,
they are the spurious zero-energy modes
Example:
Four-nodded plane elements integrated by one-integration point
u = cxy u=0
v=0 v = −cxy
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 9-98
REDUCED INTEGRATION & HOURGLASSING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
HOURGLASSING
undeformed deformed
The figure below depicts the effect of hourglass on deformation. The vehicle had the same initial
kinetic energy and both runs have the same termination time.
HOURGLASS CONTROL
Adding hourglass stiffness must provide stability to the element without stiffening the element to
legitimate modes that are already working well. To suppress the hourglass deformation modes,
hourglass viscosity stresses are added to physical stresses at the local element level.
VISCOUS FORMS
• Standard LSDYNA (default)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 9-99
REDUCED INTEGRATION & HOURGLASSING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
• Flanagan-Beltyschko (2)
• Flanagan-Beltyschko with exact volume integration (3)
STIFFNESS FORMS
• Flanagan-Beltyschko (4)
• Flanagan-Beltyschko with exact volume integration (5)
*CONTROL_ENERGY
• switch to have hourglass energy calculated
*CONTROL_HOURGLASS
• set hourglass type
• user can modify hourglass coefficient
*HOURGLASS
• set hourglass type and other parameters for use in a specific parts
*PART
• can be signaled to use a specific hourglass ID
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 9-100
QUASI STATIC SIMULATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
In some cases it is desirable to have prestress loading of a structure before a transeint dynamic
analysis is performed. This situation occurs in many applications. To name few as follows:
In here the applied load for prestress is applied in monotonic increments up to the final load before
transient analysis begins. For instance, if car crash is desired then, the gravity is applied with in a
load curve from time zero to some other time (say t1). Then this gravity loading is held constant for
the duration of the simulation. The impact velocity of the car can start with a second load curve
that has its starting time to be t1.
2. Dynamic relaxation
A load curve can be used for both prestressing and transient analysis. In the prestressing (or
dynamic relaxation) phase LSDYNA approximates a solution of the nonlinear quasi-static problem
by incorporating damping in the update of the displacement field.
In here one can solve the prestress problem using an implicit solution phase. With in this phase one
needs to include the following card:
*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_DYNA3D
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 10-101
QUASI STATIC SIMULATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
This will cause the code to generate a “dynain” file at the end of the simulation. This file contains
initial stresses imposed on the elements at the end of the simulation for the part defined. Then one
can take these initial-stresses and put into the input file for a second explicit phase with
prestressing.
• Matrices must be re-evaluated at each time step and for most iterations
The CPU time of an explicit solution becomes competitive
• Direct solution may fail when local buckling occur in large scale finite element models
Quasi-static analysis with large deformation and contact (like roof crash and door intrusion) is
expensive and some times impossible using implicit method. Explicit methods can be used with
time and mass scaling
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 10-102
QUASI STATIC SIMULATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 2
• Note that to reduce kinetic energy E = mv we have two options. Either reduce velocity “v”
2
or reduce mass “m”.
• For instance to reduce E by ½ we can either reduce the velocity by 1 or the mass by ½.
2
Velocity reduction has more pronounced effect on kinetic energy reduction.
Three issues must be addressed to determine suitable loading rate when simulating quasi-static
tests using explicit LSDYNA:
Note that when performing quasi-static simulations the higher the rate of loading the higher the
elongation at failure.
Time scaling:
*CONTOL_TIMESTEP
• Minimum time step size can be specified. For shell elements and the following material:
*MAT_PLASTIC_KENEMATIC
*MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY
*MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 10-103
QUASI STATIC SIMULATION
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
• The moduli in the element material properties will be modified to keep the time step as the
assigned value.
• You need to specify the parameter “TSLIMT” in the *CONTROL_TIMESTEP
• Dangerous exercise in FE simulation.
Mass scaling:
*CONTOL_TIMESTEP
• Minimum time step size can be specified, Preferred in FE simulation. For all elements and
materials;
• The mass in the element material properties will be modified to keep the time step as the
assigned value.
• You need to specify the parameter “DT2MS” in the *CONTROL_TIMESTEP.
• Positive values are for quasi-static analysis or time history analysis with insignificant inertial
effects.
• Negative values is the minimum time step size permitted and mass scaling is done if and only if
it is necessary to meet Courant criterion.
• You can bound mass increase by the parameter “ENDMASS” in the termination card.
• Each increment in IMPLICIT analysis consists of at least one iteration, but usually more than
one.
• Each iteration in IMPLICIT requires the solution of a set of simultaneous equations
• The CPU cost per iteration is roughly proportional to the number of degrees of freedom in the
model squared.
• Each increment in EXPLICIT consists of one group of equations-there are no iterations.
• The CPU cost per increment is directly proportional to the number of degrees of freedom in the
model.
• As the size of the model increases, there is a point at which EXPLICIT may become more cost
effective than IMPLICIT for simulations that could be solved with either.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 10-104
ADAPTIVITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ADAPTIVITY
Objective
• Even with the development of newer and faster computers, it is desired to make simulation as
efficient as possible. Often times, the potential behavior of a model can only be guessed at,
requiring finer meshes and thus, greater amounts of processing time.
LSDYNA ADAPTIVITY: H-adaptive refinement uses error norms to generate elements where
they are needed. Solution errors are minimized without a manual, trial and error approach. A one
side two neighbor rule is used for ease in implementation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 11-105
ADAPTIVITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
REFINEMENT INDICTOR
If ζ > ζ to1 the refinement, where ζ to1 is user determined. Limit for refinement has to be determined
by user as well as the number of refinements.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 11-106
ADAPTIVITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 11-107
ADAPTIVITY
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 11-108
SPRINGBACK
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Implicit Method
● run entire simulation using static implicit method
● load completely removed at final time step
● control rigid body modes using BCs with late birth time (if necessary)
Implicit Springback
Artificial stabilization
● Allows multi-step springback
● artificial springs constrain motion of every node
● springs soften during simulation, vanish at termination time
● accurate springback only when stabilization is completely removed
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 12-109
SPRINGBACK
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Artificial Stabilization
● artificial springs added to model
● springback over several steps
● springs vanish at termination time
● stiffness multiplier option
● load curve option for k vs. t
10.0
Spring Stiffness
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.0 1.0
Simulation Time
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 12-110
SPRINGBACK
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Seamless Springback
Restart
● small restart input deck may include:
➤ all *CONTROL_IMPLICIT commands
➤ *INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK
● binary d3dump file automatically generated after forming phase
● no need to repeat forming simulation if springback fails
F
ζ ζ ζ
h/2 h/2 h/2
- σy σy - σy σy - σy σy
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 12-111
SPRINGBACK
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 12-112
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
TROUBLE SHOTING
Consider the simple elastic truss, one degree of freedom per node:
u1 u2
FL
u1=0 u2 =
EA
The constraint could be zero displacement, or the node could be attached to another structure which
is "grounded".
