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This deflection example problem has been taken from the Chapter 6 of the CAC

Concrete Design Handbook, 3rd edition.

6.4 Deflection Computations


6.4.1 Computation of Immediate Deflections for Beams and One-way Slabs
(Non-prestressed)
For uniformly loaded members, immediate deflections can be computed using the
expression:

2
⎛ 5 ⎞ MA (6.1)
Δ=K ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 48 ⎠ E c I e

where M = support moment for cantilever, midspan moment for simple and continuous beams
l = span length
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
1.5
(3300 f c′ + 6900) (γc/2300)
(1500 < γc < 2500 kg/m3)
= 4500 f c′ for normal weight concrete
Ie = effective moment of inertia
K = coefficient as follows

K
Cantilevers (fixed end)* 2.400
Simple spans 1.0
Fixed-Hinged Beams
–Midspan deflection 0.800
–Max deflection (when using max. moment) 0.738
Fixed-Fixed Beams 0.600
Continuous Spans 1.20-0.20Mo/Mm

where Mo = wl2/8 and Mm is the net midspan moment.

*In the case of cantilevers, the deflection due to the rotation at the support must also be
included.

For loading other than uniformly distributed, the formulae given in Chapter 1 of this
Handbook can be used.

The effective moment of inertia, Ie, is given by

⎛ M cr ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ 3⎤
⎢ M cr ⎞ ⎥ 6.2)
I e = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I g + 1 - ⎜⎜ ⎟ I cr
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ M a ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

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fr = 0.6 λ f c′ (6.4)
λ = 1.00 for normal density concrete
λ = 0.85 for structural semi-low density concrete
Ma = moment at load level under consideration
The quantities Ig, Icr, and yt can be calculated for rectangular and T-sections using the
equations and charts given in Tables 6-4 to 6-9. Use of the Design Aids is illustrated in the
Design Examples. Ie should be evaluated based on moment at the support for cantilevers, and
midspan moment for simply supported beams. For continuous beams average values of Ie based
on support moments and midspan moments should be used. CSA A23.3 states that Ie may be
taken as a weighted average as given by the following expressions:
One end continuous:
Ie (avg) = 0.85 Ie (pos) + 0.15 Ie (neg) (6.5)
Both ends continuous:
[ I e (neg )left + I e (neg )right ]
Ie (avg) = 0.70 Ie (pos) + 0.30 (6.6)
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For column supported end spans where partial fixity is provided by the exterior column the
following expression is suggested:
Ie (avg) = 0.75 Ie (pos) + 0.25 Ie (neg) (6.7)
Ie should normally be calculated based on the load level under consideration. For example,
dead load deflection should be calculated with Ie based on the dead load moment. Deflection
under combined dead plus live load should be calculated with Ie based on total load moment.
Live load deflection would then be taken as the difference between total load deflection and dead
load deflection. The use of Ie based on total load moments to compute all terms would tend to
overestimate the dead load deflections and underestimate the live load deflections.
When construction procedures are likely to result in high loads at early age, such as in multi-
story floor construction, Ie for all cases should be based on the construction load level as
discussed in Section 6.4.3.

6.4.2 Computation of Long-Time Deflection for Beams and One-Way


Slabs (Non-prestressed)
Having calculated the immediate deflection Δi corresponding to the sustained load level, the
additional long-time deflection, Δt, due to creep and shrinkage may be calculated using Eq. 6.8.
S (6.8)
Δt = Δi
1 + 50 ρ ′
where S = 2.0 (5 years or more)
= 1.4 (12 months)
= 1.0 (3 months)
The variation of S with time is shown graphically in Fig. 6.1. The use of a single multiplier for
both creep and shrinkage effects is sufficiently accurate for most situations. However, since

where Mcr  =
f r Ig
  (6.3)
yt

2
creep is stress-dependent while shrinkage is not, it may be desirable in some cases to consider
the two effects separately. For example, in lightly loaded slabs reinforced on one face only, it
may be necessary to consider the effect of shrinkage warping separately from the creep
deflection due to sustained load. To calculate the long-time deflection components due to creep
and shrinkage separately, the following equations may be used.
Δt = Δcp + Δsh (6.9)
The creep deflection is given by
Δcp = k r C t Δt (6.10)

where kr = 0.85
1 + 50 ρ ′
The ultimate value of C, may be taken as 1.6 for average conditions. For intermediate
times,
1.6 (6.11)
Ct = S
2.0
The shrinkage deflection is given by:

