The Business Environment

Title: The Business environment

Submitted to: Dr Samta

Submitted by: Mr. Mohammad Rashed

Gch-1840

Date 28th January, 2015

Grafton College of Management Sciences

 Contents
Learning Outcome 1
Task 1: Understand the Organizational Purposes of the Business 1
Task 2: Identify Major Stakeholders and Discuss their Influence on Organizations 3
Task3: Organizational Legislations 5

Learning Outcome 2:
Task 1: Understand the National Environment in Which Businesses Operate 11
Task.2: Evaluate the Influence of Fiscal and Monetary Policy 13
Task 3: Compare the Competition Act 1998 and Enterprise Act 2002 14

Learning Outcome 3:
Task 1: Organizations in their Market Structures and output decisions 15
Task 2: Factors Shaping Organizations 19
Task 3: Explain how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour 21

Learning Outcome 4:
Task 1: International Trade and Influence of Global Factors on UK 22
Task 2: Impact of global factors on UK: 23
Task 3: Impact of policies of the European Union on UK 25
References
Learning Outcome 1

Task 1: Understand the Organizational Purposes of the Business

The organizations have their unique culture and working environment and no two organisations
are the same.

Types of Organization

 Private Sector organisations

 Public Sector organisations

Private Sector Organisations

These organizations are run by individuals, partners, or shareholders and their main aim is to
earn profit.

Public Sector Organisations

These organizations are run by government, for example, various local government
departments, their goal is not to earn profit but to facilitate the people. The main aim is to
provide service to the community.

For my assignment purpose I choose British Council and Alliance Boots;

British Council

The British Council was formed in 1934. It connects millions of people with the United
Kingdom through programmes and services in the English language,
the Arts, Education and Society.

Mission & Vision

The British Council mission is to build bridges of trust and understanding between peoples of
the world. British Council build awareness and understanding of the UK which encourages
people to visit, study and do business in the UK, so contributing to long-term prosperity and
security.

Aims and Objectives

 Create international opportunities for the people of the UK and other countries
 Build trust between nations

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Market Share & Ethical Issues

British council share world’s 54% of international students coming to study in UK. Dealing
with various cultures and different norms and values always present challenges for the working
of British Council.

Alliance Boots

Alliance Boots has pharmacy-led health and beauty retail businesses in 10 countries. Together
with their associates and joint ventures, they operate more than 4,550 health and beauty retail
stores, of which just under 4,450 have a pharmacy.

Mission & Vision

“We want to make a real and tangible impact on the lives of people and communities where
our customers and colleagues live and work, by using our healthcare and beauty expertise”

Aims and Objective

 To promote pharmacy-led health and beauty retailing and pharmaceutical wholesaling

and distribution,
 While developing as an international brand

Market Share

65% volume / 34% value

Ethical Issues

 Tax: Alliance Boots shirt its head office from England to low tax country Switzerland.
 Ethical ingredient: Cutting of Palm trees to in their products.
 Environmental Issues: Chemicals effects, CO2 & Carbon footprints, Waste disposal

Learning Outcome 1

Task 2: Identify Major Stakeholders and Discuss their Influence on Organizations

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Organizations operates within complex environment. There are several internal and external
factors that influence the working of the organization and play a key role in organization’s
success. These are;

Owners/shareholders

Suppliers

Customers

Climate

Culture

Economy

Government

International relations

Pressure groups

Technology

Internal and External Stakeholder’s

Alliance boots or Boots UK closely work with all of its stakeholders. Every year Boots hold
dialogues with all of its stakeholders for the purpose of;

Engagement

Reputation

Involvement

Healthcare

Confidence

Transparency

Sustainability

Internal Stakeholder

Employees

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Alliance Boots constantly and continuously keep close ties with all of its employees to improve
the working of the company in all areas through strong employee relations by conducting
surveys and one on one meeting or group meetings, by managing unions and work councils.

Owners/Shareholders

The owners have a group of ‘critical friends’ that advices them on crucial issues like
environmental responsibilities.

External Stakeholder

Media

Alliance Boots regularly publish annual reports to keep its customers, suppliers, and other
stakeholders informed with its performance updates. They also do media releases, and hold
interviews with senior executives to keep in touch with public.