Another solution is to consider the truss as a spring-mass system, and solve a transient dynamics
problem of the form F=Ma.
k F
u1 u2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-113
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
F = ku1 k 0 u F
FL ⇒ EA EA 1 =
= u2 − u1 − L L u 2 F
EA
and after inverting the stiffness matrix, the displacements are
k1 0 F u1
1 L
=
k EA F u2
in the limit where the spring becomes infinitely stiff, the previous solution is recovered
FL
u1 = 0, u2 =
EA
When the spring vanishes, the inverse stiffness is undefined and no solution can be found: the
stiffness matrix is singular
LS-DYNA will issue a "negative eigenvalue" warning message during stiffness matrix inversion.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-114
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
linear nonlinear
double precision 127.7 127.7
single precision 124.2 127.8
In poorly conditioned models, increased sensitivity to errors in force vector compound the
problem.
k k k
ω2 = ω2 = 2 ω2 = n
m m m
one mass two masses n - masses
L0
• for n-element lumped mass beam model, element length L = ,
n
EA
(ρAL ) = αn
k −1
λmax = ω 2 = n = n 3
m L
• so condition number varies with mesh density cubed
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-115
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-116
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Convergence trouble is the most common problem. Error messages displayed by LS-DYNA :
● divergence
out-of-balance force R is growing, reform K and continue iterations
● energy explosion
energy norm grows beyond 1,000,000x initial value, abandon step
● negative eigenvalues
error from linear equation solver while computing K-1
input parameter gives procedure (default: ignore, try to continue)
Troubleshooting Non-Convergence
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-117
TROUBLE SHOOTING
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Inverted elements
● negative volume elements in initial mesh (check in preprocessor)
● elements inverted when nodes relocated during contact initialization
check messages in d3hsp file, view mesh at time=0 with postprocessor
● elements inverted due to excessive deformation
activate plot state output to get many pictures just before trouble begins
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 13-118
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn how to activate LS-DYNA’s implicit mode.
• Learn how to select linear or nonlinear analysis.
Problem Description
A static tensile test is simulated using shell elements. One end of the specimen is constrained,
while concentrated nodal loads are applied at the other end. Uniform stresses develop in the
narrowed center section.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-119
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Run the simulation, and post-process using LS-POST. Record below the total applied load and
total tip displacement (HINT: the ascii database NODFOR includes data for each of the tip
nodes).
Modify the input deck to increase the applied load 100x, and rerun the simulation. Record the new
data:
6. Is the simulation linear or nonlinear ? (Does the tip displacement scale linearly with applied
load?)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-120
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
implicit tensile test
$
$ test coupon: 200 mm long, 20 mm width, 2.67 mm thickness, 50.8 mm gauge length
$
$ units; mm, s, ton, N
$
$ A. Tabiei
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.0000
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igs
1 1.0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
0 0 0 0.0 0.0
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.010
*DATABASE_NODFOR
0.010
*DATABASE_NODOUT
0.010
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
2
*SET_NODE_LIST
2
29,30,31,32,33,38,39
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*MAT_elastic
$ MID RO E PR
1 0.780E-08 0.207E+06 0.280E+00
$
*SECTION_SHELL
1 0
2.670E-00 2.670E-00 2.670E-00 2.670E-00
$
*PART
shell tensile strip
1 1 1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-121
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000000000E+00 0.0000000000000E+00
1.00000000000000E+00 2.0000000000000E+02
$
*load_node_point
$ Node DOF LCID SF
204 1 1 1
205 1 1 1
206 1 1 1
207 1 1 1
212 1 1 0.5
213 1 1 0.5
$
*BOUNDARY_SPC_NODE
30 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
31 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
32 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
33 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
38 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
39 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*NODE
14 1.000000000E+01 1.600000000E+01 0.000000000E+00
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 38 30 14 40
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-122
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn how to observe convergence behavior of nonlinear equilibrium iterations.
• Learn to use automatic time step control for nonlinear problems.
• Learn the benefits of force vs. displacement controlled simulations.
Problem Description
A static tensile test is simulated using shell elements and a nonlinear, elastic-plastic material
model. One end of the specimen is constrained, while concentrated nodal loads are applied at the
other end. Uniform stresses develop in the narrowed center section.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
Run the input deck. Does the job run to completion? ( ) normal termination ( ) error
termination
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-123
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Using the postprocessor, plot the X-displacement of an end node vs. time.
6. max end displacement _____ max eff. stress _______ max eff. strain _____
Activate the nonlinear print flag to get more information about the nonlinear solution process.
Switch from load control to displacement control, and repeat the simulation (Hint: helpful
keywords are commented out in the original input deck). Using the postprocessor, again plot the
X-displacement of an end node.
9. max end displacement _____ max eff. stress _______ max eff. strain _____
Return to the original input deck, and activate automatic time step control (IAUTO=1 on the
keyword *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO). Repeat the simulation.
12. max end displacement _____ max eff. stress _______ max eff. strain _____
Using the “ASCII” menu, load the GLSTAT database and plot the step size vs. time.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-124
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
implicit tensile test, elastic-plastic material
$
$ test coupon, 200 mm long, 20 mm width, 2.67 mm thickness, 50.8 mm gauge length
$
$ units; mm, s, ton, N
$
$ By A. Tabiei
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.0000
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.01 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
0 0 0 0.0 0.0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.0100
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg engflg
1 1
$ cmpflg ieverp beamip
$
$
*DATABASE_NODFOR
0.0001
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
2
*SET_NODE_LIST
2
29,30,31,32,33,38,39
$
$
*DATABASE_ELOUT
0.0001
*DATABASE_HISTORY_SHELL
71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78
79,80
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_SHELL
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-125
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-126
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
213 1 3 0.5
*DEFINE_CURVE
3
0.00 0.00
1.00 2000.00
2.00 2000.00
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
$*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_NODE
$ 204 1 2 4 1.00
$ 205 1 2 4 1.00
$ 206 1 2 4 1.00
$ 207 1 2 4 1.00
$ 212 1 2 4 1.00
$ 213 1 2 4 1.00
$*DEFINE_CURVE
$ 4
$ 0.00 0.00
$ 1.00 10.00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*BOUNDARY_SPC_NODE
30 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
31 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
32 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
33 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
38 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
39 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*NODE
14 1.000000000E+01 1.600000000E+01 0.000000000E+00
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 38 30 14 40
*end
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-127
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn the behavior of different element formulations in static implicit simulations.
• Learn how to minimize hourglass problems.
Problem Description
A static load is applied to the center of an ellipsoidal dome. Shell elements are used. Nodes at the
base of the dome are constrained, and included in a NODFOR output database.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-128
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the simulation using the S/R Hughes-Liu shell (ELFORM=6), and postprocess the results.
Repeat the simulation using the Fast Fully Integrated shell (ELFORM=16), and postprocess the
results.
