r10s T-ASE A 15-f long stip of shoet metal is being transported on a conveyor, while the coating on the upper surfae is being ‘cured by inftared lamps, The surface temperature of the sheet metal is tobe determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Heat conduction through the sheet metal is nepligible, 3 Thermal ‘properties are constant 4 The surrounding ambicntairis at 1 atm, § The critical Reynolds number is Re, = S10. 01715 Bru R, v= 2.281 x 10" fs, Pr= 0.7148 (from Table A-15E), Properties The properties of air at 180°F ate Analysis The Reynolds number for L= 15 fis __(6iusasi) v 2281x102 Rey = = 1.082% 10 Since 5 + 10° Re; < 107, the low isa combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the average heat ‘wansfer coefficient onthe sheet metal a Nu = 42 = (oax7 Re}! ¥71Pe!? =[0.0370.052> 10°)" A711 0.7148)" = 1395 hea r30s4 21395 U07ISBtwh TUR) co6 pw -A?-R L 15h From energy balance, we have rvaiat Ora Osan =9 Aida ~ Aad ~ 2A, = OF Anton 20! ~Teie 2H, Tn) = 0 Copy the following lines and paste on a blank EES sereen to solve the above equation: sigma=0.1714e-8 alpha’q_incindent-epsion’sigma’(T_s*4- Solving by BES software, the surface temperature ofthe sheet meta is surr4)-2¢h'(T_s-T_inf)=0 r, BOR =270°F Discussion Since the value of the (Force) convection heat transfer eoetficient is rel ‘convection may play an important role, tively small, this indicates that natural un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion7106 7-116 Airstream flows in parallel over a 3-m long Mat plate where there is an unheated starting length of 1 m, (a) the local ‘convection heat transfer coefficient atx = 3 m and (b) the average convection heat transfer coefficient for the heated section are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Surface temperature is uniform throughout the heated scetion. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The critical Reynolds number is Re," 510" 798 10° mis, Pr Properties The properties of si at T) = (80°C + 20°C\2 = $0°C ave k= 002735 Wiark, v 7228 (rom Table 4-15), Anadis (a he Reynolds umber a 1 yo, VE = 3M syst TORI me Since Re, > 5 = 10° atthe stat of heating, the flow over the entire heated section is tusbulent. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the local hea transfer coefficient at the wailing edge (x~ 3m) can be determined: Vi (1Smisj3my Rey SmI = 9.503%108 “ey 798105 miss 0.0296 Re%* Pe”? yp, ~ Heomn96 Rett Pr Tey «Tea (0.02735 Wim: K) 040296(2.503 <10°)"* (0.7228)! ae =3352Wim?-K em o-aayy (b) The average convection beat transfer coefticient over the heated section is su-(i9") aE" stl=('3)" H-1/) A 1 13.52 Wim? «K) = 3947 Wim? -K. Discussion The ratio ofthe average tothe local convection heat transfer coefficient is Awe ha a0 ual iD) [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciiony107 7-117 A cylindrical rod is placed in a cross flow of air, (a) the average drag coeificient, (4) the convection heat transfer coefficient using the Churchill and Bemstein relation, and (c) the convection heat transfer coefficient using Table 7-1 ate 0 >be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant, 3 The surface temperature is constant, opertcs of air (I atm) at 7)= (120°C + 20°C)2 and Pr = 0.7177 Properties The y= 1.995 « 10 0°C are given in Table A-I5: & = 0.02881 Wik, Analysis (a) The Reynolds number forthe sir oscing across ther is yD _domis(000s) ¥ 1995x105 2506 From Fig. 7-17, the average diag coefficient is Cy, = 0.88 (#) Using the Churchill and Bernstein relation for Nusselt number, the convection heat transfer coefficient is k (+ 47 Pry? 7} 282000 } 0005m Stat [of 2 ] | [+ @.arori77e sh |” 282000, 148.3 Win? -K (©) Using Table 7-1 the relation for Nusselt number with Re = 2506 is Nua ="? = 0.683 Re Pe? & Hence the convection heat transfer coefficient is 2881 Wi -K, ‘0005m Discussion The Chuschill and Bernstein relation is more accurate, and should be preferred whenever possible. The result from (c) is approximately 9% lower than the result from (b) 068342506)" 0.7177)" = 138.2 Wim? +K [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-108 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems: T-1IB Air at 20°C flows over a 4-m long and 3-m wide surface of a plate whose temperature is 80°C with a velocity of § mis. ‘The mite oF heat tansfer from the surface is (2) 7383. W (0) 8985 W (iw (14672 (920402 W (For air, use &=0,02735 Wim:C, Pr= 0.7228, v=1,798%10* mis) Answer (a) 7383 W Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES Tinfinty=20 [C] T5280 [C] Le4 im] W=3 [m] v5 [ms] “Properties of air at the film temperature of (80+20/2=50C are (Table A-15)" k=0.02735 [Wim-C] 79BE-5 |m2is] Ro=(V"L}/nu "The calculated Re number is greater than critical number, and therefore we have combined laminar-turbulent flow” Nus=(0.087°Re"0.8-871)"Pr\(1/3) heW/L"Nus AseL'W Qdot-h*A_s'(T_s-T infinity) "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" W1_Nus=0.037°Re‘0.8°Pr"(1/3) "Using turbulent flow relation W1_hal/L"W1_Nus W1_Q dot-Wi_h'A s*(T_s-T infinity) [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! person7109 7-119 Air at 20°C flows over a 4-m long and 3-m wide surface of a plate whose temperature is 80°C with a velocity of 7 ms The length of the surface for which the flow remains laminar is (009m 13m (18m (22m (937m (For air, use = 0.02735 Wim°C, Pr = 0.7228, v=1.798x10% m"/s) Answer (b) 13m Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevitied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES T-infinty=20 [0] Tos-80{C] 4 im) [my Ve7 [mis] "Properties of air at the film temperature of (80+20/2=50G are (Table A-15)" =0.02735 [Wim-C] .798E-5 [m"2s] 7228 Re_cr-5E5 x or=(Re_cr’nuyV [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personw10 7-120 Air at 20°C flows over a 4-m long and 3-m wide surface of a plate whose temperature is 80°C with a velocity of 5 ms. The rate of heat transfer from the laminar Now region ofthe surface is (a) 950. () 1037 W (92074 W (2640 W (93075 W (For ai, use 0.02735 Wim:C, Pr= 0.7228, v “1.79810! nis) Answer (@) 2074 W Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevitied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES T-infinty=20 [0] Tos-80{C] 4 im) try v5 ims) "Properties of air at the film temperature of (80+20/2=50G are (Table A-15)" =0.02735 [Wim-C] .798E-5 [m"2s] 7228 Pi Re_cr-5E5 x cr=(Re_cr’nuyV Nus=0.664°Re_cr'0.5°Pr‘(1/3) hekix_orNus A laminar=x_or'W Q_doteh*A laminar’ (T_s-T_infnity) "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" W_Nus=0.332"Re_cr0.5*Pr'(1/3) "Using local Nusselt number relation” W_hek/x_erW_Nus W_Q dol=W_H*A_laminar“(T_s nity) 7-121 For laminar flow of a fluid along a flat plate, one would expect the largest local convection heat transfer coeificient forthe same Reynolds and Prandtl numbers when (0) The same temperature is mainiained on the surface (6) The same heat flux is maintained on the surface () The plate as an unheated section («) The plate surface is polished (€) None ofthe above Answer (B) [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personzn 7-122 Air at 15°C flows over a fat plate subjected to a uniform heat Aux oF 240 Win? witha velocity of 3.5 mvs, The surface temperature ofthe pate 6 m from the leading edge is (a) 405°C eal (6) 382°C (ase Bee (For air, use £~0.02551 WimC, Pr= 0.7296, v=1.$62x10* mis) Answer (8) 40°C Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevitied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES ~infnity=18 [C} 4. dote240 Wimr2] Ve35 [mis] x26 [m) "Properties of air at 25 C are (Table A-18)" k=0.02551 [Wim-C] 5626-5 [m*2!s] 7296 Pi Re_xe{V"x)/nu "The calculated Re number is greater than crtical number, and therefore we have turbulent flow at the specified location” Nus=0.0308"Re_x0.8"Pr'(1/3) hekixtNus qcot-h'(T_s int) "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" W1_Nus=0.453°Re_x*0.5*Pr"(1/3) "Using laminar flow Nusselt number relation for q_dot = constant” WI_h-kiW1_Nus q_doteW1_h*(W1_T_s-T infinity) W2_Nus=0.0296"Re_x*0.8°Pr4(1/3) "Using turbulent flow Nusselt number relation for T_s = constant" W2_hekix"W2_Nus qdoteW2_h"(W2_T_s-T_ infinity) [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personares 7-123 Water at 75°C flows over a 2-w-long, 2-m-wide surface ofa plate whose temperature is 5*C with a velocity of 1,5 mis, ‘The total drag force acting on the plate is ()28N @)123N (BIN (isan (9200N (For ai, use v =0.658104 ms, p= 992 kg’) Answer (0) 13.7 N Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevitied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES 1 infinty-75 [0] Ts5(C] L=2 im] i) vat 5 [rvs] “Properties of water al the fim temperature of (75+5)2=400 are (Table A-9)" 65BE-6 [2's] 1ho=992 [ka/m*3] Re=(V"L}/nu "The calculated Re number is greater than critical number, and therefore we have combined laminar-turbulent flow” C_4-0.074/ReN1/5)-1742/Re AseL'W FLD=C_1'A_s(ihow*2y2 "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" W1_C 1=0.074/Re*(1/5) "Using turbulent flow relation” WIF_D-Wi_C_1°A s*¢ho"v"2)2 W2_C_f=1.398/F0%({/2) "Using laminar flow relation” W2_F_D-W2_C_1°A s‘(cho'V'2)2 W3_C_1=0.0592/Re"(1/5) "Using local turbulent flow relation” W3_F_D=W3_C 1°A s*{tho"V’2)2. [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personruns 7-124 Engine oll at 105%C flows over the surface of a flat plate whose temperature is 15°C witha velocity of 1.5 mvs, The local drag force per unit surfue area 0.8 m from the leading edge ofthe plate is (0) 218 Nim’ ()143Nim?——() 109 Nit (O85 Nim? (55 Nit (Cor ol, use v "8.56510" mls, p= 864 kgim’,) Answer (@) 5.5 Nim? Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevitied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES “Properties of oil at the film temperature of (105+15)/2=60C are (Table A-13)" rho=864 [kg/m*3} ‘usB.565E-5 [m2] Re_x={V"x}/nu "The calculated Re number is smaller than the critical number, and therefore we have laminar flow" C1_x=0.664/Re_x%(1/2) FD=C 1 x"(hhotv"2y2 "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" W1_C_{ x-0.0592/Re x15) "Using local turbulent flow relation" Wi D=Wi Ct x'(ihotvr2y2 W2_C-1 x=1.328/Re_x'(1/2) "Using average laminar flow relation’ We_F_D-W2_C1_x"(ho"w2y2 [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personwi 7-125 Air at 25°C flows over a 4eem-diameter, 1.7-m-long pipe with a velocity of 4 mv, A relFigerant al ~15°C flows inside the pipe and the surface temperature of the pipe is essentially the sume a the refrigerant temperature inside. Ait properties at the average temperature are k=0.0240 WC, Pr= 0.735, = 1.382x10° m/s. The rate of heat transfer tothe pipe is (a) 126 W (0) 245. W (302 ais w (9556. W Answer (@) 302 W Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-anc:pasting the following, lines on a blank EES L=1.7 [m] Ved [ms] "Properties of air at the film temperature of (25-15/2=5 C are (Table A-15)" k=0.0240 [Wim-C] 3826-5 |mM2is) 735 Re=(V"D)nu 3+(0.62°Re"(1/2)"PrA(1/3))/(1-+(0.4/P1)2/9))4(1/4) "(1+ (Fee/282000)"(5%8))"(4/5) Q_dot-h"A_s*(T_infinity-T_s) 7-126 Air at 25°C flows over a S-cm-diameter, 1,7-m-long smooth pipe witha velocity of 4 mvs, A reftigerant at -15°C flows inside the pipe and the surface temperature of the pipe is essentially the same as the reffigerant temperature inside. The dra fgce exerted on the pipe by the air is (oan OLIN (SSN BN (ISN (For ai, use v=1,382x105 ms, p= 1.269 kg/m) Answer (b) LIN Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the folowing lines on a blank EES T infinty=25 [C] Ts-18(¢] 120.05 [m] Let.7 Im] Ved [rns] "Properties of air at the film temperature of (25-15)/2=5 C are (Table A-15)" rho=1.269 [kg/m*3} nu=1,382E-5 [m"2/s] Ro=(V"D)nu "The drag coetficiont corresponding to the calculated Re = 14,472 is (Fig. 7-17)" 3 [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personwats 7-127 Kitchen water at 10°C flows over a 10-cm-diameter pipe witha velocity of 1.1 m/s. Geothermal water enters the pipe 4a 90°C at arate of 1.25 kp's. For calculation purposes, the surface temperature of the pipe may be assumed to be 70°C. Ifthe geothermal water isto leave the pipe at $0°C, the roquited length of the pipe is (Lim O18 (29m (43m (76m (For both water streams, use £ = 0.631 Wim°C, Pr= 4.32, v=0.658x10" ms, cy = 4179 Jhke.°C) Answer (6) 2.9m ‘Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevtied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES -ininty=10 [C} D=0.10 [m] vat (ovs} T_s=70[C] T_geo_in=90 [C] Tigeo_out-50 [0] sm dol_goo=1.25 [kgs] "Properties of waler al the fim temperature of (10+70)/2=40 C are (Table A-9)" 20.631 [Wim-C] Pred.32 ¢_p=479 [Wtkg-C] nu=0.658E-6 [m"2s] ReaV'Dynu Nus=0,34(0.62"R0"(1/2)"Pr4(1/3))(1-+0.4/P 1) 219)}(1/4)"(1+(Re/282000)"(5'8))"(4/5) h=W/D'Nus gen'(T_s-T infinity) G dotam dot_geo'c p*( T_goo in-T_ goo_out) As=Q_dovg L=A_sipr'D) [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! person76 7-128 Jakob suggests the following. correlation be used for square tubes in a liquid eross-flow situation Nu =0,102Re* Pr”, Water (k= 0.61 Wim-K, Pr= 6)at SO°C flows across a 1 em square tube with a Reynolds number ‘oF 10,000 and suriaee temperature of 75°C. If the tube is 3 m long, the rate of heat transfer hetween the tube and water is (2) 9.8 kW (0) 124kW (©) 170kW (8) 19.6 kW, ()M0KW Answer (6) 17.0 kW Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by capying-anc-pasting the folowing lines on a blank EES 0.102°Re"0.675°P°0.333 h=Nus*k/L Q=4*L"Lg'h’DT 7-129 Wind at 30°C flows over a 0.5-m-tiameter spherical tank containing iced water at O°C with a velocity of 25 knvb. If the tank is thin-sholled witha high thermal conductivity material the rato at which iee mols is ()4.78kgh () 615kyh (©) 745 kgih (8 kgh (©) 160igh (Take hy ~333.7kikg and use the following for ai: k-0.02588 WitnC, Pr = 0.7282, v1 608%10" my egy, > 172900 hens) MoM L87210° Answer (8) 4.78 kgih Solution Solved by EES Softw ate, Solutions can be vertied by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES D-05 [m] T_infinty=30 [C] T7520 [C} Ve25 [kmh Convert(xmmih, ms) “Properties of air at the free-stream temperature of 30 C are (Table A-15)" =0.02588 [Wim-C] {608E-5 [m*2/s] 7282 Li 8726-5 [kgim-s] mu_s=1.729E-5 [kg/m-s] ‘at the surface temperature of 0 C” Ro=(V'Dynu Nus=2+(0.4"*Re*(1/2)+0.06"ReN(29))*Pr°0.4*(mu_infiniy/mu_s)%(1/4) h=WD"Nus A seprD"2 Q_dot=n*A_s*(T_intiniy-T_s)*Convert(W, kW) hh t-383,7 [kukg] "Heat of sion of water at 0 C* sm_dol_cond=Q_dovh_i*Converitkg, kghh) [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permismA 7-130 Air (E~ 0.028 Wim K, Pr 0.7) at SO°C flows along a I m long flat plate Whose temperature is maintained at 20°C With a velocity such thatthe Reynolds number atthe end ofthe plate 10,000, ‘The heat transfer per unit width between the plate and air is (a)20Wim —()30 Wim ()40Wim_ (J SOW (@) 6 Win Answer (a) SOWim Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be vevified by copying-and-pasting the folowing lines on a blank EES feoloes mg Ta=60 [C] e h=0.664°k*Re"0.5'Pr°0.339/ Q=h'T(Ta-Tp) ‘T-ABL Air (Pr= 0.7, &= 0.026 Wark) at 200°C flows across 3-cm-diameter tubes whose surface temperature is SO°C with a Reynolds number of $000, The Churchill and Bemstein convective heat transfer correlation forthe average Nusselt number inthis situation is Nu = 03+ 2-028 Phe average heat flux inthis case is (a) 1.3 kWim? (b) 2.4 kWim" (4.1 Win? (d) 5.7kWim? (e) 8.2 kWint Answer (4) $7 Win? Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by eapying-and-pasti the folowing lines on a blank EES Pro? k=0.026 Wirn-K] Re=8000 ‘dT=180 [K] D=0.03 im] Nusselt=0.3+0,62°Re"0.5*Pr°0.33/(1+(0.4/P1)°0.67)40.25 Q=k’Nusselt'dT/D [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permisrts 7-132 Jakob suggests the following correlation be uses! for square tubes in liquid eross-flow situation: Nu =0.102Re Pr, Water (k= 0.61 Wim-K, Pr= 6) flows across a I em square tube with a Reynolds number of 10,000. The convection heat transfer coeMicient is (a)5.7 KWo K (OY RB KW? (©) ILD AWim-K (4) 15.6 KWie-K(e) 18.1 kW K Anower (8) 5.7 KWit? K, Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES k=0.61 [wim-k] Pr=6 L=0.01 (mj Re=10000 Nus=0.102°Re*0.675°Pr0.333 h=Nus*k/L 7-133 Ambient ar at 20°C flows over a 30-ci-diameter hot spherical object with a velocity of 4.2 ms. Ifthe average surface temperature ofthe object is 200°C, the average convection heat transfer coefficient during this process is (2)8.6 Win (@)IS.TWimi"C (186 Wink C (21.0 WimE*C (0) 324 Wine 51610" ails, .=1.825%10° kgims, x= 2.577210" kg/m) (For air, use £-0.02514 Wim-C, Pr= 0.7308, v Answer (b) 15.7 Wim? SC Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-anc-pasting the following, lines on a blank EES D-0.3 [m] Tinfinity=20 [C] Ts=200 [0] V=42 [mis] "Properties of ar at the free-stream temperature of 20 C are (Table A-15)" 0.02514 [Wim-C] 5186-5 [m*2is] Pre0.7308 mu_infnity=1.825E-5 [kg/m-s] mu_s=2.577E5 [kg/m-s] "atthe surface temperature of 200 C* Re=(V"Dynu 24(0.4°Re(1/2}40.06"ReN218))"Pr*0.4"(muininityimu_s)%14) h=W/D"Nus 7-187 Design and Essay Problems oe [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permisSolutions Manual for Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications Fourth Edition Yunus A. Cengel & Afshin J. Ghajar McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 7 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill, Feparton [four ae’ unig thie Mans you a sn iin prionDrag Force and Heat Transfer in External Flow ‘T-AC The part of drag that is due diectly to wall shear sess f, is called the skin friction drag Fo, euice Site its caused by fictional effects, and the part that is due directly to pressure P and depends strongly on the shape of the body is called the pressure drig Fp, peman- For slender bodies such as airfoils, te friction drag is usually more significant T-2C A body is said tobe streamlined ifa conscious fart is made wo align its shape with the anticipated streamlines in the flow. Otherwise, a body tends to blook the flow, and is suid to be blu. A tennis balls a blunt body (unless the velocity is very low and we have “ereeping flow”), -AC The force flowing Muid exerts on a body in the low direction is called dra. Drag is caused by friction between the ‘uid and the solid surface, and the pressure difference between the front and back of the body. We try ta minimize drag in order to reduce fuel consumption in vehicles, improve safety and durability of structures subjected to high winds, and to reduce noise and vibration, 7-4C The force flowing fuid exerts on a body in the normal direction to flow that tend to move the body in that direction is called ft It is caused by the components of the pressure and wall shear forees in the nomnal direction to flow. The wall shear also contributes to hit (unless the body is very slim), but its contribution is usually small T-SC When the drag force Fr, the upstream velocity V, and the Muid density p are measured during flow over a body, the drag coefficient can be determined from ‘where A is ordinarily the fronatl area (the area projected on a plane normal 1 the direction of flow) of the body. 7-6C The frontal area of a body is the area seen by a person when locking from upstream. The frontal area is appropriate to use in drag and lft calculations for blunt bodies such as ears, cylinders, and spheres. 7-1C The velocity of the Nuid relative to the immersed solid body sufficiently far away froma body is called the jree-stream velocity, Vz. The upstream (ot approach) velocity Vis the velocity ofthe approsching Aid far ahead of the body. These two ‘velocities are equal ifthe low is uniform and the body is small elaive othe scale ef the free-stream flow. 7-8C At sufficiently high velocities, the fluid stream detaches itself from the surface of the body. This is called separation. It is caused by a fluid flowing over a curved surface ata high velocity (or technically, by adverse pressure gradient). Separation increases the drag coefficient drastically. [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permisws 7-9C Asa result of streamlining, («fiction drag increases, (b) pressure drag decreases, ane! (c) total draw decreases at high Reynolds numbers (the general case), but increases at very low Reynolds numbers since the friction drag dominates at low Reynolds numbers, 7-10C The fiiction drag coefficient is independent of surface roughness in laminar flow, but isa strong function of surface roughness in uirbulent flow due to surface roughness clements protruding further into the highly viscous laminae sublayer. [reprton you are aseden using ths Manual, you a wsng wow! personca Flow over Flat Plates T-AIC The fiction and the heat transfer coefficients change with position in laminar flow over a fat plate 7-12€ The fiction coefficient represents the resistance to fluid flow over a flat plate, I is proportional tothe dag force acting on the plate. The drag coellicient fora flat surface is equivalent to the mean iriction coefficient. 7-13C The average fiction ani heat transfer coefficients in flow over a fat plate are determined by integrating the local fiction and heat transfer coefficients over the entire plate, and then dividing them by the length of te plate 7-14 The ratio of the avenge convection heat transfer coeflicient () to the local convection heat transfer coefficient (h,) is to be determined from a given correlation, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant, Analysis From the given correlation in the form of local Nusselt number, the local convaction heat transfer cocficient is Nu, =0.035 Re Pr? = 0.0354 Re! Pr! or oa(Y)" 9 ALx =, the local convection heat transfer coefficient is fi... CL, The average convection heat transfer coefficient ‘over the entire plate length is hel [hydra [dea 2sE 1 21 2scr-" rh Th zr Taking the ratio of to hat x= L, we get 1asct”? ae =128 a Discussion For constast properties, it should be noted that Nu/ Nu... =1.25 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion1s 7-18 A S-m long strip of sheet metal is being transported on a conveyor, while the coating on the upper surface is being ‘cured by inftared lamps, The surface temperature of the sheet metal is tobe determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Heat conduction through the sheet metal is nepligible, 3 Thermal ‘properties are constant 4 The surrounding ambicnt airis at 1 atm, § The critical Reynolds number is Re, = S10. Properties The properties of air at 80°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02983 WineK Pr= 07154 — Sheet metal Analysis The Reynolds number for L= 5 mis i Re, = E 223.0¢ am 209710 Since S x 10" = 1624 h rend 164 OEE WK 9 so1 Win? K From energy balance, we have Pareitet ~ Oras ~Qeom =9 + Alarantat ~ Aen ~ 2A ans =O of ian ~000T4 ~The -2hT, -7.)=0 Copy the following lin and paste on a blank EES sereen o solve the above equation sigma=5.670e-8 alpha’g_incindent-epsion’sigma”(T_s*4- sud) 2°h*(T_s-T_inf)=0 Solving by BES software, the surface temperature ofthe shoot metal is 1, =411K=138C Discussion Note that absolute temperatures must be used in calculations involving the radiston heat wansfor equation. The assumed temperature of 80°C for evaluating the air properties tumed out to be a good estimation, since T, = (138°C + 25°C)2 = 82°C. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion16 7-16 Hot engine oil flows over flat plate, The total drag force and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plat are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible. Properties The properties of engine oil atthe film temperature of (F, + 7.) (80-30)/2 =S8°C ate (Table A-13) p= 86Tkg/m? ¥= 7.045105 n 3 on b=0.1414WimeC Pro 1531 = v=25 ms 30°C Analysis Noting that L = 12 m, the Reynolds number at the end of = T= 80°C the plate is ms ; Lem Re, WE SMM _ poss 108 jee __ Tois10"* ws ‘which is less than the ertical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar low aver the entre plate. The average fiction ‘coefficient and the drag force per unit width are determined from ¢, 1.33 Re}! = 1.33(4.288 «1055 = 0.002038 = (0.02038K12«1m* a 66.3N Similarly, the average Nusselt under and the heat transfer cocficent are determined using the laminar flow relations fora fat plate, Fo = C/A N= = n664Rof Pe’ = 06644.258% 10° 1551)" = 5015 tre Ky = DA Wim iC (5915) = 59.10 Wim? °C rT Tim ‘The rate ofheat transfer is then determined from Newton's aw oF cooling to be 59.10 Wim? C)(12% 1 m?(80~30/'C =3.55 «104 W [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionWW 7-17 The top surface of a hot block is to be cooled by forced air. The rate of heat transfer is to be determined for two cases. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2’The critical Reynolds number is Reg =SxI0°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air isan ideal gas with constant propertics.. Properties The atmospheric pressure in atm is ith > Ve 6mis 30°C Lam Pp 101,325 KPa $23 aim 3.4 kPa). For an ideal yas the thermal conductivity andthe Prandtl pumiber are independent of pressure, but the kinematic viscosity is inversely proportional to the pressure. With thse considerations, the properties of ai at 0.823 atm and at the film temperature of (120+30)/2=75°C are (Table A-15) 02917 Wim 2.046%10-* m/s) /0.823 = 2.48610 m2 Analysis (a) Che air flows parallel to the 8 m side, the Reynolds number in this ease becomes re, ME comission) . L93Ls10° Vv 2486x107 a Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the avetaue heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate are detemmined tobe seth scaasreg!*-snyr? soar sane! —s7yo7ie «207 fro ny = ATW (2757) = 10,08 Win? A, = wh = (25 mm) = 20m? O=hA,(T, ~T,)=(10.08 Wim? C20. 120-30)°C = 18,100 W = 18.10 KW (8) If the aie flows parallel tothe 2.5 m side, the Reynolds number is VE __Gmisy2.5m) Rey i v 2486x107 mes 6.084108 ‘which is greater than the critical Reynolds number: Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, tbe averaye heat transfer coefficient und the heat trnsfer rate are determined tobe (0037 Re!" B71) Pr"? =[0,037(6,034% 10°)" —871( 0.7166)" = 615.1 esi TW rs 1) 27.177 Wim? °C 1A, (1, ~T,) =(7.177 Win? 2C)(20m? (120 30)°C = 12,920 W = 12.92KW [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7 7-18 Wind is blowing parallel to the wall of house, The rate of heat loss from that wall is to be determined for two eases, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2’The critical Reynolds number is Reg =Sx10°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air isan ideal gas with constant propertics.. Properties The propertis of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (T,+ T.)2 = (12+5\2= 85°C are (Table A-15) Air ise Wini V=4a2kmh 0.02428 Wim. gia v=143x109 miss Pr= 0.7340 Analysis Air flows parallel tothe 10 m side: ‘The Reynolds number in this ease is L VE _ (42% 1000/3600)mSK 100) _ g 957, 19 14134107 m/s Rey which is greater than the critical Reynolds number: Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, hat transfer coefficient and then heat transfer rate are determined to be sie oman! any =o0nnsasratat 870740) «Lots DOMES Winn FC (061.10) = 25.77 Win? "C A, = wL= G6 m10m) = 60m™ = 4A, (1, 1.) = (25.77 Wim? °C\(60 m2 12-5)" (0820 W =108kW Ifthe wind velocity is doubled: {($41000/3600)m10100) _ 5p e197 1413x107 mis, ‘which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and twrbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the averaye heat transfer coefficient and the heat irnsfer rate are determined tobe Nun te & (0.037 Re, °° 871) Pe! (0.037(.651<107)"* -871}(0.7340)"" = 1.906 <10% Ky = DODDS Wise (1.906 104) = 46.28 Wim? 2c 10m 16.28 Wim? °CY(660 m* \I2— SPE [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis1 7-19 ME Prob, 7-18 is reconsidered. The effects of wind velocity and outside si temperature onthe rate of heat lass from the wall by convection are to be investigated. Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. "GIVEN" Vel=42 femih] height=6 [mi] _infinty=5 Tise12 [0] "PROPERTIES" Fiuidf'ai’ k=Condutivty(Fiuid6, T-T_flm) Pi rn) rho=Density(Fiuid, T=T_film, P=101.3) mu=Viscosity(Fiuid$, T=T_fim) uemuitho ‘T_fim=1/2"(T_s+T_intnity) "ANALYSIS" Ree=(Vel"Convertmh, ms)'Ly/nu "We use combined laminar and turbulent flow relation for Nusselt number* Nusselt=(0.037°Re0.8-€71)"Pr\ 1/3) h=WL'Nusselt Acheight*L ‘Q_dot_conv=h*A‘(T_s-T_Intniy) val Ce, 20000) 1 1 {hav} 1] 10 2884 te000] | | 1s 4096 16000) 20 S614 I I 2 6868 aan T T + 30 8072 35 9237 =m | 1 40 10368 E 10000] 4s nan 3 30 12551 8000) 55 13609, 60 14648 bs 6s 13670 +4000) 70 16676 vena 18 17667 e eer ‘0 2 CSCS] Vel [km/h] [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis23 Qn, 20000) c Ow) oy 18649 ‘18000 os 17861 a 17074 Teo 1s iss | 14000 2 15503 a | tm | & remo 3 13936 z | 35 13154 § 10000 4 12373 °F s000 45 11392 5 1813 6000] 5.5 10035 L 6 9287 4000) T 63 S48 - TS 2000 ° 2 4 6 2 70 13 930 8 6157 T, [C1 85 S384 ° 4612 95 34 10 307 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-20 Air flows over the top and bottom surfaces ofa thin, square plate, The flow regime and the total heat transfer rate are to be determined and the average gradients ofthe velocity snd temperature atthe surface are to be estimated. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re, = $+10*. 