2
Topics:
• Introduction
• Main Principles of Statics
Stress
• Normal Stress
• Shear Stress
• Bearing Stress
• Thermal Stress
Mechanics : The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them
Dynamics :
Mechanics of Materials :
1. Kinematics – concerned
The study of the relationships
with the geometric aspects
between the external loads
of the motion
applied to a deformable body and
2. Kinetics – concerned
the intensity of internal forces
with the forces causing the
acting within the body.
motion.
1.1 Introduction 4
External Loads
concentrated force
1.1 Introduction 8
Normal Stress,
the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
normal to A
= P / A
•Unit: Nm -²
Stress ( ) = Force (P) •N/mm2 or MPa
Cross Section (A) N/m2 or Pa
Assumptions :
1. Uniform deformation: Bar
remains straight before and
after load is applied, and
cross section remains flat or
plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform
deformation, force P be
applied along centroidal axis
of cross section C
P A
P
A
σ = average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
L = elongation
Lo = length
* L =
Example 1.3:
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of
length L=0.6m and uniform cross section which
undergoes a deformation =15010-6m.
Example 1.4
A cable and strut assembly ABC supports a vertical load
P=12kN. The cable has an effective cross sectional area of
160mm², and the strut has an area of 340mm².
(a) Calculate the normal stresses in the cable and strut.
70kN 70kN
2.8m
Tensile test is an experiment to determine
the load-deformation behavior of the
material.
Data from tensile test can be plot into stress
and strain diagram.
Example of test specimen
- note the dog-bone geometry
28
Universal Testing Machine - equipment used
to subject a specimen to tension,
compression, bending, etc. loads and
measure its response
29
Stress-Strain Diagrams
30
Point O-A = linear relationship between stress
and strain
Point A = proportional limit (PL)
The ratio of stress to strain in this linear region
of stress-strain diagram is called Young’s Modulus
or the Modulus of Elasticity given
< PL
Unit: MPa
31
Point O to A
Point C to D
Point D to E
At point E
31
Some of the materials like aluminum (ductile), does not have clear yield
point likes structural steel. Therefore, stress value called the offset yield
stress, YL is used in line of a yield point stress.
33
Elasticity refers to the property of a material such that
it returns to its original dimensions after unloading .
Any material which deforms when subjected to load
and returns to its original dimensions when unloaded
is said to be elastic.
If the stress is proportional to the strain, the material
is said to be linear elastic, otherwise it is non-linear
elastic.
Beyond the elastic limit, some residual strain or
permanent strains will remain in the material upon
unloading .
The residual elongation corresponding to the
permanent strain is called the permanent set .
34
• The amount of strain which is recovered upon unloading is
called the elastic recovery.
35
When an elastic, homogenous and isotropic material is
subjected to uniform tension, it stretches axially but
contracts laterally along its entire length.
Similarly, if the material is subjected to axial
compression, it shortens axially but bulges out laterally
(sideways).
The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain is a constant
known as the Poisson's ratio,
v
lateral
axial
Axial strain,
Lateral strain,
38
A force acting parallel or tangential to a section taken
through a material (i.e. in the plane of the material) is called a
shear force
The shear force intensity, i.e. shear force divided by the area
over which it acts, is called the average shear stress,
= shear stress
V = shear force
A = cross-sectional area
Shear stress arises as a result of the direct action of forces
trying to cut through a material, it is known as direct shear
force
41
Depending on the type of connection, a connecting
element (bolt, rivet, pin) may be subjected to single
shear or double shear as shown.
42
Rivet in Double Shear
V P 2P
2
A d 2
d
2( )
4
Example 1.9
For the 12 mm diameter bolt shown in the bolted joint below,
determine the average shearing stress in the bolt.