9. What conclusion can you draw about the effect of hourglass deformation on overall structural
stiffness for this problem? _____________________________________________
Concentrated applied loads are often responsible for initiating hourglass deformation. Edit the
input deck and replace the single concentrated nodal load with pressure acting on the adjacent
segments (Hint: Helpful keywords are included in the comments inside the input deck). Repeat
the simulation using the default shell.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-129
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
PINCHED ELLIPSE
$
$ A. Tabiei, March 99
$ units; mm, s, ton, N
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.0000
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.01 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 0 0 0.0 0.0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
$ imass gamma beta
0 0.0 0.0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg engflg
1 1
$ cmpflg ieverp beamip
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.01
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
0.01
*DATABASE_NODFOR
0.01
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
2
*SET_NODE_LIST
2
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 48
54 60 66 72 78 84 91 97
103 109 115 121 127 206 212 218
224 230 236 242
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*CONTROL_HOURGLASS
4
$
*MAT_elastic
$ MID RO E PR
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-130
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-131
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn to activate mesh adaptivity in an implicit simulation.
• Learn how to minimize hourglass problems.
Problem Description
A static load is applied to the center of an ellipsoidal dome. Shell elements are used. Nodes at the
base of the dome are constrained, and included in a NODFOR output database. Adaptivity is used
to automatically refine the mesh in areas of high curvature.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-132
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Execute the simulation, and view the results with the postprocessor.
Switch to pressure driven load application, and repeat the simulation. Postprocess the results.
Using the NODFOR database, verify that the load is applied correctly as the mesh is refined.
13. Does shell type #16 improve convergence behavior (number of auto steps)? ______
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-133
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
PINCHED ELLIPSE
$
$ A. Tabiei, March 99
$ units; mm, s, ton, N
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.0000
$
*CONTROL_ADAPTIVE
$ adpfreq adptol adpopt maxlvl tbirth tdeath lcadp ioflag
0.10 5.000 2 3 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ adpsize adpass ireflg adpene
0.0000000 1 0 1.0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.01 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 0 0 0.0 0.0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
$ imass gamma beta
0 0.0 0.0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg engflg
1 1
$ cmpflg ieverp beamip
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.01
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
0.01
*DATABASE_NODFOR
0.01
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
2
*SET_NODE_LIST
2
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 48
54 60 66 72 78 84 91 97
103 109 115 121 127 206 212 218
224 230 236 242
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-134
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$
*CONTROL_HOURGLASS
4
$
*MAT_elastic
$ MID RO E PR
1 7.890E-09 2.100E+05 3.000E-01
$
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM
1 2
3.000E-00 3.000E-00 3.000E-00 3.000E-00
$
*PART
SHELL
$ PID SID MID ADPOPT
1 1 1 0
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*LOAD_NODE_POINT
$ NID DOF LCID SF
164 3 1 -1.0
$
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000000000E+00 00.000000000000E+00
1.00000000000000E+00 500000.00000000E+00
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
$*LOAD_SEGMENT
$$ LCID SF N1 N2 N3 N4
$ 2 -1.0 154 155 164 163
$ 2 -1.0 155 156 165 164
$ 2 -1.0 163 164 173 172
$ 2 -1.0 164 165 174 173
$
$*DEFINE_CURVE
$ 2
$0.00000000000000E+00 00.000000000000E+00
$1.00000000000000E+00 7500.0000000000E+00
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
1 22.627417 -16.97056299999 0.0 7 7
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 1 2 8 7
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-135
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn when implicit methods can run faster than explicit methods.
• Learn to troubleshoot contact and convergence problems.
Problem Description
A hemispherical ball of brick elements is displaced into a plate of brick elements. The plate is
supported around its edges.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. The simulation is initially set up to run explicitly. Start
the job and estimate how long it will take to finish. Stop the job using “<ctrl-c> stop” when your
patience runs thin.
Edit the input deck and activate the implicit method. Run the simulation, postprocess the results,
and examine the contact condition (HINT: cut a section plane normal to the Y-direction using
SPLANE buttons).
2. Why is the ball flattening rather than deforming the plate?
Deactivate the “shooting node logic” by setting SNLOG=1 on the Optional Card B of
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE. Repeat the simulation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-136
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
To eliminate penetration, use the penalty scale factor to increase the contact interface penalty
stiffness by 10x (SLSFAC=1.0 on *CONTROL_CONTACT). Repeat the simulation.
5. Why does the ball now jump around in the X-Y plane? _______________________
Use *BOUNDARY_SPC_SET to add appropriate constraints to the ball (use the existing node set
ID #1.) Repeat the simulation.
7. How long does the simulation take to run using implicit method? _______________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-137
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
half ball impact problem
$
$ Units: m, s, kg, N
$
$ A. Tabiei
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM
1.00
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
0 0.010 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 30 0 0.0 0.1
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
$ imass gamma beta
0 0.0 0.0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_CONTACT
$ SLSFAC RWPNAL ISLCHK SHLTHK PENOPT THKCHG ORIEN
0.0000 0 1 0 0 0
$ USRSTR USRFAC NSBCS INTERM XPENEN
0 0 0 0 0.00
$
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
1 2 3 3 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC V VDC PENCHK BT DT
0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF
0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ optional card A
$ soft
0
$ optional card B
$ penmax thkopt shlthk snlog
0.0 0 0 0
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
5.0000E-02
$
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-138
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*DATABASE_RCFORC
1.0000E-06
$
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
1.0000E-06
$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*MAT_ELASTIC
1 7.850E+3 210.0E+9 0.3
*MAT_ELASTIC
2 7.850E+3 210.0E+9 0.3
*PART
elastic plate
1 1 1
*PART
elastic ball
2 2 2
*SECTION_SOLID
1 0
*SECTION_SOLID
2 0
*CONTROL_HOURGLASS
5
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
1 3 2 1 1.0
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
1.00000000E+00 5.00000000E-01
2.00000000E+00 5.00000000E-01
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_NODE_LIST
1
515 518 521 524 527 530 533 536
539 560 563 566 569 572 575 590
593 596 599 602 605 631 633 635
637 667 669 671 673 691 693 695
697 704 707 710 713 716 719 745
747 749 751 781 783 785 787 805
807 809 811 817 819 821 823 829
831
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$$
$*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
$$ NSID CID DOFX DOFY DOFZ DOFRX DOFRY DOFRZ
$ 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
$$
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
1-2.500000000E+00-2.500000000E+00 1.000000000E+00 7 7
*ELEMENT_SOLID
1 1 1 33 35 3 2 34 36 4
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-139
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives
• Learn the behavior of different contact interfaces in static implicit simulations.
• Learn how to set input parameters for implicit contact problems.
Problem Description
The rear bumper of a truck is modeled using shell elements. A solid, rigid bar is displaced into the
bumper, causing plastic buckling of the support. Post-buckling response is determined.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-140
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Stop the job after about 10 steps using the interactive command “<ctrl-c> stop”. Postprocess the
results, and magnify the displacements 10x.
Disable the “shooting node logic” using SNLOG=1 on the fifth contact card, “Optional Card B.”