3 Radiation effects are negligible. Properties The properies o ai atte film temperature of + TV 54+10)2 = 32°C are (Table A-15) p=LiS6kgim? = ¥=1.627«10 m/s ep =1007 Vig." Pr= 0.7276 Ar = 0.02603 Wim." ya P= 10°C Analysis (a) The Reynolds number is 2 a VE __G8misy(1.2m) 1.62710 me Re 3.540510" ‘which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have ‘turbulent flow at the end of the plate to determine the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer (b) We use modified Reynolds analogy 1SN S208Nim? 0.5208 Nim’ %, — 05208 Nim__s 911x104 ORS xia 1M © Re, Pe a Re, SL estoaahyararot BEE ng a - ESEHC an gas Wint ae Tam O=HAT,-7,) 3.51 Wim? SC)[2 x (12m)? KS4—10)°C = 1711 W (c) Assuming a uniform distribution of heat transfer and drag parameters over the plate, the average gradients of the velocity and femperature at the surface are determined to be a 4 o.s208 Ni oxreioigt al, ey, PY GAS kei? \.627x 10 m5) @T| _=M,-T.) _— 03.51 Wim? Cys4—10°C oy K ‘0.02603 Wim [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-21 Water flows over a large plate, The rate of heat transfer per unit wich ofthe plate is to be determine. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2’The critical Reynolds number is Reg =Sx10°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible Properties The properties of water atthe film temperature of (7, + 7/2 (1D+43.3)2 = 27°C are (Table 9) 6.6 kin? k= 0,610WimeC yee 854x107 ky/m-s T3=433°C 85 Analysis (a) The Reynolds number is Vip _ (03 m/s} 1.0m)(996.6kxim?) _ # 0.85410 Re, 3.50110" ms ‘which is smaller than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar flow for the entire plate, The Nusselt number and the heat transfer coeflicient are Nu= 0.664 Re)? Pri = jE py = 2:610Win L 10m £664(3,501108)"2(5.85)" 31.8 Wim? SC (7079) ‘Then the rat of heat transfer per unit width of the plate is determined to be ° AT, -T)= (431.8 Wim 0)" CC jC 3.3 14400 W [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion3 7-228 Warm air blowing over the inner surface of an automobile windshield is used for defrosting ice accumulated on the outer surfice. The convection heat transfer coefficient for the warm air blowing, over the inner surface of the windshield necessary to cause the accumulated ice to begin melting, isto be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat wansfer through the windshield is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties are constunt, 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible § The outside ir pressure is | alm, 6 The entical Reynolds number is Reg. 5x10" Properties ‘The propertios of air atthe film temperature of T; x 10 Bs, Pr= 0.7378 (from Table A-1SE), °F + 32°FY2 = 20°F ae. 0.01336 BawbeR, v= 1379 Analysis On the outer surface oF the Windshield, the Reynolds number at VE _ (501.4667 920/12 ¥ 1379x107 IS 20 in. is 863 10° Re, Since 5 « 10* < Re, < 10, the flow isa combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the average heat wansfer coefficient onthe outer surface ofthe windshield is Ab (0.037 Re’ 871) Pr! = [0.037(8:863> 10°)"* —871](0.7378)!" =1128 k 0.01336 Buh--R Aa pag SOB BUN AR twh ma ase (042 Buh -f? -R rom energy balance, the heat transfer through the windshield thickness ean be written as Too Taw T, Vk, ik, +h For the ice to hegin melting, the outer surface temperature of the windshield (7) should be atleast 32°F. The convection heat wansfor coefficient for the warm air blowing over the inner surface of the windshield is ) o2/at (8-3)°F (oon Bwhit Rk) OSBuh-A-R = S.36Btwh-?-R Diseussion To keep the ice ftom accumulating for the given conditions, the convection heat transfer coefiicient for the warm. air blowing over the inner surface of the windshield needs o be a leat 5.36 Buu-bit'R o higher un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion4 7-23 Hot catbon dioxide exhaust gas is being cooled by flat plates, (a) the local convection heat transfer coefficient atm from the leading edge, (b) the average convection heat transfer coefficient over the entre plate, and (c) the total heat Mux ‘transfer tothe plate are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Surface temperature ‘8 uniform throughout the plate, 3 Thermal ‘properties are constant The critical Reynolds number is Re,, = $10". § Heat transter by radiation is negligible. Properties The properties of C 10.7445 (fom Table A-16). 1 Ty = (220°C + 80°CY2 = 150°C are k= 0.02652 WimK, »= 1.627 » 10 mis, Pr= Analysis (a) The Reynolds numberat Re, = #8 Gv) 1m) g44x108 vy L627 10% ms Since Re, < $ x 10%, the flow is laminar. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the local heat transfer coefficient at 1 1m from the leading edge ofthe flat plate is 0332 Re®S Pr! = 0.332(1,844 «105)95(0.7445)! 129.2 4, =12924 i (0) The Reynolds number at VE__ Gmiitsm) ¥ 1927610 ms Rey 2.766108 Since Re. <5 x 10°, the flow is laminar, Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient of the entre flat plate is wu = 2 cote aos 60) (@74)" 3168 h vosk nig sO WK 5.596 Win? K (c) The total heat flux transfer to the flat plate on the upper and lower surfuces is ‘oom = 2H(T, ~T,) = 26.596 Wit? -K)(220 80) K = 1567 Wim? Diseussion The average convection heat transfer coefficient calculated in part (b) is relatively low, which indicates thatthe role of natural conv ection may be important, un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion7-24 Hot engine oil is flowing in parallel over a flat plate, the local convection heat transfer coefficient at 0.2.m from the leading edge and the average convection heat transfer coefficient aver the entire plate are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Surface temperature is uniform throughout the plate. 3 Thermal properties are constant 4 The critical Reynolds number is Re, = 510% Properties The properties of engine oil at T; = (150°C + $0°CV/2 = 100°C are & = 0.1367 Witw K, 279.1 (from Table A-13), 046 « 10° mis, r= Aniyse() The Reynolis number x= 0.2 mis ee oY 2 2MH02M _ ge5, 198 ¥ 206 x10 ms “The Reynolds number at L=0.5 mis Ro, YE 2M9I0SM) _y seociot ¥ Zou x10 me Since Re; <$ % 10° atthe truling edge, the low is laminar over the entire plate. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the local conveetion heat transfer coefTicient at x= 0.2 m from the leading edge is Nu, =" =0.332Re2$ pr? + i, £0332 Re%S pel? “oss. 985104 )"(279.1)!) = 207.3 Wim? K ‘The average convection heat transier coefticient over the entire plate is snes osaneti no Eo soateds pri? 7 (0.1367 Wim-K) oSmy SAA SRS 08? 7279." = 262.3 Wi? -K (#) Using the Churchill and zoe (1973) relation for Nusselt number, the local convection heat transfer coefficient at x =0.2 im from the leading edge is 0.3387 Pr!) Rel? hx 0.3387Pr! Rel? x [1+ (0.0468/PH? > Tk re 0sea/ PN (0.1367 Wim-K) 043387(279.1)""¥(.955%104)"* 5 211.4 Wim? K 2m 1 0.04687279. 77" ‘The average convection hea! transfer coefficient over the entire plate i pet (y sy 4p 03387P0!3 Viv) de E fit 2Eu!* wha [1 @.01687 PHT or ek 03387PC7evE/vy!? _k 0.3387! Ref? Tire (ooass/Py YL 1+ (004687 ey Hence j= 20.1367 Win -Ky 0,3987(279.1)"° (4.888% 10°)!7 3m) Discussion Since the Muid properties are constant, it should be noted that Nu = 2Nu, . The comparison of the results from parts (a) and (b) show thet the Churchill and Ozoe (1975) relation calculated both local and average heat transfer coefficients ‘by about 2% larger. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion7-25 Mercury flows over a flat plate that is maintained ata specified temperature, The rate of heat transfer fom the entire plates wo be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Amospheric pressure is taken 1 ann, Properties The properties of mercury tthe film temperature of (75425): YC are (Table A-I4) k= 8.83632 WimeC 056107 mis Mercury Pr 00223 2 ¥=08 ms ays 2 128 we Analysis The local Nusselt number relation for liquid metals is given : by Eg, 725 w be | hx 7 65(Re, Pe)? k ‘The average heat transfer coefficient for the entire surface can be determined from ne fa Substituting the local Nusselt number relation into the above equation and performing the integration we obtain Na, Mus 113(Re, Py! ‘The Reynolds number is (8 mj) Re, = YE 2 C8 MIGM 9 2734107 ¥ 1.086.107 m/s Using the relation for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate are determined to be swe= bette, m9” 10°)!'2 (0.7330)! = 545.0 Egy ~ 9.02458 Wim. fins = Winn ($45.0) = 4.465 Win Then gly “highs _ 44653-54692 BE Ey a 438 Wim? °C ‘The rate of heat fos ftom the third plawe is ° 458 Wim? °C\(4 m 2,15 —10)°C = 148 W MAT, ~T, un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion7-27 Acar travels ata velocity of 80 ki, The rate of heat transfer from the bottom surfice of the hot automotive engine block isto be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady opcrating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $+10*. 3 Airis an ideal gas with ‘constant properties. 4 The flow is turbulent over the entire surface because ofthe constant agitation ofthe engine block. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and tho film temperature of (7, + T)/2 = (100+20)/2 ~60°C are (Table A-15) 4 =0.02808 WimsC 89610 ms 7202 8m | Analysis Ai flows parallel tothe 0.4 m side, The Reynolds number in this ease is =3 kwh |S 7,= 100°C T.-C £=0.95 VE 00«1000/2600 (nem) 3 Rey b 9.376%10° v 1.896107 m/s Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number and thus the flow is laminar + turbulent, But the flow is assumed to be turbulent over the entire surface because ofthe constant agitation of the engine block, Using the proper relations, the Nusselt hnumber, the heat transfer coefficient, and the heat transfer rate are determined to be sath ceoarte,** = 0.037(9.376 10°)" (0.7202)!"> =1988 =A yy 2 PRS WiC (05) 69.78 ws L osm c A, = wh= (08m)(04m) = 032m ogg, = HA, (TT, ) = (69:78 Win? C022. 100-20): =1786 W “The dition heat wansfer fom the same surface is Quat = LOT? Te) (0.98)0.32 m?)(8.6710 Ween? K4)|(100 +273 K)* «2S +273K)*] 198 Then the total rate of heat transfer from that surface becomes us = Qos + Gynt = 0786 + 198IW = 1984 W [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-28 Air lows on both sides of @ continuous sheet of plastic. The rate of heat transfer from the plastic sheet is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant propestcs Properties The properties of ait at 1 atm and the film temperature of (Z,+ T./2 = yeas (90430)2 =60°C are (Table A-15) T= 30°C O50 kgim! LISS LZ onsos wimec 15 muinin ¥=1.896%108 mis —/ Tae 19, Pr=0,7202 Analysis The width of the cooling section is first determined from W = Var =[(15/60) mvs}2s) = 0.5m ‘The Reynolds number is VE __ Gmsy.2m) 2 1.399<10° 1.89610" m"/s Rey ‘which i less than the ertical Reynolds number. Thus the flow is laminar. Using the proper relation in laminar flow for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate are determined to be AL 0.568 Re, Pe!'? 66 441.899 10°)" (0.7202)"? = 59.3 0.02808 Wim.2C 12m (259.3) = 6.07 Wim? A, =22W = 20.210)(0.5 m) 1.2m? [A,(T, ~T,) = (6.07 Win? C12 m? X90-30)°C =437 W [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis720 7-29 The top surface of the passenger car of a train in motion is absorbing solar radiation, The equilibrium femperature ofthe top surface is to be determines, Assumptions 1 Steady opcrating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $+10*, 3 Radiation heat exchange ‘with the surroundings is negligible. 4 Airis an ideal gas with constant propenis, Properties The properties of air at 30°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02588 WimeC 3 AH cay OW 5 3 V= 95 kmh on ms Sree JS L/S Analysis The rate of convection eat wansfer from the top surface of the ear to thea mst be equa tothe solar radiation absorbed bythe same sures in onler io weach stay operation conitions. The Reynos number Re = ME = [95100013600 818) «519.197 ¥ > 1.608%10 mis Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent low. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the averaye heat transfer coefficient und the heat irinsfer rate are determined tobe N= 7% = (0.097 Re,°*-7H Pe" =[00370.313% 107)" -87140.7282)"" =1.569>10" 0.02588 Winns Sm The equilibrium temperature ofthe top surface is then determined by taking convection and radiation heat fluxes to be equal 10 each other (1.569104) = $0.77 Wim? 2C ST, -T.)—1, Goat = Yan [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis‘Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. "GIVEN" Vel=95 kmh] w=2.8 [mm] 8 [m .-dot_rad=380 [Wim"2] "PROPERTIES" Fiuidf'ai’ k=Condutivty(Fiuid6, T-T_flm) PrePrandU(FiuidS, T=T_film) rho=Density(Fiuid, T=T_film, P=101.3) mu=Viscosity(Fiuid$, T=T_fim) uemuitho ‘T_fim=1/2"(T_s+T_intnity) "ANALYSIS" Re=(Vel(Convertkenih, ms)"Ly/nu "Reynolds number is greater than the critical Reynolds number. We use combined laminar and turbulent flow relation for Nusselt number" Nusselt=(0.037°R0"0.8-871)"Pr*(1/3) he/L*Nussett ‘@_dot_conv-h(T_s-T_infinity) dot convaq_dot rad va T 100 gm | 1G io % 20 15 2206 \ 20 6102 wi as sas? \ 30 5091 | 35 ao | o? 20 4608 4 4s 4443 F % 50 a 55 208 so} | Ne L 60 “12 &s 4abas ual %0 30.8 3s 3033 o 3a rr a a a 0 319 Vel [km/h] os 373s two | 3723 tos | 309 to | 3867 us | 363 0 362 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionOn, Ty 40) [Wim’) {cy 70 3198 as 3247 | 130, 3297 wl jt Vs 3346 200 3396 225 3446, Ss 250 34.95 = 36 275 3545 e 300 3595 325 Sods 350 3695 a 375 374s 400 3795 42 384s a0 3895 %f00 150 200” 259 800 aad 400450” 800 45 boas 3 s 500 3096, rag [Wim"] [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion728 7-31 A cireuit board is cooled by sir, The surface temperatures of the electronic components atthe leading edge and the ene! of the board are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Rey = 510" 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Any heat transfer from the back surface of the board is distogarded. 5 Airis an ideal gas with constant properties, Properties Assuming the film temperature to be approximately 35°C, the properties of air are evaluated at tis temperature to be (Table A-15) 4k =0.0265 Wim v=1655«105 ms 0.7268 Circuit board 20 Analysis (a) The convection heat transfer coefficient a the leading edge approaches infinity, and thus the surface temperature there ‘must approach the air temperature, which is 20°C. (#) The Reynolds number is pe, 2 - (6m5V0.15m) A6mVHO1S M5 a3px10* 15cm 165510 mis ‘which i less than the ertieal Reynolds number but we assume the flow to be turbulent since the electronic components are ‘expected 10 act as turbulators. Using the Nusselt number uniforms heat flux, the local heat transfer eoefFicient at the end ofthe bound is determined tobe hax OF ppllt yo Nu, ="2* <0.0308Re,"* Pr! = 0.030865 438104)" (0.7268) =170.1 uy, = WORDS WiC 791) 229.7 Wi Then the surface temperature atthe end of the board becomes, T+ 424 0,-T.)