43
Single Shear Double Shear
P F
ave
A A P F
ave
A 2A
The effect of shear stress is to distort the shape of a
body by inducing shear strains
The shear strain, is a measure of the angular
distortion of the body.
x
V
L
x
L (units: degrees, radians)
44
Bolts, pins and rivets create stress
in the members they connect,
along the bearing surface or
surface of contact. It is also
known as contact stress.
G (Unit : Pa)
E
G
2(1 )
48
Becauseof the change in the dimensions of a body as
a result of tension or compression, the volume of the
body also changes within the elastic limit.
58
The tensile force P causes an axial elongation of a
and lateral contractions of b and c in the x, y,
and z directions respectively. Hence,
Initial
body
60
Isotropic material is subjected to general triaxial
stress x, y and z.
Since all strain satisfy << 1, so v = x + y + z
x = 1
E
x ( y z )
y =
1
E
y ( x z )
z =
1
E
z ( x y )
1 2
v ( x y z)
E
Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully
support. (maximum load)
FS > 1
Allowable-Stress Design
If a bar is fixed at both ends, as shown in
fig. (a), two unknown axial reactions
occurs, and the force equilibrium equation
becomes; F 0;
y
FB FA P 0
• In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
• the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence; A / B 0
• Realizing that the internal force in segment AC is +FA, and in segment CB,
the internal force is –FB. Therefore, the equation can be written as;
FA L AC FBLCB
0 F L L L
AE AE P FB B CB P FB CB AC
L AC L AC L AC
FA L AC FBLCB
F L L L AC
P B CB FB P FB CB
AE AE L AC
F L AE L AC
FA B CB L
AE L AC P FB CB 1 L
P FB
F L L AC AC
L
FA B CB
L AC L
FB P AC
L
Example
FX 0, FA FB 20(103 )N 0................(1)
FB 20(103 ) FA
B / A 0.001m
A B 0.001m
FA L AC FB L CB
0.001m
AE AE
FA (0.4m) FB(0.8m )
0.001m
0.0025m 200 10 Nm 0.0025m 200 10 Nm
2 9 2 2 9 2
or
FA (0.4m) FB (0.8m) 3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq (2)
FA (0.4m) ( 20, 000N FA )(0.8m ) 3927.0N
FA 16.6kN
FB 3.39kN
Example
Answer
Solution: Fy 0, FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)
CCW M C 0
FA (0.4) 15(103 )(0.2) FE (0.4) 0 ...........( 2 )
Given: =12x10-6/C
Solution:
FY 0
FA FB F
F(1)
3.6 104
0.012 ( 200 109 )
F 3.6 104 0.012 ( 200 109 )
7.2kN
F 7.2kN
; 2
72 MPa
A 0.01
Example
Given:
st 12 106 / C
al 23 106 / C
Est 200 109 Pa
E al 73.1 109 Pa
Fy 0, 2Fst Fal 90(103 )N 0.........eq(1)
st al ...............................eq (2 )
( ) st (st )T (st )F
al (al )T (al )F
(st )T (st )F (al )T (al )F
Fst L FL
TL TL al
Ast E Aal E
Fst (0.25)
12 106 (80 20)(0.25)
(0.02) ( 200 10 )
2 9
Fal (0.25)
23 106 (80 20)(0.25)
(0.03)2 (73.1 109 )
Fst (0.25) Fal (0.25)
1.8 104 3.45 104
251.327 106 ) ( 206.685 106 )
1.8 104 9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal
9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal 1.8 104
1.65 104 1.21 109 Fal
Fst
9.947 1010
165.88 103 1.216Fal ...............eq (3)
Substitute eq (3)int o eq(1)
2Fst Fal 90(103 )N 0
2( 165.88 103 1.216Fal ) Fal 90(103 )N 0
331.76 103 2.432Fal Fal 90(103 )N 0
3.432Fal 421.76 103
Fal 122.89 kN
Substitute Fal 122.89 kN int o eq (3)
Fst 165.88 103 1.216Fal
165.88 103 1.216(122.89 103 )
16.445 kN