šk.god. 2016/2017
Jerkić Sara
Some other properties of structural material may be of great importance for designers of
structures and machines.
ULTIMATE STRESS or STRENGTH is defined as the greatest unit stress a material can
withstand without rupture. In the particular design of structures and machines, we would not,
of course, for obvious reasons of safety,attempt to use the full strength of any material.
ALLOWABLE STRESS is that portion of the ultimate strength which may safely be used in
design. Allowable stresses which may safely be used in various designs are, as a rule, based
upon extensive laboratory tests made to disclose the various properties of the materials used
and upon a vast amount of accumulated experience.
FACTOR OF SAFETY is the ratio of ultimate stress to allowable stress and is denoted by the
symbol. Machines are usually designed so as to withstand all reasonable wear and tear. A
factor of safety of 2 might be sufficient for a temporary structure subjected only to steady
loads and endangering neither life nor property, while a factor of safety as high as 10 might be
required in a machine which is subjected to unpredictable shock loads and whose failure
would endanger life and cause loss of other property. For steady loads, a factor of safety
between 3 and 4 is commonly used.
ELASTIC LIMIT. Technically speaking, a material is elastic only if it has ability to return to
its original form after removal of a deforming force. Within this meaning, steel and glass are
both elastic.
In order to preserve the elastic property of material having limited physical strength,
deformations and the stresses which accompany the deformations must not exceed a certain
limit, appropriately referred to as its elastic limit. A material stressed beyond its elastic limit
will return only partially to its original form upon complete removal of the deforming force.
The deformation remaining is called permanent set.
1
Engleski jezik 3
šk.god. 2016/2017
Jerkić Sara
Neka druga svojstva konstrukcionog materijala mogu biti od velike važnosti za projektovanje
konstrukcija i mašina.
ZATEZNA ĈVRSTOĆA ILI NAPREZANJE se definiše kao njaveći jediniĉpni napon koji
materijal može izdržati bez kidanja. U praktiĉnom projektovanju konstrukcija i maina , ne bi
naravno, iz sigurnostnih/oĉitih razloga, pokuali iskoristiti punu ĉvrstoću nekog materijala.
DOPUŠTENI NAPON je onaj dio zatezne ĉvrstoće koji se može bezbjedno koristiti kod
konstruisanja. Dopušteni naponi koji se sigurno mogu koristiti u razliĉitim dizajnima su, u
pravilu, temeljena na opsežnim labaratorijskim testovima napravljenim da opisuju razliĉita
svojstva materijala koji se koristi na ogromnu koliĉinu nagomilanog iskustva.
S ciljem da se oĉuvaju elastiĉna svojstva materijala moji ima ograniĉenu fizikalnu ĉvrstoću
deformacije i naponi koji prate deformaciju ne smiju prekoraĉiti odreĊenu granicu, se
pogodno naziva njeniom granicom elastiĉnosti.
Materijal koji je napregnut izvan granice elastiĉnosti će se vratiti samo djelimiĉno u svoj
izvorni oblik nakon potpunog rasterećenja. Preostala deformacija se naziva trajna
deformacija.
2
Engleski jezik 3
šk.god. 2016/2017
Jerkić Sara
property=characteristic
huge=big=great=vast
portion=part
to allow=permit=let
usually=commonly
within=inside
te preserve=to keep
accompany=follow
go beyond=exceed
set=deformation
various=different
about=aproximately
test=experiment