ME6016 Advanced IC engines Mechanical Engineering 2017-2018

ME6016 ADVANCED I.C ENGINES LT PC

3003
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the underlying principles of operation of different IC Engines and components.
 To provide knowledge on pollutant formation, control, alternate fuel etc.

UNIT I SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 9

Mixture requirements – Fuel injection systems – Mono point, Multipoint & Direct injection -
Stages of combustion – Normal and Abnormal combustion – Knock - Factors affecting knock –
Combustion chambers.
UNIT II COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 9
Diesel Fuel Injection Systems - Stages of combustion – Knocking – Factors affecting knock –
Direct and Indirect injection systems – Combustion chambers – Fuel Spray behavior – Spray structure
and spray penetration – Air motion - Introduction to Turbo-charging.
UNIT III POLLUTANT FORMATION AND CONTROL 9
Pollutant – Sources – Formation of Carbon Monoxide, Un burnt hydrocarbon, Oxides of
Nitrogen, Smoke and Particulate matter – Methods of controlling Emissions – Catalytic converters,
Selective Catalytic Reduction and Particulate Traps – Methods of measurement – Emission norms and
Driving cycles.
UNIT IV ALTERNATIVE FUELS 9
Alcohol, Hydrogen, Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Bio Diesel -
Properties, Suitability, Merits and Demerits - Engine Modifications.
UNIT V RECENT TRENDS 9
Air assisted Combustion, Homogeneous charge compression ignition engines – Variable
Geometry turbochargers – Common Rail Direct Injection Systems - Hybrid Electric Vehicles – NO x
Adsorbers - Onboard Diagnostics.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOME:
 Upon completion of this course, the students can able to compare the operations of different IC
Engine and components and can evaluate the pollutant formation, control, alternate fuel

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ramalingam. K.K., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", Scitech Publications, 2002.
2. Ganesan, "Internal Combustion Engines", II Edition, TMH, 2002.

REFERENCES:
1. Mathur. R.B. and R.P. Sharma, "Internal Combustion Engines"., Dhanpat Rai & Sons 2007.
2. Duffy Smith, "Auto Fuel Systems", The Good Heart Willcox Company, Inc., 1987. 3. Eric Chowenitz,
"Automobile Electronics", SAE Publications, 1995

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Course Outcomes (COs):

No. Description Unit covered

CO 803. 1 Ability to understand the performance & characteristics a S.I Engine. 1

Ability to understand about various injection systems, Fuel Spray
CO 803. 2 behavior, Stages of combustion, Turbo charging, Combustion chambers 2
and Knocking in C.I Engine.
Ability to understand various pollutants and its formations, method of
CO 803. 3 controlling Emissions, Methods of measurement, Emission norms and 3
Driving cycles.
Ability to understand various alternative fuels, their suitability and
CO 803. 4 4
corresponding Engine Modifications.
Ability to understand about the recent trends in I.C. Engine’s Injection
CO 803. 5 Systems, Combustion, ignition, Hybrid Vehicles and Onboard 5
Diagnostics.

Attainment of POs and PSOs through COs (Legends : 1 – Low , 2 – Medium, 3 – High)

PSO 2
PSO 1

PSO 3
PO 10

PO 12
PO 11
PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 6

PO 8
PO 5

PO 7

ME6016 PO 9

CO 803. 1 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 1 1
CO 803. 2 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 2 3 1 1
CO 803. 3 3 1 2 - - 2 2 - 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
CO 803. 4 3 2 1 - - 2 3 - 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
CO 803. 5 3 2 2 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 2 - -

Relation between course content experiments with CO

Course
S.No Knowledge level Unit
Outcomes
1 R, U & An Spark Ignition Engines CO 803. 1
2 R, U & An Compression Ignition Engines CO 803. 2
3 U, An Pollutant Formation and Control CO 803. 3
4 U, An Alternative Fuels CO 803. 4
5 U, An Recent Trends CO 803. 5

R – Remember, Ap – Apply, An – Analyze, U- Understand, E-Evaluate, C-Create

RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH COs

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UNIT-1 - SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
Knowledge Course
S.No Topics
level Outcomes
1.
Ap,An,U Mixture requirements, Fuel injection system
2. Ap,An,U Mono point, multi point& Direct Injection system CO 803. 1
3. Ap,An,U Stages, normal and abnormal combustion
4. An,U Knock, factors affecting, types of combustion chamber
UNIT – II COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
Knowledge Course
S.No Topics
level Outcomes
1. An,U,C Diesel fuel injection system, stages of combustion
2. An,U,C Knocking, factors affecting knock
3. An,U,AP Direct and indirect injection system – combustion CO 803. 2
4. Ap,An,U chambers
Fuel spray structure
5. An,U,Ap Fuel spray behavior-penetration
6. Ap,An,U Air motion, introduction to turbo charging
UNIT – III POLLUTANT FORMATION AND CONTROL
Knowledge Course
S.No Topics
level Outcomes
1. Ap,An,U,C Pollutants – sources
2. U,An,C Formation of CO, UBHC, NOx
3. Ap,An Smoke and particulate matter
4. CO 803. 3
Ap,An Methods of controlling emissions – CC – SCR
5. Ap,An Particulate traps
6. Methods of measurements, emission norms & Driving
Ap,An
cycle
UNIT – IV ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Knowledge Course
S.No Topics
level Outcomes
1. U,Ap Alcohol, hydrogen, CNG
2. U,Ap,C LPG & biodiesel CO 803. 4
3. U,Ap,An,C Properties and suitability of LPG & Biodiesel
4. U,Ap,An,C Merits demerits and engine modification
UNIT – V RECENT TRENDS
Knowledge Course
S.No Topics
level Outcomes
1. U,An Air assisted combustion, HCCI
2. U,An,Ap Variable geometry turbo charges
3. U,An,Ap CRDI, hybrid electrical vehicles CO 803. 5
4.
U,An,Ap NOx adsorbers on board diagnostics