—T, Diseussion The beat fx can also be determined approximately using the elation for isothermal surfaces, hes k Pr!!? = 0.0296(5.438%10")"*(0.7268)"" = 163.5 296Re, vn, = 0020S Wit 3 5) 28.61 Wien 0.15m 3 Then the surface temperature at the end ofthe board becomes 42h, -T) OT, «7, +L a rcs COWO1S 2m) s1.1ec hy 2861 Wim? °C Note thatthe two resulls are close to each other. [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis728 7-32 Laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate is considered, The change inthe drag force and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined when the free-sream velocity of the Mui is doubled Analysis For the laminar flow of a Quid over fat plate maintained at a constant temperature the drag free is given by Foc j4 2 where 62 arte lg Res 2 Shang icin orberriaowa ep F Wy When the fice-sweam velocity ofthe fluid is doubled, the new value ofthe drag foreeon the plate becomes a 84, HO” na goa) 4, (2) am z ‘The ratio of drag forces corresponding to V and 2Vis Fos We repeat similar calculations for heat transfer rate ratio corresponding to Vand 2V =A, , -T (Enuac:-1.9-(EJassine* neh, a,-7.) Kovsof "ma, —7.) t = o.s6av°s 4 — Pt Pr? A(T, -T) ‘When the free-strwam velocity of te Mluid is doubled, the new value of the heat transfer rate between the Muid and the plate becomes & 6, = 0.664(2¥)"* Pe A,-T.) ro ‘Then the ratio is @ _ avy a vs [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-338 A reftigeration truck is traveling at 70 mph. The average temperature ofthe outer surfice ofthe refrigeration ‘compartment of the truck isto be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. § The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm, Properties Assuming the film temperature to be approximately 80°F, the roperis of ais this teres] stn are (able ASE) air = V=70 mph Loi lee 01481 Buh teF ee 97x10 Ns : Tdi a Analysie The Reysolds uberis VE. _(70%5280/3600) ICOM) 1 519 497 jr v 1687x107 8/5 We assume the ar flow over the entire outer surface to be turbulent, Therefore using the proper relation in turbulent flow for Nusselt number, the average beat transfer coefficient is determined to be Rey (037 Re" Pr!” =0.037(1.210%107)"*(0.7290)!!9 = 1.54410" 0.0481 Buh.AE, (1 S44 10") = 11.43 Bh.tt oF 20 Since the reftigeration system is operated at half the capacity, we will take half ofthe heat removal rate (600 60) Buu 8,000 Bah ‘The total heat transfer surface area andl the average surface temperature ofthe refrigeration comparttyent ofthe truck are determined from A= 20X98) + 2087 A) + 9.AYTH)] 166 ha, (1S Buh. FTE) io ope. 18,000 Btwh 021A, 7) —>7, = 77198 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion17-34 The weight ofa thin flat plate exposed to sir flow on both sides is balanced by a counterweight, The mass of the ‘counterweight that needs to be added in order to balance the plate i to be determined, Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible, 2 The critical Reynolds number is Rez. $«10*, 3 Ai i an ideal gas. 4The surfaces ofthe plate are smooth. Properties The density and kinematic viscosity ofa at 1 atm and 25°C are p = 1.184 kg/m* and v= 1.56210 mis (Table AIS). Analyse The Reynolds number is » " Air, mvs 2sect08 Wd Which is lessthan the critical Reynolds number of 510°. Therefore the flow is laminar. The average friction coetficient, diag force and the corresponding mass are 133 133 Re," 2561x105)" VE__@mis05m) Plate | soom (002628 s0em Fy=C,A, 2 cin? 8m) z = (0.002628 (220.55 05) m2] 18S 0.01978 kg- mis? = 004978 N ‘The mass whase weight i 0.04978 N is Fy, _ 0.08978 kom e ost 0.00507 kg ‘Therefore, the mass of the counterweight must be 5 1 counterset the drag force acting on the plate Diseussion Note that the apparatus described in this problem provides a convenient mechanism to measure drag force and thus drag coefficient. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciiona 7-85 Liquid mercury is lowing in parallel over flat plate, (a) the local convection heat transfer coefficient at 5 em from the leading edge and (6) the average convection heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate are wo be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Surface temperature is uniform throughout the plate. 3 Thermal properties are constant The critical Reynolds number is Re, = 510" 250°C + 50°C) Properties The properties of liquid mereury at T, 50°C are k= 10.0780 Wink, v= 8.514 x 10% rnyis, Pr= 0.0152 (fiom Table A-14), Analysis (a) The Reynolds number at ve _ @.3mis}(005m) v 851410 ais 0.05 mis Re 1762x105 Since Pr < 0.60, the Churchill and zoe (1973) relation for Nusselt number is used. The local convection heat wansfer coefficient at 005 m fromthe leading edge ofthe Mat plate is gx __03387Pr!”) Rel? k_03367P0" Rel” Nu, = 4st =_O387Fr Res, . i ke oss Py “ETL 0468) Py (10.0778 Wim: K) 0.3387(0.0152)""9.762 108)! (005m) [1+ (0.04687 00152)" 5343 Wim? -K (6) The Reynolds number at L= 0.1 mis VE __(0.3m'5)(0.1m) vy RSIdx10 Re, ‘The average convection heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate is bed finds EE ae 2822 vhs c= 4 O88 rath E D1 @.01687 PHT k03387Pr"3(vb/v)! _ 5k _0.3387Pr Rel? Ti+ (00468) PHY? E+ (004687 Py | > 2(40,0778 Wim-K) 0.3387(0.0152)! 7G,524%10°)!? S10) 27585 Wim? K (1m (14 @.0468/ 00152)" k Diseussion Since the fluid properties are constant, it should be noted that Nu =2Nu [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion728 7-36 Liquid mercury flows in parallel over @0.1-m long flat plate where there is an unheated starting length of 5 em, (a) the local convection heat transfer coefficient at x ~ 0.1 m, (6) the average convection heat transfer coefficient for the hested seotion, and (c) the rate of heat transfer per unit width for the heated section are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Surface temperature is uniform throughout the heated section. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The critical Reynolds number is Re, = 510" 250°C + 50°C) Properties The properties of liquid mereury at T; 50°C are k= 10,07780 Wim, v= 8.514 x 10 sms, Pr= 0.0152 (fram Table A-14). Analysis (a) Since Pr < 0460, the Churchill and Ozoe (1973) relation is used for ealculating the Nusselt number for § The locel convection heat transfer coefficient atthe trailing edge (x =0.1 m)is calculated as follows Re, ME = SMSO 3 5943105 (ow is amin ¥ RSMO ms cane QSSTEEAREE—_ ORTEOID)MAHAOY" yyy T+ (00as7ro 9)?" (1+100408/0.015257) Hence, Nu Noone Na, =e +, TR o-ery*7 *0-Giay"} gg AOUPTWHOK) 57.4 soe (lm) 1.05/70.) (b) The average convection heat transfer coefficient over the heated section is m1 (0.05/0."* 0.05/0.1 a aL (5108 Wim? -K) = 8278 Wim? + (6) The rate of heat transfer per unit wih For the heated section is OHI, T= ML-EM, -T,) > Giw=WL- HM. 1) Qs = (8278 Win? -KYO.Lm 0.05250 50) 8.278108 Wn Diseussion For plate with unheated stating length, the thermal boundary layer does not begin to grow until the heated section, while the velocity boundary layer begins atthe leading edge. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion29 7-37 ‘fan blows air parallel to the passages between the fins of a heat sink attached to.8 transformer. ‘The mininnum free stream velocity that the fan should provide to avoid overheating is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 The fins and the base plate are nearly isothermal (tin efficiency is equal to 1) § Air isan ideal gas with constant ‘properties. 6 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm, Properties The propertis of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (7, + T/2 = (60*25)/2 = 42.5°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02681 Win.2C . NG 72610 m/s v Pr 20.7248 T.= 28°C Analysis The total beat wansfer surface area for this finned surface is = = Rw A jgag = (270.1 {0.005 m2) ~ 0.007 m? 0.0048 m? 0.0118 m? Agcccunas * (0-110)(0.062 19) ~7% (0,002 m(0.1 m) Agwut = Ag gnnes * Assntinas = 0.007 m* +0,0048 m? ‘The convection hest transfer coeticiont can be determined ftom Newton's law of cooling relation for a finned surface bw O= mA, -T,)—h AG BW a9 06 Wim? (00118 m2 Y60= 257°C Starting from heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt numnber, Reynolds number and finaly free-stream velocity will be determined, We assume the flow is laminas over the entge finned suriace ofthe tansformer. alts 29.06 Wim? CV0.120) 002681 WiC Nu= 0.664 Re,” Pe!) >Re, =A -_0084"__s so9,108 0.664 PE (0.664)? (0.7248) re, -VE. Rez ¥ _8.302x105)(.726«10 m7) ‘ Bb Om [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion730 7-38 4 fan blows air parallel to the passages between the fins of a heat sink attached to a transformer. ‘The mininnum free stream velocity thatthe fan should provide to avoid overheating is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 The fins and the base plate are nearly isothermal (fin efficiency is equal to 1) 4 Airis an ideal gas with constant properties. § The local atmospheric ‘pressure is 1 atm Properties The properties of air atthe film temperature of (+ T./2 = (60+25)2 = 42.5°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02681 Wiin.2C 726x104 m?/s Pr= 0.7248 Air T= 0° Analysis We firs need to determine ridiation heat transfer rate, Note that we will use the base area and we assume the temperature of the surrounding surfaces are atthe same temperature with the air (Pre =25°C ) pw dem Qa = OTS! Trae) (0.90}{(0.1 m)(0.062 m)](5.67 <10-* Wim?.°C)(60-+ 273 Ky* law 254273K)4] ‘The heat transfer rate by convection will be 1.4 W less than total rate of heat wansfer from the tansformer, Therefore Gon: = Oust ~ Ops =12-14 =10.6W ‘The total heat transfer surface area for this finned surface is (270.1 m9 (0.005 m) = 0.007 m? (0-11m)(0.062 rm) -72<(0.002 m0.) = 0.0088 m= Agus * As nin =0.007 m? +0.0048 m? = 0.0118 m2 Axsinst ‘The convection heat transfer coefficient can be determined fiom Newton's law of cooling relation fora finned surface. Gaon low AMT. —T,) (OO18: Starting fiom heat wansfer coeificient, Nusselt number, Reynolds number and finaly free-stream velocity will be determined. We assume the flow is laminar over the entite finned surface ofthe transformer. Qeony = A Tp ~T,) > h 67 Win? C0.) D6 Win Re, 82a srsatot 0.6647 Pr? (0,664)7(0.7248)" v _ (2.576x10!)(.726=10~ m*s5) ae 4.45 mis un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion7a 7-398. Air flows over a Mat plate. The local friction and heat transfer coefficients.at intervals of | fare t be determined and plotted agains the distance from the leading edge Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constart properties. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and 60°F are (Table A-1SE) k= Q01433BWh.ASF 01588107 8/5 Pr= 0.7321 Analysis For the first 1 ft interval, the Reynolds number is ve mycin v 0.58810 Re, 40810 Which is less than the critical value of 510%, Therefore, the flow is laminar. The local Nusselt nursber is sa, =HEaasane,* mo 735°C v 1.60810" m/s Which is ereater than the critical Reynolds number. Using the Nusselt number relation for combined Iaminarand turbulent flow, the average heat tansfer coefficient is determined to be Nu = = @037Re* 87 Pe" =[0.0570.036x10°)"* -¥71}0.7289)" SORE WE (1978) =17 83 Win? 2 ‘Then the rate of heat los from the calleetor by convection is oon, 1A, (Ty ~T,)= (1783 Wit? $CY2H1.2 m° YBS—25)°C wow rieiao rai as onaama ya 0, = AT,’ -7,,,°) Tamanna ysersictiwad ngbosianl 7, + 20°C = 808°C Discussion The assumed temperature of $0°C for evaluating the ar properties turned out to be a good estimation, since Tj ~ (80.8°C + 20°C)2 = 50.4°C. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion739 7-47 Air is flowing in parallel overa stationary thin flat plate (a) the average friction cvefficient, () the average convection heat transfer coefficient, and (¢) the average convection heat transfer coe ficient using the modified Reynolds analogy are to >be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating coniions exist. 2 Properties ae constant. 3 The eg effets are negligible. 4 The ential Reynolds numberis Re, = S310" Properties The properties of ar (1 atm) atthe 7, = @0 v= 2.306% 10° mis, and Pr= 0.7111 Analysis (a) The Regnolds atthe trailing edge ofthe plate is VE __ (50/5015 m) v 2.30610 ms 180°C)2 = 100°C are given in Table A-1S: & = 0.03095 WimK, Rey L084 10° Soe Since 5 « 10° < Re, < 10” atthe trailing edge, the flow is combined laminar and turbulent flow. The friction coefticent is therefore Re; Rey (b) Using the proper relation for Nusselt number for combined laminar and turbolent flow, the average convection heat transfer coefficient is (0037 Ref"-871) Pr’? Scoorrre}t-srpre'* ¥)(00037(1.084310°)* —871](0.71 11)" =89.46 Wim? -K (©) Using the modified Reynolds analogy from Chapter 6, the average convection heat transfer coefficient is nu=c, Bert hake, Bem = avs es caona9y) SESE Can) =a. s8Win? Discussion There is practically no difference in the results between parts (b) and (c). The two results differ by less than 0.1%, [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion70 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres 77-48C Friction drag is due to the shear stress atthe surface whereas the pressure drag is due to the pressure differential between the front and back sides of the body when a wake is formed in the rear. 7-49C Turbulence moves the uid separation point further back on the rear of the body, reducing the size ofthe wake, and thus the magnitude of the pressure drag (which is the dominant mode of drag). Asa result, the drag coefTicient suddenly drops. In general, turbulence increases the drag coefficient for Nat surfaces, but the drag coefficient usually remains constant at high Reynolds numbers when the flow is turbulent 7-50C For the laminar flow, the heat transfer coefficient will be the highest at the stagnation point which comesponds to = 0" In turbulent flow, on the other hand, it will be highest when 0 is between 90° ard 120° ‘T-S1C Flow separation inflow over a cylinder is delayed in turbulent flow because ofthe extra mixing due to random ‘etuations and the transverse motion, un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion741 7-82 A heated long cylindrical rod is placed in across flow of ait, The rod surface has an emisivity of 0.95 and is surface temperature sto be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surfice temperature is constant. 4 heat ux dissipated fom the ad is uniform Properties The properties of sr (1 stm) at 70°C ate given in Table A-1S: £ 0.02881 Win, v= 1.995 «10° m/s and Pr ~on7? Analysis The Reynolds number forthe sir flowing across the rods YD _domisxo00sm) ¥ 1995x108 2506 Using the Churchill and Bernstein relation for Nusselt number, the convection heat transfer evefficient is oa at Nu. . 0.62Re"? Pr!’ {Be yr \” +047 P| 382000, 0.02881 Win-K | , , 0.62(2506)"7(07177)"8| | (2506 \** 02005 m tse@aromm ys || = 148.3 Wim? -K From energy balance, we obtain 16000 Win? = ggue + Gar > 16000 Wim? = hdr, ~7.)+ 8007 ~ cir) Copy the following line and paste on a blank EES sereen to solve the above equation: sigma=5 6700-8 Toinf=20+273 ‘Tsun=20+273 16000=h*(T_s-T_inf)+epsilon*sigma‘(T_s*4-T_surr*4) Solving by 'S software, the surface temperature ofthe mod is T, = 39S K = 122°C Discussion Note that absolute temperatures must be used in calculations involving the radiation heat transfer equation. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7 7-83 Airis flowing overa 5-cm diameter sphere, (a) the average drag coefficient on the sphere and (6) the heat transfer rate from the sphere are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surface temperature is constant. Properties The properties of ar (1 atm) atthe free stream temperature T., = 20°C (Table A-1S): p= 1.204 key’, k= 0.02814 Wim, 10= 1.825 » 10~* kg/m, and Pr = 0.7309: at the surface temperature T, = 80°C: 4,= 2.096 > 10" kg/m; athe film temperature 7; = (80°C + 20°C)2 = 50°C: p= 1.092 kgim’ and v= 1.798 10 Analysis (a) The Reynolds number for air properties evaluated from the fil temperature is VD __.Sm/sX0.0Sm) YY 1.79810-* kgim-s Rep =9733, From Fig. 7-17, the averagedmg coefficient is Cy +04 (2) The Reynolds number for uir properties evaluated from the free stream temperature is pYD _ (1.204.g/m? X3.5 mvs)(0.05m) : L155% 108 # T2510 ky Using the Whitaker relation for Nusselt number, the convection heat transfer coellicient is Nogy =AP a2 sian! 006 Re “yee Hence 32.56 Wim? -K, 02514 Win K.) oosm ‘The heat transfer rate from the sphere is @ Discussion If the difference in the foe stream temperature and the surface temperature is small, thon the assumption thats / 4.© Lis appropriate, AT, ~T,.) = haD?(L, ~T, )= (32.56 Wim? -K)x(0.05 m)" (80-20) K un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion783 7-54 ‘ hit stainless tee ball i cooled by forced air. The average convection heat transfer coefficient and the cooling time are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant ‘properties. 4 The outer surface temperature ofthe ball is uniform at all times. Properties The average surface temperature is (350+250)2 = 300°C, and the properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 30°C are (Table A-15) = 0.02588 Wine v= 1.60810 m*is Ae BD: om = 350°C Hy =L872«104 kyims Te 30°C Bagg sgone = 293410" kgs = Pr =0.7282 3 Analysis The Reynolds number is YD __(Gmis\(.15m) Re="2 - : ¥ T6D8x10- m/s s97%10* ‘The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is determined tohe su AB -aefpanesoasnet (te) 29.32. W = (0.09425 m?)Q7=1)C— h= 15.55 Win? °C The Nusselt number is _ iD _ (SSW SCHOO 4p Fo aT Win Reynolds number can be obtained fiom the Nusselt number relation fora flow over the cylinder cere’ pr! i ke yy" Nu=0347 i lr toaspeys] "| \282.000 (0.62 Re" 0.7317)" ( Re_\"* 242-0344 wr|t+{ Be) | re =12886 h+(c.4/o.73177" [ a0) ‘Then using the Reynolds number elation we determine the wind velocity neat 5129852 Uso v 1.488x10% m/s > v mks [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-68 7-784 10-m tall exhaust stick discharging exhaust gases a arate of 1.2 ke/s is subjected to solar radiation and convection at the outer surface, The outer surface temperature ofthe exhaust stack isto be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surface temperature is constant. Properties The properties of sir at 80°C are k = 0.02983 WittK, v= 2.097 « 10° ans, Pr~ 0.7154 (from Table A-13), Baset Analysis The Reynolds number for the air owing across the exhaust stack is YD __domsyim Hons) = 4.769.107 v 2007x105 ms Rep Using the Churchill and Bernstein relation for Nusselt number, the ‘convection heat transfer coefficient is, MD 5, 902Re? Pr | (Re yy carey)" |” Sea006, os 2enareon) arise? , (7900) We (aa707154)°7 =|” 282000 ‘The outer surface area of the exhaust stack is A, = ADL = x(1m)(10m) = 31.42m" ‘The mte of heat loss ftom the exhaust gases in the exhaust stack can be determined from hoa Hg Tig ~To) = (1.2 kg/5)(0600 Jeg -"CY(30)°C = $7600 W ‘The heat loss on the outer surface of the exhaust stack by radiation and convection can be expressed as Pes fr, Te] 4 001 Ta) = doe Copy the following lines and paste on a blank EES sereen to solve the above equation A $=31.42 h=19.95 {incindent=1400 Q_loss=57600 Tinf=27+273 Tsun=274273, aipha=0.9 ‘epsilon=0.9 sigma=5.5706-8 Q.loss/A_s=h*(T_s-T_inf)+epsilon"sigma(T_s"4-T_surr“4)-alpha’q_incindent Solving by EES software, the surfuce temperature of exhaust stack is 1, =806K = 13°C Discussion Since the value of the (force) convection heat transfer coefficient is relatively small, this indicates that natural ‘convection may play an important role. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion769 7-79 A street sign surface is subjected to radiation and cross low wind, the surface temperature of the street sign is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surface temperature is constant. 4 The Street sign is treated a vertical plate in cross Mw. Properties The properties of air (I avn) at 30°C are given in Table A-LS: & = 002588 Wim K, v= 1.608 » 10° ms, and Pr= 0.7282, Analysis The Reyoolds number is yD __dmi(02m) Re = 24x10" vy 1608%10 ms From Table 7-1, the relation for Nusselt number is ——— ca oe nu ="? 20.208Re"™ Pel — & 0.02588 Wim-K h (0.228(12440)°7 (0.7282)! = 26.14 Wim? -K 02m From energy balance, we obin AeGs = WIT, Ta 60 (T? Toe) ‘Copy the following lines and paste on a blank EES sereen to solve the above equation: sigma=5.6706-8 alpha’g_incindent=h"(T_s-T_inf)+epslon’sigma”(T_s*4-T_sur"4) Solving by EES software, the surface temperature ofthe stcet sign is 2°C Discussion Note that absolute temperatures must be used in calculations involving the radiation heat transfer equation. [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis770 Flow across Tube Banks 7-80C The level of turbulence, and thus the heat tansier coefficient, increases with row number because of the combined effects of upstream rows in turbulence eaused and the wakes formed. But there is no sigifieant change in turbulence level after the frst few rows, and thus the heat transfer coefficient remains constant, There is no change in transverse direction, 7-81C In tube banks, the flow characteristics are dominated by the maximum velocity Viyy that occurs within the tube bank rather than the approach velocity V. Therefore, the Reynolds number is defined on the basis of maximum velocity. [reprtion you are ase unghie Maman | yon unieg Revi peciionun 17-82 Combustion air i heated by condensing steam in a tube bank. The rate of heat transfer to air the pressure drop of air, and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2The surface temperature of the tubes is equal tothe temperature of stexm, Properties The exit temperature of sir, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the air propemies atthe assumed mean temperature of 35°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15): k= 0.02825 Wik 145 kein? 6p “1.007 Kk K Pr= 0.7268 p= 1895410" ky/ms Pr. Pris -sgre= 0.7L ‘Albo, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 20°C (or use in the mass flow rate ealeulaion atthe inlet) isp kein. The enthalpy of vaporization of water at 100°C: hy = 2257 KIiKg-K (Table A-9). Analysis (a) Ibis given that D = 0,016 m, S; = $= 0.04 m,und V= $2 rms, Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity become 0.08 oo-o1e°?™ 1667 mis since Sp >(Sy +B)/2 P¥ eax _ (LAS eg? )(8.667 vs 0.016) _ # 1.89510" kpin-s The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be Nup = 0.355 (5)? Reb Pr? (pr/P,)°28 = 0.35(0.04 / 0.04)" (8379)"® (0.7268) (0,7268/ 0,711 1° =" Since Nz, =20, which is greater than 16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfor CoetTicient forall the tubes in the tube bank become Nuly.y, =Nuy =7087 8379 Nuty x5 _ 70,87(0.02625 Wim-°C) D 016m The total nurnber of tubes is W=N, xy =2010=200, For a unit tube length (L.= 1 m), the heat transfer surface area and the mass flow rate of air (evaluated atthe inlet) are A, = NaDL = 2007(0.016m)(1m)=1005 m? PAV(N pS L) =(1.204 hyn (S2 vs 100.08 my 163 Wim?-°C S04kgis Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become 121, -nyeo{ AX 100-000-2020 (10.05 m2 X116.3 Win?-"C) ) (2.508 ky's)(1007 Fkg=°C) } 8) 9.68)] 16.3 Wim? -°C)(100S m? (64.025) =74,830 W (}) For this staggered tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to Rep ~ 8379 and Sy/D = 41.6 ~2.$is, from Fig. 7- 27b, f= 0.33. Also, = | for te square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the tube bank becomes =64.01°C pany Ms «ago sng tS” W867 19 AN) age py 2 2 (Tig-mis® (c) The rat of condensstion of steam is Q= thal gig ntre — ht = TASSKW__ 9.05325 = 1.99 ighnin Discussion The Tgawiwe 257 kIKEC arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (7;+ 7.)/2 = (20 + 49.7)/2= 34.9°C, which is very close to the assumed value of 35°C. ‘Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionun 7-83 Combustion air is heated by condensing steam ina tube bank. The rate of heat transfer to air the pressure drop of air, nd the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2The surface temperature of the tubes is equal tothe temperature of stexm, Properties The exit temperature of sir, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the air propemies atthe assumed mean temperature of 35°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15): k= 0.02825 Wik 145 kein? 6p “1.007 Kk K Pr= 0.7268 p= 1895410" ky/ms Pr. Pris -sgre= 0.7L 204 ‘Albo, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 20°C (or use in the mass flow rate ealeulaion atthe inlet) isp kein. The enthalpy of vaporization of water at 100°C: hy = 2257 KIikg-K (Table A-9). Analysis (a) lis given that D = 0,016 m, S; = S;= 0.06 m, and V= 52.m ‘Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity bocome Sr 0.06 S y, y = 006 65.2 ms) 5.2 ms nn 5D ~ O06-0016° ™ VS2m Rip a IO VE.6mD os 5 # 1.895x10" ke/m-s iad — ‘The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation O O fromm Table 7-210 be — Nutp =0.27ReYM Pe pa Pe) — sarasormonestmonsronn™ =a —> OC @ O D Since N,=20, which is greater than 16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfor CoetTicient forall the tubes in the tube bank become Nup.y, =Nuy =6.17 Neo. K _ 63.17(0.02625 Wim 5C) D 016m ‘The wl numberof tubes is N= Ny Ny =20«10= 200, Fora unitiube length (= 1m), the het transfer sure area and the mass flow rate of air (evaluate atthe inlet) are A, = NaDL = 200z(0,016m)(1:m)=10.05 m? sin = miy = pV pSpL) = (1.204 kg/m" (5.2 m/s}(10K0.06 m\(1 m) =3.756 kgs Then the Mui exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, al the rate of he ¥ ne re) (40.051? 103.6 Wim? °C) | tie, (8.756 kus) 1007 Hke-°C) (P=T)=(7,=7.) __(100=20)~(100-39.25) ~ Ta, —T MT, -T,)] Tn(100— 20) (100 39.25)} = hA,AT,,, = (108.6 Wim? -°C)(10.05 m? K69.93°C) = 72,810 W = 72.81 kW (b) For this in-line arrangement tube bank, the fiction coefficient comespording to Rep = 6855 and SD =6/1.6=3.75 is, from Fig. 7-273, j=0.12. Note that an accurate reading of friction factor does not seem to be possible inthis case, Also, % = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the tube bank becomes 103.6Wim? °C transfer become 925°C 100 — (100-20) exp| =69,93%C span jy BE 29 39 ESHETOE (IN gay 2 2 (itp) {c) The rate of condensation of steam is aatkw o 0.0323 kg/s = 1.94 ke/min Discussion The Means frou ——? Mena, ‘Sara as Rgawoe B5TWg °C arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (7; + 7:)2 = 20+ 43.4)/2= 31.7°C, which is fairly close to the assumed value of 35°C. ‘Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciiona 17-84 Water is preheated by exhaust gases ina tube bank, The rate of heat transfer, the pressure drop of exhaust gases, and the temperature rise of water are to be detennined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 For exhaust gases, air properties are used. Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the a properties atthe assumed mean temperature of 250°C (will be checked later) and 1 aim (Table A-15) = 0.04104 WineK, p= 06746 kg/m? ep =1.033 kVke-K Pr= 0.6986 B= 2.7610" gins Pre=Pran-we=0.7154 The density of ar atthe inlet temperature of 300°C (for use in the mass flow rate calculation atthe inlet) is kg'm. The specific heat of water at 80°C is 4,197 Klikg.°C (Table 9). Analysis (a) Ibis given that D= 0,021 m, 0.08 m,and V= 45 T80°C rs, Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based on the 0.0138 ‘maximum velocity become eds iil se a reso0re Oo So" Wea 5 . 5 op Baa ONMSIgmVGIODHIOIIN) 4, > A 816.10 kai a age a cag a ip meron _ Man earnae =>oe@o 5 21(3132)"* (0.6946)""(0.6946/0.7154)"* = 37.46 Since N,=16, the average Nusselt number and beat transfer coefficient forall the tubes in the ube bank become Nup.y, =Nuy =3746 Nuys k _ 37.46(0.04104 Wim-°C) D (0.021 m The total number of tubes is WN, xNy = 168 the mass flow rate of ai (evaluated at the inlet) are 24 (0.021 mxim ny = PVN pS L) = (0.6158 kyle M4, mm/s 8)(0.08 rm)(1 m) “Then the id ex temperature, he og men temperature difeenee, andthe rate of heat tras become (8.445 m? (73.2 Win? -°C) ) (TAK GSKIOS3 TREO in 7) AT, 7.) N@O- 500 160-2579] Q= HA,AT,., = (73.2 Wim? -°C\8.445 m7\(186.7°C) = 115,430 W (o) For thisin tine amangement tube bank, the ieton eetTicinteorespaaing o Rep ~ 3132 and yD =82.1 =3.81 is, from Fig. 7-274, {= 0.18. Also, x = | for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the tube bank becomes n2W 28. Fora unit tube le 1m), the heat transfer surface area and 445 m? 37.0°C ~, tye 3) 801~ (80-300) exp Ty 186.7°C AP =, fy LUE = 16(0.18}(0) LOMO hw NO.102 ms)" | _IN | 96. pa 2 3 Tig: (0) The temperate ise of waters B= tsa peas MT vaes —? BT USE 46° Tina purmer CORGISKSITKVKGC) Discussion ‘The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (T;+ 7.2 = (300 +237)/2 = 269°C, which is sufficiently close to the assumed value of 250°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion17-85 Water is heated by a bundle of resistance heater rods. The number oF tube rows isto be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2‘The surface temperature ofthe rods is constant. Properties The properties of water atthe mean temperature of (15°C +65°C)/2=40°C are (Table A-9) = 0.631 Wim 92.1 kein? AAAI KEK = 0.65310 kwims Pre= Pran-voe= 1.96 Alko, the density of water at the inlet temperature of 15°C (For use in the mass flow rate calculation atthe inlet) is p,=999.1 kg/m’ Analysis Itis given that D = 0.01 m, $, = 0.04 mand 5, = 0.03 m, and V= 038m, Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based ‘on the maximum velocity become Sp_y___ 003 T90°C (0.8mm/s) =1.20.ms = D ~ 003-0.01 Sr P¥ noc D _ (992.1 wim \(.20 m/s}(0.01m) 2.1m}. 20 VOL) 1g 39 BT O683s10 kyins OO ‘The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from ‘Table 7-2 10 be oO 8, O (ve Pr, (4.32) Nay =0.27Re8* Pr = 0.27(18,232)"" (4.32 11.96)" = 269.3, Assuming that V,> 16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient forall the tubes in the nube bank become 69.3 Nupy, =Nay jp _ Mito _ 269.30.631 Witn-°C) weeds D 0.01m ‘oap4w © Consider one-row of tubes in the transpose direction (nommal to flow), and thus take N=I, Then the heat transfer surface ‘area becomes A, =NppeADL= (1x N;e(0.0Le) (4 m)= 0.1257, ‘Then the log mean temperature difference, and the expression for the rate of heat transfer become (-1)-(,-T,) __ 00=15)-00-65) Io, =7)AT, —T}] 1[90=15}.