MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

LECTURE #22 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS due to FLEXURE ELASTIC CURVE

Stress and load relation is not enough for beam design; deflection must also be If the elastic curve for a beam seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that the
taken care of. moment diagram for the beam be drawn first.

M
y
 P Neutral surface + M
-
M
x

A B P1 P2 P
L
M
Due to the loads, beam will deflect as shown (consider only the neutral surface)

y
M M
x x x

Deflection at A
Elastic Curve B
y = f(x) A Slope at B Inflection
point

Elastic Curve - deflected shape of the neutral surface.

Objectives: Inflection point

1. Find the equation of the elastic curve
2. Determine the deflection at a particular point
3. Evaluate the slope at any point Moment-Curvature Relationship

Deflection is dependent on:

1. stiffness of the material Consider a portion of the beam of length L,
2. dimensions of the beam 
3. applied loads and supports 
L
Methods for calculating beam deflections For constant bending M M
1. Double Integration Method moment, the elastic curve
2. Area Moment Method becomes an arc of circle with L
na c
3. Superposition Method radius 
c

Before +L
After
Page 1 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

Recall strain formula For a given curve, the curvature (from any calculus book) at any point is defined
(1) by,

d2 y
For small displacements, the
From the figure (arc length formula) 1
 dx2 deflection y and slope dy/dx are very
( ) (2)  3
small quantities.
  dy  2 2
1    
Note:   dx   So, (dy/dx)  0
2
(3)  
( )
Substitute (3) to (2) 1 d2 y M
 
( )  dx2 EI

(4) d2 y Differential Equation for the Elastic

M(x)  EI
dx 2 Curve of the Beam

Applying Hooke’s law and flexure formula

( ) Remarks:
1. Evaluating dy/dx will result to constants of integration
2. x-axis is arbitrary
Substitute to (4) 3. dy/dx is small which means that displacement is vertical and not horizontal

𝑀 (𝑥 ) 4. Sign Convention:
y
𝐸𝐼 𝜌 Deflection, y, is positive 
negative 
+ dy/dx
where  - radius of curvature at a point (section) Slope, dy/dx (or ), is positive as shown or +
1/ - curvature at a point (section)
M - internal bending moment at a section +y
E - modulus of elasticity of the beam
I - moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area Note: x
d2 y
Moment  EI
dx2

dM d3 y
Shear   EI 3
dx dx

dV d4 y
Load   EI
dx dx 4

Page 2 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

LECTURE #23 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

1 n1

n
Singularity functions are used for getting a single expression for moment function, M(x), 3. x  xo dx  x  xo  C
n1
that is valid throughout the beam.

Properties of Singularity Functions

d n n1
x  x o  when n  0 and x  x o
 x  xo  n x  xo when n  1
n 4.
n
1. x  xo  dx

0 when n  0 and x  x o

Illustration: Illustration:
n
x  xo say n  3 and xo  5
3
So x5 Ordinary Algebraic Function

 2   8
3 3 3
if x  7 75  2

 1  13  1
3 3
x6 65
y
 0 3  0
3 3
x5 55  0
3 3
x4 45  1 0
3 3
x3 35  2 0
3
x3 x5 0
x
when x – xo is negative, the function is zero, otherwise replace with ( ) xo

0  1 when x  xo
2. x  xo 
 0 when x  xo

Illustration: Singularity Function

0
x  xo say x o  5
0
So x5 y

 2   1
0 0 0
if x  7 75  2

 10  1
0 0
x6 65  1
0 0
x4 45  1 0

x3 35
0
 2
0
0 x
0 xo
x5 x5 0

Page 3 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS for DIFFERENT LOADINGS Procedure for Analysis 4.0

