DESIGN CODES REQUIRE SURGE ANALYSIS

U.S. DEPT OF ENERGY

OFFICE OF ELECTRICTIY DELIVERY AND ENERGY RELIABILITY

ENERGY ASSURANCE DAILY

Wednesday, August 16, 2006

http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/eads/ead081606.pdf#search=%22ISO%20pipeline%20surge%22

Update: BP Prudhoe Pipeline Shutdown

Pressure Surge Forces BP to Shut Point McIntyre Field in Alaska

On August 11 a

pressure surge during a repressurizing of the pipeline serving the Point McIntyre field in Alaska

led to BP shutting down the 20,000 b/d field. The

surge caused the line to shift from some of its supports. BP will inspect the line for damage and
remount it on the supports before restarting the system. No oil was spilled as a result of the surge.

Reuters, 10:51 August 16, 2006

ASME B31.3

PROCESS PIPING ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

CHAPTER II DESIGN

PAR 301.2 Design Pressure

PAR 301.2.1 (a) The

design pressure of each component in a piping system shall be not less than the pressure at the most
severe condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature (minimum or maximum)
expected during service, except as provided in Para. 302.2.4

PAR 301.2.2 (b) Sources of pressure to be considered include ambient influences,

pressure oscillations and surges, improper operation, decomposition of unstable fluids, static head,
and failure of control devices.

PAR 301.5 Dynamic Effects

PAR 301.5.1 Impact fores caused by external or internal conditions (including changes in flow rate,

hydraulic shock, liquid or solid slugging, flashing, and gysering) shall be taken into account in the
design of piping.

ASME B31.4

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER

LIQUIDS

CHAPTER II DESIGN

PAR 401.2 Pressure

PAR 401.2.2 Internal Design Pressure.

The piping component at any point in the piping system shall be designed for an internal design pressure
which shall not be less than the maximum steady state operating pressure at the that point, or less than the
static head pressure at that point with the line in a static conditiion. The maximum steady state operating
pressure shall be the sum of the static head pressure, pressure required to overcome friction losses, and
any required back pressure. Credit may be given for hydrostatic external pressure, in the appropriate
manner, in modifying the internal design pressure for use in calculations involving the pressure design of
piping components (see para. 404.1.3). Pressure rise above maximum steady state operating pressure due
to surges and other variations from normal operations is allowed in accordance with para. 402.2.4.

402.2.4 Ratings-Allowance for Variations From Normal Operations.

Surge pressures in a liquid pipeline are produced by a change in the velocity of the moving stream that
results from shutting down of a pump station or pumping unit, closing of a valve, or blockage of the
moving stream.

Surge pressure attenuates (decreases inintensity) as it moves away from its oint of origin.

Surge calculations shall be made

, and adequate controls and protective equipment shall be provided, so theat the level of pressure rise due
to surges and other variations from normal operations shall not exceed the internal design pressure at any
point in the piping system and equipment by more than 10%.

PAR 451 PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

451.1 Operating Pressure

(a) Care shall be exercised to assure that at any point in the piping system the maximum steady state
operating pressure and static head pressure with the line in a static condition do not exceed at that point
the internal design pressure and pressure ratings for the components used as specified in para. 402.2.3 and
that
the level of pressure rise due to surges and other variations from normal operation does not exceed
the internal design pressure at any point in the piping system and equipment by more than 10% as
specified in para. 402.2.4

DNV-OS-F101 SUBMARINE PIPELINE SYSTEMS

B. System Design Principles

B 100 System integrity

PAR 101 Pipeline systems hsall be designed, constructed and poertated in such a manner that they:

Fulfil the specified transport capacity,

Fulfil the defined safety objective and have the required resistance against loads during
planned operational conditions, and

Have sufficient safety margin against accidental loads or unplanned operational

conditions.

PAR 254 Operation, Incidental: Conditions which that are not part of normal operation of the equipment
or system. In relation to pipeline systems, incidental conditions may lead to incidental pressures, e.g.

pressure surges due to sudden closing of valves, or failure of the pressure regulation system and
activation of the pressure safety system.

Other International Standards Requiring Surge Analysis

1. Power Piping ASME B31.1

2. Process Piping ASME B31.3
3. Pipeline Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons and other Liquids ASME B31.4
4. Refrigeration and Heat Transfer Components ASME B31.5
5. Building Services Piping ASME B31.9
6. Slurry Transportation Piping Systems ASME B31.11
7. Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping ISO 14692-3
8. Design & Construction of GRP Pipes BS 7159
9. AWWA Fibreglass Pipe ANSI/AWWA C950