(90—65)] ho Sse = HA,AT, = (16,99 Wien? -°CY0.1257Ny X4S.51°C) =97,220Nz ‘The mass flow rate of water through a eross-seetion corresponding to NI and the rate of heat transfer are V = (999.1kg/m! X4x003m?)(0.8 mis) =95.91 ky/s o 008107 W ty (T, ~T)) = 05.91 kgsX A179 dkg. CH6S—15)°C Substituting tis result into the hest transfer expression above we find the numberof tube rows O=AATiy > 2.00410 W=97,220N, > N, =206 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7s 7-86 Airis cooled by an evaporating elrigerator. The refrigeration capacity and the pressure drop woross the tbe bank are 10 be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal to the temperature of relfigerant. Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the ar properties atthe assumed mean temperature of -5°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15) = 0.02326 Win K, po 1317 kein! 006 kike-K Pr= 0.1375 4 1.708410" kylms Pry= Prepare 0.7408 the density of airat the inlet temperature of 0°C (for use in the mass flew rate calculation atthe inst) is p,~ 1.292 Anais tis given that = 0.008 m, = 5,= 0.015 m and ts. Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds ane hummer bese on the maximum veloc becose s aos ms y= 2015 (5 m6) 10,71 m/s Tais-o7m°™) ree bs (1.317 kg/in?}(10.71 nvs)(0.008m) _ Ss = 317 bpm} 0071 6 }(0 00820) 4 1.705310 kins —_ Ooo The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper —_— telation from Table 7-2 tobe —> Nurp =0.27ReS Pe? (PrP) ; — Oo gS, O 0.271621) (0.7375)" (0.7375 (0.7408) = 61.72 Since N,> 16. the average Nusselt number and beat transier coefficient fo all, the tubes in the tbe bank become Nulp.y, = FNup = 61.72 Nin wi _ 61,72(0,02326 Wim -8C D 0.008 ‘The total number of tubes is V =, XN = 28x15 (cvaluated atthe inlet) are A, = NaDL = 375x(0,008my(0.8m) = pW (Nz Spl) =(0.292 kgim WS m/9(15)0.015 m)(0.8m) =1.163 kes Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, andthe rate of heat transfer (refrigeration capacity) become 1, 1.0, -mf 2] 20-20-O)ef 179.5 Wim? “°C 375, The heat transfer surface area and the mass flow rate of ait 40m" (7.340m?\(179.5 Win? -°C) “C63 Hg) 006 TREO) wa70]) 020+ 13.7) 13700 =11.88°C @=A,AT,, = (179.5 Win? -CX7.540m?\(11.85°C) = 16,040 W For this square in-line tbe bank, the friction coetficient corresponding to Rey ~ 6621 and $,/D= 1.5/0.8 = 1.87Sis, from Fig. 7-27, f= 0.28. Also, 7.= 1 forthe square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the tbe bank becomes Pi, (1.317 kgm? 10.710 IN Tig?) =25(0.28K1) 6.9°C, which is fairly close to the assumed P= Nf 9 Pa Discussion The arithmetic mean fuid temperature is (T;+ 7.)2 = (0-13.7)2 value of -5°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion716 7-87 Airis cooled by an evaporating elrigerator. The refrigeration capacity and the pressure drop uoross the tube bank are 10 be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal to the temperature of relfigerant. Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the ar properties atthe assumed mean temperature of -5°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15) = 0.02326 Win K, po 1316 kein" 006 kike-K Pr= 0.1375 4 1.708410" kylms Pry= Prepare 0.7408 Also, the density of air atthe inlet temperature of °C (For use i the mass low rate calculation atthe inlet) is = 1.292 kim Analysis Wis given that D = 0,008 m, $, = S;= 0.015 m, and V=5 ms. ‘Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity become 20S is ms) =10.710v5 = 0008 a (10.71 mis 0.008m) 1.70810 ky/n-s 6621 ‘The average Nusselt umber is detemmined using the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be Nup =035(5 7/5) Ref Peo PoP) = 0.35(0.015 / 0.015)" (6621}"* (0.7375)""*(0.7375 /0.7408)""5 = 61.45 Since N;> 16.the average Nusselt suisber and beat transiercoeMicient for ll the tubes in the tube bank become Nup.y, = FNuy = 61.45 Nitp.v 2326 Win 2 pw Nilay. _ 61.45(0.02326 Wi-°0) _ 1967 Wien? oe D 0.008m The total number of tubes is W = Nz xy =25%15=375, The heat transfer surface area and the mass flow rate oF air (cvaluated atthe inlet) are A, = NaDL.=375x(0.008 m)(0.8m)= 7.540 m= p\V(N, SL) = (1.292 kgim? XS m/}(15}0.015 m}(0.8m) = 1.163 kes ‘Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer (reftigeration capacity) become “er ctymenl Ail) 39 -co9 yee _£7S40m2 1078.7 Win? °C) cc 13.68)] Inf, TAT, =7,)] Inf(-20 = 0) 20+ 13.68)) = hA,AT,, = (178.7 Wim? -°CX 7.540 m? XI 1.87°C) = 16,000 W_ For this staggered arrangement tube bank, the fiction cnefficientcoresponling to Rey = 6621 and $y/D = 1.5008 = L875 i, from Fig. 7-27 f= forthe squne amangements. Then the pressure drop across the tbe bank becomes P= Nv, fy soy) 2 7hen Mo7imis' (IN) #87 2 2 igen Diseussion The arithmetic mean fuid temperature is (J; + T.)2 = (0 -13.7)/2 = -6.9°C, which is fairly close to the assumed value of -5°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations. Min 118rc un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciionon 7-88 Combustion sir is preheated by hot water in a tube bank. The rate of heat wansfer to air and the pressure drop of at are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal tothe temperature of hot Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the ar properties atthe assumed mean temperature of 20°C (will be checked later) and | atm (Table A-15): k= 0.02514 Wink, p= 1.204 kein! 007 kike-K Pr= 0.7309 p> 1.82511 0° kyims Pry Pryns-ane = 0.7132 the density of ar athe inlet temperature of 15°C (For use in the mas flow rate calculation tthe inlet sp. 1.225 Analysis Wis given that D = 0.022 m, $=; 0.05 m, and VAS ms 50°C Then the maximum velocity and the Reynokis number based on the b ‘maximum velocity become Ss \ aos. y= 295 (4.5m) = 8036 ms coscnam#9 O Ss 918.036.150.022) 125.107 kin = 11,963 OO 0 @ 0 ‘This Nusselt numbers applicable to tube banks with NV, > 16. In our case the number of rows is N= 8, and the ‘corresponding correction factor from Table 7-3 is F = 0.967, Then the average Nusselt number andi heat transfer coefficient forall the tubes inthe tube bank become Nutp.y, = FNUy = (0.967488.53) The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be (PrP, 0.27(1 1,663)" (0.7309) (0.7309 10.7132)" = 88.53 Nap =027Re" Pr S61 Nup.vk _ $5.61(0.005 14 Wim °C) D 0.022 ‘The total number of tubes isV =N, Ny = 8x8 = 64. Fora unit tube mass flow rate of air (evaluated atthe inlet) are NDI. = 64(0.022 my m)= 4.423 m? he = 97.83 Wim? °C magth (= 1m), the heat transfer surface area and the 1 = PN (N SpE) = (1.225 kgfen YAS mvsK8)(0.05 my( m) = 2.205 kis ‘Then the duid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become 9 (00-1 5pexp{ {442329783 Win? “0 (2.205kw/sK 1007 Why (90-15) (90 28.28) inf00 =15) (90— 28.289] Q=NA,ATi, = (97.83 Wim? °CY4.423n2\(68.14°C)= 29,490 W Fut sri bs ke bwin comping i)". SD ~$2.2-227 fon i 7-27a,f=0.25. Also, 1, = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the tube bank becomes 28.28°C = 68.149 Discussion The arithmetic mean fuid temperature is (T;+ T,)2 = (15 + 28.3)2= 21.7°C, which is fairly close to the assumed value of 20°C, Therefor, there is no need to repeat calculations. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion78 7-89 Combustion air is preheated by hot water in a tube hank. The rate of heat transfer to air and the pressure drop of ar are to be detemnined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal tothe temperature of hot Properties The exit temperature of sir, and thus the mean temperature, isnot known, We evaluate the ar properties at the assumed mean temperature of 20°C (will be checked later) and | atm (Table A-15): k= O02S14 Wink p= 1.204 kyin? 6p “L007 Kha K Pr= 0.7309 > 182510" kaymns Pag Pr ns -sue "O.7132 Algo, the density of air atthe inlet temperature of 15°C ( kgm! Analysis Ii given that D = 0.022 m,S, = 8, 0.06 m, and V= 45 ins. Then the maximum velocity andthe Reynolds number based on the maxinum velocity become use in the mass flow rate ealeulation atthe inlet) is p 0.06 aes 06-0023 1.204 ky }(7.105; 1.825% 107 kgim-s ‘The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be Nay =0.35(Sy /5,)" Ref Pr (Pr Pr) =0.34006/0.06) 40.313)(27309)™%0.7308 (0.7132) «40.89 oO ‘This Nusselt number is applicable to tube banks with N, > 16. In our case the number of rows is N= 8, andthe ‘corresponding corection factor irom Table 7-3 is F = 0.967, Then the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient forall the tubes inthe tube bank become Nuy.y, = FNuy = (0.967480.49} 784 Naty wk _ 77.84(002514 Wim °C) D 0.022 ‘The total number of tubes is.V=N, xN, = 88 = 64. Fora unit tube length (L mas flow rate of air (evaluated atthe inlet) are A, = NaDL = 642(0.022 my m)= 4423 m? i= BNC Spl) = (1.225 kyym® (45 m/5}(8V(0.06 mm) = 2.646 kes ‘Then the uid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become 88.94 Wim? °C 1m), the heat transfer surface area and the 4823 m2)(88.94 ~ 2.646 gis 07 kg") 1p ARAMA) 0-15) (00-2829) | Tal, TAT, —7,)] IafO- 15) (0025.29) Q=hA,AT,,, = (88.94 Wim? -°C)(4.423 m?)(69.73°C) = 27,430 W For this staggered tube bank, the fiction coefficient comesponding to Rep = 10,313 and $/D = 62.2 = 2.73, fom Fig. 7 27b,f= 021, Also, 1.= forte square arrangements, Then the pressure drop actos the tbc bank becomes ape Wf MSS a2 l2oekwm? 7.105 my" f_IN 2 2 itg-mo 69.73°C Diseussion The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (7, + T.V2 = (15 +25 3/2 = 20.2°C, which is fairly close tothe assumed value of 20°C. Therefore there is no need to repeat ealeulations [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion79 7-90 Airis heated by hot tubes in a tube bank. The average heat transfer coefficient isto be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2The surface temperature of the tubes is constant. Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the ar properties atthe assumed mean temperature of 70°C and 1 am (Table A-15): £00081 Wink = L028 kn’ g-Lo0r Whe be-o77 rate B= 2.052210" kg/ms Pr= Pron tarc % Analysis It is given that D= 0.02 m, $, = S;= 0.06 m, and. — * Si Then he mixin sly an he Ryn vee ner boston matin ebay bean Vous, = SEV = 26 m9) = 9's — * 5 BY O60 OO PVD _(.O28kgitn*)(9 m/s)0.02M) _ 94g — u 2.052410" kgim-s oO @, oO ‘The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from ‘Table 7-2 0 be Nap = 0.27 Re Pr (Pe Pr) 0.27(9018)°% (0.7177) (0.7177 /0.7041)° 4.70 Since > 16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank become 4.70 Nay.y, = Noy _Nitnyk _ 74.700.02881 Win-°C) D 0.02 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion780 Review Problems 7.91 silicon chip s mounted fush in a substrate that provides sn unheated starting length, The maximum allowable power “dissipation is to be determina such that the sace temperature of the chip earn exceed 75°C. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Thermal properies are constant. 3 The flow is turbulent. 4 Only the upper surface ofthe chip is conditioned for het transfer. § Hea transfer by radiation is negligible. 6 Heat dissipated from the ‘hip is unifoem, Properties The properties of sr at T; = (78°C + 28°C)/2 = 50°C are k= 0.02735 WinvK, (from Table AIS). ‘Analysis For uniform heat flux on the chip surface, the maximum surface temperature occurs atthe trailing ei, where the ‘convection heat transfer coefficient is at minimum, The Reynokis number atthe trailing ede (x= 0.040 m) is Re, = V8 25mis}0.040m) ¥ LPR 10 mis 798 x 10° mis, Pe 7228 5.56210 Since the flow i turbulent, use the turbulent Now relation for Nusselt number, the local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge (+= 0.040 mm) can be determined from: K 0.0308 Re? Pe!S u-enrry? eer Py? 2735 Win -K) 0.0308(5.562 10°)" 8(0,7228)!'> (0.040 m) 120/40") 1287 Wim? -K Hence, the maximum allowable power dissipation on the ehip surface is ogg, = HAT, ~T.,} = (128.7 Winn? +K 0.020 m)? (75-25) K = 2.57 W Discussion Turbulaor isa device that tips the velocity boundary layer to turbulence. The turbulator caused arilow over the chip to be turbulent Hence the Nusselt number relation for turbulent flow is used, even though Re, i es than the generally Accepted value of ertical Reynolds number (Re, = 5% 109, [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion781 7-92 Ai is flowing in parallel to a stationary thin Mat plate over the top and bottom surfices: (a) the average friction ‘coefficient, (b) the average convection heat transfer coefficient, (c) the average convection heat transfer coefficient using the modified Reynolds analogy are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating coniions exist. 2 Properties ae constant. 3 The ee effets are negligible. The ential Reynolds numberis Re, = S310" Properties The properties of air (1 atm) atthe film temperature of Tj~ (T+ T)2 = 20°C are given in Table A-15: = 0.02514 Wine, v= 1.816 5 10% m5, and Pe= 0.7300, Analysis (a) The Reynolds atthe trailing edge ofthe plate is vL__2misitm a Me Qmisity a soto! Ait Toy ¥ “1516107 mis Rey Since Re, <$ > 10° atthe wailing edge, the flow over the plate is laminar. The average friction coefticient over the plate is 133 133 Rel? (1.319% 105)? , 0.00366 (#) Using the proper relation for Nusselt number for laminar flow, the average convection heat transfer coefficient is in Nant t 664Re ts Pri? Lowsane ve? ~L2ORSL WH gay sso ATR = Win () Using the modified Reynolds analogy from Chapter 6 the average convection heat tiansfer coefficient is, Nu=c, Reps rake, Ree pus 2 LD {ORStA Wi ggg)" 39107509 « S486 Win Diseussion The comparison of the results obtained for parts (b) and (c) shows thatthe discrepancy between the two values is less than 0.1%, This demonstrates that the modified Reynolds analogy i, at times, very useful method. un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion78 7-93 Airis owing across a cylindrical pin fin that i atached to the hot surface, The maximum possible rate of heat transfer from the pin fin isto be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant. 3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Flow over pin fin can be teated as flaw across a cylinder. §The film temperature is assumed to be 70°C. Properties The propenis of ai (1 atm) at 70°C are given in Table A-IS: & = 0.02881 Wim, v= 1,995 10" ms, and Pr= 0.7177, Analysis The Reynolds number forthe air Nawing across the pin fin is YD _ Wom’sK0.005m) Vv LOS KOS mes Rep 2506 Using the Churchill and Bemstcin relation for Nuss the convection heat transfer coefficient is number, MD yy, 02K PH [ (Re y ” x Usoa7py 7 |” (22000, jn DOPRBLWin-K |g, 6202506)"%(0717H""| ( 2506 0.005 m te oaromi77y |” (282000, 483 Win? -K Maximum rate of heat transfer from pin fin occurs when fin is infinitely long, Therefore ttom Chapter 3, the maximum possible beat transfer rate is og io = YIP ALE, ~T) where aD = 001571, Hence (148.3 Wim? - KY0.01571 m(237 Wiin-K XI 963%10 m? )(120-20)K, 1oaw Greta Discussion Yor infinitely long fin, the fin tip temperature is equal tothe air temperature. Hence, evaluating the air propertics a 70°C is reasonable, since itis the average of the air and fin base temperatures, [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-94E. A minivan is traveling at 70 mph. The rate of heat transfer tothe van is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Stcady operating conditions exist. The eriical Reynolds numbers Reg 5x10, 3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air flow is turbulent bocause ofthe intense vibrations involved. 