Customers

Alliance Boots have various ways to tackle its customers’ needs such as customer surveys, and
feedback forms, focus group discussions, and by conducting conferences for pharmacists,
pharmacist associations.

Government Bodies/Agencies

Boots UK works in collaboration with governmental bodies on key issues relating to the
pharmacy and healthcare services. In particular, they try to understand the changing
requirements of the government so they’re better able to meet their needs, for example, their
programmes to address smoking cessation and weight management.

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Learning Outcome 1

Task 3: Organizational Legislations

1. Environment Legislation

Alliance Boots social corporate responsibility provides a great insight into its environmental
strategies for sustainable development.

Strategies to cop up with Environmental Issues

Use of Chemicals: All Boots products are in some way made or processed using chemicals,
considering the impact of these chemicals on environment is vital for operating in an ethical
and safe way.

Boots Chemical Committee was set up in 2003. Which maintains a database of chemicals and
their effects.

Future Investments

Since 2009 Boots have invest millions in technology to reduce energy consumption in stores
by;

 Lower voltage devices

 Improvements in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning
 Using automated building management systems to increase control of energy
 Replacing inefficient lighting with LED technology

EnergyCare

This programme help employees to actively care for environment and take local action. Boots
highly efficient Combined Heat and Power energy centre produces most of the energy for their
site office. For reducing the carbon footprints Boots won the Carbon Trust Standard award.
Boots is a member of The Prince’s May Day Network since 2007.

Packaging

Boots removes all extra packaging before sending them to their stores. Boots regularly review
existing packaging too. For example, they re-launched the Botanics range in 2012 to be even
more environmentally friendly.

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  Boots is member of Waste Resources Action Programme that help companies to reduce
the amount of packaging.
 Boots introduced a range of boxes in different sizes in more environmentally friendly
packaging.

Boots aim to reduce the overall environmental impact of carrier bags by 25 per cent by;

 minimizing the use of carrier bags in store

 Reducing the weight and size of the plastic used in production
 Having a bigger recyclable plastic content
 Giving customers the chance to buy reusable bags

Transport

Boots hire a third party to deliver their retail products from warehouses to local Boots store to
reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Some of the main things Boots doing include:

 Planning the delivery routes and schedules in efficient manner without affecting stock
availability.
 Introducing off-peak deliveries to reduce oil consumption and to avoid traffic breaks.
 The use of double-deck trailers to deliver as many products as possible at one time.
 Back loading: Using returning, empty delivery vehicles to collect more products from
suppliers,

A pioneering member of Logistics Carbon Reduction Scheme which was later endorsed by the
Government’s Department for transport in April 2011.

Waste and Recycling

Boots takes waste disposal very seriously, following steps are taken by them:

 Boots have had recycling facilities for their support office.

 All of their cross-dock centres (CDCs) are able to recycle cardboard and collect together
recyclable items from stores
 Boots introduce a “dry waste recycling” system for small stores
 Un-recycled waste is reused in the heat generated to supply energy in place of burning
fossil fuels such as oil and gas.

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 2. Health and Safety Legislation

Boots know that their colleagues, customers and visitors put their trust in Boots, which is why
the safety of everyone who works for them, visits them and shops with them is really important
to them.

Health and Safety policy

Their approach focuses on;

 To protect colleagues, customers and visitors

 To seek ways to perfect their approach to health and safety

Strategies for Implementation

Safety governance

Boots review its health & safety strategies on a monthly basis through the Boots UK
Governance Committee.

Reporting to this committee are two important strategic safety steering groups:

 A store director chaired “The Retail Safety Steering Group” for store safeties
 The second steering group is chaired by Director of Logistics and ensures that risks at
support office site are properly assessed and the right plans are in place to mitigate risks

Safety Culture Plan

Boots realizes that a good safety management system can’t work in isolation. That is why
they’re implementing a Safety Culture Plan. This plan encourages managers to integrate safety
plan into everyday working, and the active communication for sharing lessons and input from
colleagues are important ways to improve safety for themselves and for customers.

Primary Authority Partner

Boots work in close cooperation with primary authority partner to review its store safety
procedures and safety plan. The recommendations then used to improve the safety strategy.

Drugs and Alcohol

Alliance Boots shows zero tolerance for illegal or unauthorized drugs at their stores. Even the
employees using alcohol are banned from the store premises. A strict disciplinary action is
taken against such behaviour.