Δsh = K sh φ sh A
2 (6.12)

Ash ε sh (6.13)
φ sh =
h
For this purpose, the ultimate value of εsh may be taken as 400 x 10-6 for average conditions.
For intermediate times
S (6.14)
ε sh = 400x 10-6
2.0
The term Ash is obtained from Table 6.10. The steel percentages used in determining Ash
refer to the support section of cantilevers and the midspan section of simple and continuous
spans. For T-beams, use p = 100 (ρ + ρw)/2 in determining Ash, where ρw = As/(bwd).
The following values of Ksh can be used in Eq. 6.12.
Ksh
Cantilevers 0.500
Simple beams 0.125
Beams continuous at one end only 0.090
Beams continuous at both ends 0.065

Design Example 6.1

Required: Calculate midspan deflections for exterior span of Tee Beam shown. Compare
calculated deflections with CSA Standard A23.3 Maximum Permissible Values.
1. Loads
Dead Load
Slab: = 16.5 kN/m
Wall: = 8.6
Beam: = 2.4
Superimposed: = 4.6
Total Dead Load wD = 32.1 kN/m
Live Load
Total Live Load wL = 8.4 kN/m
(Assume 20% sustained) = 1.7 kN/m)
Total Load

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wD + wL = 40.5 kN/m

2. Bending Moments
Exterior Interior
Support Midspan Support
Clear span (ln) 6750 6750 6875 mm
Moment Coeff. (Cm) 1/16 1/14 1/10
MD = CmwD ln2 91.4 104.5 151.7 x 106 N⋅mm
MD+L = Cm (wD + wL) ln2 115.3 131.8 191.4 x 106 N⋅mm

3. Modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, modular ratio

fr = 0.6 25 = 3 MPa
Ec = 4500 25 = 22,500 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 200,000/22,500 = 8.89

4. Gross Moment of Inertia, Ig

a) Using chart: Table 6.7


b/bw = 1125/500 = 2.25, hf/h = 200/400 = 0.5
Read Ig/bh3 = 0.054
b) Alternatively, using equations from Table 6.6

Ar = 200/400 ⎛⎜ 1125 - 1⎞⎟ = 0.625


⎝ 500 ⎠
200 2 200 2
4(0.625)(1 - ) + (1 + 0.625 )
CT = 400 400 = 0.0535
1125
12 (1 + 0.625)
500
Ig = (0.0535)(1125)(400)3 = 3852 x 106 mm4

5. Cracking Moment, Mcr

(i) Positive Moment Region: tension on bottom face


a) Using Chart Table 6.8

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b/bw = 1125/500 = 2.25: hf/h = 200/400 = 0.5
Read ytb/h = 0.6 i.e. ytb = (0.6)(400) = 240 mm
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Mcr = (3)(3852x 10 ) = 48.2 x 106 N⋅mm
240
b) Alternatively, using Equation: Table 6.8
1125 200 1 200 1 200 2
( )( ) (1 - ) + (1 - )
ytb
= 500 400 2 400 2 400 = 0.60
h 1125 200 200
( )( ) + (1 - )
500 400 400
i.e. ytb = (0.60) (400) = 240 mm
(ii) Negative Moment Region, Interior Support: tension top face
ytt = h - ytb = 400 - 240 = 160 mm
6
Mcr = (3) (3852x 10 ) = 72.2 x 106 N⋅mm
160

6. Cracked Transformed Moment of Inertia, Icr

(i) Positive Moment Region


Assume N.A. in flange: treat as rectangular section.
b = 1125 mm
bw = 500 mm
As = 2000 mm2
d = 335 mm
a) Using Chart: Table 6.5

2000
ρ ′ = 0 : ρ n = As • n = • 8.89 = 0.047
bd (1125) (336)
3
Read Icr/bd = 0.031
i.e. Icr = (0.031) (1125) (336)3 = 1323 x 106 mm4
b) Alternatively using equations from Table 6.4