5 Airis an ideal gas with constant proper. 8 ‘The pressure of ai is 1 am. Properties Assuming a film temperature of T;~ 80°F, the propertis of airare ‘evaluated to be (Table A-15E) ‘air 01481 Buh. fF —2 V=70mph 4 92, > 7.=90°F — senivan 97x10 Ns = Pr=07290 Analysis Air flows long 12 filong side. The Reynolds number in this case is 6 5600) ERA oy = ME = 00%5280/3600 SK12 R _5 969,96 v 1.69710 Ris ‘which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. The air flow is assumed to be entirely turbulent because of the intense \ibrations involved. Then the Nusselt number and the heat wansfer coefficient are determined to be hy 0.087 Re” Pr''* = 0.037(7.260% 10°)" (0.7290)! 0.01481 Bah ALF, Ri (10.261) = 12.66 Baw. °F ‘The thermal resistances are R (R3aahe _ 3h F/B EO a =001157h Bt A, @3021) R= = __- 0.00080 FB iA, (aes HOD} ‘Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate into the minivan are determined to be Raat =R, + Risatains + Ry = 0.00322 +0,01157 + 0.00030 = 0.015098. °F/BtL g-TacTa __ (00-707 Roar 001509 F/B 1325 Buh [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion784 7-98 Wind is blowing parallel to the walls ofa house with windows, The mate of heat loss through the window is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,-= $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air is an ideal gas with constart properties. § The pressure of air is 1 at. Properties Assuming a film temperature of 5°C, the propenies of air at 1 atm and this temperature are evaluated to be (Table A-15) 4 =0,02401 Wim.2C Tay =22C Analysis Air flows along, 1.8 m side, The Reynokds number in this case is no, ME _[@Sx1000/ 3600) H}0.8) a6 T3821" me/s Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have ‘combined laminar and turbulent flo. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be Nu = HE 2 (0.037R k 2-an1yee® = pose 2sext0'ye e7i}07350 0.02401 Wim.2C sm (1759) =23.46 Wit o.o1sa' .0008°CAW 1 ——__} _. 00831 fA, Q346Wim?. SCSI") ‘Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate through the 3 windows become Ret = Rowe) + Rend + Ream =0.0154+0,0008 + 0.0053 = 0.0215 “CW 116 W un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion785 7-96 4 fan is blowing air over the entire body of a person, The average temperature of the outer surface ofthe person isto be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air i an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The pressure of aris 1 atm, 4 The average human body can be weated as a 30-cm-diameter cylinder with an exposed surface area of 1.7 my Properties We assume the film temperature to be 25°C. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15) &=0.02605 Wim2C vy =1.655%10% m?/s Pr=0.7268 —<— Person, T, Analysis The Reynolds number is 0. 2-09 YD __GMNO30) __ y65,49! Voss mes =) [pos “The proper lation for Nusselt number coresponding wo this Reynolds numbers | | Wy 062 a te | Ha Seam 4 46219.053108)? (0.7268) [Cae coon Re ri D 03m ‘Considering that thre is heat generation in that person's body ata rate of 90 W’and body gains heat by radiation from the surrounding surfaces, an energy balance ean be written as Deeennt + Qratitn = Qronretion Substituting values with proper units and then application of trial & errar method or the use af an equation solver yields the average temperature of the outer surface of the person. VOW +2 0T ite “T) = HAST, To) 90 + (0.9)1.798.67 10 )|(40+273)* ~7,4] = 018.00)0.7)7, -82+273)] 7, = 92K =36.2°C [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion786 7-97 A circuit board houses 80 closely spaced logic chips on one side. Al the heat generated is conducted across the circuit board and is dissipated from the back side of the board to the ambient air, which is forced to flow aver the surface by a fan. ‘The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re, = «10°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The pressure of aris | atm. Properties Assuining a film temperature of 40°C, the properties of air are (Table A-15) = 0.02662 WimeC 702108 n Pr=0.7255 Ty Analysis The Reynolds number is VE _[G00/ 60) ms]0.18m) vo 1702%107 n Re, Which is less than the eiteal Reynolds number. Therefore, the fow is laminar, Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be 0.02662 Wien 4372) 018m " 0.29 Win? °C ‘The temperatures on the wo sides of the circuit board are é OWT.) aT aT = 30°C + 800.06) __gogsec. (20.29 Win? CKO. 12 mp1) Beg. nan ars Se pak 2 (800.06 W0.005m) (16 Win FCXO12my0.18m) 409°C Lore [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-98 4 spherical tank used to store ived water iy subjected to winds, The rate of heat transfer tothe iced water and the amount of ice that melts during 4 24-h period are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Thermal resistance of the tank is nepligible, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. § The pressure of aris 1 at. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 30°C ure (Table A-15) = 0.02588 WimeC v= 1,608%10% m/s Hee Ma = 1872x107 kgims Bygge ©1210 kgims 2 pa dinss 3 me \\ym Ana) Te Reynold ber : redwaer) |? = he to), asia) ome =o 8 v 1.608% 10-5 ‘Rane aig ru rae aa sl aepane oon o 6203 voa{ 1.872107 boa y ot °° Joz282) (5) O=hA,(T, ~T,) =h(aD? XT, ~T,) = (9.05 Wim? “C)-2.02 m)* ]30—0)°C = 7779 W_ (eimanian aia sataecyNasmepOLG = OAt = (7.779 k's (24 3600s) = 672,000 KI Q _ 672,000K) Q=mhy PST 2014 kg [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-99 A spherical tank used to store ived water iy subjected to winds, The rate of heat transfer tothe iced water and the amount of ice that melts during 4 24-h period are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 Air i an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The pressure of aris 1 ttm, Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 30°C ure (Table A-15) 4 =0,02588 WimeC v=1.608%10" m/s Tron He =L872X10 kgim.s Hague =1.729%10" kgims Pr=0.7282 Analysis (a) The Reynolds nusber is VD _ [(25%100013600) nv'sf3.02.m) Re 1.304210" ‘The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is determined from (te) ‘ : 2p sora coma nave? "Joa oy (on Ky, - 202s88 Wisc and ha ny = OE (1056 05 Wim?.°C. In steady operation, beat transfor through the tank by conduction is equal tothe heat transfer from the outer surface of the tank by convection and radiation. Therefore, @ = Qrrvcugh wok = Prom unk. conve nad “1, Ga AS Toy Fy + BO y Te) where 2, fi. ___(.51=1.50)™____y aap 10-5 cw Sarr Ax(13 Win CL ST my) A, =aD* = 7(3.02m)* = 2865m* Substituting Tow OC . (905 Wien? 9092865102 \30-T,,.,)°C ++ (0.75) 28.65 m?}(S.67 10" Wim?.K*)[(25+273K)* ~ (Ty sue + 273K)*] owe wohtn is 7, 025% and = 10530-10538 (#) Tee amount teat ranstor dering a 24-hour period i Q = At = (10.531 kJis)(24%3600 s) = 909,880 kJ “Then the mount ht ls rng this ptiod becomes = ty —sm=2.= 208083 ary jy Te un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion789 7-100E A cylindrical transistor mounted on a circuit board is eooted by ar flowing ever it, The maximum power rating of the transistor isto be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant ‘properties. 4 The pressure of airis 1 atm. Properties The properties of air at 1 ato and the film temperature of 1, =(180+120)/2 =130°F are (Table A-15E) Ale HALL ei k= 001646 Biwh.toF Power Anyi The Reyoods number transistor ™ * D=0.22 in YD, (son 13402299) | Paoatin Re 8734 2.09910 Ris ‘The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is so AB ogy tiaBsne” (as) k +(0.4/PeP Pat ON); 5. 22073470789) (25) =15.04 f(oaro7issp?} Pee Ny = 21616 BREE 4 504) 13.50 Brwh (o2/12t F “Then the amount of power this transistor can dissipate safely becomes 024A, (1, -1,)=WaDLYT, -1,) = (13.50 Bru. Ff(0.2/12 8032/12 F980 —120F 244 Beh =0.365 W (IW 3.412 Bah) [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion750 7-101 Wind is blowing over the roof ofa house, The rate of heat transfer through the roof and the cost ofthis heat loss for 14h period are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady opcrating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Rey. = $+10*. 3 Airis an ideal gas with ‘constant properties. 4 The pressure of airs 1 atm, Properties Assuiing a film temperature of 10°C, the properties of air re (Table A-15) 0.02439 WimeC 426x100 Pr 0.7336 Analysis The Reynolds number is VE [(60%1000/ 3600) m/s}20 m) 2 2.33810" 126x107 mis Re, Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Then the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are Scere se= bh =qaavrne ene =joane m0" e778. 2.58104 toby = SEEN assays. 0 Win oC In steady operation, heat ansfer from the room to the oof (by convection and radiation) must be equal to the heat transfer from the roof to the surroundings (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to the heat wansfer through the root by ‘conclction, That i, e Gres sand = Ora masons com iad Taking the inner and outer surface temperatures ofthe roof to be T, and T, nes Respectively, the quantities above can be expressed a8 WA, rman Ton )+ hc Ty Ton) = (5 When? SCH 300? LOT, jg PC ++(0.9)(300m? XS.67%10-" Wim? K *)[20-4273 Ky (Ty +278)" rooms coe 5 Te Tapa = (2 Wien sC\300 m2) 2 xc c 100m?) Groot samint =a Tt Toe # OT, Toa) = BLO Wit? °C 300m? WT, us “10)°C 099000867410 WK, 273" 00K" Solving he quinn above snnlanecaly ges G=2802SW=28.03KW, —_T,,,, =10.6°C,and7, =35°C ‘The total amount oFnatural gas consumption during & 14-hour period is gs = Boat 5 OM _ CRODKISKLY3OH (LA) 155 pms 85 ~ OS 08s 105.5004) Finally the money’ lost hraugh the oot during tha periods Money los = (15.75 thrm_$.20/ them) = $18.9 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion791 7-102 Steam is lowing in a stainless steel pipe while ai is owing across the pipe. The rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe ist be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air san ideal gas with constant properties, 8 The pressure ofa is | atm, Properties Assuming afilm temperature of 10°C, the properties of air are (Table A-15) 4 =0.02439 Wim.eC Se nde 426.10 m?/s D.-D\~ sem Pr=0.7336 Insulation Analysis The outer diameter of insulated pipe is 2-03 (6*243,5-11.6 om=0.116 m. ‘The Reynolds number is (imsyo.t6m) Vv 1a26x10 mes. ‘The Nusselt number for flew across a eylindoris determined from Re 3.254108 Steam, 250°C easter li(atea) | rrttt froarpars}* Air 0623.254310')50.7336)" | (a2saxio *] eam nos stesso arse”), (228t0" "7 sang | @aro.7a36} 382,000 and, =A ny = 22439 Witn °C 097.0) = 22.50 Wim? °C D, O116m Area of the outer surface ofthe pipe por m length of the pipe is A, =aD,L= x(0.11600X1m) In steady operation, beat transfer from the steam through the pipe and the insulation wo the outer surface (by frst convection. and then conduction) must be equal tothe heat transfer from the outer surface tothe surroundings (by simultaneous ‘convection an radiation). That is, @ Using the thermal resistance network, heat transfer fromthe steam to the outer surface is expressed as 1 l o36t4m in atioton = Cnutce eared, Ramp te nsec WA, (80 Win?°C)f(0.04 my m)] Ino fr) W232) gai secxw ve ead” Balls Wim CX) Ines 1nS8/23) Dnteyiry) ._W.8/23) _s sygeey Roots Faiz” Ta(O038 Win.°CKimy OW (250-7, °C and — Origen = Heat transfer rom the outer uric can be expressed as WAT —Pygg) 2A, O(T | Trg *) = (22.50 Witn? °CX0.3644m2)(T, ~3)°C +(0.30.3644 m?)6.67%10 Wim? K4)(, +273 K)* +273 Ky Solving the two equations abave simulkancously, the surface temperature and the heat transfer rate por m length of the pipe are determined to be T, =9.9°C and @=604W (perm length) Prctasronconea * [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7-103 Wind is blowing parallel to the walls ofa house. The rate of heat loss from the wall is to he determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2'The critical Reynolds number is Reg =SxI0°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 Air isan ideal gas with constant properties. $ The pressure of aris 1 atm. Properties Assuming afilm temperature of T;= 10°C forthe outdoors, the properties of air are evaluated to be (Table A-15) = 0.02439 Wim2c 426x104 m/s Air Pr = 0.7336 = 50 kav Analysis Air flows along 8-m side, The Reynolds number inthis Ta=6C ‘ease is : WALL. Ro, WE [st s1000 2600) m5} 8m) 5599.98 v 1a26x10 Which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have L=8m ‘combined laminar and turbulent flo. Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be seta genre, sn ae” pasate)» -sr}ars6)" 190% k 1, Heyy 900489 Wiens r Sm a (10,096) = 30.78 Wim? °C ‘The thermal resistances are A, =wb= G46 m)= 32m" ™ AMMAN © 1 1 ha,” OGRA 3.38 mn? °C/W Ate = EBB = 3OEOW seer “TAL (30.78 Wim? 262 m2) “Then the total thermal resistance and the heat wansfer rate trough the wall are datemmined from Ragas =R, + Rinain * Ry = 0.0026+ 0.1056-+0.0010 = 0.1092°C/W 6 CAC _igsw a.1092°0W [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion798 7-104 A car travels ata velocity of 60 krnih, The rate of heat transfer fram the bottom surface of the hot automotive engine block isto be determined fortwo cases. Assumptions 1 Steady opcrating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Rey. = $10*. 3 Airis an ideal gas with ‘constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is | atm. 5 The flow is turbulent over the entire surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block. 6 The botiom surface of the engine is a flat surface. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (7, + T.)/2 = (75+5)2 = 40°C ave (Table A-15) 1m 4 =0,02662 Win.oC Analysis The Reynolds number is Air Vt _[601000/3600) m/s}027m) = sou Sra 75% Bi, = MEOHIOD HO) AO m) 5 gs sx0* ue e v 1.702% 10° m7/s To= SC ine \ehich es than fhe erica Reynolds number. But we wil sume 1. tubule low Beemse othe constant agitation ofthe engine block S a= 2-oarme, Pe? saormesssaio") 02285" 181 2662 Wi 551.5497 Win2.