BACHELOR OF SCIENCES HONS IN BIOSCIENCE WITH

CHEMISTRY

NAMES: ANUSIA A/P THEVENDARAN, BEH MIN CHEE

ID:17WLR00332, 17WLR00505 RBS1 (S2)
COURSE TITLE: BACH1623 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENT: 3
Objective: To observe the rate of hydrolysis of an organic halogen compound depends on the
identity of the halogen atom and the nature of the carbon-hydrogen 'skeleton'.

Introduction:
Organic Halogen compounds contain one or more halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br or I). This attached
to a hydrocarbon chain and organic halogen compounds does not occur naturally.The halogen
atom modifies the un-reactive hydrocarbon chain and make it more t reactive. The carbon-
halogen bond is polar. This does not make a big difference to the physical properties of the
compounds. All halogenoalkanes are immiscible with water and dissolve in organic compounds.
All reactions of halogenoalkanes involve the breaking of the carbon-halogen bond. The bond
energies are stronger higher up the group and as the halogens are smaller.When move down the
group seven elements, the C-Hal bond gets weaker. Hence the compounds get more
reactive.Chloro compounds are un-reactive and so stay in the environment for a long time.Bromo
and Iodo compounds are reactive. This makes them useful as intermediates in organic
compound synthesis. Substitution reactions take place with the halogenoalkanes.Substution
reaction turns the halogen into a halide ion. Then to test for that ion with silver nitrate solution.
The halogenoalkane is warmed with a mixture of ethanol and water. The halogen atom is
displaced as a halide ion:
R-X + H2O R-OH + H+ + X-
(Where R = alkyl or aryl group; X= halogen atom)
Various precipitates formed from the reaction between the silver and halide ions:
Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) AgX(s)
After some time, the precipitates appear as halide ions react with the silver ions present. The
quicker the precipitate appears, the more reactive the halogenoalkane.

Apparatus:5 test-tubes fitted with corks, test-tube rack, measuring cylinder (10 cm3), teat-
pipette water -bath and stop watch.

Chemicals: Ethanol (2 cm3),1-chlorobutane, (4 drops),1-bomobutane, (4 drops),1-iodobutane, (4

drops), Chlorobenzene (4 drops) and 0.05 M Silver nitrate solution. AgNO3 (1cm3).
Procedure:
1. Four test tubes were prepared and rinsed each of them by used distilled water at least
twice before added 2 cm3 of ethanol into each test tubes. This test tubes were marked
with the letter A to D.
2. 4 drops of 1-chlorobutane was added into test tube A,4 drops of 1-bomobutane was added
into test tube B, 4 drops of 1-iodobutane was added into test tube C and 4 drops of
Chlorobenzene was added into test tube D.Each test tube was capped loosely with test
tube lid provided.
3. 5 cm3 of silver nitrate solution was poured into the fifth test tube and capped it loosely
with the test tube lid provided.
4. All the test tubes were placed into water -bath and heated at 60 Celsius for 5 minutes.
5. After 5 minutes heated, 1 cm3 of aqueous silver nitrate was quickly added into each of
tubes A to D and at same time stopwatch was started. Each test tube was shake once to
mixed the contents and was leave in the water with lid rested loosely on the tube mouth
to reduce evaporation.
6. The tube was continuously watched for about ten minutes and was noted the time when
cloudy precipitate first appears in each tube in a copy of results table 3.
7. Observation was continued at intervals for about 30 minutes more and was noted for any
further changes in the appearance of precipitates.
References:
1. Reactions involving halogenalkanes and silver nitrate solutions, 2003,[online].Available
at https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/haloalkanes/agno3.html [ Accessed
11/11/2017].