DO U KNO DE WEY

Statistics and Probability

RANDOM VARIABLE

-a function that associates a real number to each element in the sample space.

-a variable whose values are determined by chance (coin toss, fair dice, deck of cards, etc.)

SAMPLE SPACE

-set of all the possible outcomes

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

-set of possible outcomes is countable.

-mostly represent count data (number of items)

CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

-takes on values on a continuous scale

-often represent measured data (height, weight, time)

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION/PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION

-consists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding
probabilities of the values

Steps:

1. Determine the sample space/possible outcomes (Denoted as “Possible outcomes” in

the first column of a table)
2. Count the number of Random Variable Y (condition) in each outcome in the sample
space (0, 1, 2, 3, etc) (Denoted as the variable “Y” in the second column of a table)
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
3. Assign probability values ( ) to each value of the random
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
variable (Denoted as “P(Y)” in the third column of a table)

COMPUTING THE MEAN OF DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Steps:

1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X

2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding Probability ( P(X) )
3. Add the results in step 2

µ=∑ 𝑋 × 𝑃(𝑋)

where X are the values of Random Variable X and P(X) are the corresponding probabilities
COMPUTING THE VARIANCE OF DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Steps:

1. Find the mean (µ) of the probability distribution

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X (X-µ)
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2 (X-µ=n - 𝑛2 )
4. Multiply the results obtained in step 3 by the corresponding probability (𝑛2 × 𝑃(𝑋))
5. Get the sum of the results from step 4.

Variance (𝜎 2 ) of a discrete probability distribution is = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 × 𝑃(𝑥)

The standard deviation (σ) of a discrete probability distribution is = √∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 × 𝑃(𝑋)

NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

PROPERTIES:

1. The distribution curve is bell shaped

2. The curve is symmetrical about its center
3. The mean, median, and mode coincide in the center
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it. The curve is asymptotic to the base line
6. The area under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or proportion or the
percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values

STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

-the standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that is most commonly
used as a model for inferential statistics

-Equation that describes the normal curve:

1 𝑋−𝜇 2
− ( )
𝑒 2 𝜎
𝑌=
𝜎√2𝜋
Where:

Y= height of the curve particular values of X

X= any score in the distribution

σ= standard deviation of the population

µ= mean of the population

𝜋= 3.1416
 𝑒= 2.7183

THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

-a normal probability distribution that has a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.

FOUR STEP PROCESS IN FINDING AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE GIVEN A Z-VALUE

1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit form

2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the left column
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column

THE Z-SCORE

-areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores. Either the z-score locates
X within a sample or within a population

Formula:
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
𝑋 − 𝑋̅
𝑧=
𝑠
X=given measurement

µ= population mean

σ=population standard deviation

𝑋̅= sample mean

s= sample standard deviation

MODIFIED (modified again) STEPS IN DETERMINING THE AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

1. Draw a normal curve

2. Locate the given z-score (yung nasa gilid and taas ng z-table) and draw a vertical line in the
graph
3. Shade the required region based on the problem (to the right if greater than z at least z or
anything more than z above z whatever. To the left if less than z below z lesser than z and
whatever)
4. Consult the z-table to find the corresponding z-values/area
5. Examine the graph and use probability notation ( P(z>-1) or stuff like those) and add .5 if
necessary in the problem. Show the appropriate operation ( P(z>-1)=.3413+.5 man ngaya) to get
the area
6. Make a statement (The proportion of the area above z=-1 is .8413)
LOCATING PERCENTILES IN A NORMAL CURVE

(if exact area is not available, take the NEAREST area)

1. Draw a normal curve

2. Express the given percentage as probability (95% is same as 0.9500)
3. If > 50, split it to .5000 and .n000 (say .9500= .5000 and .4500)
4. Shade the half
5. Refer to the z-table and locate .n000
a. If not able to locate, find the nearest values (say .4500 not exact so get .4495 and .4505)
6. Get the z-score of the value (if exact) or the z-score of the value nearest to it
a. If the corresponding difference of the given z-value and its 2 nearest values are equal,
we take both z-score of the 2 z-values and interpolate
b. Interpolate= getting the average of the 2 z-scores
7. Locate the result in the graph (say z=1.645)
8. Draw the vertical line in the graph
9. Shade the region
10. Describe the region

GIVEN A RAW SCORE

1. Convert the raw score to z-score form (use formula for z-score itong may population mean
chuchu – mean all over standard dev)
2. Find the z-value from the z-score in step 1
3. Draw the normal curve
4. Draw a line that corresponds to the z-score from step 1
5. Shade the required region
6. Examine shaded region and determine operation to use (either +.5000 or .5000-n or ano )
7. Compute the percentile rank ( final result from step 6 [itong na add/subtract na ang/sa .5000]
x100)
8. Concluding Statement YEY

IF EVER NAWAWARA SI EX…I MEAN X

1. Manipulate Formula
2. Or copy mo nalang X = µ +zσ if above mean and X = µ + (-z)σ if below the mean.

RRRA NNU