CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Topic:- To Detect The Presence Of Different

Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste

Submitted to:- Mrs Shipra Gupta

Submitted by:- Mr Aryan Mehtele

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia

 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry – XII
 www.icbse.com
 INDEX
1.Certificate

2.Acknowledgement

3.AIM

4.Apparatus

5.Introduction

6.Theory

7.Procedure

-Colgate

-Pepsodent

-Close-UP

8.COMPARITIVE INFERENCE TABLE

9.Conclusion

10.Precautions

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr Aryan Mehtele, a student of

class XII has successfully
completed the research project on the topic “Determination
of Contents of Tooth Powder” under the guidance of Mrs.
(Subject Teacher) during the academic year 2009-2010.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind.
The references taken in making this project have been
declared at the end of this
report.

Signature Signature Signature

( Subject Teacher) (Examiner) (principle )
 Acknowledgement

I owe thanks to many people who helped me in

this project.

My deep thanks of gratitude are to Mrs. Shipra

Gupta, our chemistry teacher for helping me in
this topic with her valuable guidance.

Finally, I would also thank you my family

members and friends for their constant support.
 AIM

To Detect The Presence Of

Different Anions And Cations In
Different Brands Of Toothpaste.
Apparatus
Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent and Close-UP.

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid,
concentrated Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride,
Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide,
Ammonium carbonate, Acetic acid, Nitric acid,
Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
PottasiumFerrocyanide, H2S gas.

Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, U-Tubes etc.

 Introduction
The invention of toothpaste has brought about a
revolution in the field of dentology. Toothpaste
and tooth powders are the substances used to
clean teeth. Non cleaning of teeth can cause
tooth decay, i.e., hole in the enamel or plaque.
The dental enamel is the hardest material in our
body but is formed of calcium phosphate and it
can be dissolved by acid. The presence of specific
bacteria metabolize some sugar to lactic acid and
low resistance of the enamel to bacteria
colonization is caused. Prevention of the dental
plaque protects against the development of
caries.

Toothpaste contain a mildly abrasive substance

such as calcium carbonate and a detergent or
soap, some sweetening agent other than sugar
and flavouring oils to make it pleasant to taste
and smell. Some toothpaste contains fluorides
which make the enamel surface of the tooth
more resistant to bacterial activity and act
against micro-organisms as a metabolic poison.
Epidemologicalstudy in the US in the 1930’s and
1940’s have revealed an inverse relationship
between the fluoride content of water and rate of
dental carriers. Generally any standard
toothpaste contain calcium carbonate, sodium
monofluoro phosphate, sodium lauryl sulphate,
zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also
added.

A dentrifices is defined as a cleaning agent in the

form powder, paste or liquid to be used on the
tooth. The term does not include devices used in
aid in cleaning process such as tooth brushes and
dental floss. Modern dentrifice are an extension
to numerous abrasives and cleaning substances
used as dentrifices.

The primary function of a dentrifice is the

mechanical cleaning of teeth. They prevent the
accumulation of layers of mucous plaques that
gives the appearance of yellow teeth. Dentrifices
are functionally non antisepts but in cleaning
teeth they serve as detergents of teeth and
mucous membranes of the mouth. Dentrifices
remove accessible products of oral purification.
Some dentrifices liberate ammonia, which reduce
the bacterial propagation in the mouth
preventing the formation of mucous plaques.
Basic ingredients of a dentifrice are an abrasive
and a detergent. However, other ingredients of
the following categories are also added.
Flavours and sweetness to increase palatability
Lubricants are also used and emulsifiers or
plasticisers such as glue.
Colouring agents are used for aesthetic appeal.
Mucilage are used to affect homogeneity in case
of toothpaste to facilitate expulsion from the
tube.
Special substances such as antiseptics and
counter irritants are also used.
 Theory
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is
analysed for the radicals, that is, cations and
anions that it contains. The common procedure
of testing on unknown salt is to make its solution
and then test this solution for the ions present in
it. There are separate procedure for detecting
cation and anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

(ANION)
The identification of acid radicals is first done on
the basis of preliminary tests. They can be
divided in to three categories each with separate
group reagent. Therefore anion may be identified
by performing the following tests in order given.
Dilute H2SO4test
Concentrated H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO42-, PO43-)
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
(CATION)

The basic radicals indicated in the preliminary

test have to be confirmed by applying wet
tests,Thecations have been divided into six
groups with suitable group reagents. The
classification of cations is based on the
knowledge of solubility products of salts of these
basic radicals. For adjusting the conditions of
precipitation another concept called common ion
effect plays and important role.

