Dr. Danilo C.

Terante
Head, Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
De La Salle University
Chairman, Water Engineering Specialty Division
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers - National

The Perception of
Garbage-Clogged
Drainage System

MMDA attributes
the most serious
reason for flood
occurrences in Metro
Manila to garbage-
clogged canals and
creeks especially in
blighted areas

Drainage Situation of the

Philippine Urban Areas

Conventional drainage technique

leads to common drainage problems:

f looding
loss of
downstream pollution of
natural
of urban watercourses
habitats
areas

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 Most Common Causes of
Urban Drainage Problems

Clogged drains and canals

due to solid wastes
(plastics, rubbers, debris,
etc.)

Urbanization: Old drain

blocked pipes and
infiltration canals

Poor hydraulically designed

drainage system

The Big Challenge

to drain the surface

water runoff without
causing flooding or
pollution and without
reducing the amenity
value or the local
biodiversity of the site

Drainage System

Geomorphology:
the pattern
formed by the
streams, rivers,
and lakes in a
particular
watershed

Agriculture:
intervention to
Industrial and
control water
residential:
logging aiming at
facility to dispose soil improvement
of liquid waste
for agricultural
production

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Drainage
Patterns

• A stream system achieves a particular drainage

pattern to its network of stream channels and
tributaries as determined by local geologic factors.

Drainage
Patterns

Dendritic drainage pattern

comes from
the Greek
word
"dendron",
meaning tree,
due to the
resemblance
of the system
to a tree

Drainage
Patterns

Dendritic drainage pattern

one main river

(like the trunk
of a tree),
which is
joined and
formed by
many smaller
tributary rivers
at acute angle
(less than 90
degrees)

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Drainage
Patterns

Parallel drainage pattern

tributary
streams
tend to
stretch out
in a
parallel-
like fashion
following
the slope of
the surface

Drainage
Patterns

Trellis drainage pattern

forms in
areas of
alternating
geology,
particularly
chalk and
clay

Drainage
Patterns

Trellis drainage pattern

looks similar
to their
namesake,
the common
garden trellis

develops in
folded
topography

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 Drainage
Patterns

Rectangular drainage pattern

develops on
a strongly
jointed
rocky
terrain

found in
regions that
have
undergone
faulting

Drainage
Patterns

Rectangular drainage pattern

Streams
follow the
path of least
resistance
and thus are
concentrated
in places
were
exposed rock
is the
weakest

Drainage
Patterns

Radial drainage pattern

Rivers
radiate
outwards
from a
central
point, e.g. a
volcanic cone
or from a
mountain
range
batholiths

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 Drainage
Patterns

Radial drainage pattern

develops
around a
central
elevated point

common to
such conically
shaped
features as
volcanoes

Drainage
Patterns

Centripetal drainage pattern

opposite of the
radial as
streams f low
toward a
central
depression

streams feed
ephemeral
lakes, which
evaporate away
during dry
periods

Drainage
Patterns

Deranged drainage pattern

no coherent
pattern to the
rivers and lakes

happens in areas
where there has
been much
geological
disruption

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 Drainage
Patterns

Deranged drainage pattern

develops
from the
disruption
of a pre-
existing
drainage
pattern

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Sustainability is
the key…

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Sustainability:

characteristic of a
process or state that can
be maintained at a
certain level indefinitely

focuses on providing the

best outcomes for both
the human and natural
environments now, and
into the indefinite future

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 The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

The Sustainability
Triangle

Environmental

Economic Social

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Quote from the Brundtland

Report:
'development which
meets the needs of the
present without
compromising the ability
of future generations to
meet their own needs'

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

balancing the fulfillment of

human needs with the
Sustainable protection of the natural
environment so that these
development: needs can be met not only in
the present, but in the
indefinite future

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 The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Drainage systems can be

developed in line with
the ideals of sustainable
development, by
balancing the different
issues that should be
influencing the design.

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Sustainable
Drainage Systems
(SuDS):

Surface water
drainage methods
that take account
of quantity, quality
and amenity issues
collectively

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

• The SUDS Triangle

Habitat/Amenity

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The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

Comparison Between Conventional Approach and Sustainable Design

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage
• measure: how • something that has a
• an adequate magnitude and can
much there is or large be represented in
of something amount mathematical
that you can expressions by a
constant or a variable
quantify

The Concept of
Sustainable an essential and distinguishing
Drainage attribute of something

degree or grade of excellence or worth

a characteristic property that defines

the apparent individual nature of
something

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 The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage
an enhancement to a feature of property that
a piece of property serves as a benefit to the a positive element
that is not essential user but that is not or elements which
necessary to its use; may
to the property's be natural (like location, contribute to the
use, but may Woods, water) or man- overall character
increase the made (like a swimming
pool or garden)
of a drainage area
property's value

The Concept of
Sustainable
Drainage

SuDS more sustainable Manage runoff flow

than conventional rates, reducing the Protect or enhance
drainage methods impact of urbanization water quality
because they: on flooding

What are
SuDS?

alternative approach to
conventional drainage
design and
implementation that
replicates natural
drainage and deals with
runoff where it occurs

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What are
SuDS?

are designed to
reduce the potential
of flooding on new
and existing urban
developments

Why do we
need SuDS?

provide a way of
solving these
problems through the
use of drainage
methods inspired by
natural processes

Why do we
need SuDS?

can be designed to fit

into their
environmental setting,
adding considerably to
local amenity and
biodiversity

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 Why
consider
SuDS?
It can save
money

It can reduce
pollution

It can introduce
improved
methods of
surface water
design

How does
SuDS do this?

