Rheologica Acta Rheol.

Acta 21, 223-227 (1982)

Unsteady flow of an elastico-viscous fluid between

two coaxial circular cylinders

E. Rukmangadachari

Department of Mathematics, P.R. Government College, Kakinada (S. India)

Abstract: Unsteady flow of an Oldroyd fluid between two coaxial circular

cylinders is investigated, the fluid being set in motion as the inner cylinder moves
from rest for a certain period with linearly growing speed and then stops
suddenly. The Laplace transform technique is used to derive the solution. For
the case when the gap between the cylinders is small, a simplified solution is
obtained. The expression for the shear stress on the wall of the outer cylinder is
obtained and particular cases are discussed.

Key words: Unsteady flow, coaxial circular cylinders, Oldroyd fluid, Laplace
transform technique

1. Introduction
Several authors have studied problems of unsteady
flow of classical viscous and elastico-viscous fluids
through pipes. Sexl [1] has analysed theoretically the
problem of flow of a viscous fluid through a circular
pipe whereas Pipkin [2, 3] as well as Jones and
Waiters [4] have examined the flows of certain types
of non-Newtonian fluids. Bhatnagar [5] has recently
studied the fluctuating flow of an Oldroyd fluid in a
circular pipe.
In this paper, the unsteady motion of an Oldroyd
elastico-viscous fluid through the annulus between
two concentric circular cylinders is studied. The
motion is caused by the inner cylinder moving from
rest at t = 0 along its axis with velocity linearly in-
creasing with t, for a finite period and then coming to
rest at t = T. The problem has some interest because
this type of motion corresponds to the case o f piston
movement. A general solution has been obtained
using the Laplace transform technique. Also, a
simplified solution has been derived in the case when
the gap between the cylinders is small. In conclusion
an expression for the shearing stress on the outer
cylinder has been found.
2. Governing equations of the problem
The equations for the motion of an elastico-viscous
fluid as proposed by Oldroyd [6] are
747
Pik = - P g i e + P[k, (2.1)
VLi = 0 (2.3)
where Pik is the stress tensor, p an arbitrary isotropic
pressure, gik is the metric tensor and dik is the rate of
strain tensor. ~3/~3 t is the convected time derivative
and p, 21, 22 are material constants having the charac-
ter of a viscosity and of relaxation and retardation
times, respectively.
Consider the unsteady motion of an elastico-vis-
cous fluid of Oldroyd model given by (2.1) and (2.2)
through the annular region between two concentric
circular cylinders of radii a and b (a > b) and of
infinite length. Suppose the fluid flow is due to the
motion of the inner cylinder which moves along its
axis for a finite time starting from rest. Thus, it starts
moving at t = 0 with linearly increasing velocity in the
axial direction and stops at t -- T.
Let us choose the cylindrical polar coordinates
(r, O, z), the axis of z coinciding with the common axis
of the cylinders and let (v r, re, Vz) be the components
of velocity of the fluid in the respective directions of
(r, O, z) increasing. We assume that the flow is axi-
symmetric and the cylinders are of infinite length, so
that the physical quantities are independent of z and
224 Rheologica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1982)

0. In fact, consistent with the continuity eq. (2.3) we Solving eq. (3.2) we obtain
may take
Cv(r,s) = A I o ( m r ) + B K o ( m r ) (3.5)
Or = 0 , V0 = 0 , Vz = w(r, t ) . (2.4)
where A and B are arbitrary constants; and I0 and K0
Since the flow is due to the shearing action of the are the modified Bessel functions of order zero of the
inner cylinder the momentum eq. (2.2) determining first and the second kind respectively• On using the
w(r, t), in the absence of a pressure gradient, has the boundary conditions (3.4) the solution (3•5) takes the
form form

Ow 1 0 ~v(r,s) = W I ° ( m a ) K ° ( m r ) - I ° ( m r ) K ° ( m a )
p - - - (rprz) (2.5)
Ot r Or Io(ma)Ko(mb) - Io(mb)Ko(ma)
1-e-st TeSr.) (3•6)
where Prz is given by • -sT

1 -b 41 Prz : ~/ + 42 Or (2.6) We now obtain w(r, t) through the inversion formula