Ap – Apply; An – Analyze; U – Understand, E- Evaluate,C-Create

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UNIT – I –SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
PART-A (CO 803. 1)
1. What are the stages of combustion in a SI engine? (MAY 2010)
The stages of combustion in a SI engines are:
First Stage: Ignition lag (or) preparation phase
Second Stage: propagation of flame
Third Stage: After burning
2. What are the various factors that affect the flame speed? (DEC2016)
The various factors that affect the flame speed are:
a) Turbulence b) Fuel-air ratio c) Temperature d) pressure d) compression ratio e) engine speed
and engine size & output
3. Define normal combustion? (APR 2011)
In normal combustion, the flame initiated by the spark travels across the combustion chamber
in a fairly uniform manner.
4. Define abnormal combustion and its consequences? (NOV 2011)
Under certain operating conditions the combustion deviates from its normal course leading to loss
of performance and possible damage to the engine are termed as abnormal combustion (or)
knocking combustion. Consequences are (1) Loss of power (2) Recurring pre
ignition (3) Mechanical damage to the engine
5. What is equivalence ratio? (MAY 2010)
The ratio of the actual fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel –air ratio is called equivalence ratio
6. Short note on SI engine equivalence ratio requirements?
In a homogeneous mixture with equivalence ratio close to 1.0 the flame speed is normally of the
order of 40cm/s .However in a SI engine the maximum flame speed is obtained when φ is between
1.1 and 1.2 (i.e.) when the mixture is slightly richer than stoichiometric.
7. Write the desirable qualities for SI engine fuel? (APR 2012)
In order to avoid or inhibit detonation, a high auto ignition temperature and a long ignition lag are
the desirable qualities for SI engine fuel.
8. Explain the type of vibration produced when auto ignition occurs.(APR 2008)
Two different vibrations are produced.
1. In one case, a large amount of mixture may auto ignite giving use to a very rapid
increase in pressure throughout the chamber and there will be a direct blow on free vibration of
the engine parts
2. In another case, larger pressure differences may exist in the combustion chamber and the
resulting gas vibration can force the walls of the chamber to vibrate at the same frequency as the
gas.
9. What is the method to detect the phenomenon of knocking? (APR 2009)
The scientific method to detect the phenomenon of knocking is to use a pressure transfer this
transducer is connected, usually to a cathode ray oscilloscope. Thus pressure-time traces can be
obtained from the pressure transducer.
10. List out some of the knock limited parameters? (NOV/DEC 2012)
The knock limited parameters are:
1. Knock limited compression ratio
2. Knock limited into pressure
3. Knock limited Indicated mean effective pressure.
11. Define performance number? (NOV/DEC 2012)
Performance number is defined as the ratio of knock limited indicated mean effective pressure
with the sample fuel to knock limited indicated mean effective pressure with Iso-Octane,
when the inlet pressure is kept constant.
12. List the factors that are involved in either producing (or) preventing knock.
The factors that are involved in either producing (or) preventing knock are temperature, pressure,
density of the unburned charge and the time factor.
13. List the parameters which are affecting knock in SI engine?(May 2016)

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The parameters which are directly (or) indirectly connected with knocking are inlet
temperature of mixture compression ratio, mass of inducted charge, power output of the engine.
14. List the parameters in time factors that reduce the knocking? (NOV/DEC 2013)
Parameters are turbulence, engine speed, flame travel distance, combustion chamber shape and
location of spark plug.
15. List the composition factors in the knocking? (NOV 2014)
Air –fuel ratio and octane value of the fuel are the composition factors.
16. What are the objectives to be kept in mind during design of combustion chamber?
General objectives are
(a) Smooth engine operation
1. Moderate rate of pressure rise
2. Reducing the possibility of knocking.
(b) High power output and thermal efficiency
17. What are the factors to be considered to obtain high thermal efficiency? (APR 2014)
Following are the factors:
1. A high volumetric efficiency.
2. Anti knock characteristics must be improved.
3. Compact combustion chamber reduces heat loss during combustion increases the thermal
efficiency.
18. Write the different types of combustion chambering SI engine? (APR 2013, MAY 2016, MAY
2017)
T-Head type, L- Head type, I- Head type, F- Head type.
19. What are the components required in the fuel injection system?
Components are pumping element, metering element, mixing element, distributing element,
timing control, and ambient control.
20. What are the advantages of fuel –injection in an SI engine?
Advantages are:
1. Increased volumetric efficiency.
2. Better thermal efficiency
3. Lower exhaust emissions
4. High quality fuel distribution.
21. List the drawbacks of the carburetion? (NOV/DEC 2011)
1. Non uniform distribution of mixture in multi cylinder engines.
2. Loss of volumetric efficiency due to retraction for the mixture flow and the possibility of back
firing.
22. What are the functional requirements of an injection system?
1. Accurate mixing of the fuel injected per cycle.
2. Timing the injection of the fuel.
3. Proper atomization of fuel into fine droplets
4. Proper spray pattern.
5. No lag during beginning and end of injection.
23. List some of the important requirements of automobile carbu retors? (NOV/DEC 2013)
1. Ease of starting the engine, particularly under low ambient conditions.
2. Good and quick acceleration of the engine.
3. Good fuel economy.
4. Ensuring full torque at low speeds.
24. What are the general types of carburetors?
Types are updraught, down draught and cross draught.
25. Define carburetion? (MAY 2015)
The process of formation of a combustible fuel –air mixture by mixing the proper amount of fuel
with air before admission to engine cylinder is called carburetion.
26. What are the essential parts, compensating device and additional system (modern)
carburetors? (NOV/DEC 2010)

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Parts – fuel strainer, float chamber, main metering and idling system, the choke & the throttle.
Compensating devise- Air –bleed jet, compensating jet, Emulsion tube, auxiliary valve and port,
back suction control mechanism.
Additional system –Ant dieseling, richer coasting, acceleration pump and economic (or) power
enrichment system.
27. What are the factors effecting carburetion? (MAY 2012)
1. The engine speed 2. The vaporization characteristics of fuel 3. The temperature of the
incoming air 4. The design of the carburetor
28. What are the different types air –fuel mixtures? ( DEC 2017)
1.Chemically correct mixture 2. Rich mixture 3. Lean mixture.
29. What are the different range of throttle operation?
1. Idling 2. Cruising 3. High power.
30. What is a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture? In which engine is it used?(MAY 2013)
Heterogeneous fuel-air mixtures is the mixture in which the mixing rates and chemical kinetics
are infinitely fast and that the sole criterion for successful ignition is an adequate concentration
of fuel vapor in the ignition zone. It is used in gasoline engines.
31. What is pre ignition? Explain.(NOV 2014)
Pre ignition describes the event wherein the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder ignites before the
spark plug fires.
32. Why S.I engine requires a rich mixture during idling and at full load? (MAY 2015)
During valve overlap, some of the exhaust gases are drawn back to the cylinder. The result is
that some of the chemically correct stoichiometric mixture of air and fuel will be so diluted that
combustion would be erratic or impossible. Therefore, engine requires a rich mixture during
idling and at full load.
33. List the different Air – Fuel ratios required for different operating conditions of a gasoline.
(MAY 2017)
1.Chemically correct mixture 2. Rich mixture 3. Lean mixture. A 'Stoichiometric' AFR has the correct
amount of air and fuel to produce a chemically complete combustion event. For gasoline engines, the
stoichiometric, A/F ratio is 14.7:1, which means 14.7 parts of air to one part of fuel.