1. Concentrated Load  Internal resultant loading

 FBD.
y  Establish the moment function (use the singularity
functions)
x
 Deformation
 Deflection Diagram [DD] / Elastic curve (if possible)
 DIM: Identify the boundary conditions
xo P
 Slope and Deflection
 Perform DIM and use the boundary conditions at specific
2. Couple points of the beam to get constants of integration

y Boundary Conditions:
x C  Pin or roller support

xo
 Fixed support

3. Distributed Rectangular Load

y 
x
dy
Note: For Maximum Deflection between supports, locate x by using the property  0 at x.
dx
xo
Example:
y
4. Triangular Load (from 0 to w) x
 P
y 
m
x
B
A ymax

xo b
x

Note: For 3 & 4, the beam must be loaded all the way up to the end of the beam for M(x)
to be valid.

Page 4 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

LECTURE#24 AREA MOMENT METHOD THEOREMS Development of Theorem 1

 Provides a semi-graphical technique for finding the slope and displacement at

specific points on the elastic curve of the beam. w
 Requires computing areas associated with the beam's moment diagram.
 Applicable for beams with varying EI.

Development of Theorem 1: (Slope) B

A
dx
Consider a differential element dx of the beam (see next page),

d2 y d  dy 
EI 2
 EI  M Elastic Curve
dx dx  dx 
A B

Since the slope is small,  = dy/dx, and therefore

B/A

M
d  dx tan B
EI tan A
B
M
B   A   EI dx M
M
A
d
B
M
B / A   EI
dx
dx
A

M / EI
Theorem 1: The angle between the tangents at any two points on the elastic curve equals
the area under the M/EI diagram between these two points.

x
A dx B

Page 5 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

Development of Theorem 2: (Deflection)

ds'  dt
dt  xd
B
M

x
t A /B  x dx
EI A B
A
B
M
t A /B  x  EI dx
A
A B
Theorem 2: The vertical deviation of the tangent at any point on the elastic curve with
respect to the tangent extended from another point equals the moment of the area under the
M/EI diagram between the two points. This moment is computed about a vertical axis
tB/A
passing through the point where the vertical deviation is to be determined.

w tan A

A B
dx

x
x
A dx
A B
B
tA/B
dt ds’
d
Note:
tan B

Page 6 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

Sign Convention:
Type of Load Moment Diagram Area

1. Couple b/2
Reference
(-) tA’/B’ (-) A’B’ C Section
h=C

A A’
B’
L -
b=L
B

(+) tA/B
2. Concentrated Load
(+) AB b=L
P
Reference
Section - h=
PL
Procedure for Analysis 4.1 L
 Internal resultant loading
b/3
 FBD.
 Establish the moment function / diagram (M/EI)
 Deformation
3. Uniformly Distributed Load
 Deflection Diagram [DD]
 DIM: Boundary conditions b=L
 AMM: Geometric relationship
 Slope and Deflection
 Perform DIM and use the boundary conditions at specific

2 - h=

points of the beam to get constants of integration

L
 Evaluate geometric relationships using AMM theories
Reference
Section
LECTURE#25 AREA MOMENT METHOD Known Issues b/4
4. Uniformly Varying Load
 Complicated loading leads to complicated / diagram
Solution: Use moment diagram by parts
 ΔA & A are not always equal to 𝑡(𝐴/𝐵) & (𝐴/𝐵), respectively
Solution: Use reference tangent of known slope with respect to the axis  b=L
of undeformed beam

MOMENT DIAGRAM by PARTS

3 - h=

- A diagram where the contribution of each load and reaction to the value of bending L
moment is drawn separately. Each moment diagram is drawn from the load to an
arbitrary selected section called the reference section. Reference
Section b/5

Page 7 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

Examples
b) Reference Section at B
1. For the given simply supported beam as shown, draw the moment diagram for each load. 15 kN
Using 8 kN/m
15 kN
8 kN/m a) Reference section at A
b) Reference section at B C
c) Reference section at C
A C A B
B 23 kN 16 kN
23 kN 16 kN
3m 1m 2m
3m 1m 2m

