Haichao Ding
Ph.D. student
School of Civil Engineering & Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
e-mail: yoyiyou@163.com
Xinggui Lin*
Master student
School of Civil Engineering & Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
e-mail: linxinggui.hust@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
Hanbin Luo
Professor
School of Civil Engineering & Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
e-mail: lhblhb1963@vip.sina.com
ABSTRACT
At present, urban metro construction accidents occurred frequently in China are
accompanying with the rapid growth of metropolis and infrastructure investment.
Clear quality control during urban metro construction has become extremely
important but is very difficult, time-consuming and chaotic due to the lack of product
parameters, clear organization and process information. This paper presents the
development and application of a CIC-based system for quality risk early warning in
urban metro construction. The system is consist of coding the sub-project of urban
metro by computer technology, using integration technology to make the each control
process correspond to responsible and standards, and a data fusion system based on
multisource information (monitoring measurements, standard parameters, and visual
inspections) is employed to give quality risk assessment and early warnings
automatically for participants. Further, we apply the system to quality control of a
metro project in Wuhan to confirm that the system is scientific, applicable and
effective.
KEYWORDS: Urban metro; CIC; Codes/Standards; Construction quality
control
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Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. B 390
INTRODUCTION
As China maintains a long-term rapid economic development, the need for infrastructure is
increasing significantly. Thus China is paying high attention on construction of metro networks in
metropolis. A report by the Comprehensive Transportation of the National Development and
Reform Commission shows that at the end of September 2012, there are 15 cities have urban
metro operation lines (a total of 59 metro lines with about 1746 kilometers, the total number of
metro station are 1143) within the scope of the Chinese mainland. And at the end of 2012, a total
of 28 cities have the metro project under construction, a total of the extension line are 63, about
1399 kilometers, 970 stations. According to China's urban metro development planning from
2013 to the end of 2020, China will have 34 cities to build new urban metro lines, 6889
kilometers, which on construction and identified commencement date are 3431 kilometers,
accounting for 49.7% of new metro lines.
Under such a rapid growth, quality accidents occur frequently in urban metro project, as
shown in Fig. 1. For example, early in the morning on July 1, 2003, serious quality accidents
occurred in the cross-river tunnel of Shanghai metro line 4, leading to some structural of the
tunnel damaged and land subsidence of the surrounding areas, three building skewed heavily and
part of flood control wall of the huangpu river collapsed and caused piping. Investigation and
demonstrated by experts, the Shanghai government announced that it was a serious engineering
accident, causing direct economic losses of 150 million yuan, those responsible persons for the
accident has been investigated by the judicial organs. Investigation showed that the cause of the
accident is: ①Danger signs appeared after the malfunction occurred in a refrigeration equipment
of the freezing method construction, and engineering has been shutdown, but failing to take
effective measures to eliminate dangerous; ②Led directly to the occurrence of the accident is
site manager violated the rules and regulations; ③At the same time, the construction unit is not
check the new construction plan according to established procedure, and the new construction
plan has defected; ④Site management of total package units out of control and site supervision
of supervision unit dereliction of duty.
Therefore, urban metro projects are extremely high-risk due to complex construction
equipment, methods, geological & hydrological conditions, and the lack of experienced
managers. At present, the research for the construction quality control of metro project has
focused on the technology which affecting the construction quality and various elements’ analysis
of management. Construction quality is defined as the conformance to the customer requirements
according to plans, specifications, contracts, and applicable codes and standards [1]. And along
with the globalization of the construction activity, pursuing high-rise and mega-size building
projects require that contractors carry out an effective quality management system (QMS) to
acquire competitive superiority[2]. Tarek Elghamrawy et al. reported that total quality
management (TQM) has become a successful management philosophy that can be implemented
in the construction industry effectively[3]. Husrul et al. found close relationships between safety
and quality in TQM (Total Quality Management) programs and showed clearly that safety leads
to quality[4]. Several of quality studies focus on the influence of the management[5] and how to
find latent managerial errors based on obvious operative errors[6]. Waheed, Adeli considered that
developing an expert system should classify the information obtained from audits in a consistent
way and that quantifies the content of a QMS [7]. Site monitoring is an effective method in
construction quality control, not only minimize errors of construction & human, but also supports
project team members making correct decisions at critical points throughout the construction
stages[8]. Jerald L. Rounds proposed comprehensive quality control and the idea of quality
control circle that quality control can’t be viewed in isolation, it need to integrate each sub-part of
the quality control of urban metro and to use the idea of overall control to analyze, to avoid the
shortage of local analysis and the problem of inadequate quality control that local analysis may
bring [9]. Kamyar C. Mahboub believe that contractor is the most important part in quality
control, and they found that the contractor's quality control is much better than they expected, so
giving more confidence to the contractor in quality control is better [10]. Babu A.J.G[11],
Khang[12] and Atkinson[13] through the establishment of the linear model to study the balance
of the relationship among the construction period, cost and quality. Gardiner put forward the net
present value method for continuous monitoring of project healthy construction [14]. C.K.Kwong
through clearly define the fuzzy concept of the quality control, as to determine the weight of all
factors [15].