PART – B (CO 803. 1)

1. Discuss why a modern carburetor is being replaced by an injection system in SI engine?
(APR/MAY 2009)
2. Explain the factors that affect the process of carburetion? (NOV/DEC 2010)
3. What are different air –fuel mixture on which an engine can be operated? (APR/MAY 2011/MAY
2015)
4. Explain the following 1. Rich mixture, 2. Stoichiometric mixture 3. Lean mixture. (APR/MAY
2011)
5. How the power and efficiency of the SI engine vary with air- fuel ratio for different
load and speed conditions? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
6. By means of suitable graph explain the necessary carburetor performance to fulfill engine
requirements? (NOV/DEC 2009)
7. Explain why a rich mixture is required for the following 1. Idling 2. Maximum power and
sudden acceleration. (MAY/JUNE 2010)
8. Briefly explain the stages of combustion in SI engines elaborating the flame front
Propagation. ( 2014/NOV 2014/MAY 2015, DEC 2016, MAY 2017)
9. Explain the various factors that influence the phenomena of knock in SI engines? (NOV/DEC
2012/MAY 2015)
10.Explain the effects of various engine variables on SI engine knock. (NOV/DEC 2013/MAY 2015)
11. What are the various types of combustion chamber s used in SI engines? Explain them briefly?
(NOV/DEC 2012 /APR 2014/MAY 2015)
12.Explain briefly the various factors that influence the flame speed in S.I. Engines.
(MAY/JUNE 2012)

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13. Explain in detail about normal and abnormal combustion in SI engines. (MAY 2016, MAY 2017)
14. With a neat sketch explain in detail about the different types of fuel injection system used in SI
engines. (MAY 2016).
15.(i)Explain how the jet size and venturi size are determined for a carburettor used in IC engines. (DEC
2016, MAY 2017)
(ii) Give the functions of boost venturi, emulsion tube, accelaration pump and altitude compensation
mechanism present in actual carburetors. (MAY 2017)

UNIT – II - COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

PART A (CO 803. 2)
1. What are the stages of combustion in C.I engine?
The stages of combustion in C.I engine are four stages:
Stage 1: ignition delay period (preparatory phase) Stage 2: Period of rapid combustion.
Stage 3: Period of controlled combustion. Stage 4: Period of after burning.
2. What is ignition delay period?
The fuel does not ignite immediately upon injection into the combustion chamber. There is a
definite period of inactivity between the time when the first droplet of fuel hits the hot air in the
combustion chamber and the time it starts through the actual burning phase. This period is known
as ignition delay period.
3. What are two delays occur in ignition delay period? (MAY/JUNE 2013/MAY 2015)
The two delays occur in ignition delay period are the physically delay and chemically delay.
Physical delay is the time between the beginning of injection and the attainment of chemical
reaction conditions. Chemical delay is the reaction starts slowly and then accelerates until the
inflammation or ignition takes place.
4. List the factors affecting the delay period?
The factors affecting the delay period are:
Compression ratio.
Atomization of the fuel.
Quality of the fuel.
Intake temperature and pressure.
5. Explain the effect of quality of fuel factor on the delay period? (NOV/DEC 2010)
Self-ignition temperature is the most important property of the fuel which affects the delay
period. A lower self-ignition temperature and fuel with higher cetane number give lower delay
period and smooth engine operation. Other properties of the fuel which affects the delay period
are latent heat, viscosity and surface tension.
6. Write the classification of combustion chamber in C.I engine? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
Combustion chamber in C.I engine is classified into two categories:
Direct-injection type
Indirect-injection type.
7. What is called direct injection type of combustion chamber?
Direct injection type of combustion chamber is also called an open combustion
In this type the entire volume of the combustion chamber is in the main cylinder and the fuel is
injected into this volume.
8. What are the types of open combustion chamber? (MAY 2012)
In open combustion chamber, there are many designs some are a. Shallow depth chamber b.
Hemispherical chamber c. Cylindrical chamber d. Toroidal chamber
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open combustion chamber type?
Advantages:
Minimum heat loss during compression because of lower surface area to volume ratio
No cold starting problems
Fine atomization because of multi hole nozzle
10.Disadvantages:
High fuel injection pressure required and hence complex design of fuel injection pump
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Necessity of accurate metering of fuel by the injection system, particularly for small engines.