Change the convergence tolerances back to their default values, and run the entire simulation
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-141
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
truck rear bumper
$
$ units: in,lbf,sec
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
0.0500000
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.0001 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0
$ 0 0 0 0.005 0.050 0 0.0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprint
0 0 0 1
$ arcctl arcdir arclen arcmth arcdmp
0 0 0.0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 2
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 100 0 0.0001 0.001
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
$ imass gamma beta
0 0.0 0.0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
$ ias scale tstart tend
0 0.0 0 0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
$ displace bumper 5 inches
$
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
4 2 2 1 1.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000
*DEFINE_CURVE
1 0 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
0.50000000E-01 5.00000000E+00
2.00000000E-01 5.00000000E+00
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*CONTROL_CONTACT
$ SLSFAC RWPNAL ISLCHK SHLTHK PENOPT THKCHG ORIEN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
$ (second card blank)
$
*CONTROL_PARALLEL
$ NCPU NUMRHS CONST PARA
0 0 0 0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-142
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
4 3 3 3
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ optional card A (blank)
$ optional card B
$ PENMAX THKOPT SHLTHK SNLOG
0 0 0 0
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
1e-4
*DATABASE_RCFORC
1e-4
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1e-4
$
$========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8
$
$ material properties
$
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ 1020 steel bilinear material model
1 7.30000-4 3.00000+7 0.3000000 30000.000 1.25000+5 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_RIGID
2 7.30000-4 3.00000+7 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ constrain all dof of frame
1.0000000 7.0000000 7.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ 1020 steel bilinear material model
3 7.30000-4 3.00000+7 0.3000000 30000.000 1.25000+5 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_RIGID
4 7.30000-4 3.00000+7 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ allow only y dof of impactor
1.0000000 6.0000000 7.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY
$ alternate 1020 steel material model
5 7.30000-4 3.00000+7 0.3000000 91353 .1911
0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
1 6 0.0000000 5.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
0.2500000 0.2500000 0.2500000 0.2500000
*SECTION_SHELL
2 6 0.0000000 5.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
0.2500000 0.2500000 0.2500000 0.2500000
*SECTION_SHELL
3 6 0.0000000 5.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
0.1875000 0.1875000 0.1875000 0.1875000
*SECTION_SOLID
4
$*CONTROL_SHELL
$0,0,0,0,0,0,2
$
*PART
support
1 1 1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-143
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*PART
frame
2 2 2
*PART
bumper
3 3 3
*PART
impactor
4 4 4
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*NODE
1 2.400000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0 0
*ELEMENT_SOLID
1 4 1813 1849 1855 1819 1814 1850 1856 1820
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 1 13 14 2
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-144
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objective
• Learn to perform a springback simulation using an entirely static implicit analysis.
• Learn the benefits of Full Newton method for contact problems.
• Learn about the available displacement convergence norm options.
Problem Description
A doorbeam subassembly is deformed by a rigid pole. Shell elements are used throughout, and
nodal rigid bodies are used to spotweld the components of the doorbeam. The pole is displaced to
deform the doorbeam, then retracted to evaluate springback.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-145
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the simulation. Postprocess the results and observe the force-deflection curve.
4. Does the alternative displacement tolerance become ( ) more or ( ) less strict when total
displacements are large, as they are at the end of this problem?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-146
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
static implicit door beam, 150 mm
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.10000
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.010 0 0 1
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprt
0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 200 0 0.0 0.05
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.0001000
$
*DATABASE_RCFORC
0.0001000
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
2 7.83500-6 200.00000 0.2800000 0.2067000 0.0000000 5.00000+9 0.0000000
0.1700000 4.0000000 0 0
0.0000000 0.0230000 0.0940000 0.1380000 0.1510000 0.3010000 0.7010000 0.9010000
0.2070000 0.2580000 0.3330000 0.3610000 0.3910000 0.4390000 0.5060000 0.5280000
*MAT_RIGID
4 7.83500-6 200.00000 0.2800000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
1.0000000 6.0000000 7.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*SECTION_SHELL
8 16 0.0000000 5.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
3.0000000 3.0000000 3.0000000 3.0000000 0.0000000
*SECTION_SHELL
4 16 0.0000000 5.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
3.0000000 3.0000000 3.0000000 3.0000000 0.0000000
*PART
PSHELL BBRKT
48 8 2 0 0 0 0 0
*PART
PSHELL BBRKT2
52 8 2 0 0 0 0 0
*PART
PSHELL DOORBEAM
56 8 2 0 0 0 0 0
*PART
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-147
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
4 2 2 1 1.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000
$
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
1.00000000E+00 1.50000000E+02
2.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*CONTROL_CONTACT
0.1000000 0.0000000 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.0000000 0 0 0
$
*CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE
2 1 2 2 0 0 1 1
0.2000000 0.2000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1 0.0000000 1.0100000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000
*SET_PART
1
4
*SET_PART
2
56
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
3 0
*SET_NODE_LIST
3
77041 77045 77049 77230 77231 77232
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
4 0
*SET_NODE_LIST
4
77039 77043 77047 77204 77205 77207 77208 77213
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
5 0
*SET_NODE_LIST
5
76945 76946 76961 77261 77262 77263
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
6 0
*SET_NODE_LIST
6
76937 76940 76955 77243 77244 77245 77246 77247
$
$ ---------------------------------------------------------------
$
*NODE
1 3.745967041E+03-1.019032959E+03 5.000000000E+02 0 0
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 4 1 6 7 2
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-148
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Objective
• Learn to run a combined explicit/implicit simulation for dynamic analysis followed by static
springback.
Problem Description
A tensile strip of shell elements is slowly loaded using the explicit dynamic method. At the end of
the simulation, the analysis type is automatically switched to static implicit, the load is removed,
and a static unloaded solution is obtained.
Procedure
Copy the input file to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-149
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What was the implicit time step size for springback? _________________________
6. How was this step size chosen? Does it’s value matter? _____________________
Postprocess the results and verify the springback solution analytically by extracting the following
information:
Springback displacement:
10. Specimen length after loading = _________________________________________
11. Elastic springback = strain * L = _________________________________________
Validation:
12. Computed displacement of tip node after loading ____________________________
13. Computed displacement of tip node after springback _________________________
14. Computed displacement due to springback _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-150
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
1D tensile test with seamless springback
$ This is a simple uniaxial tensile test with seamless springback.
$ Prescribed velocity is applied to the nodes at the end of the
$ strip, and removed using a death time of 0.005 to allow springback.
$ so springback (elastic) strain should be 2.98e-3
$ Length (loaded) = 44.38
$ so springback tip displacement should be 0.132 (at node 303)
$ units: mm, ton, N, N/mm^2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM
0.005
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
$ DTINIT SCFT ISDO TSLIMT DTMS
0.000 0.900 0 -3.0E-07
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL
5.00E-04
*DATABASE_BINARY_RUNRSF
$ DT/CYCL
2000
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_ELOUT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_NODOUT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_HISTORY_SHELL
1,2,199,200
*DATABASE_history_node
303
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ NEIPH NEIPS MAXINT STRFLG SIGFLG EPSFLG RLTFLG ENGFLG
1 1
$ CMPFLG IEVERP BEAMIP DCOMP SHGE STSSZ
1 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$ The following *CONTROL_IMPLICIT cards are not necessary, since
$ all of the default settings are used. They are included for
$ convenience in case you wish to try changing something.