COMMON ION EFFECT

Weak acids and weak bases are ionized only to a
small extent in their aqueous solution. In their
solutions, unionized molecules are in dynamic
equilibrium with ions, the degree of dissociation
of a weak electrolyte is further suppressed if
some strong electrolyte which can furnish some
ion common with the ions furnished by weak
electrolyte is added to solution. This is called
common ion effect.
Thus, the suppression of the degree of ionization
of a weak electrolyte by the addition of some
strong electrolyte have a common ion, is called
common ion effect.

COLGATE
ANION
S.NO.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the paste add A colourless, CO32-may be
dilute H2SO4 odourless gas present
is evolved.
2. To the sample add A white ppt. is CO32-
MgSO4solution. obtained. confirmed
3. To the sample add No change Conc. H2SO4
concentrated H2SO4 group absent
4.
(i) To the sample add A white ppt. is F-present
CH3COOH and CaCl2 formed

The ppt.
(ii) Add dilute HCl dissolves
5. To the sample add A white ppt. is SO42-present
BaCl2solution obtained
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
6. To the sample add No change Group 0
NaOH and heat absent
7. To the sample add No change Group I
dilute HCl absent
8. To the above test No change Group II
tube add H2S absent
9. To the sample add No change Group III
NH4OH and NH4Cl absent
10. To the above test No change Group IV
tube add H2S absent
11. To the sample add A white ppt. Group V
NH4OH, NH4Cl and is obtained absent
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12. Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide in to 3 parts
(i) To the first part add No change Ba2+absent
K2CrO4solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+absent
add (NH4)2SO4
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+present
add (NH4)2C2O4 is obtained
13. To the sample add A white ppt. Mg2+
NH4OH and NH4Cl is obtained detected
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4
 PEPSODENT

ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT Observation Inference
1. To the paste add A colourless, CO32-
dilute H2SO4 odourless detected
gas is
evolved
2. To the sample add A white ppt. CO32-
MgSO4solution is obtained confirmed
3. To the sample add A colourless Cl-detected
conc. H2SO4 pungent gas
is given off
4. To the sample add A white ppt. Cl-confirmed
dilute HNO3, Boil, is obtained
cool and add AgNO3
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5. To the sample add No change Group 0
NaOH and heat absent
6. To the sample add No change Group I
dilute HCl absent
7. To the above test No change Group II
tube add H2S absent
8. To the sample add A white ppt. is Al3+
NH4OH and NH4Cl obtained detected
9. Dissolved the ppt. A blue ppt. is Al3+
in dilute HCl. Add obtained confirmed
blue litmus. Now
add NH4OH
10. To the above test No change Group IV
tube add H2S absent
11. To the sample add A white ppt. is Group V
NH4OH and NH4Cl obtained absent
and Solid
(NH4)2CO3
12. Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide it into 3
parts
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
add K2CrO4solution
(ii) To the second part A white ppt. is Ca2+
add (NH4)2C2O4 obtained present
13. To the sample add A white ppt. is Mg2+
NH4OH and NH4Cl obtained detected
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4
 Close-UP
ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the paste add A colourless SO32-
dilute H2SO4 pungent gas detected
evolves which
turns acidified
potassium
dichromate
paper green
2. To the sample add A white ppt. is SO32-
BaCl2 solution obtained confirmed
3. To the sample add No change Conc. H2SO4
concentrated group
H2SO4 absent
4.(i) To the sample add A white ppt. is F- present
CH3COOH and obtained
CaCl2
The ppt.
(ii) Add dilute HCl dissolves
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5 To the sample add No change Group 0
NaOH and heat absent
6. To the sample add No change Group I
dilute HCl absent
7. To the above test No change Group II
tube add H2S absent
8. To the sample add A brown ppt. Fe3+
NH4OH and NH4Cl is observed detected
9. Dissolve the ppt. in A prussian Fe3+
dilute HCl and add blue colour is confirmed
Potassium obtained
Ferrocyanide
10. To the above test No change Group IV
tube add H2S absent
11. To the sample add A white ppt. is Group V
NH4OH, NH4Cl and obtained present
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12. Dissolve CH3COOH
and divide into
three parts
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
add K2CrO4 solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
add (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. is Ca2+
add (NH4)2C2O4and obtained present
NH4OH
13. To the sample add No change Mg2+absent
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess and add
(NH4)2PO4
 COMPARITIVE INFERENCE
TABLE

NAME OF F- Ca2 CO SO3 Cl- SO4 Al3 Fe3 M

THE +
3
2- 2- 2- + +
g2
TOOTHPASTE +

COLGATE
PEPSODENT
CLOSE-UP
 CONCLUSIONS

For the ideal toothpaste, sodium, calcium,

Magnesium, chloride and sulphate should be
present.
On the basis of comparative inference table
_________ is the best of all toothpaste as it
contains most of the essential constituents of
toothpaste.
 Precautions
1. Handle chemicals carefully.
2. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube.
3. Never add water to conc. Acids
4. Never touch any chemical with hands
directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.