11. What is indirect injection type of combustion? (NOV/DEC 2012)

Indirect injection type of combustion chamber in which the combustion space is divided in to
two or more distinct compartment connected by restricts passages. This creates considerable
pressure difference between them during the combustion process.
12.Write the classification of indirect injection chamber (divided combustion chamber)
Classification of divided combustion chamber is
a. Swirl chamber – in which compression swirl is generation.
b. Pre-combustion chamber – in which combustion swirl is induced.
c. Air cell chamber – in which both compression and combustion swirl are induced.
13.What are the applications of swirl chamber? (APR 2014)
Swirl chamber type finds the following applications
a. Where fuel quality is difficult to control
b. Where reliability under adverse condition is more important than fuel economy
c. Use of single hole of larger diameter for the fuel spray nozzle is often important
consideration for the choice of fluid chamber engine.
14.List the advantages and drawbacks of indirect injection chamber (MAY 2013)
Advantages:
Injection pressure required is low
Direction of spraying is not very important
Disadvantages:
Poor cold starting performance required heater plugs
Specific fuel consumption is high
15.Why specific fuel consumption is high in indirect injection type combustion chamber:
Specific fuel consumption is high because there is a loss of pressure due to air motion through
the duct and heat loss due to large heat transfer area.
16.What is turbo charging? (April 2016)
Energy available in the engines exhaust gas is used to drive the turbocharger compressor, which
raises the inlet fluid density prior to entry to each engine cylinder. This is called turbo
charging.
17.What are the major parts of a turbocharger? (APR 2013)
The m a j o r p a r t s o f a t u r b o c h a r g e r a r e t u r b i n e w h e e l , turbine housing, turbo s h a f t ,
compressor wheel, compressor housing and bearing housing.
18.Explain the term turbo lag.
In case of turbo charging there is a phenomenon called turbo lag, which refers to the short delay
period before the boost or manifold pressure, increase. This is due to the time the
turbocharger assembly takes the exhaust gases to accelerate the turbine and compressor wheel to
speed up.
19.Explain the function of waste gate. (APR 2009)
In the turbocharger assembly, there is a control unit called waste gate. It is a diaphragm operated
value that can bypass part of the gases around the turbine wheel when manifold pressure is quite
high. This unit limits the maximum boost pressure to prevent detonation in S.I engines.
20.Why there is a large pressure differences across the injector nozzle are required:
The fuel is introduced in to the cylinder of a diesel engine through a nozzle with a large
pressure differences across the nozzle jet will enter the chamber at high velocity to 1. Atomize in to
small sized droplets to enables rapid evaporation
21.What is called break up length?
The liquid column bearing the nozzle disintegrates within the cylinder over a finite Length called
the break up length in to drops of different sizes.
22.What are the different designs of nozzle used? (NOV/DEC 2013)
The different design of nozzle used is single orifice, multi orifice and throttle depending on the
needs of the combustion system employed.
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23.What are the two types of photographic technique used? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
To distinguish the liquid – containing core of the jet and the extracts of the fuel vapor region
of the spray, which surrounds the liquid core, two types of photographic technique used are
backlighting and shadow graph.
24.Explain photographic techniques method.
Back lighting identifies region where sufficient liquid fuel (as ligaments or drops) is present to
attenuate the light.
The shadowgraph technique responds to d e n s i t y gradients in the test section so i t
identifies regions where fuel vapor exists.
25.List the droplet size depends on various factors (NOV/DEC 2012)
The droplet sizes depend on various factors are
Mean droplet size decreases with increases in a. Injection pressure
b. Air density
Mean droplet size increases with increases in fuel viscosity.
Size of droplets increases with increases in the size of the orifice.
26.Define flame development angle. (NOV/DEC 2012)
The crank angle interval between the spark discharge and the time when a small but
significant fraction of the cylinder mass has burned or fuel chemical energy has been released
27.Define rapid burning angle.
The crank angle interval required to burn the bulk of the charge is defined as the interval between
the end of the flame development stage and the end of the flame propagation process.
28.List any four types of turbo chargers used in CI engines. (NOV 2014)
Single-Turbo
Twin-Turbo
Twin-Scroll Turbo
Variable Geometry Turbo
Variable Twin Scroll Turbo
Electric Turbo
29.What is the significance of Cetane number in the combustion process observed in CI engines?
(NOV 2014)
Cetane number or CN is an inverse function of a fuel's ignition delay, and the time period between
the start of injection and the first identifiable pressure increase during combustion of the fuel. In a
diesel engine, higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower Cetane fuels.
Cetane numbers are only used for the relatively light distillate diesel oils.
30.State briefly about air motion in CI engines using diagrams (April 2016)
The air motion inside the cylinder greatly influences the performance of diesel engines. It is one
of the major factors that controls the fuel-air mixing in diesel engines. Air-fuel mixing
influences combustion, performance and emission level in the engine. The air motion inside the
cylinder mainly depends on manifold design, inlet and exhaust valve profile and combustion
chamber configuration.

31.What is the effect of delay period on knock in CI engines? (Nov 2015)

If the delay period is less, relatively small amount of fuel will be accumulated in the chamber when
actual burning commences. This will exert a smooth force on the piston. On the other hand, if the
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ignition delay period is longer, the actual burning of the fuel droplets is delayed. Then, a greater quantity
of fuel droplets will accumulate in the combustion chamber. When “actual burning” commences, this
large quantity of fuel can cause too rapid rate of pressure rise. This will result in an impact force on the
piston and rough engine operation.
32.list any four assumptions made in the thermodynamic analysis of CI engine combustion process.
(Nov 2015).
Working medium is air throughout the cycle.
heat addition is considered as the combustion process.
Constant pressure heat addition.
The specific heat of air is constant and will not vary with respect to temperature.

PART-B (CO 803. 2)

1. Bring out clearly the process of combustion in CI engines and also explain the various stages of
combustion. (NOV/DEC 2013 APR 2014/MAY 2015 / April 2016 / Nov 2015)
2. Explain with figures various types of combustion chambers used in CI engines. (APR
2014/NOV 2014)
3. Explain Turbo charging in CI engines. (MAY/JUNE 2012/NOV 2014/MAY 2015/Nov 2015)
4. What are the effects of turbo charging on CI engines? (NOV/DEC 2009)
5. Compare induction swirl with compression swirl with respect to their advantages and
disadvantages. (APR/MAY 2009)
6. What are the main factors affecting the penetration of the fuel spray in CI engines? (NOV/DEC
2008) (April 2016)
7. Explain about the fuel spray behavior? (APR/MAY 2008)
8. What is delay period and what are the factors that affect the delay period? APR 2014
9. With the help of pressure crank angle diagram discuss briefly the stages of combustion in CI
engine? (MAY/JUNE 2007)
10.Explain the following IDI chamber (MAY 2015)

UNIT – III ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROL

PART – A (CO 803. 3)
1. What are the major exhaust emissions? (MAY 2015), (MAY 2016)
The major exhaust emissions are,
 Unburnt hydrocarbons (HC)
 Oxides of carbon (CO and CO2)
 Oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2)
 Oxides of sulphur (SO2 andSO3)
 Particulates
 Soot and
 smoke
2. What are the causes for hydrocarbon emission from S.I engine? (NOV/DEC 2012)
a. The causes for hydro carbon emission from S.I engine are
1. Incomplete combustion. 2. Crevice volume and flow in crevices. 3. Leakage past the exhaust
valve. 4. Valve overlap. 5. Deposits on walls. 6. Oil on combustion chamber walls.
3. What are the reasons for incomplete combustion in SI engine?
b. Incomplete combustion is due to
a. Improper mixing due to incomplete mixing of the air and fuel. Some fuel particles do not find
the oxygen to react with this cause the emissions.
b. Flame quenching: As the flame goes very close to the walls it gets quenched at the walls
leaving a small volume of un reacted air fuel mixture.
4. What are the reasons for flame quenching? (APR 2010)

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The reason for flame quenching is the expansion of gases. (i) As the piston moves down from
TDC to BDC during power stroke, expansion of the gases lowers both pressure and
temperature within the cylinder. This makes combustion slow and finally quenches the flame and
causes the emissions. (ii) High exhaust gas contamination causes poor combustion and which in
turn causes quenching during expansion.