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 3. Anti-Discriminatory

Alliance Boots values and is committed to create harassment free working environment. Their
employees are oblige to treat one another with courtesy and respect, regardless of race, gender,
age, disability, marital status, sexual orientation or religious belief.

There is no tolerance for any such conduct or behaviour that impedes with an individual’s work
performance.

Strategies to Implement this Legislation

The truthful reporting of any incident will be confidential and will be proper investigate by the
committee and no charge will be taken against on account of the reports of such incidents made
by anyone.

The recruitment policy is fair and merit based and offer equal opportunities to all and no
discrimination is tolerated o grounds of race, national origin, gender, age, disability, marital
status, sexual orientation, religion or belief, or any other unlawful reason. Every employee in
the company is responsible for the execution of Group's equal opportunity policy at the
workplace.

4. Legal Legislation

Alliance Boots is committed to full healthcare law compliance internationally. No illegal or

un-authorized products are trade off by the Boots.

Alliance Boots fully supports the government’s regulations to eliminate all forms of illegal
pharmaceutical trade. Such trade does not only deprives governments of revenues, promotes
criminality, misleads consumers into buying products of dubious quality and hampers efforts
to block underage sales but it also harms the Boots reputation.

Strategies for Implementation

 Proper record is documented for every sale and purchase that gives complete
transaction details for the inspection, customs and tax purposes.
 Stores have proper controls and procedures that makes sure that policy is implemented,
these include:
 Effective ‘know your customer’ controls;
 Supplies to the regions that are consistent with legitimate demand ;

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 Procedures for investigating and, where appropriate, suspending or terminating sales to
customers suspected of knowing or reckless involvement in illegal trade activities.

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Learning Outcome 2

Task 1: Understand the National Environment in Which Businesses Operate

There four economic systems are

1. Command Economic System

The government is main controlling agent of all economic activities. Governments direct all
resources to be used for any specific activity. For example, governments decide how many
wheat will be produced for the consumption or how many breads will be made from the flour.

How this Economic system will affect the working of Boots UK?

The government will decide what to produce so Boots won’t be spending so much money on
research and development. The methods of making a product will be controlled by government
so Boots won’t be worried to maximize its production. There will be less innovation and less
CSR will be displayed by the Boots, since every decision is to be taken by government.

2. Free Market Economy

Individuals holds the central command in the free economic system. The unconstrained
interaction of individuals and companies in the marketplace determines how resources are
allocated and goods are distributed.

Effects on organizational Working

The owners will keenly take interest and show enthusiasm to promote and progress their
business. There will be tough competition so Boots will spent more on research and
development and technology and innovation to maximize its output procedures and profit.
Advertising will play important role for business promotion. There will be more emphasis in
CSR to display responsible attitude to impress public and more incentives and rewards for
employees for better performance or downsizing to reduce expense.

3. Mixed Economies

There type of economy refers to a combination of above two systems and is called mixed
economy. Mixed economies have a private sector, public sector and such sectors which are run
and operated by both sectors collectively, such as healthcare.

Effects on Business

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Currently, Boots UK is working in mixed economy where some of its decisions are taken by
the owners under the guidelines of the governments. E.g. which products and which ingredients
they can use.

4. Transitional Economic System

A transition economy is one that is changing from planning to free markets. E.g. Chinese
economy

Impact on organization

In case of transitional economy, all the decision power will be transferred to the owners of the
business and they have to play key role with respect to customers demand in the market. Boots
will be able to produce more and more innovative products in such way to attract its customers
and increase market share.

Learning Outcome 2

Task.2: Evaluate the Influence of Fiscal and Monetary Policy

Fiscal Policy

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Fiscal policy is government's decisions regarding spending and taxing.

Government Spending

Government spending are used to control the growth of economy. If government spend more
this will increase demand for goods and services. Since demand goes up, production must go
up. If production goes up, Boots have to hire more employees. People will get jobs and will
earn money to spend on goods and services may be from Boots. This creates a cycle of demand
growth. And if the government wants to slow down the economy it’ll decrease spending that
will result in low demand and slow economy.

Taxes

Fewer taxes motivate economic growth as people tends to invest more in the economy. If taxes
are fewer, Boots will have more money in his pocket that Boots will wither spent or save. And
if Boots decided to spend it, it’ll improve the economy with more investment. There will be
more jobs and overall conditions for common man in the economy will be improved.