$
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs
0 0.50 0 2
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif
0 0 0
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_LINEAR
$ lsolvr prntflg negeig
0 0 0
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
0 0 0 0 0
$
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
$ ias scale tstart tend
0 0.0 0 0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-151
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_SEAMLESS
982
6 7 0
1 6 0
303 5 0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_PART_LIST
982
1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_ADAPTIVE
$ ADPFREQ ADPTOL ADPOPT MAXLVL TBIRTH TDEATH LCADP IOFLAG
0.100E-01 0 2 1 4.900E-03 1.0000000 0 0
$ ADPSIZE ADPASS IREFLG ADPENE
0.0000000 0 0 5.0000
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*PART
PART PID = 1
$ PID SID MID EOSID HGID GRAVTY ADOPTY
1 1 1 1
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP
1 2 1.0 5.0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN R HLCID
1 0.787E-08 0.207E+06 0.33 1.00 4
$ stress-strain curve for the sheet metal
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$--------LOAD CURVE DATA FOR STRAIN STRESS ------*
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DEFINE_CURVE
$ LCID SIDR SCLA SCLO
4 0
$ A1 O1
0.0000E+00 0.3282E+03
0.1000E-01 0.4245E+03
0.3000E-01 0.5061E+03
0.5000E-01 0.5492E+03
0.7000E-01 0.5796E+03
0.9000E-01 0.6034E+03
0.1100E+00 0.6231E+03
0.1300E+00 0.6400E+03
0.1500E+00 0.6548E+03
0.1700E+00 0.6680E+03
0.1900E+00 0.6800E+03
0.2100E+00 0.6910E+03
0.2300E+00 0.7011E+03
0.2500E+00 0.7105E+03
0.2700E+00 0.7194E+03
0.2900E+00 0.7276E+03
0.9990E+01 0.7316E+02
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$-----------LOAD CURVE DATA FOR BINDER TRAVEL------*
$--------1---------2---------3---------4---------5---------6---------7---------8
*DEFINE_CURVE
$ LCID SIDR SCLA SCLO
1 0
$ A1 O1
0.0 0.0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-152
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.0E-03 1000.0
5.0E-03 1000.0
$--------1---------2---------3---------4---------5---------6---------7---------8
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_NODE
$ NID DOF VAD LCID SF VID DEATH
301 1 0 1 1.0 0.0050
302 1 0 1 1.0 0.0050
303 1 0 1 1.0 0.0050
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
$ NODE X Y Z TC RC
1 0.976562500E-03 0.100019989E+02 0.000000000E+00 6
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*ELEMENT_SHELL
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
1 1 1 2 3 4
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-153
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Beam in bending
Objective:
• Get familiar with some of the syntax associated with implicit analysis.
• Learn to perform nonlinear geometrical analysis.
• Learn to the effect of NLSOLVR=1 or 2.
Introduction:
This workshop models a simple cantilever beam. The beam is 100 mm long and 2 mm by 2 mm
cross-section. The material is elastic with steel properties.
Exercise:
Open the file beam.k with your favorite text editor. Understand the content of the file. Run the file
and post process. Generate the nodal force and displacement plots using Taurus. Record the end
displacement and the fixed end nodal forces. Run the problem with the given parameters below and
fill in the table (please note that the termination time is 1.0, however, the time in the *define curve
is 2.0).
Q-1:
Why there is a difference between exact solution and LSDYNA/IMPLICIT?
Q-2:
Is equilibrium satisfied? What happens when NLSOLVR is equal to one?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-154
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
GNL BEAM
$
$ This file is to demonstrate beam element and GNL
$ 100 mm long beam with 2x2 mm rectangular cross-section
$ A. Tabiei,
$
$ mm, s, N, ton
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM
1.000E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_MATSUM
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_NODOUT
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_NODFOR
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_BNDOUT
0.100E-05
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL
0.100E-03
*DATABASE_HISTORY_NODE
$ id1
11
*DATABASE_nodal_force_group
5
*SET_NODE_LIST
5
1 11
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
$ imflag dt0 iefs nstepsb igso
1 0.01 0 0 0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_NONLINEAR
$ nlsolvr ilimit maxref dctol ectol rctol lstol
2 0 0 0.000 0.00 0 0
$ dnorm divflag inistif nlprt
0 0 0 0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*PART
BEAM
$ PID SID MID
3 4 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_ELASTIC
$ MID RO E PR
2 7.830E-09 2.070E+05 2.800E-01
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SECTION_BEAM
$ SID ELFORM QR CST
4 1
$ TS1 TS2 TT1 TT2
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-155
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*LOAD_NODE_POINT
$ NODE DOF LCID SF
11 1 1 1.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000000000E+00 0.0000000000000E+00
2.00000000000000E+00 20.000000000000E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
$ NODE X Y Z
1 0.500000000E+02 0.500000000E+02 0.000000000E+00 7 7
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*ELEMENT_BEAM
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3
1 3 1 2 35
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-156
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Objective:
Get familiar with some of the syntax associated with implicit analysis.
Learn to perform stability analysis.
Learn the difference in an implicit simulation and explicit simulation for a quasi-static problem.
Introduction:
This workshop models an imperfect cylindrical shell. The initial geometric imperfections where
obtained from performing eigenvalue analysis and superimposing fractions of the eigenmodes on
the perfect shell. The material is elastic with Steel properties. Stability problems in general can be
modeled with implicit and some times with explicit. This example will show how to do that.
Exercise:
Open the file cylind.k and understand its content. The problem is set up to perform an implicit
analysis. Change the problem to an explicit analysis with least minimum change to the file (please
note that you do not need to remove the implicit analysis control cards). Run the problem and post
process. Look at the resultant nodal forces using the ASCII file NODFOR. Now change the file
back to perform implicit analysis. Run the file and compare the resultant nodal forces. Change the
termination time to 0.001 s and the analysis to explicit analysis. Run the file and compare the nodal
resultant forces to the two cases before.
Q-1: What do you think? Can we perform explicit analysis for this problem?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-157
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
Post Buckling Analysis
$ Imperfect shell
$ Steel, thickness=2.0 mm, length=101 mm, diamter=202 mm.