5. How the oil consumption increases in IC engines and what are the effects. (NOV/DEC
2010)
Often as engines ages, due to wear, clearance between the pistons and cylinder wall
increases. This increases oil consumption contributes to increases in the emissions in three ways. a.
There is an added crevices volume. b. There is added absorption – desorption of fuel in the thicker
oil film on cylinder walls
6. Write a short note on carbon monoxide emissions.(NOV/DEC 2009)
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless but a poisonous gas. It is generated in an engine
when it is operated with a fuel rich equivalence ratio. Poor mixing, local rich regions, and
incomplete combustion will also be the source for co emissions.
7. What is photochemical smog? (APR/MAY 2013)
NOx is the primary causes of photochemical smog; Smog is formed by the photochemical
reaction of automobiles exhaust and atmospheric air in the presence of sunlight. NO 2 + energy from
sunlight NO + O +smog
8. What are soot particles? Give its typical size. (APR/MAY 2017)
Soot particles are clusters of solid carbon spheres. These spheres have diameter from 9nm to 90 nm
(1nm = 10-9). But most of them are within the range of 15 – 30 nm. The spheres are solid carbon
with HC and traces of other components absorbed on the surface. Single soot particles may
contain up to 5000 carbon spheres.
9. Which is the most effective after treatment for reducing engine emissions? (MAY 2008)
The catalytic converter is the most effective after treatment for reducing engine emissions
found on most automobiles. Co can be oxidized to CO 2 and H2O in exhaust system and thermal
converters if the temperature is held at 600 oC - 700 o C.
10.What is a catalyst? (NOV/DEC 2008)
A catalyst is a substance that accelerates chemical reaction by lowering the energy needed for it
to proceed. The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction and so functions indefinitely unless
degraded by heat age contaminants or other factors.
11. List the materials used as catalyst
The catalyst materials most commonly used are a. platinum b. palladium c. rhodium.
12.Why catalytic converter called as three way converters? (MAY 2015)
Catalytic converters are called as three way converters because they are used to reduce the
concentration of CO, HC and NO x in the exhaust.
13.What are the types of ceramic structure used in catalytic convertor?
Inside the container is a process ceramic structure through which the exhaust gas flows.
The ceramic is a single honey comb structure with many flow passages.
Some converters use loose granular ceramic with the gas passing between the packed spheres.
14.List out the drawbacks of catalytic converters (NOV/DEC 2012)
Sulphur offers unique problems for catalytic converters some catalyst promote the conversion of
SO2 to SO3 which eventually converted to sulphuric acid. This degrades the catalytic
convertor and contributes to acid rain.
Catalytic converters are not very efficient when they are cold. When an engine is started after not
being operated for several hours it takes several minute for the converter to reach an efficient
operating temperature called as cold start up problem.
15.What are the methods of catalytic converters pre-heating?
The methods of catalytic converters preheating included the following
By locating the converters close to the engine, By having super insulation

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By employing electric preheating, By using flame heating, Incorporating thermal batteries.
16.List the invisible and visible emission (APR 2013)
Invisible emission: Water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, aldehyes.
Visible emission: Smoke, particulate.
17.What are the methods of measuring the following emission? (MAY 2009)
a. Oxides of nitrogen = Chemiluminescence Analyzer
b. Carbon monoxide = Non Dispersive Infrared Analyzer
c. Unburned hydrocarbons = Flame Ionization Detector (Fid)
18.Why smoke is formed in a CI engine? (NOV 2011)
Internal Combustion Engine that operates on compression ignition principle is that the light
absorption coefficient of the exhaust gases emitted by the vehicle has high compression ratio
causes high temperature results in the formation of smoke.
19.State the significance of stoichiometric air-fuel mixture (NOV 2010)
Reducing emissions, Fuel economy, Engine performance
20.Differentiate smoke and particulate emission. (NOV 2014), (Nov 2016)
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material
undergoes combustion.
Particulate emission is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air, many of which are
hazardous. This complex mixture contains for instance dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.
21.List the factors responsible for formation of NOx during combustion. (NOV 2015)
High temperature and availability of oxygen are the major factors for the formation of NOx. The
other causes are mode of vehicle operation, spark advance and higher exhaust temperature.
22.Indicate any four locations within the S.I engine cylinder, where unburnt HC form. (NOV
2015)
(i) gasoline tanks (ii) Carburetor, (iii) Tail Pipe exhaust iv) Crank case
23.Briefly discuss about the working of three way catalytic convertor. (MAY 2016)
Catalytic converter is usually a stainless steel container, mounted somewhere along the exhaust pipe
of the engine. Inside the container there is a porous ceramic structure - through which the exhaust gas
flows. The surface of the ceramic passages contains small embedded particles of catalytic material
that promotes the oxidation reactions in the exhaust gas as it passes.
24.Write down Zeldovich Mechanism of NO formation. (MAY 2017)
O2 → 2 O --------- (1)
O+ N2 → NO + N ------ (2)
N + O2 → NO + O ------ (3)
The chain reactions are initiated by the equation (2) by the atomic oxygen, formed in equation (1)
from the dissociation of oxygen molecules at the high temperatures reached in the combustion
process. Oxygen atoms react with nitrogen molecules and produces NO and nitrogen atoms. In the
equation (3) the nitrogen atoms react with oxygen molecule to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen.
25.How does a 3 way catalytic convertor differ in operation compared with 2 way convertor? (Nov
16)
A two way convertor, which is used control only CO and HC emission by oxidation. Three way
convertor, which is used almost in all petrol cars. It controls CO & HC by oxidation as well as NOx
by reduction.
PART – B (CO 803. 3)
1. Describe in detail the causes of hydrocarbon emissions from SI engines.(APR 2013, NOV 2015)
2. Explain the functioning of three way catalytic converter, with a sketch. Mention the limitations
of a catalytic converter.( MAY/JUNE 2013 , MAY/JUNE 2012,NOV/DEC 2012/MAY 2015, NOV
2015)
3. Explain the internationally accepted methods of measuring the following invisible emission i) Oxides of
nitrogen (ii) Carbon monoxide (iii) Unburned hydrocarbons (iv) Aldehydes (APR 2014/NOV
2014/MAY 2015, MAY 2016)