Monetary Policy

Monetary policy deals with the money supply and interest rates determined by the Bank. This
policy is governed by Bank of England. When it wants to fast pace the economy it increases te
money supply in the market by decreasing the interest rates. So investors borrow from bank
and invest in the market and vice versa. During expansionary policy Boots will invest more
and tight monetary policy force Boots to reduce investments.

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Learning outcome 2

Task 3: Compare the Competition Act 1998 and Enterprise Act 2002

The Competition Act 1998

The Competition Act 1998 prohibits a number of activities by firms, including:

 The creation and operation of cartels.

 The exploitation of a firm’s position on a national or local level.
 Intensive practice, such as firms colluding instead of competing
 Fixing price, such as a number of book publishers fixing the minimum resale price of
books sold by separate book stores, or raising price together, or fixing output.
 Fixing terms of business, such as agreeing to the same delivery times or terms of
payment.

The Enterprise Act 2002

This Act amended the Competition Act and strengthened the power of the regulators, especially
in terms of detecting and punishing abuse of market dominance and cartel-like behaviour. The
main provisions of the Act were:

 Assessment of mergers to be less influenced by politicians and more independent

 New powers for regulators to investigate markets, such as the power to use covert
surveillance
 Criminalisation of cartels
 Disqualification of directors for breach of the competition rules
 Consumer groups can complain about uncompetitive practices.

There was a shift of emphasis from considering the public interest criteria to a more narrow
concern regarding the effect of behaviour on competition.

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Learning Outcome 3

Task 1: Organizations in their Market Structures

Market Structure refers to the interconnected characteristics of a market. Market structure are
as follows;

1. Perfect Competition
2. Oligopoly
3. Monopoly
4. Monopsony

1. Perfect Competition

Perfect competition characterized by large number of well-informed independent buyers and

sellers who exchanged identical products.

Characteristics

 Large number of buyers and sellers

 Identical Products: With no difference in quality
 Buyers and sellers should act independently. This ensures that sellers compete against
each other for consumer’s dollar and consumers compete against one another to obtain
best market price
 Buyers and sellers should be well-informed: well-informed buyers shops the stores that
have lowest prices. Well-informed sellers match the lowest prices of their competitors
to avoid losing customers.
 Buyers and sellers should be free to enter, conduct, or get out of business: this freedom
makes it difficult for the producers to keep the business for themselves.

Pricing and Output Decisions

The perfectly competitive firm is a price taker. A price taker is a seller that has no control over
the price of the product it sells. From the individual firm’s perspective, the price of its products
is determined by market supply and demand conditions over which the firm has no influence.

The perfect competitive conditions make it impossible for the perfectly competitive firm to
have the market power to affect the market price. Instead, the firm must adjust to, or “take,”
the market price.

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The level of output is directly linked with its price. At low output levels, the firm incurs an
economic loss—it can’t cover its fixed costs. At intermediate output levels, the firm makes an
economic profit. At high output levels, the firm again incurs an economic loss—now the firm
faces steeply rising costs because of diminishing returns. The Boots UK and Superdrug UK
will charge the same price for Panadol.

2. Oligopoly

Oligopoly is a market structure in which a few very large sellers dominate the industry. A
market structure characterized by competition among a small number of large firms that have
market power, but that must take their rivals’ actions into consideration when developing their
competitive strategies.

Characteristics

 Mutual interdependence: Mutual interdependence is a condition in which an action by

one firm may cause a reaction from other firms.
 Homogeneous or Differentiated Product: Under oligopoly, firms can produce either a
homogeneous or a differentiated product. The oil sold by Saudi Arabia is identical to
the oil from Iran. But cars produced by the major automakers are differentiated
products.
 Difficult Entry: There are formidable barriers to entry in an oligopoly protect firms
from new contestants. These barriers include exclusive financial requirements, control
over an essential resource, patent rights, and other legal barriers.

Pricing and Output Decisions

The price-output decision of an oligopolists is not simply a matter of charging the price where
MR = MC. Making price and output decisions in an oligopoly is like playing a game of chess.
One player’s move depends on the anticipated reactions of the opposing player.