By introducing into a
surface water system
the following -

Porous
Infiltration
pavements
basins as
to roads
storage
and car
tanks
parks

Infiltration trenches
to roads, car parks and
drainage

Does Conventional Urban Drainage

System solve flood problem?

Sustainable Urban
Drainage Systems (SUDS)
can make a major
contribution to the
reduction of flood risk.

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 What are the
advantages of
introducing SuDS?
reflect the natural
drainage of the
site and give
sustainable
management of
the water
environment

offer considerable
visible safety
advantages

very easily and

economically
maintained

SuDS
Techniques

“Prevention
is better Prevention
than cure."

SuDS
Techniques

Minimizing runoff:
reducing the amount
of runoff reduces
f lood occurrences
and also reduces the
washoff of pollutants.
Prevention

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 SuDS
Techniques

Minimizing runoff
• Minimizing paved areas:
Runoff increases in
proportion to the
impervious area of the site.
• Rainwater recycling can
remove runoff from the
drainage system altogether .
Prevention

SuDS
Techniques

Minimizing runoff
•Minimizing directly
connected areas: Providing
unpaved areas to hard paving

Prevention
and roofed areas;
•return of runoff to the natural
drainage system as soon as
possible

SuDS
Techniques

Good housekeeping:
amount of pollution in
the first f lush of a
storm will be
minimized by keeping
paved areas clean Prevention

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 SuDS
Techniques

Good housekeeping
• Education: Informing educating users
of the site about the way the site is
drained
• Pollutants that need to be controlled
include: car oil and antifreeze,
detergents (from car washing),
household chemicals, garden
chemicals
Prevention
• Litter and animal feces can be kept
out of drainage

SuDS
Techniques

Good housekeeping
• Road sweeping
• Avoiding wrong
connections
• Road maintenance
• Containment Prevention

SuDS
Techniques

• are vegetated surface

features that drain water
evenly off impermeable
areas

Filter Strips
and Swales

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 SuDS
Techniques

Undertake retardation of
surface water flows

Undertake balancing of
surface water flows

Filter Strips
Increase the loss of surface
water through infiltration,
evaporation and
transpiration.

Undertake filtering and

improving the quality of
water in the grass /
vegetation / soil. and Swales
Reduce the need for
expensive roadside
drainage and gullies.

Reduce the risk to

amphibians such as toads
and newts which are often
trapped in gully pots.

SuDS
Techniques

are devices that have a

volume of permeable
material below ground
to store surface water.
Runoff flows to this
storage area via a
Permeable
permeable surface
Surfaces and
Filter Drains

SuDS
Techniques

Grass (if the area will

not be trafficked)

Reinforced grass

Graveled areas

Solid paving blocks

Permeable
Surfaces and
with large vertical
holes filled with soil
or gravel

Solid paving blocks

with gaps between
the individual units Filter Drains
Porous paving blocks
with a system of voids
within the unit

Continuous surfaces
with an inherent
system of voids

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 SuDS
Techniques

This system is suitable for overspill car

parking, access roads and emergency
vehicle service routes.

• Porous surfacing for infiltration utilizing

grass paving system with grass fill.

Permeable
Surfaces and
Filter Drains

SuDS
Techniques

This system is suitable for car parks,

access roads and pedestrian areas.

• Porous surfacing for infiltration utilizing

grass paving systems with gravel fill

Permeable
Surfaces and
Filter Drains

SuDS
Techniques

This grass paving system is suitable for

car parking and roads with high volumes
of light traffic.

• Permeable concrete block paving

system with Tensar SSG
Geocomposite for reinforcement and
separation
Permeable
Surfaces and
Filter Drains

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 SuDS
Techniques

This porous pavement system is

suitable for light vehicle access roads,
pedestrian routes and amenity areas.

• Porous pavement surfacing for on-site

retention utilizing paving systems with
gravel fill
Permeable
Surfaces and
Filter Drains

SuDS
Techniques

are devices that

drain water
directly into the
ground
Infiltration
Devices

SuDS
Techniques

work by
enhancing the
natural
capacity of the
ground to store
and drain
water. Rain
falling onto
permeable (e.g.
sandy) soil
soaks into it.
Infiltration
devices use this
natural process
to dispose of
Infiltration
surface water
runoff.
Limitations
occur where the
Devices
soil is not very
permeable, the
water table is
shallow or the
groundwater
under the site
may be put at
risk.

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 SuDS
Techniques

are areas for storage

of surface runoff
that are free from
water under dry
weather flow
Basins
conditions
and Ponds

SuDS
Techniques

Flood plains

Detention
basins

Extended
detention basins

Balancing and
attenuation
ponds Basins
Flood storage
reservoirs
and Ponds
Lagoons

Retention ponds

Wetlands

SuDS
Techniques

is the process where

water contained in
liquid form in plants
is converted to vapor
and released to the
atmosphere
Transpiration

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 SuDS
Techniques

is a side effect of the

plant needing to open
its stomata in order to
obtain carbon dioxide
gas from the air for
photosynthesis
Transpiration

SuDS
Management
Train

• useful concept used in the development of drainage

systems is the surface water management train

SuDS
Management
Train

• SuDS techniques can be used in series to change the

flow and quality characteristics of the runoff in stages

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“SUDS: Sustainable urban drainage system:
a sequence of management practices and
control structures designed to drain
surface water in a more sustainable fashion
than some conventional techniques”
(CIRIA C521, design manual for Scotland &
Northern Ireland)

Sustainable development
is “a journey and not a
destination”

development is an opportunity…

The End
Dr. Danilo C. Terante
De La Salle University - Manila

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