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4. What is smoke and classify the measurement of smoke? What is a driving cycle? Discuss its
significance with regard to emissions. (APR 2014/MAY 2015)
5. Specify the main emissions from a multi-cylinder passenger car C.I engine. How is sulphur
emission in IC engine? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
6. What are the methods to reduce particulate matter emissions? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
7. What is a particulate trap? Discuss its significance with regard to emissions. (MAY/JUNE 2013)
8. Write short notes on the formation of particulates and smoke emission in I.C Engines (MAY 2016)
9. (i) Discuss the mechanism of HC, CO and NO pollutant formation in SI engine.
(ii) What is Indian driving cycle? What is the procedure adopted for it. (NOV 2016 / MAY 2017)
10.Discuss the working of selective catalytic reduction and particulate trap with neat sketch. (NOV 2016
/ MAY 2017)
11.What are the various types of instruments used for the measurement of emissions from IC Engines?
With a schematic diagram describe in detail the chemiluminescence method of measuring oxides of
Nitrogen. (NOV 2016)
12.With the help of sketch explain the principle of operation of FID analyser?
13.Discuss the mechanism of HC and NO pollutant formation in IC engine.
14.Define the conversion efficiency and light off temperature of a catalytic converter.

UNIT-IV – ALTERNATE FUELS

PART – A (CO 803. 4)
1. Write the advantage and disadvantage of alcohol as a fuel?
The advantages of alcohols a fuel are:
It is a high octane fuel with antiknock index number (octane number) of over 100.
Alcohols have low sulphur content in the fuel.
It produces less overall emissions when compared with gasoline
Disadvantages:
Alcohols have poor ignition characteristics in general.
There is a possibility of vapor lock in fuel delivery system.
It has poor cold weather starting characteristics due to low vapor pressure and evaporation.
2. What is the problem with gasoline-alcohol mixture as a fuel? (NOV/DEC 2012)
Problems with gasoline-alcohol mixture as a fuel are the tendency for alcohol to combine with
any water present. When this happens the alcohol separates to locally from the gasoline, resulting
in a non-homogenous mixture. This causes the engine to run erratically due to the large air-fuel
ratio difference between the two fuels.
3. Write the sources for methanol? (NOV/DEC 2012)
Methanol can be obtained from many sources, both fossil and renewable. These include coal,
petroleum, natural gas, biomass, wood landfills and even the ocean.
4. Write the source for ethanol?
Ethanol can be made from ethylene (or) from fermentation of grains and sugar. Much of it is
made from sugarcane, sugar beets, and even cellulose (wood and paper).
5. What are the techniques of using alcohol in diesel engine fuel? (NOV/DEC 2013)
The techniques of using alcohol in diesel engine are:
• Alcohol diesel emulsions.
• Dual fuel injection.
• Alcohol fumigation.
• Surface ignition of alcohols.
6. What are the methods are adopted for induction of alcohol into intake manifold?
The methods are adopted for induction of alcohol into intake manifold micro fog unit, pneumatic
spray nozzle, and vaporizer, carburetor and fuel injector.
7. Write Merits and Demerits of hydrogen as a fuel in IC engine? (APR 2011, APR 2014 &May
2017)
Advantages
i. Low emissions.

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ii. Fuel availability.
iii. Fuel leakage to environment is not a pollutant
iv. High energy continent per volume when stored as a liquid.
Disadvantages
v. Difficult to re fuel.
vi. Fuel cost would be high at present day’s technology and availability.
vii. Poor engine volumetric efficiency.
viii. High NOx emission because of high flame.

8. Write the methods for hydrogen can be used in SI engines?(NOV/DEC 2009)

Hydrogen can be used in SI engines by three methods
By manifold induction ii) By direct introduction of hydrogen into the cylinder. iii)By
supplementing gasoline.
9. List the advantages of natural gas? (MAY / JUNE 2013)
Advantages:
Octane number is around 120, which makes it a very good SI engines fuel. ii) Low engine
emissions
Fuel is fairly abundant worldwide.
10.List the disadvantages of natural gas? (APR 2008)
i. Low energy density resulting in low engine performance. ii) Low engine volumetric
efficiency because it is a gaseous fuel. iii) Refueling is a slow process.
11. Write the two types of LPG used in automobiles engine?
Two type of LPG used in automobile engines:
One is propane and the other is butane, sometimes in mixture of propane and butane is used as
LPG in auto mobile engine.
12.What are the Engine Modifications required to use compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as fuel?
(MAY 2017)
For spark ignition engines there are two options, a bi-fuel conversion and use a dedicated to CNG
engine.
a. The bi-fuel conversion of vehicles fitted with fuel-injected engines may utilize the original
engine management system, if it can be modified to control the gas flow and revised
ignition timing or alternatively, be fitted with a standard CNG control system.
b. The fuel injectors must be disabled when the engine is running on gas, although fuel must
still flow to the injectors and then pass directly to the return fuel line to provide cooling.
For diesel engines converted or designed to run on natural gas, there are two main options.
i. Dual-fuel engines & 2) Dedicated natural gas engines.
For compression ignition engines conversions to spark ignition, the pistons must be modified
to reduce the original compression ratio and a high-energy ignition system must be fitted.
13.What are the advantages of LPG?
LPG mixes with air at all temperatures. ii) LPG has high antiknock characteristics.
There is no crack case dilution, because the fuel is in the form of vapor.
14.Write the disadvantages of LPG? (APR 2010)
a. A special fuel feed system is required for liquid petroleum gas.
b. A good cooling system is quite necessary.
c. The vehicle weight is increased due to the use of heavy pressure cylinder for storing
LPG.
15.Write the improvements required for the LPG vehicle in future?
a. Effort must be made to have more LPG filling stations at convenient locations, so that
LPG tank can be filled up easily.
b. Safety devices are to be introduced to prevent accidents due to explosion of gas cylinders
(or) Leakage in the gas pipes.
16.Comment on the water tolerance of alcohol blends. (NOV/DEC 2012)
Water and alcohol are infinitely soluble in one another at room temperature (API). The alcohol in
the fuel will take up water to a certain point and the alcohol, water, and gasoline will coexist. If this
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coexisting mixture enters a vehicle, then the water will convert to steam during fuel combustion
and exit as part of the exhaust. However, if water continues to accumulate in the tank, then the
point of phase separation may be reached.
17.List the advantages of bio diesel over petroleum based fuels. (NOV 2014)
The main advantage of bio-gas is that it can be produced in rural areas from readily available
materials. Bio gas consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. Its calorific value is low but its
knock resistance (octane number) is high and ignition quality (cetane number) is low.
18.What are the problems of using methanol in an engine? (MAY 2015)
One problem with gasoline-alcohol mixtures as a fuel is the tendency for alcohol to combine with
any water present. When this happens the alcohol separates locally from the gasoline, resulting in a
non-homogeneous mixture. This causes the engine to run erratically due to the large air-fuel ratio
differences between the two fuels.
19.List the properties required in selecting a fuel for an engine.(MAY 2015)
Cetane number, Octane number, Calorific value of blended fuel.
20.State the reasons for using ethyl alcohol as a SI engine fuel. (NOV 2015)
The power output of ethanol engine is higher at all speeds
The maximum thermal efficiency is higher
21.Indicate any 2 limitations of vegetable oils as a CI engine fuel. (NOV 2015)
Motor oil needs to be replaced more often in a direct injection engine as a safety precaution to avoid
build-up.
Currently no public network of filling stations are available, must refuel at home.
22.Write about the different types of alternate fuels available. (MAY 2016)
Alcohols, Vegetable oils, Bio-diesel, Bio-gas, Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas & Hydrogen
23.Which are the different types of onboard hydrogen storage methods that can be used?(MAY
2016)
Liquid hydrogen storage, Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage, Materials based hydrogen storage.
24.What is Trans-esterification? List down any two Vegetable Oils. (Nov 2016)
Trans-esterification is the process of exchanging the organic group R of an ester with the organic group
R of an alcohol. List of Vegetable Oils: Jatropha Oil, Linseed Oil, Sunflower Oil
25.Give the Comparison of LPG and CNG. (Nov 2016)
CNG LPG
CNG is a domestically available, economical, LPG is a HC Fuel lighter than petroleum, can be used
clean burning alternative fuel for vehicles. as automotive fuel
Higher initial investment Lower initial investment
Lower running cost Higher running cost
Lesser power delivery Increased power delivery
PART – B (CO 803. 4)
1. Explain alcohols as alternate fuels for IC engines bringing out their merits and demerits.
(APR/MAY 2010)
2. Explain with a neat sketch the surface-ignition alcohol engine. (NOV/DEC 2011)
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen in SI engine? (NOV/DEC 2013)
4. Explain the two methods by which hydrogen can be used in CI engine.(APR/MAY 2012)
5. What is natural gas? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas as alternate
fuels?(MAY/JUNE 2012)
6. Compare LPG and petrol as fuel for SI engines. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using LPG in SI engines? (APR 2014)
7. Discuss the change in properties of alcohol-petrol blends and their effect on the
performance of the engine. (NOV/DEC 2013)
8. Compare the properties of gasoline, methanol and ethanol as engine fuels and explain how they
influence combustion and emissions? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
9. Compare alcohol and vegetable oil based bio-fuel as their suitability for use in SI and CI engine.
(NOV 2014)
10.Discuss the salient properties of hydrogen as a fuel.(MAY 2015)