$ By A. Tabiei, March 1, 1999
$ units: mm, s, ton, N
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
0.10000
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
0.01
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT
0.01
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_ELOUT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_NODFOR
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_NODOUT
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_SECFORC
1.0e-5
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
1
*DATABASE_HISTORY_NODE
21 356 347
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_dynamics
$ IMASS GAMA BETA
1 0.5 0.25
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_general
$ IMFLAG DT0
1 0.01
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_nonlinear
$ NSOLVR ILIMIT MAXREF DCTOL ECTOL LSTOL
2 0.001 0.01 0.9
$ DNORM DIVERG ISTIF LPRINT
0 0 0 0
$ ARCCTL ARCDIR ARCLEN ARCMTH ARCDMP
$ 103 3
*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
$ iauto iteopt itewin dtmin dtmax
1 0 0 0.00 0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_elastic
$ MID RO E PR
1 7.890E-09 2.100E+05 3.000E-01
*SECTION_SHELL
1 6
2.0000000 2.0000000 2.0000000 2.0000000
*PART
MATERIAL FOR PART : P1
1 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_NODE_LIST
3
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-158
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 233 234 235
236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243
244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_SET
1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
*SET_NODES_LIST
1
211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218
219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226
227 228 229 230 231 443 444 445
446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453
454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461
*SET_SHELL_LIST
2
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188
189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196
197 198 199 200 381 382 383 384
385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392
393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
0.10000000E+00 5.00000000E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
3 1 2 1 -1.00
$*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
$ 3
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
1 1.015973969E+02-8.854999542E+00-1.012129974E+02 5 0
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 1 22 23 2
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-159
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Objective:
• Learn to run a combined explicit/implicit simulation.
Problem Description:
A steel plate is modeled with solid elements. The plate is constrained on all edges and loaded by
uniform pressure. The uniform pressure loading is to be analyzed using an implicit step. Then the
loaded plate is to be impacted by half a sphere. The impact scenario is to be analyzed using an
explicit step.
2. What kind of element formulation is used for the solid element? ________________
Add the keywords *INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_DYNA3D for the plate part (you do not need
to add constrains). This control card will force LSDYNA to generate an ascii file called “dynain” at
the end of the simulation. This file contains the internal stresses at the element integration points
and the deformed geometry at the termination time.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-160
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the maximum effective stress (Von Misses) at the last state? ____________
4. Now examine the “dynain”. Can you explain what is in it? _____________________
Open the file im-ex-ball.k with your favorite text editor. This file contains both the nodal point for
the plate and half sphere. Need to cut the initial stresses and the new deformed nodal coordinate
from “dynain” file and put in this file (in-ex-ball.k).
5. What kind of load is applied in this file, and what is the load curve? _____________
Comment the initial velocity card and run the simulation. Do an animation of the effect stress.
Now you can apply the initial stress and run the problem. Post processes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-161
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
PLATE UNDER PRESSURE IMPLICIT
$ Units: m, s, kg, N
$ A. Tabiei
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_dynamics
$ IMASS GAMA BETA
1 0.5 0.25
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_general
$ IMFLAG DT0
1 0.0001
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_nonlinear
$ NSOLVR ILIMIT MAXREF DCTOL ECTOL LSTOL
2 0.001 0.01 0.9
$ DNORM DIVERG ISTIF LPRINT
2 2 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_auto
$ IAUTO ITEOPT ITEWIN DTMIN DTMAX
1 100 1.0E-6 1.0e-3
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_DYNA3D
123
*SET_PART_LIST
123
1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM
1.000E+00
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
0.001E+00
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL
0.100E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_ACCURACY
1,1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*PART
PART PID = 1
$ PID SID MID
1 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$ MID RO E PR SIG ETAN FAIL
1 7.890E+03 2.100E+11 3.000E-01 3.150E+08 0.000E+00 0.000
$ C P LCSS
0.0 0 0
$ (EPS) effective plastic strain vs efftive stress (ES)
0.0 0.019 0.05 0.165 0.33 0.495 0.625 0.0
315E+06 315E+06 427.8E+06 500.8E+06 504.3E+06 506.5E+06 400E+06 0.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SID ELFORM
1 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
1-2.500000000E+00-2.500000000E+00 1.000000000E+00 7 7
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-162
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*ELEMENT_SOLID
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
1 1 1 33 35 3 2 34 36 4
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
1.00000000E+00 1.00000000E+08
2.00000000E+00 1.00000000E+08
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*LOAD_SEGMENT
1 1 33 35 3
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-163
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
half ball impact problem using explicit/implicit formulation
$ 1.414 m radius half ball impacting plate 5x5x1 m (Steel).
$ Units: m, s, kg, N
$ A. Tabiei
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
0.01
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_ENERGY
$ HGEN RWEN SLNTEN RYLEN
2 1 2 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1.0000E-02
*DATABASE_RCFORC
1.0000E-06
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
1.0000E-06
*DATABASE_NODOUT
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_ELOUT
0.100E-05
*DATABASE_HISTORY_NODE_SET
$ id1
10
*SET_NODE
10
240,242,272,274
*DATABASE_HISTORY_SOLID
$ id1
113
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL
0.100E-02
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_ACCURACY
1,1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$ MID RO E PR SIG ETAN FAIL
1 7.890E+03 2.100E+11 3.000E-01 3.150E+08 0.000E+00 0.000
$ C P LCSS
0.0 0 0
$ (EPS) effective plastic strain vs efftive stress (ES)
0.0 0.019 0.05 0.165 0.33 0.495 0.625 0.0
315E+06 315E+06 427.8E+06 500.8E+06 504.3E+06 506.5E+06 400E+06 0.0
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$ MID RO E PR SIG ETAN FAIL
2 7.890E+03 2.100E+11 3.000E-01 3.150E+08 0.000E+00 0.000
$ C P LCSS
0.0 0 0
$ (EPS) effective plastic strain vs efftive stress (ES)
0.0 0.019 0.05 0.165 0.33 0.495 0.625 0.0
315E+06 315E+06 427.8E+06 500.8E+06 504.3E+06 506.5E+06 400E+06 0.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*PART
elastic plate
1 1 1
*PART
elastic ball
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-164
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2 2 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SECTION_SOLID
1 2
*SECTION_SOLID
2 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*INITIAL_VELOCITY
1
0,0,250
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_NODE_LIST
1
515 518 521 524 527 530 533 536
539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546
547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554
555 556 557 560 563 566 569 572
575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582
583 584 585 586 587 590 593 596
599 602 605 606 607 608 609 610
611 612 613 614 615 616 617 631
633 635 637 638 639 640 641 642
643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650
651 652 653 667 669 671 673 674
675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682
683 684 685 686 687 688 689 691
693 695 697 698 699 700 701 704
707 710 713 716 719 720 721 722
723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730
731 745 747 749 751 752 753 754
755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762
763 764 765 766 767 781 783 785
787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794
795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802
803 805 807 809 811 812 813 814
815 817 819 821 823 824 825 826
827 829 831 832 833
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
$ NODE X Y Z TC RC
515-0.707106829E+00-0.707106829E+00-0.460000396E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*ELEMENT_SOLID
1 1 1 33 35 3 2 34 36 4
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TITLE
$ CID IF. NAME
1 IF000001
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC V VDC PENCHK BT DT
0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF
0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.100E+01 0.100E+01
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_SEGMENT
1
515 540 542 518
540 541 543 542
518 542 544 521
542 543 545 544
521 544 576 560
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-165
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-166
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
39 41 73 71
41 43 75 73
43 45 77 75
45 47 79 77
47 49 81 79
49 51 83 81
51 53 85 83
53 55 87 85
55 57 89 87
57 59 91 89
59 61 93 91
61 63 95 93
65 67 99 97
67 69 101 99
69 71 103 101
71 73 105 103
73 75 107 105
75 77 109 107
77 79 111 109
79 81 113 111
81 83 115 113
83 85 117 115
85 87 119 117
87 89 121 119
89 91 123 121
91 93 125 123
93 95 127 125
97 99 131 129
99 101 133 131
101 103 135 133
103 105 137 135
105 107 139 137
107 109 141 139
109 111 143 141
111 113 145 143
113 115 147 145
115 117 149 147
117 119 151 149
119 121 153 151
121 123 155 153
123 125 157 155
125 127 159 157
129 131 163 161
131 133 165 163
133 135 167 165
135 137 169 167
137 139 171 169
139 141 173 171
141 143 175 173
143 145 177 175
145 147 179 177
147 149 181 179
149 151 183 181
151 153 185 183
153 155 187 185
155 157 189 187
157 159 191 189
161 163 195 193
163 165 197 195
165 167 199 197
167 169 201 199
169 171 203 201
171 173 205 203
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-167
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-168
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-169
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-170
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Objective:
• Learn to rigid body, prescribed motion, and equilibrium check.