There are different oligopoly models because no single model can cover all cases. The
following is a discussion of four well-known oligopoly models:

1. Non-price competition
2. Price leadership
3. The cartel
4. Game theory

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Non-price Competition

Major oligopolists often compete using advertising and product differentiation. Instead of
“slugging it out” with price cuts, oligopolists may try to capture business away from their rivals
through better advertising campaigns and improved products.

Price Leadership

Price leadership is a pricing strategy in which a dominant firm sets the price for an industry
and the other firms follow.

The Cartel

A cartel is a group of firms that formally agree to reduce competition by coordinating the price
and output of a product. The goal of a cartel is to reap monopoly profits by replacing
competition with cooperation.

Game Theory

A model of the strategic moves and countermoves of rivals.

3. Monopoly

Monopoly is a market structure with only one seller of a particular product.

Characteristics

 Single Seller: Monopoly means that a single firm is the industry. One firm provides the
total supply of a product in a given market
 Unique Product: A unique product means there are no close substitutes for the
monopolist’s product.
 Impossible Entry: In the case of monopoly, extremely high barriers make it very
difficult or impossible for new firms to enter an industry.

Pricing and Output Decisions

The firm is the price maker the firm has considerable control over the price because it can
control the quantity supplied. This means a monopolist has the ability to select the product’s
price. In short, a monopolist can set the price with its corresponding level of output. As the
monopolist lowers its price to increase the quantity demanded, changes in both price and
quantity affect the firm’s total revenue.

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 4. Monopsony

This is a market similar to a monopoly except that a large buyer not seller controls a large
proportion of the market and drives the prices down. Sometimes referred to as the buyer's
monopoly.

Characteristics

 Single Buyer: As the only buyer, a monopsony controls the demand-side of the market
completely. If anyone wants to sell the good, they must sell to the monopoly.
 No Alternatives: A monopsony achieves single-buyer status because sellers have no
alternative buyers for their goods.
 Barriers to Entry: A monopsony often acquires and generally maintains single buyer
status due to restrictions on the entry of other buyers into the market.

Pricing and Output Decisions

In monopsony buyers generally purchases less for the lower price. Even the price paid by a
monopolistically competitive buyer is less than the marginal revenue of the product. Because
a monopsony is a price maker with market control, it faces a positively-sloped supply curve.

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Learning Outcome 3

Task 2: Factors Shaping Organizations

Supply and Demand

The principle states that when a particular good or service has limited supply and increased
demand, the price of the good or service will be higher and vice versa. Accordingly, Panadol
at Boots is cheaper because of its high demand while a medicine for HIV or cancer is expensive
because of its low demand.

Research and Development

Research and development is the success key by which business open up a future growth for
its company by developing new products or processes. The research and development also
support a company to survive in the competitive environment. If Boots is not introducing new
and improved medicines or healthcare product any other company can take competitive
advantage by introducing one.

Economies of Scale

Economies of Scale is the state in which long-run average cost curve declines as the firm
increases output. There are many reasons for this.

 Specialization in labour or process

 Technological improvement
 Organizational Factors such as improved HR and Marketing
 Increase in demand through Promotional Techniques
 External returns – where a firm take advantage of lower per unit cost through improved
transport

Labour Market Trends

The labour market is a systematic relationship that exists between workers and work
organisations. In order to achieve its strategic objectives, an organisation is to make sure that
it has the right person for the right job.

The growing demand for temporary staff and manpower, and outsourcing and offshoring has
continued to grow. Technology has made possible for geographically distant workers to work

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all the time. The online marketplaces such as oDesk and freelancer.com, lets people with a few
spare minutes work on “micro-tasks” such as transcribing podcasts or image-tagging.

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Learning Outcome 3

Task 3: Culture of Alliance Boots

The culture of Alliance Boots is a dynamic in nature. They focus on employees, customers and
community. They provide their employees an encouraging environment and great incentives
to grow. It recognize the individual contributions and provide opportunities for development.

Their culture is throughout reflective of their key values: partnership, trust, service,
entrepreneurship and simplicity. This ensure that all employees feel motivated to do their best
for customers and patients at all times.

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Learning Outcome 4

Task 1: International Trade and Influence of Global Factors on UK

Overall local businesses in United Kingdom are not at advantage in international trade. As the
volume of imports are on rise than exports for a numbers of years. The main reasons is the
competitive advantage of other countries like China and India because of their low labour costs.