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11.Explain the combustion and ignition of using hydrogen in CI engines.(MAY 2015)
12.Give a table describing in detail the comparison between alcohol, hydrogen, natural gas, LPG and
vegetable oils for their suitability as I.C Engine fuel. Consider all important factors Pertinent to
engine combustion. (NOV 2015)
13.What are the major engine modifications needed, when unconventional fuels or their blends are used
in conventional diesel powered C.I Engines. Explain in detail. (NOV 2015, MAY 2016)
14.Explain in detail about the effects of using bio gas as fuel on engine performance and emission
characteristics. (MAY 2016)
15.Explain the fuel characteristics of Alcohols, CNG, LPG and Hydrogen. (NOV 2016)
16.Explain the performance combustion & emission characteristics of CI engine using Bio diesel as a
fuel. (NOV 2016)
17.Compare the fuel properties of Diesel, Petrol, Bio-diesel and LPG. (MAY 2017)
18.(i) Discuss the methods of using alcohol as fuel in SI and CI engines.
(ii) Explain the emission characteristics of using hydrogen in CI engine. (MAY 2017)
19.Explain the reasons for looking for alternate fuels for IC engines.
20.Explain the possibility of using reformulated gasoline and water gasoline mixture as alternate
fuel.
21.Can alcohol be used for CI engines? Explain.
22.Explain the reasons for looking for alternate fuels for IC engines.
23.Explain the possibility of using reformulated gasoline and water gasoline mixture as alternate
fuel.
24.Can alcohol be used for CI engines? Explain.

UNIT – V RECENT TRENDS

PART – A (CO 803. 5)
1. What is lean burn engine? (MAY 2016)
Lean burn engine is a layout of Otto cycle engine designed to permit the combustion of lean air
fuel mixture and to obtain simultaneously low emission values as high fuel economy. It is
designed to operate effectively in the air fuel ratio 14:1-16:1to 20:1-22:1. When the lean
compression ratio, combustion chamber shape, ignition system, the lean limit are successfully
optimized, the engine is refused to as a lean burn engine.
2. Why lean mixture is preferred in SI engine? (NOV/DEC 2012)
Lean mixture is preferred in SI engine because of the following facts:
Lower pollutants, Good fuel economy.
Heat transfer losses to the cooing medium are reduced because of lower peak
temperatures.Since lean mixture is less proving to knocking.
3. What are the modifications to be made to convert an existing engine as a lean burn
engine?
The modifications to be made to comments an existing engine as a lean burn engine are: Increasing
the compression ratio of the engine to accurate flame propagation. Increasing the swirl and
turbulence of the mixture in order to increase flame speed.
Catalytic activation of the charge in the combustion chamber.
4. How the stratified charge engine can be characterized? (NOV/DEC 2008)
The stratified charge engine can be characterized by the following features:
Relatively high compression ratio
Ability of direct cylinder fuel injection variations to run un throttled.
Stratification of the charge mixture into distinctly different rich and lean air fuel ratios.
5. List the advantages of the stratified charge engine. (APR 2010)
The advantages of the stratified charge engines are: i) Low octane fuels (cheaper fuels) can be used
at higher compression ratios. ii) Load control can be achieved without air throttling iii) Quiet in
operation. iv) Multi fuels give more or less equal performance.
6. What are the main disadvantages of the stratified charge engine? (NOV/DEC 2008)
The main disadvantages of the stratified charge engines are:

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Maximum output (from the air in the cylinder (i.e.) complete utilization of air) is not
achieved.
The added cost of the injection/modified combustion systems. Added complication of injection and
spark ignition systems.
7. Write short notes on plasma jet ignition system.
The plasma jet ignition system uses a plasma jet spark plug. This system can be considered as a
form of electrical torch ignition, since the ignition source is hot jet plasma which project well
away from the spark plug. The plasma jet ignition sources is turbulent and electrode less, both
desirable features for igniting marginal mixtures.

