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Circle 19 on your reader response card for product information.
FOCUS on FIRE PROTECTION individual control valve and check valve of the same size as the
standpipe system in which individual branches off the standpipe connection.”
riser service three or more hose cabinets or fire department hose
valves. This section ensures that at least three hose streams are Example
available to fight fires in large buildings regardless of whether one Consider a 10-floor multi-usage residential and commercial
or more standpipes are used in the design. In terms of pressure, building with 50 dwelling units. The commercial space is offices
100-pounds-per-square-inch residual pressure is required at the and has no rack storage or combustibles stacked higher than 8 feet.
most hydraulically remote standpipe outlet. It is important to note The building height is 110 feet from the municipal water supply
that some jurisdictions, primarily those where the fire department entrance to the topmost fire department hose valve outlet. The
uses straight-bore nozzles, still allow 65-psi residual pressure for floor plan is 250 feet by 60 feet and is effectively rectangular. Stair-
standpipe systems. wells are located at opposite ends of the building, and the building
Adding the sprinkler system to the picture, Section 7.10.1.3 is completely protected by an automatic sprinkler system.
defines what additional flows are required. For fully sprinklered In this arrangement, NFPA 101 would require one standpipe
buildings, no additional flow needs to be added for the sprinkler in each exit stairwell with 2½-inch valves located on the land-
demand. For partially sprinklered buildings, 150 gpm and 500 ings between floors. NFPA 14 would require a design flow for the
gpm are to be added to the standpipe demand for light and ordi- standpipe system of 750 gpm (500 gpm for the first standpipe plus
nary hazard occupancies respectively. 250 gpm for the second standpipe). Being a combined system, the
risers would have to be sized a minimum of 6 inches. No additional
The Combined Approach flow would be required for the sprinkler system because the entire
Having looked at the NFPA 13 and NFPA 14 design approaches building is sprinklered. Note that NFPA 13 Table 11.2.2.1 requires
for combined systems, you can see that the two codes very closely 500-750 gpm for this system including sprinkler system demand
agree regarding calculations. Note that NFPA 14 Section 7.6.2 and hose stream allowance. Thus, the two standards agree.
further requires the normal 4-inch minimum standpipe sizing to If a water supply tank is required for this building, it would need
be increased to 6 inches for combined systems. In answering the to be sized for 750 gpm for a duration of 30 minutes at a minimum.
question of which approach to use, the answer is clearly both. The tank would need a minimum volume of 22,500 gallons and
The following procedure is a simple approach to designing a would be required to be installed in accordance with NFPA 22.
combined system. Regarding pressure, you would be required to flow 500 gpm at
1. Using NFPA 101, determine the location and number of risers the two topmost outlets of the standpipe while maintaining a 100-
for the system. The risers and all supply piping should be sized psi residual pressure at the acceptance test. Using the Hazen-Wil-
6 inches minimum. liams Formula for riser pipe losses, 500 gpm would induce a 7-psi
2. Use NFPA 14 to locate hose connections and valves, being loss in the 6-inch riser. Elevation would account for another 48 psi,
careful to ensure each pressure-regulating device has a 2½- resulting in a pressure requirement at the base of the riser of 155
inch test connection to a 3-inch drain riser. psi.
3. Use NFPA 14 to determine both capacity and residual pres- For losses entering the building, you would need to count the
sure requirements for the standpipe system. Pressure drops valves and fittings and calculate pressure losses based on equiva-
through the distribution system should be calculated using lent lengths of pipe. As a final note, ensure that the appropriate
the Hazen-Williams Formula (also defined in NFPA 14). losses for the reduced-pressure principle backflow preventer are
4. Add the sprinkler allowance for partially sprinklered build- considered in the calculations.
ings. Though buildings should be fully sprinklered, this step Upon further study of the combined system, it becomes clear
applies to jurisdictions where complete sprinkler coverage is that NFPA 13 and NFPA 14 offer a relatively simple and elegant
not required. approach to design. Though occasional loopholes or inconsis-
tencies occur between standards, the NFPA requirements for the
5. Locate sprinklers and size distribution piping per NFPA 13.
entire water-based fire protection system mesh completely and
6. If a water supply tank is required to meet the capacity require- beautifully for light and ordinary hazard applications.
ments of the system, use NFPA 13 Table 11.2.2.1 to size the
tank for the appropriate duration. Refer to NFPA 22: Standard
for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection for installation
requirements.
7. If the water supply is a city main, use NFPA 24: Standard for
the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appur- Matthew Roy is Marketing Manager for the Fire
tenances to design the water supply piping. Determine the & Plumbing Product Groups for Armstrong Pumps.
For more information or to comment on this article,
available static and residual supply pressures at the main from e-mail articles@psdmagazine.org.
a hydrant test (defined by NFPA 291: Recommended Practice
for Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants).
8. Size the fire pump to meet the pressure and flow requirements
and design the pump room to comply with NFPA 20: Standard
for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection.
As a final note on combined systems, keep in mind that NFPA
14 Section 6.2.5.1 requires “each connection from a standpipe that
is part of a combined system to a sprinkler system shall have an