Another important issue faced by UK because of global factors is multiculturalism in

workforce. Every year thousands of people come to UK from around the globe looking for
employment. Multiculturalism could be beneficial for the organizations because of its
diversified solutions to organizational problems. On the contrary, multiculturalism can also
cause ethnic or racial problems at workplace due to cross-cultural differences which eventually
affect the businesses in UK.

Learning Outcome 4

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Task 2: Impact of Global Factors on UK Businesses

1. Emerging Markets

There are many world markets which are emerging and taking place of existing markets and
are becoming potential priority for doing businesses. These includes Korea, Taiwan, Turkey,
China, India and Indonesia. Some of these markets have already captured a major share of
world market. Qatar, Dubai and Saudi Arabia have already high level of economic activities.
While some markets like Nigeria, Bangladesh are expected to show 7% above growth rates.

2. Protectionism

The restriction of imports into a country by government measures;

Reasons for Protectionism

 Protects UK businesses from extra competition

 Helps new UK businesses to develop before they face competition
 Helps protect UK jobs
 Prevents foreign countries ‘dumping’ lots of cheap imports into the UK
 Prevents imports of harmful or desirable goods

Methods of Protectionism

 Import Duties: These are taxes on imported goods. They raise the price to customers
and make them less attractive
 Quotas: These are limits on the quantity of a product that can be imported into a country
e.g. 100,000 cars
 Regulations: This includes laws and safety guidelines

Britain was in favour of free trade until the 20th century. In the year 1932 a trading policy was
passed which levy 10% tariff on imports.

Protectionism reduce trade between the UK and the rest of the world. It is argued that if trade
falls the UK will lose out on many benefits such as:

 Because of expensive imports there will be less demand

 Consumers will have to pay higher prices for imports of goods
 There is less scope for specialisation and economies of scale.
 There will be less competition in the market

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 3. Exchange Rate

An exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency. The
exchange rate determines how much of one currency has to be given up in order to buy a
specific amount of another currency. For example for every £1, you can buy $1.50 US dollars
i.e. the £/$ exchange rate.

E.g. the exporters will take advantage from a weak pound “The weak pound has made UK
exports more attractive, and manufacturers are benefiting from the pick- up in world trade,”

4. Movement of Labour across Borders

The impact on the labour market is considerable on all different sectors of the economy. Every
industry now required highly specialized workforce. The effects of this movement are very
encouraging, as it provides us with a wide range of skilled labour and work opportunities for
workers in other countries of Europe. United Kingdom is both benefitted from this and also
become victim of this movement. As it offers great opportunities to the citizens it also becomes
home for low skilled workers.

Learning outcome 4

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Task 3: Impact of EU Policies on UK Businesses

1. Business

EU business policies affects organizations in the UK in considerable amount. The main

influencing policies includes taxation, regulations and directives, subsidies and financial aid,
and by providing counselling for organizations.

2. Economy

The membership of EU affects our economy in number of ways. EU policies ensures freedom
in a single market. Only EU can negotiate the investment agreement with countries outside EU
and it also impose tariffs on imports which largely affects our economic terms with non-EU
countries.

The dire effects on fiscal policy as UK being a contributor to the EU budget. The external
tariffs effect the price of consumer goods. And the fact of EU membership may also affect the
foreigners’ decisions regarding the investment in the UK.

3. Trade

EU trade policies have significantly positive effect on trade between member countries. EU
works as a single market and there are no trade tariff barriers. But there are non-tariff barriers
for example price conversion of different products. The direct benefits may not be much visible
but indirect benefits like economies of scale and productivity is there.

4. Environment

EU oversight has increased the level of ambition for UK environmental legislation and has
subsequently improved green performance. In areas such as waste to landfill, air quality, and
biodiversity. Moreover, regulation on chemicals and other environmental standards was seen
by many businesses as important in providing a level playing field across the Single Market
and driving growth in environmental products and services.

Several organisations questioned that in some cases UK regulations are more ambitious than
those in Europe, citing the 2008 Climate Change Act that commits the country to a series of
binding emissions reduction targets through to 2050.

References

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http://media.allianceboots.com/App_Media/AllianceBoots/Financial%20information/Alliance%20Bo
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http://www.britishcouncil.org/society [Accessed on 16 Dec, 2014]

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