8. What are the factors that influence the operation of the plasma jet plug? (MAY/JUNE
2008)
The factors that can influence the operation of the plasma jet plug are the amount of the applied
electrical energy, the rate of energy delivery, the cavity volume, the cavity dimensions, the orifice
size, the ambient gas pressure and the quantity of fuel present in the cavity.
9. What are the reasons for automotive engines equipped with gasoline injection system?
Some of the recent automotive engines are equipped with gasoline injection system, instead of a
carburetion for the reasons:
To have uniform distribution of fuel in a multi cylinder engine.
To improve breathing capacity (i.e.) volumetric efficiency.
10.What are the types of injection systems?
The fuel injection system can be classified as: i) Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) in to the cylinder
ii)Port injection (a) timed (b) continuous iii) Manifold injection
11. What are the objectives of the fuel injection system?
The objectives of the fuel injection system are to meter, atomize and uniformly distribute the fuel
throughout the air mass in the cylinder.
12.What are the components of injection system? (NOV/DEC 2011)
The components of injection system are:
Metering element, Mixing element, Mixture control, Pumping element, Timing control
13.Write notes on continuous injection system. (MAY/JUNE 2011)
Continuous injection system usually has a rotary pump. The pump maintains the fuel line gauge
pressure of about 0.75 to 1.5 bar. The system injects the fuel through a nozzle located in manifold
immediately downstream of the throttle plate.
14.Explain the functions of the following components. (MAY/JUNE 2013)
(a)Pumping element, (b) Metering element, (c) Timing control, (d) Ambient control.
(a)Pumping element- moves the fuel from the fuel tank to the injector. This include necessary
piping, filter etc.
(b)Metering element- measures and supplies the fuel at the rate demanded by load and speed
conditions of the engine.
(c)Timing control- fixes the start and stop of the fuel-air mixing process.
(d)Ambient control-compensates for charges in temperature and pressure of either air or fuel
that may affect the various elements of the system.
15.Write the advantages of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine?(APR 2014)
Lower NOx and particulate emissions
High thermal efficiency
16.What are the fuels used in HCCI engines? (NOV/DEC 2008)
Diesel, gasoline, methanol, natural gas and hydrogen
17.List the disadvantages of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine?
The major problem is controlling the ignition timing over a wide lead and speed.
Power density is limited by combustion noise and high peak pressure.
18.What is stratified charge engine? (NOV 2014)
The stratified charge engine is usually defined as a spark ignition internal combustion engine* in
which the mixture in the zone of spark plug is very much richer than that in the rest of the
combustion chamber, i.e.,one which burns leaner overall fuel-air mixtures.
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19.What is common rail injection system? (MAY 2015), (MAY 2016)
The common rail fuel injection' system is finding increasing' use in diesel engines as It has the
potential to drastically cut emissions and fuel consumption. This system provides control of many
important parameters linked to the injection system." It has a wide range of application, from small
to heavy duty engines.
20.How does a lean burn engine differ from conventional engine? (NOV 2015)
Conventional engines operate at an almost stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (AFR), which is exactly
enough air to burn all of the fuel. Lean‐burn engines use a lot of excess air. Usually up to twice the
amount needed for complete fuel combustion. Conventional engines reduce the NOx production after
treatment system. Lean‐burn engines reduces the NOx without the need for an after treatment
system.
21.What is the working principle of pre-chamber stratified charge engine? (NOV 2016)
It consists of spherical un-scavanged pre combustion chamber comprises approximately 25 -30% of
compression volume. The total fuel volume is divided and injected partly in to the pre chamber and
partly in the intake manifold respectively.
22.What are the advantages of plasma ignition system. (NOV 2016)
Fast return on investment: Complete elimination of ignition fuel and the required infrastructure
Increased safety: Complete elimination of the ignition burner‘s safety chain as no fuel is used
Compact design and low maintenance: Fuel conditioning and frequent safety audits not required
Flexibility: Fast available ignition system supporting the flexible operation of fossil fuel fired power
plants
Flexible use: Direct ignition of different solid fuels like pre-dried lignite (PDL), high volatile hard
coal, coal dust or biomass
Wide range of applications: Can be used for additional applications in the chemical industry and
thermal processes (e. g. oxy-fuel systems (carrier medium CO 2) or oxygen-free thermal reactions)
23.List the components present in the measuring chain for pressure measurement in engine
research. (NOV 2015)
(i)Pressure sensor, (ii) Connecting cable and (iii) Charge amplifier.
24.What are the advantages of hybrid vehicle.
i)Rduce the pollutants & noise level
ii) increased the Fuel economy.
25.What do you Know about OBD?
OBD is an automotive term referring to a vehicle self diagnostic and reporting capability
Part – B (CO 803. 5)
1. What do you understand by charge stratification? Explain the method of achieving the same with
suitable sketches. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of charge stratification.(MAY/JUNE
2012/NOV 2014)
2. What is a learn burn engine? What are the advantages of using learn mixture in SI engine?
(APR 2014/NOV 2014/MAY 2015)
3. Explain multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) system (MAY/JUNE 2013), (NOV 2015)
4. Explain gasoline direct injection engine. (NOV/DEC 2012), (MAY 2016)
5. With a schematic diagram explain an electronically Controlled Injection Pumps (lnline and
Distributor Type). (MAY/JUNE 2007/MAY 2015)
6. What is meant by HCCI engine? Explain with neat sketch with advantages.(NOV 2014)
7. Explain the operation of CRDI engine with a neat sketch.(MAY 2015)
8. Explain the procedure adopted to arrive at the specification of piezo electric sensor- charge amplifier
crank angle encoder & AD convener with data storage for heat release analysis of given IC engine.
(NOV 2015)
9. Discuss in detail about the heat release analysis in engines. (MAY 2016)
10.(i) What is a surface ignition engine? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
(ii) With a neat sketch explain the operation of a stratified charge engine. (NOV 2016)
11.(i) Explain the characteristics of a common rail direct injection diesel engine.
(ii) Discuss the method of obtaining pressure crank angle diagram. List down the parameters that can
be studied from pressure crank angle diagram. (NOV 2016)
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12.Describe with sketches how a CI engine can be controlled electronically. What is stratified
charge? Give its significance.
13.With neat sketch, explain the exhaust emissions with different air-fuel ratio lean burn spark
ignition engines.
14.Explain briefly electronic fuel injection system.

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