In summary, the researches of construction quality control have developed to a very advanced
stage, and made a series of achievements. However, inadequate in how to achieve information
sharing of all project participants and lacking in integrated management among participants
responsibility, construction process, product parameters. Therefore, this paper put forward that
using the Computer Integration Construction (CIC) technology to solve the issues above-
mentioned, it can link the different project participants in different stages, forming a collaborative
team of across organizational and the project life cycle. It’s to build a 3D model which take
object-oriented project as the center, and B/S, J2EE, Flex, Java to set up the construction quality
control system. This paper is organized as follows. Firstly it reviews the development of metro in
China and work that has been done by others. Secondly it sums up the current issues in the metro
construction quality control through analyzing the metro quality accidents. Thirdly it reveals the
architecture of the system and the process of construction quality control, and study of the system
in Wuhan metro construction. Finally the paper presents conclusions and future research
directions.
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. B 392
Second, focus on the assurance of the requirements of quality control points through
encoding the unit projects of the urban metro projects, because the core of construction process
quality control is the quality control points. Quality control points are focused on control object,
the key parts or weak links to ensure process quality. The structural parts which are constructed
with difficulty, the key processes which affect the quality and the operating construction sequence
can be used as quality control points, it can be selected as shown in the Fig.8.
Fill out the construction quality check/record sheets. The input surface of the sheets is
consistent with the manual report, so it is in line with operating habits of the technicians. It’s easy
to learn and use, just input the information according to demand of the sheets. The main
information is consist of the name of the quality control point, the person in charge, the
parameters of the quality control, the approval of the parameters and so on.
Check the integrity of the gathering data to avoid the unscientific data get into the system.
According to the requirements in the metro construction quality control, the data gathering system
will automatically estimate the relationship of the data with the upper and lower specific values
based on the demand of codes/standards, and gives visualized mark (circle means out of the
critical value and triangular means out of requirements). The construction quality analysis surface
could also set a stricter checking range on the basis for the user’s demand.
Through the above operation, it is get all-sided checking results of the quality control points
simply. And based on the results, divide the construction quality statement into six levels,
distinguishing by different colors. Through the use of gray to represent the project of “No
construction”, with purple to represent the project under construction, using blue to represent the
finished project of waiting for acceptance, with yellow to represent the project is accepting, by
red to represent the project did not pass acceptance, and with the green to represent the project
through the acceptance. And all of these are shown in the sub-projects’ coding systems, making it
intuitional and accurate to find the quality issues. We also make the solutions and the key points
of the next construction, preventing the rise of the quality issues.
To sum up, through filling the quality control/check sheets, it can show the construction
quality condition clearly, precisely and scientifically, and solves three issues efficiently. Through
this system, construction quality control can be simple and efficient. And it can control the urban
metro construction quality effectively in Wuhan metro line 4.
CONCLUSIONS
Metro construction quality can’t be controlled by single specific information, technique, or
humans. It requires diverse and systematic information to be integrated by computer technology
as a basic source for management in relation to construction quality control. So the endeavor of
this paper focuses on designing an active control system to provide a practical significance
solution on quality control for metro construction projects. With the development of a CIC-based
system for quality issues early warning and treatment in urban metro construction makes it is
possible to collect specific project information, product parameters based on codes/standards and
measurement data through the spreadsheets of quality control. Then achieving a quick treatment
when there is not conform to the construction control data feedback timely, making it clear and
easy for quality control and confirming the corresponding responsibility of humans. In addition,
clearly define the responsibilities of the participants, increasing process quality control and
standardization construction. Consequently, all the participants can take preventive or corrective
countermeasures collaboratively and quickly through communication and information sharing in
the CIC-based system. Although the application of this system can effectively guarantee the
quality in metro construction, it is equally clear that further research is needed in the following
aspects:
1. This paper only from the angle of the codes/standards for quality control, but it is not
enough comprehensive, no systematic consider the influence of staff, machinery, material and
environmental for construction quality, so it is need to consider these factors in the further
research.
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. B 401
2. The system described in this paper is a single quality control system of construction based
on 2D, the system can be extended to an nD system by BIM technology to monitor evolving
quality risk in metro construction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by China 12th five-year scientific supporting project (Grant no.
2012BAK24B01).
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