B= 1125 = 0.0633
8.89 (2000)

2(336)(0.0633) + 1 - 1
kd = = 88.4 mm < 200
0.0633
∴ N.A. in flange

1125(88.4 )3
Icr = + 8.89(2000)(336 - 88.4)2 = 1349 x 106 mm4
3
(ii) Negative Moment Region - Interior Support
Treat as rectangular section
b = 500 mm
As = 3000 mm2
As′ = 1000 mm2

5
Note: Since the bottom bars are not developed as compression bars, their contribution
could be neglected as a conservative assumption. We will include them here to
illustrate the calculation procedure for compression steel.
d = 336 mm
d′ = 64 mm
a) Using Chart: Table 6.5

ρ′n′ (1 - d′/d) = 1000(7.89) (1 - 64 ) = 0.0380


(500)(336) 336

ρn + ρ′n′ =
(3000)(8.8 9) (1000)(7.8 9)
+ = 0.206
(500)(336) (500)(336)
Read Icr/bd3 = 0.086
d′/d = 64/336 = 0.19
Read Icr/bd3 = 0.006
Net value of Icr/bd3 = 0.086 - 0.006 = 0.080
i.e. Icr = (0.080) (500) (336)3 = 1517 x 106 mm4
b) Alternatively using Equations from Table 6.4

B= 500 r = (7.89)(1000)
(8.89)(3000) (8.89)(3000)
= 0.0187 = 0.296

(0.296)(64)
[ 2(336)(0.0187) (1 + ) + (1 + 0.296 )2 - (1 + 0.296)]
kd = 336
0.0187
= 137 mm
3
Icr = 500(137 ) + 8.89(3000)(336 - 137)2 + 7.89(1000)(137 - 64)2
3
= 1527 x 106 mm4

7. Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie

(i) Positive Moment Region


a) Dead Load Level (Ie)D

(Ie)D = ( 48.2 )2 (3852) + (1 - ( 48.2 )3 ) (1349) (x 106 mm4)


104.5 104.5
= 378 + 1217 = 1595 x 106 mm4
b) Dead + Live Load Level (Ie)D+L
48.2 3 48.2 3 6 4
( I e )D+L = ( ) (3852) + (1 - ( ) ) (1349) (x 10 mm )
131.8 131.8
= 188 + 1283 = 1471 x 106 mm4
(ii) Negative Moment Region, Interior Support
a) Dead Load Level (Ie)D

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72.2 3 72.2 3 4
( I e )D = ( ) (3852) + (1 - ( ) (1527) (x 106 mm )
151.7 151.7
= 415 + 1362 = 1777 x 106 mm4
b) Dead + Live Load Level
72.2 3 72.2 3 6 4
( I e )D+L = ( ) (3652) + (1 - ( ) ) (1527) (x 10 mm )
191.4 191.4
= 207 + 1445 = 1652 x 106 mm4
(iii) Average Ie (Eq. 6.7)
a) Dead Load Level
(Ie) = [0.75 (1595) + 0.25 (1777)] x 106 mm4
= 1641 x 106 mm4
b) Dead + Live Load Level
(Ie)D+L = [0.75 (1471) + 0.25 (1652) x 106 mm4
= 1519 x 106 mm4

8. Immediate Deflection

5 M A2 wD A 2 (6750 2 )
Δ=K ( ) M0 = = 32.1 = 183 × 10 6 N .mm
48 E c I e 8 8
a) Dead Load
K = (1.20 - 0.2 Mo/Mm = (1.20 - 0.2 (183/104.5)) = 0.85
2
⎛ 5 ⎞ 104.5 x 6.75
ΔD = (0.85) ⎜ ⎟ x 106
48
⎝ ⎠ 22,500 x 1641
= 11.4 mm
b) Dead + Live Load
2
⎛ 5 ⎞ 131.8 x 6.75
Δ D+L = 0.85 ⎜ ⎟ x 106 = 15.6 mm
⎝ 48 ⎠ 22,500 x 1516
c) Live Load
ΔL = 15.6 - 11.4 = 4.2 mm
d) Permissible Deflection (Table 6.3)
(i) ln/180 = 6750/180 = 37.5 mm > 4.2 mm OK
(ii) ln/360 = 6750/360 = 18.8 mm > 4.2 mm OK