Solution:
16(3) =
a) Reference Section at A + 48 kNm +
15 kN
8 kN/m
16 kN
15 kN
C
15(1) = _
A B
16 kN - 15 kNm
23 kN
3m 1m 2m 8 kN/m

_ 2
8(3) /2 =
16(6) =
+ - 36 kNm
+ 96 kNm

16 kN
15 kN

23(3) =
15(4) = _ + 69 kNm
- 60 kNm +

8 kN/m 23 kN

2
_
8(3) /2 =
- 36 kNm

Page 8 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

c) Reference Section at C Note: The amount of numerical work involved in finding the areas is greatly altered by the
15 kN
choice of the reference section to be used.
8 kN/m

C
A B 2. For the simply supported beam with overhang, draw the moment diagram by parts using
23 kN 3m 1m 2m 16 kN B as the reference section.

15 kN 180
100 kN/m kN/m
8 kN/m
A B
C
A B
23 kN 90 kN 100 kN
8 kN/m
16 kN
1m 1m 1m

23(6) =
+ + 138 kNm 3. Draw the moment diagram for each load and reaction, using
a. Reference section at A
b. Reference section at C
23 kN c. Reference section at E
15 kN

_ 15(2) =
6 kN
- 30 kNm
4 kN
8 kN/m 2 kN/m

C
A B D E
_ 2
8(6) /2 =
- 144 kNm 2 kN/m

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

2
8(3) /2 =
+ + 36 kNm

8 kN/m
Page 9 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

Remarks:  SIMPLY SUPPORTED UNSYMMETRICAL BEAM

1. The most convenient reference section is that which gives minimum areas.
2. The reference section is assumed to be fixed support and the moment equations of
the individual loads/reactions are computed as equivalent cantilever loadings.
3. Summation of moments should be equal with the original FBD
 P
REFERNCE TANGENT
A B
 CANTILEVER BEAM

L
 P
C

A B
A B C D
A
tA/K
tan A
tD/A A/K K
max
tan K
(horizontal)
tB/A
x

 SYMMETRICALLY LOADED SIMPLE BEAM

tan A
 P 

Steps:
A B
C
Identify the reference tangent
L L 1. Compute 𝑡
2. Solve for 
A B Locate the point of maximum displacement by examining the slope at that point
max 3. Solve for in terms of
C tB/C 4. Equate then solve for
tan C and the deflection at that point
5. Solve for 𝑡
6. 𝑡

Page 10 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

LECTURE #26-27 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS Procedure for Analysis 4.2

 Internal resultant loading
 A beam is classified as statically indeterminate if the number of unknown  FBD. Check for indeterminacy. If indeterminate
reactions exceeds the available number of equilibrium equations. assign redundant force
 Establish the moment function / diagram (M/EI)
Method Technique  Deformation / Compatibility
DIM Singularity functions  Deflection Diagram [DD]
AMM Moment diagram by parts  DIM: Boundary conditions
 AMM: Geometric relationship
Indeterminate Method of Superposition  Slope and Deflection
 Traditional DIM or AMM
Consider the propped beam,  Superposition Method using DIM or AMM

Remarks
1. Singularity functions are still applicable to indeterminate beams
2. Method of superposition is preferable if the table of beam deflections and slopes for
100 kN 100 kN
typical loading is available
MA
A B 3. In drawing the superposition diagrams - the first of these beams, the primary beam,
supports the same external loads as the statically indeterminate beam, and each of
the other beams “added” to the primary beam shows the beam loaded with a
VA RB separate redundant force or moment.