*C as =A, (Py ~T, ) = (8897 Wim? C06 m 0.7 my] 75 59% “The heat loss by radiation i then determined from Stefun-Boltzman iw to be pat = ALOT, -Tebey ) = (0.9206 my0.7 (567108 Wim?.K5]75+273 Ky 104279 Ky] = 181 W “Then the ttl rate of het hss from the bottom surface ofthe engine block becomss Oa = rans + Opay = 17344181 =1918 We The gunk will introduce an adgitional resistance to heat dissipation from the engine, The total heat transfer rate in this case ‘can be calculated from io Es (75-59C oe. (0.002 m) eos SCMO.GmVO.F a] GWin2CK0.6 mx0.7 mp HA, FA, (38.97 Win ‘The decrease in the heat transfer rate is 1734 ~ 1668 = 66 W (38%) [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion798 7-105 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen is exposed to winds. The rate of evaporation of the Liquid nitrogen due to heat transfer from the airis to be determined for three case, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant ‘properties. 4 The pressure of airis 1 atm. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 20°C ure (Table A-1S) 0.02514 Winer v=1516x10% m/s Jnsulation Ha =1.825x10° kgims acy syure = 5.02310" kyims (from EES) = Pr=0.7309 Wind 20°C Lo> Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D = D,= 4m, and aie <\ nomen monde ssi i po —D_ [S510003600) m}4)_ 495,398 = CS Yo 1Sl6a10 2 ms The Nusselt number is determined from Nitrogen tank =196°C, sa ane*sowneIpe(2e)" = 24 fo.4¢4.031% 10°)°% + 0.06(4.031 10%)? Jo.7309)%{ 18254107 5033%10 = 2809 nto ny MBSE C 509.78 oC ‘The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is Q= HAT, -T,) = had? WT, ~7,,) = (17.78 Wim? °C) [R(4 my? [(20 —C196)] °C = 193,100 W ‘The mte of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes ‘ n= 2 = WAR ji oom op Tg (0) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to evaluate dynamic viscosity at anew surface temperature which we will assume tobe -100°C, AL-100°C, 1=1,189%10> kg/m. Noting that D=Dy= 4.1 m, the Nusselt mumiber becomes re — YD [(S51000/3600) mis}4.1my avs 132«10° v 1516x105 m/s 2+fac.naato'y?* +0oe(ts2<10) Joao 25510 on OMS ag a20win 6 [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionThe rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is (4.1m)? =52.81m? Te—Test Te “Test ain + Rey 45,5, at BA, (20-196 )re am 7 ml 4x(0.035 Wim. CK2.05 mj2m) (14.20 Wim? °CS28 1m?) ‘The mte of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes 0 74336 = rh, yin = 2 = TION gg 375) Samy hy 19SKIke. bats (c) We use the dynamic viscosity value the new estimated surface termerature of 0°C to be 41 = 1.72910" ke/m.s Noting tht D =D = 44 mn hn as, the Neck uber comes ow YD, [5x10003600) miS}4.04%) 691.198 yo TSI ais AD 0.5, 213] ppo4[ Ha y"* w=! <2 pane®*+-o.06ne?n%f He eh (ie) 2. pardon «10's! + 0.05e orto’ o.ra0e4{ 82 «10- . {1.72910 =2080 and Any = SRS WiC (ag90)— 13.01 Wim? 2c 04m Thee of est ate tounge i A, = a? = 2(4.04m)? =51.281 ja Te Tost im + Row =H, idan Ta, ere conaaw FAD OIGIS WinsCN2DIMO ND * COIWan “OHSAS ‘Ties areiponson or igaasenapen tan Boiss © _ooman . ity n= 2. MERTEN 9g 40" igh Qnty hy 198k tals [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis796 7-106 A spherical tank filled with liquid oxygen is exposed to ambient winds. The rate of evaporation of the liquid oxygen due to heat transfer from thea ist be determined for three cases. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant ‘properties. ” The pressure of airs 1 atm. Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 20°C ure (Table A-1S) =0.02514 Wisc V=LS16«10% m/s Insulation 1, =1825.107 kgim.s Hag sore =8127 10" kes (from EES) > p Pr=0:7309 Wind » 20°¢ Lo Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D =D = 4m, and $5 kwh —> (XJ the Reynolds mimber is = KAT no = YD, [510003600 EIS. 951.108 - eee vo LSI6x10? mAs The Nusselt number is determined from Onan tk WD _ 5 fnare?Ss00ore?}or4{ #2) ny=42=2. pare®*+000ne*] (4) vray 1250" =2+fp.ea.os1x10%)"5 + 0.06(4 031 10°)? 9] mur =2602 Ny = APRS WiC (2699) 1692 Win? °C D 3m and = ‘The rate of heat transfer to the liquid oxygen is Q= IAAT, -1,) = Mab? VT, -T., 72,600 W 1692 Win? 20)tat4my f20-C189]-C ‘The mte of evaporation of Liquid oxygen then becomes 0 _IROKI hy 213kvkg, @ ily > 11 kgs (0) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to evaluate dynamic viscosity at a new surface temperature which we will assume tobe 100°C, At-I00°C, 41=1.189%10" kg/m. Noting that D=Dy= 4.1 m, the Nusselt mumiber becomes VD. _ [(35%1000/3600) mis|(4.1 my Re avs v 1516x105 m/s 132«10° 2+fac.naato'y?* +0oe(ts2<10) Joao 25510 on OMS ag a20win 6 [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permisThe rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is (4.1m)? =52.81m? Te—Test Te “Test ain + Rey 45,5, at BA, (20-1sype am 7 oe 4x(0.035 Wim. CK2.05 mj2m) (14.20 Wim? °CS28 1m?) ‘The mte of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes 0 698sisis = hy >in = 2 = S88SONS 9 ogg) Samy hy 23Kkg bats (€) Again we use the dynamic viscosity value at the estimate surface temperature of O°C to be 4x =1,729%10°° ky/mss ow YD, [5x10003600) miS}4.04%) 691.198 rvs 2s ane*onone"}n{ «2s fosaonsa0's season aoe Jozso9te{ 2510 i75x10 amt hab y= BSAC p30 -1s01 in 2C The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is A, = xD? = x(4.04m)? = 51.28: Q= i OO Ricca FR BAHT aks” MA, [20-189 nos76w 1 T (0.00005 Wim-*CX202 m2 m) 3.01 Wim*°C)(S1.28m") ‘The mte of evaporation of liquid oxygen then becomes 0 omasT6uis " = hy —~rrin = 2 = POSTONIS 4 24419 Kgl oaahy hy 213KUKg. ie [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis798 7-107 The heat generated by four transistors mounted on a thin vertical plate is dissipated by air blown over the plate on both surfaces. The temperature of the aluminum plate is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re,- = $¥10*, 3 Radiation effects are negligible, 4 The entie plate is nearly isothermal, § The exposed surface area of the wansistor is taken to be equal tits base arsa. 6 Airis an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The pressure of ai is 1 stn, Properties Assuming a film temperature of 40°C, the properties of air are evaluated tobe (able A-15) = 0.02662 Wim2C 702108 n Pr=0.7255 Analysis The Reynolds number in this ease is VE__(Smy9)(0.22m) v 1.702510 mis 6.463% 10 Rey ‘which is smaller than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we ‘have laminae flow. Using the proper relation for Nusselt, ‘number, heat iransfer coefficient s determined ) be Nua te & (640, "5 Pr? = 0,664(6.468 108)"5(0.7258)!" =151.7 Ky, 102662 Wins na Nw (151.7) = 18.35 Wim? SC L 022m ‘The temperature of skiminum plate then becomes (1) iA, (C, -T,)—7, SEC) ip (835 Wim? °C)[2(022m)7] 25°C Diseussion In reality, the heat transfer coefficient will be higher since the transistors will cause turbulence in the ai. 100 @ ecg vinci enpras ten eninanes Fa aw in pes #914 (014 -Toaing WOATS-.0208V + 0208V7) = 91.4 [91 4 @0°F)[0.475-0.0203(10 mphy + 0.30470 mph Tegan = 91.4~[21 4 10°F) f0.475~0.0203(20 mph) +0:308,)20rmph |= -24.9°F Tega Tooun =91.4~[91.4~ (10°P)[0.475 -0,0203(30 mph) + 0.304,J50 mph |--33.2°F Tyyuy = 91.4 [1 A 10°R)] 0.475 —0.0203(40 mph) +0.304,f40 mph |= —37.7°F In the last three eases, the person needs to be concerned about the possiblity of freezing [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion1100 Huy. The pan vin cil ngeusinFs incon vin iat (a aia apes aad ‘Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is wiven below. "ANALYSIS" T_equive81 4-(91.4-T_ambient)*(0.475 - 0.0203*Vel+-0.804°sqrt(Ve)) vel] mph] | [FI 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 10 15 2 2 3 % 40 45 50 Vel [mph] [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis3.100 7-410 i ows over plate, Various quanthies ae to be determined at x= 03 m and x= “Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re. = $10°. 3 Airis an ideal gas. 4¢Theplateis smooth § Edge effects arenogligible andthe upper surface of the plate i considered Properties The properties oar atte fl tempernire of 7." 7)2 = (6S115)2 = 40°C are (Table AS) p= L127 kei’, 6, = 1007 Hkg $C 0.02662 Wim.eC, — 4¢= 1.918210 kg/mes. Pr=0.7255 Analysis The critica length ofthe plat is ist detemnined 1 be vp (Gms\(1.127keim') The caeulsion a= 0.3 mare 84m Ai Re 52883 # 1.918107 kelm-s (Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, Eq. 651 Sx__ (0.3m) 0.0065 m (o) Average friction coefficient, Bq, 7-14 -122 133 058 Rel? 52,883"? (4) Local shear stress due to friction, Ea, 6-10: a7, cy (0.0058); (6) Total drag force, Bg. 6-11 ov v2 (1.127 kg/m?) avs)? 2 2 (f) Thermal boundary layer thickness, Eg, 663; 5 Sx (03m) Fy=CyA, (0.0058)(0.30.3 m*) 0.0026N, 0.0073 m pr’ JRe, (0.7255) (52883 («) Loca convection heat transi coefficient, Eg, 7-19: Ni, = 0322 Rel Pr!” 0.532(52.885)' (0.7255)! = 68.6 fi = Ena, = OSE WANE 6.6) 6.09 Wim? °C (i) Average convection heat transfer cocficen, Eq, 721 ‘Nu = 0.664 Re! ? Pr'’* = 0,664(52,883)' *(0.7255)'"* = 137.2 (2662 WimsC 03m (i) Rate of convective heat transfer, Ea 6-2 = hA(T, -T,) = (12.2 Win SCX0.3% 0.3 m?\65 Repeating te calculations a x, ~ 284m, we obtain Re, ~ 500,626 5-0.020m Cy 0.00004 robo, = (org.-t22winte SPC= SLOW. c, =0.0019 +, = 0.0095 Nim? F, =0.0082N 6, =0.022m Na, =211 $1.98 Wim?.°C Nu=422 =3.96 Wim? sc O-10W un eet eee emt | yon unieg Revi peciion101 7-111 Oil flows over a Mat plate that is maintained ata specified temperature. The rate of heat transfer isto be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2'The critical Reynolds number is Reg =Sx10°, 3 Radiation effects are negligible Properties The properics of are given wo be p~ 880 kgm, uw~ 0008 kgims, k= 01S Wink, and e,= 2.0 kvkgK. Analysis ‘The Prandtl and Reynolds numbers ate Hep (000 kgm (2000 kg) 7 Os Wa P 66.7 Vip _(0-2mvsXSim\$80Kg/0") # ‘Sx10™ kgim-s Re, 76,000 Which is smaller than the extical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar flow for the entire plate. The Nusselt amber and the heat transfer coefficient are Nu= 0.664 Rel? Pr! = 0,664 176,000)" 2(66.7)"? =1130 nob swine (1130) = 33.9 Wi ‘Then the rae of heat wansfer is determined to be O= 1A, -T, 33.9 Win “C}S%Lm*\60-20PC= 6780W. [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionrane 7-112 A small sphere made of lead is cooled in an aie column, The terminal velocity of the sphere, the heat transfer ‘coefficient for the sphere at its mean temperature, and the column height for the indicated cooling of the lead sphere are to be ddecermined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Airis an ideal gas with constant properties Properties The properties of lead are given to be p = 11,300 kg/m’, k= 33 Wim, and cy = ‘airat | atm pressure and the free stream temperature oF 27°C ate (Table A-18) = 0.02566 Wimn2C y= 1580210 m/s $5810" kg/m Gasca rsietime = 229210 keims Pr=0.7290 Analysis (a) The terminal velocity is determined fom the relation given tobe [zezeust] [SEA (2 003] 30.65 mis CoP sivAy (A0y(1.18) \3 13 KiikgK. The propesties of v, >) sine ¥-PUE 2p m) BOGS WS)(0.005) _ 5919 T8010? mes ‘The Nusselt number comesponding this Reynolds number is determined to be ey bassin s0oassoy*Jomann{ Lt) =a374 a= MPoasfrane*qoone?”}n* 2292.10 Heat transfer evefficient is 0 66 Wi. 1.003 (€) For sphere, the characteristic length and the Biot number are (43.74) =374.4 Wim? °C VY D6 D_ 0.0m Teme D6 py wie GTA Wim? 20K0.0005 m) & 33 WimsC 0.0005 m 0.00567 < 0.1 Since Bi < (0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then the cooling time is determined from 1,300 gn (130 Jey, °C 0.0005 54-27 (09035) yaa ‘Then the height of the column is determined to be Height = Var = (2S1v9)(3.6475) =91.2m [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciionreins 7-113 A small sphere made of lead is cooled in an aie column, The terminal velocity of the sphere, the heat transfer ‘coefficient for the sphere at its mean temperature, and the column height for the indicated cooling of the lead sphere are to be ddecermined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Airis an ideal gas with constant properties Properties The properties of lead are given to be p = 11,300 kg/m’, k= 33 Wim, and cy = ‘airat | atm pressure and the free stream temperature oF 27°C ate (Table A-18) = 0.02566 Wimn2C y= 1580210 m/s $5810" kg/m Gasca rsietime = 229210 keims Pr=0.7290 Analysis (a) The terminal velocity is determined fom the relation given tobe [seca] -[ e108 a0) = 2.0m CpPacy 40x18) (3 13 KiikgK. The propesties of 3) Y D6 2, a, aD (6) The Reynolds numbers YD _(28.01/5\(0.005m) v7 1580x10% m5 The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is determined to be 2+Panc*seosne®* nee)" S86 «fuaeson'* s0o0seasy*Joc99** (1ssssi0 )* (aa) Heat transfer coettcient is Ey a 202866 Wie D 0.005 m (c) For sphere, the characteristic length and the Biot number re i (5497) = 282.4 Wim? ¥__ 16 _D_0.00Sm 4, 0008333: 6 6 (282.1 Wimn?,*C 0.000833 m) i RA Win °CK0.0008333 1) 99971 ¢ Bi a 0.0071 <0. Since Bi < 0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable, Then the cooling time is determined from pe Bg —__ 2 Wt) __ roast PEW pepe (11,300 kn? (130 Fk y°C)(0.0008333 m) 54227 _, (0205's _4y 8065 20-27 ‘Then the height ofthe column is determined to be Height = Var = (28}(8.065) = 226m [reprtion you are ase usng he Manan | yon unieg Revi peciion7108 ‘T-lI4 Air's heated by an array of electrical heating elements. The rate of heat transfer to air and the exit temperature of sit are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known, We evaluate the ar properties atthe assumed mean feraperature of 35°C (will be checked later) and | atm (Table A-15): = 0.02625 Wine K p= 1.145 kim" (007 klike-K Pr =0.7268 1.895x10° kg/m Pr= Pra = 0.6937 Also, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 25°C (for use in the mass flow rte calculation atthe inlet) is p= “ | | fe r2 @ 24mm ; 2 @ sa T,= 350°C 200 ma) wml | |, Analysis Iis given that D = 0.012 m, 5; = S;= 0.024 m, and V=8 mis. Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds Va 57 ams 2-1 Rep = Mand _ (.14Skeyen'M6m'K0012M)_ 4 699 H 1.89510 kym-s ‘The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be Nap = 0.27 Ree Pe?“ (Pe! Pe, ) = 0.2741 1,600)°* (0.1268)""(0.7268 (0.6937)! = 88.55 This Nusselt numbers applicable to tube banks with N, > 16. n our case the number of rows is, = 3, andthe ccoresponding correction factor from Table 7-3 is F =0.86. Then the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank become Nup.y, =FNup = (O86Y88.55) = 76.15 Np. wit m0) 2 wk _ T6.15(002625 Wim CY _ 66 6 Wim? 9c D O02 ‘The total number of tubes is VN, xNp = 3x44 = 12.The heat tmnsfer surface area and the mass flow eae of ae (evaluated at the inlet) are A, = NaDL = 124(0.012 (0.200) = 009088." Jit =i, = pW (NSE) = (184 kyon” YS 009X4}0.024 m(0.200 m= 0.1819 kas ‘Then the fluid exit temperstre, the log mean temperature difference, and tbe rate of eat transfir become Tat -,-Toal- Ash «350 -(380~25) exp 20 HI65.6 Wim? °C) _ 4 gp (ie, (01819 51007 Ikg-=C) 4 - ts T)-(- 1.) _ 650-25) 650-5067) _ Mow =H, = TAT, =T.)] Ta GSO~25)/350- 50.67)” O= DALAT, = (1666 Wim? -°C)(0.09048 m? X312.0°C) =4703 W [reprton {you are a stdentusng ths Manual, you aang How! permis