9. Long-Time Deflection

1 + 50ρ' = 1 for positive moment

= 1 + 50 (1000)
(500)(336)
= 1.30 for negative moment
Average = 0.75 (1.0) + 0.25 (1.30) = 1.08

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Assume nonstructural elements installed after 1 month.
Sustained Load Deflection at one month, S = 0.5
0.5 0.5
Δ1 mo. = (1 + ) 11.4 + (1 + )(0.2)(4.2) = 16.7 + 1.2 = 17.9 mm
1.08 1.08
Sustained Load Deflection at 5 years, S = 2.0
2.0 2.0
Δ1 yrs. = (1 + ) 11.4 + (1 + ) (0.2)(4.2 ) = 32.5 + 2.4 = 34.9 mm
1.08 1.08
Incremental Deflection = 34.9 - 17.9 = 17.0 mm
Add Live Load Deflection = (0.8)(4.2) = 3.4 mm
20.4 mm
Permissible Deflection (Table 6.3)
l/240 = 6750/240 = 28.1 mm > 20.4 mm OK
l/480 = 6750/480 = 14.0 mm < 20.4 mm NOT OK

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Table 6.3 – Maximum Permissible Computed Deflections*

Deflections to be Deflection
Type of Member Considered Limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or Immediate deflection due to the
attached to non-structural specified live load, L, or snow l n /180**
elements likely to be damaged load, S
by large deflections
Floors not supporting or Immediate deflection due to the
attached to non-structural specified live load, L l n /360
elements likely to be damaged
by large deflections
Roof or floor construction That part of the total deflection
supporting or attached to non- which occurs after attachment l n /480++
structural elements likely to be of the non-structural elements,
damaged by large deflections the sum of the long-time
deflection due to all sustained
loads and the immediate
deflection due to any additional
+
live load
Roof or floor construction That part of the total deflection
supporting or attached to non- which occurs after attachment
structural elements not likely to of the non-structural elements,
be damaged by large the sum of the long-time
l n /240&
deflections deflection due to all sustained
loads and the immediate
deflection due to any additional
+
live load

* This table is identical to Table 9.3 of CSA Standard A23.3

** This limit is not intended to safeguard against ponding, ponding should be checked by suitable
calculations of deflection including the added deflections due to ponded water, and
considering long-time effects of all sustained loads, camber construction tolerances, and
reliability of provisions for drainage.
+
Long-time deflections shall be determined in accordance with Clause 9.8.2.5 or 9.8.4.4 of CSA
Standard A23.3 but may be reduced by the amount of deflection calculated to occur before
attachment of non-structural elements.
++
This limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to supported
or attached elements.
&
But not greater than the tolerance provided for the non-structural elements. This limit may be
exceeded if camber is provided so that the total deflection minus the camber does not exceed
the limitation.
Note: For two-way construction l n shall be taken as the clear span in the long direction,
measured face-to-face of supports in slabs without beams, and face-to-face of beams or other
supports in other cases.

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Table 6.4 Section Properties for Rectangular Cross-Section

Moment of Inertia of Gross Section, Ig


Ig = 1 b h3
12

Cracking Moment, Mcr


Mcr = f r I g yt = h
yt 2

Moment of Inertia of Cracked Transformed Section, Icr

B= b r = (n - 1) As′
n As n As

a) Without compression Steel

kd = ( 2dB + 1 - 1)
B
1
Icr = b(kd )3 + nAs ( 1 - k )2
3

b) With Compression Steel

r ′d
[ 2dB ( 1+ ) + ( 1+ r )2 - ( 1+ r)]
kd = d
B

Icr = 1 b(kd )3 + nAs d 2 ( 1 - k )2 + (n - 1) As′ (kd - d ′ )2


3

(Note: See Table 6.5 for graphical evaluation of Icr)

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Table 6.8 Distance from centroid to bottom fibre

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