Problem Description:
A steel beam section is bolted as shown. The bolt in modeled by both rigid and deformable
material. The bolt is given prescribed displacement so that the bolt is pulled out of the slotted hole.
Procedure:
Copy the input files to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following question:
1. What is the allowed direction for motion of the rigid material (*mat_rigid)? _______
2. Put the *boundary_prescribed_motion_rigid with the approperiate parameters. Use the defined
curve for the motion.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-171
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Switch the material of the bolt to deformable. You can do that by changing the material ID of
the deformable material. Put the *boundary_prescribed_motion_set with the appropriate
parameters. Use the defined curve and the defined node set for the motion (do not forget to
remove the *boundary_prescribed_motion_rigid from the file).
4. Plot the x-component of contact force. Plot sum of the nodal internal forces of the nodal set
specified (hint: look at the NODFOR).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-172
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
Bolt Analysis By A. Tabiei
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
0.0100000
*CONTROL_CONTACT
$ SLSFAC RWPNAL ISLCHK SHLTHK
0.100 2
$ USRSTR USRFAC NSBCS INTERM
*CONTROL_ENERGY
2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_dynamics
$ IMASS GAMA BETA
0 0.5 0.25
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_general
$ IMFLAG DT0
1 0.00001
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_nonlinear
$ NSOLVR ILIMIT MAXREF DCTOL ECTOL LSTOL
2 20 5 0.001 0.01 0.9
$ DNORM DIVERG ISTIF LPRINT
2 2 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_auto
$ IAUTO ITEOPT ITEWIN DTMIN DTMAX
1 100 1.0E-7 1.0e-4
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1.00000-3
*DATABASE_NODFOR
1.00000-5
*DATABASE_SLEOUT
1.00000-3
*DATABASE_RCFORC
1.00000-5
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
1 7.83000-9 2.00000+5 0.3300000 345.00000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0
0.0000000 0.0200000 0.0300000 0.1500000 0.3000000 0.4000000 10.000000 0.0000000
345.00000 515.00000 600.00000 690.00000 740.00000 760.00000 700.00000 0.0000000
*MAT_RIGID
22 7.85000-9 2.10000+5 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
1.0000000 6.0000000 7.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
2 7.83000-9 2.20000+5 0.3300000 445.00000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0
0.0000000 0.0200000 0.0300000 0.1500000 0.3000000 0.4000000 10.000000 0.0000000
445.00000 615.00000 700.00000 790.00000 840.00000 860.00000 800.00000 0.0000000
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SECTION_SHELL
1 16 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
2.0000000 2.0000000 2.0000000 2.0000000 0.0000000
*SECTION_SHELL
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-173
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-174
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-175
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-176
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Objective:
• Learn to difference between explicit and dynamic implicit.
Problem Description:
A steel front rail is constrained on one end and displacement control is applied on the other end.
The analysis to be run using explicit and implicit formulation.
Procedure:
Copy the input files to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following question:
2. How is motion prescribed and what out put is requested for post processing? ______
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-177
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Plot reaction forces. Is there a difference in the forces between the two runs. _______
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-178
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
Symmetric Short Crush Tube
$
$ Symmetric model - 1/4 of the tube
$
$ Units: mm, kg, ms, kN, GPa, kN-mm
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ Control Ouput
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ f i f f f
$ endtim endcyc dtmin endneg endmas
1.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_dynamics
$ IMASS GAMA BETA
1 0.5 0.25
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_general
$ IMFLAG DT0
1 0.0001
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_nonlinear
$ NSOLVR ILIMIT MAXREF DCTOL ECTOL LSTOL
2 20 5 0.005 0.01 0.9
$ DNORM DIVERG ISTIF LPRINT
2 2 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_auto
$ IAUTO ITEOPT ITEWIN DTMIN DTMAX
1 10 1.0E-6 1.0e-4
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ SID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
1
$ NID1 NID2 NID3 NID4 NID5 NID6 NID7 NID8
99999 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
486 487 712 713 714 715 716
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ SID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
2
$ NID1 NID2 NID3 NID4 NID5 NID6 NID7 NID8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 414
415 532 533 534 535 536
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
1,3,2,99,-1.0
*DEFINE_CURVE
99
0.0,0.0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-179
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.00,50.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_ENERGY
$ i i i i
$ hgen rwen slnten rylen
2 2
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ f i
$ DT/CYCL LCDT - time interval between state dumps (D3PLOT)
0.1
$
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ i i i i i i i i
$ neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg engflg
$ i i i
$ cmpflg ieverp beamip
1
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT
$ DT/CYCL LCDT - time interval between time history data dumps (D3THDT)
999999
$
*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
2
*DATABASE_NODFOR
$ DT/CYCL
0.0001
$
*DATABASE_HISTORY_NODE
$ Define nodes that output into NODOUT
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ id1 id2 id4 id4 id5 id6 id7 id8
99999 414 486
$
*DATABASE_NODOUT
$ DT/CYCL
0.001
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
$ DT/CYCL
0.001
*DATABASE_MATSUM
$ DT/CYCL
0.001
*DATABASE_SLEOUT
$ DT/CYCL
0.001
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ Define Contacts - Sliding Interfaces
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ ssid msid sstyp mstyp sboxid mboxid spr mpr
0
$ Equating ssid to zero means that all segments are included in the contact
$
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-180
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
$ fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt
0.08 0.08
$
$ sfs sfm sst mst sfst sfmt fsf vsf
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ Define Materials and Parts
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ mid ro e pr sigy etan eppf tdel
1 7.830E-06 200.0 0.3 0.207 10.0
$
$ c p lcss lcsr
0 0
$ PLASTIC STRESS/STRAIN CURVES
$ eps1 eps2 eps3 eps4 eps5 eps6 eps7 eps8
$ es1 es2 es3 es4 es5 es6 es7 es8
0.000E+00 8.000E-02 1.600E-01 4.000E-01 9.900E+01
2.070E-01 2.500E-01 2.750E-01 2.899E-01 3.000E-01
$
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SHELL ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ sid elform shrf nip propt qr/irid icomp
1 16 3.0000
$ t1 t2 t3 t4 nloc
2.000E+00 2.000E+00 2.000E+00 2.000E+00
$
*PART
$ HEADING
corner1
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ pid sid mid eosid hgid igrav adpopt
1 1 1
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ Define Nodes and Elements
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$
$ NODAL POINT CARDS
*NODE
$
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ NID X Y Z TC RC
99999 0.0 0.0 274.0 0 0
*ELEMENT_SHELL
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
752 1 547 552 553 553
*BOUNDARY_SPC_NODE
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ NID CID X Y Z RX RY RZ
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-181
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
2, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
3, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
4, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
5, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
6, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
7, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
414, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
415, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
532, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
533, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
534, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
535, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
536, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
537, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
542, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
547, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
552, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
557, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
562, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
567, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
572, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
577, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
582, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
587, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
592, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
597, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
602, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
607, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
612, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
617, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
622, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
627, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
632, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
637, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
642, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
647, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
652, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
657, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
662, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
667, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
672, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
677, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
682, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
687, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
692, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
697, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
702, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
707, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
712, 0,0,1,0, 1, 0, 1
14, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
21, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
28, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
35, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
42, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
49, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
56, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
63, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
70, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
77, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
84, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
91, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
98, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-182
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
105, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
112, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
119, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
126, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
133, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
140, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
147, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
154, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
161, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
168, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
175, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
182, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
189, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
196, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
203, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
210, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
217, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
224, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
231, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
238, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
245, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
252, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
259, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
$
$
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-183
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Objective:
• Learn to rigid body, prescribed motion, difference in implicit static and dynamic.
Problem Description:
A steel beam section is bolted as shown. The bolt in modeled by both rigid and deformable
material. The bolt is given prescribed displacement so that the bolt is pulled out of the slotted hole.
Procedure:
Copy the input files to your local directory. Using an editor, view the input file and answer the
following questions:
Run these simulation with static and dynamic implicit and compare contact forces.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-184
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*KEYWORD
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*TITLE
BARRIER-BUMPER IMPACT
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM
1.000E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_dynamics
$ IMASS GAMA BETA
0 0.5 0.25
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_general
$ IMFLAG DT0
1 0.0001
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_nonlinear
$ NSOLVR ILIMIT MAXREF DCTOL ECTOL LSTOL
2 20 5 0.005 0.01 0.9
$ DNORM DIVERG ISTIF LPRINT
2 2 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*control_implicit_auto
$ IAUTO ITEOPT ITEWIN DTMIN DTMAX
1 100 1.0E-7 1.0e-3
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTROL_CONTACT
$ SLSFAC RWPNAL ISLCHK SHLTHK THKCHG ORIEN
0.100 2 2
$
*CONTROL_ENERGY
$ HGEN RWEN SLNTEN RYLEN
2 2 1 1
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
.100E-02
*DATABASE_RCFORC
.100E-02
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL
.100E-00
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
0 0 3 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*PART
$HEADING
PART PID = 1 PART NAME :BUMP.S
$ PID SID MID
1 1 2
*PART
$HEADING
PART PID = 2 PART NAME :RAILS.H
$ PID SID MID
2 1 2
*PART
$HEADING
PART PID = 3 PART NAME :BRACKS.H
$ PID SID MID
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-185
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3 3 2
*PART
$HEADING
PART PID = 4 PART NAME :WALL.LIN
$ PID SID MID
4 1 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN EPPF TDEL
2 7.830E-09 2.070E+05 2.800E-01 2.100E+02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ C P LCSS LCSR
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
$ EPS1 EPS2 EPS3 EPS4 EPS5 EPS6 EPS7 EPS8
0.000E+00 3.090E-02 4.090E-02 5.000E-02 1.510E-01 3.010E-01 7.010E-01 9.100E-01
$ ES1 ES2 ES3 ES4 ES5 ES6 ES7 ES8
2.100E+02 3.000E+02 3.140E+02 3.250E+02 3.900E+02 4.380E+02 5.050E+02 5.270E+02
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N COUPLE M ALIAS
1 7.830E-09 2.070E+05 2.800E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ CMO CON1 CON2
1.0 7.0 7.0
$LCO or A1 A2 A3 V1 V2 V3
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
1 16 .100E+01 3.0 1.0 .0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
3 16 .100E+01 3.0 1.0 .0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ SID
1
$ NID1 NID2 NID3 NID4 NID5 NID6 NID7 NID8
253 254 255 267 289 290 294 457
458 472 490 500
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
1,2,2,99,-1.0
*DEFINE_CURVE
99
0.0,0.0
1.00,50.0
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*NODE
$ NODE X Y Z TC RC
1-0.500000000E+03-0.152500000E+03 0.313752014E+03
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*ELEMENT_SHELL
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
1 4 1 10 11 2
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
1 2 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC V VDC PENCHK BT DT
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-186
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-187
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-188
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-189
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-190
WORKSHOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
42 43 52 51
43 44 53 52
44 45 54 53
46 47 56 55
47 48 57 56
48 49 58 57
49 50 59 58
50 51 60 59
51 52 61 60
52 53 62 61
53 54 63 62
55 56 65 64
56 57 66 65
57 58 67 66
58 59 68 67
59 60 69 68
60 61 70 69
61 62 71 70
62 63 72 71
64 65 74 73
65 66 75 74
66 67 76 75
67 68 77 76
68 69 78 77
69 70 79 78
70 71 80 79
71 72 81 80
73 74 83 82
74 75 84 83
75 76 85 84
76 77 86 85
77 78 87 86
78 79 88 87
79 80 89 88
80 81 90 89
82 83 92 91
83 84 93 92
84 85 94 93
85 86 95 94
86 87 96 95
87 88 97 96
88 89 98 97
89 90 99 98
$*CONTROL_PARALLEL
$1,0,1
$*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
$ CID CONTACT INTERFACE TITLE
$ 2 IF02
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
$ 1 2 3 3 0 0
$ FS FD DC V VDC PENCHK BT DT
$ .100E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 0 .000E+00 .000E+00
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF
$ .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00 .100E+01 .100E+01
$ optional card A
$ soft
$ 0
$ optional card B
$ penmax thkopt shlthk snlog
$ 0.0 0 0 1
$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8
*END
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
LS-DYNA IMPLICIT NOTES 14-191