Number of Unknown Reactions: 3

Available Equilibrium Equations: Fy = 0
MP = 0

Consider the continuous beam,

100 kN 100 kN
A B C

RA RB RC

Number of Unknown Reactions: 3

Available Equilibrium Equations: Fy = 0
MP = 0

Page 11 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

LECTURE #28 BUCKLING OF COLUMNS IDEAL COLUMN with PIN SUPPORTS

COLUMN - a straight structural member subjected to compressive Consider a pivot-ended column centrically loaded by axial compressive force P.
P axial loads.
P P P
Failure Modes of a Column:
1. Crushing Failure
2. Buckling Failure y y

Buckling
 Sudden large deformation of a structure due to a x x
slight increase of an existing load.
 Failure due to instability of the member.
y M
Types of Column: L
P 1. Short Column (Crushing failure governs) y P
2. Long Column (Buckling failure governs)

P Pcr
P Pyp =  ypA

P
x

The differential equation for the elastic curve is given by,

d2 y
EI  M( x )
dx 2
Summing moments,
M( x)  Py
Substituting,
Pyp
P d2 y
EI  Py
dx 2

P Pcr d2 y P
Crushing Failure of a   y  0
dx 2  EI 
Short Column
Buckling Failure of a
In terms of operator notation D,
Long Column
P
D2 y   y  0
 EI 
Pcr - critical buckling load
- Minimum axial compressive load for which a column will experience lateral deflection.
Page 12 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

The smallest value of P is obtained when n = 1, so the critical load for the column is
The auxiliary equation to the differential equation is therefore,
P
m2  0
EI  2EI
Pcr 
Solving for m, L2
P
m i
EI
where Pcr - critical buckling load for columns with pin supports
The general solution is
E - modulus of elasticity for the material
P P I - least moment of inertia about the bending axis
y  C1 cos x  C2 sin x
EI EI L - unsupported length of column (sine wave)

Boundary Conditions:

(1) at x = 0, y = 0 (roller support at the origin) NOTE:

(2) at x = L, y = 0 (hinge support at the bottom end)
1. The critical load is independent of the strength of the material; rather it depends only
on the column's dimensions (I and L) and the material's stiffness or E.
Constants of Integration: 2. The load carrying capacity of a column will increase as the moment of inertia of the
cross section increases.
Substitute boundary condition (1) to the general solution, 3. A column will buckle about the principal axis of the cross section having the least
moment of inertia (weakest axis).
0  C1 cos 0  C2 sin0
 C1  0
x
Substitute boundary condition (2) to the general solution, y
P
0  C 2 sin L x
EI
y
P
This is true if C2  0 or sin L0
EI

Since C2 can not be zero, therefore,

P
sin L0
EI

which is satisfied if,

P
L  n
EI
Solving for P,
n 2  2EI
P  n  1, 2, 3,...
L2

Page 13 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 4th Exam Coverage

2
Letting I = Ar COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS
where A - cross sectional area
r - radius of gyration Euler buckling formula applies to column where ends have zero moment.

Buckling Formula becomes,

 2EAr 2  2EA
Pcr  Pcr  P
P P
2 2 P
L L
 
r
where L/r - slenderness ratio.
Pcr  2E
 2 Le = 0.7L
A L Le =
  L L L
L = Le 0.5L
r
 2E
 cr  2
L Le = 2L
 
r

where  cr - critical buckling stress Pinned Ends Fixed Ends Pinned and
L/r - slenderness ratio Fixed Ends
K=1 K = 0.5
K = 0.7
NOTE:

1. If cr >  yp, failure by crushing governs.

If cr <  yp, failure by buckling governs.
Fixed and Free Ends
P
 yp  where  yp = stress at yield point
A K=2

L L
2. If    , failure by crushing governs.
r  r  min
2EI 2E
L L Pcr  cr 
If    , failure by buckling governs.
r  r  min
KL 
2
 KL 
2

 r 
 
L E
where   
 r min  yp where Le - effective length
K - effective length factor
KL/r - effective-slenderness ratio

Page 14 of 14
From the lectures of Jaime Hernandez,Jr., Ian Sison, Glenn Pintor, Juan Michael
INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Sargado, Romeo Longalong, Raniel Suiza and Howell Tungol