[7]

The boundary conditions are ~l~(r,s) =

w(r,t)=O for t<<.O, b<<,r<~a, w(r, t) = W ~r I o ( m a ) K o ( m r ) - I o ( m r ) K o ( m a )

2hi Io(ma)Ko(mb) Io(mb)Ko(ma)
w(b, t) = W t [ u ( t ) - u ( t - T)] , t > O,
( 1 - s -~
e -st Te-Sr.)
w(a, t) = O, t >1 O, (2.7) " s eStds (3 o7)

where u(t) means the Heaviside unit step function•

where Br designates the Bromwich contour from
c - ioo to c + ioo in the complex s-plane, c being a real
3. Solution of the equations
positive constant greater than the real parts of the
We define the Laplace transform Cv(r, s) of w(r, t) singularities of the integrand of (3.7). The integrand
by of (3.7) is a single-valued function of s [8].
Oo The zeros of
Cv(r, s) = ~w(r, t) = ~e-Stw(r, t ) d t (3.1)
0
Io(ma)Ko(mb ) - Io(mb)Ko(ma )
where the real part of the parameter s is greater than
zero. Now eq. (2.5), after substituting for p,~ from are situated at s = -sn, i where
(2.6), is transformed to 1 + vX2ct2
Sn, i - -
221
d2~v + I dCv m2~v 0 (3.2)
dr 2 r dr v ot2
(3.8)
21
where
s(1 + s41) with n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . ; i = 1, 2; + t~n being the roots, all
m2 _ (3.3)
(1 + s42) real and simple, of equation

The transformed boundary conditions are Jo(aa) Yo(ba) - Jo(ba) Yo(act) = 0 . (3•9)

1 -- e -sT Te -sT Here, J0 and Y0 are the Bessel functions of order zero
rv(b, s) = W of the first and second kind, respectively• Hence the
S2 S
poles of the integrand of (3.7) are a double pole at s =
Cv(a,s) = O. (3.4) 0 and simple poles a t s = - s n . i ( n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . ; i = 1,
Rukmangadachari, Unsteady flow of an elastico-viscous fluid between two coaxial circular cylinders 225

2) where s n i are given by (3.8)• Thus, for a given n, if 4. When gap is small
(1 + v22a~) < 4v21t~ 2, the corresponding poles are
Now, we will calculate the solution when the gap
the complex conjugate pairs situated on the circle
Is [ = l//aZv/2i and if (1 + v 2 2 a 2 ) 2 > 4 v 2 1 a 2 the between the cylinders is very small. Following
Markovitz [9] we have
poles lie on the negative real axis and are inverse
points with respect to the same circle. All these are
simple poles. But a double pole s = - ~ / ~ n v / 2 1 Jo(aX) Y o ( a y ) - Jo(ay) r o ( a X )
occurs if (1 + v22 a2) 2 = 4 v21 azn. The line integral in
(3.7) can be written _ 2 (_~_f_) [ 1 y-x
io(ma) K o ( m r ) _ io ( m r ) K o ( m a ) n 2x
Br I o ( m a ) K o ( m b ) Io(mb)Ko(ma)

. 1 - e-ST T e _ S r \l e ~ t d s + ~----(2-aZx2)(Y--~)2 + 0 0 ' - ~ ) 3 1 . (4.1)

S2 /
= 2 7ti (Sum of the residues at the poles) Hence we can write Cv(r, s) in the form

- I Io(ma)Ko(mr) - lo(mr)Ko(ma)
c Io(ma)Ko(mb) - lo(mb)Ko(ma) ~v(r's) = W q - - - [ 1 - 1 0 + 6

• 1 - e -st T e - s r ]\ e S t d s (3.10)
S2 / 1 1 (la2aZ)q2
where C is the circular arc of large radius on the left + ~-q --~-q0 - 12 6
of Br. The approximations for I 0 and K0 show that the
integral round this arc C tends to zero as the radius of
the arc tends to infinity. Thus, when all the singulari- + O(q3)] (. 1 --$2e - S t TefsST)(4.2 )
ties of the integrand except that at s = 0 are simple
poles, writing
91(s) = I ° ( m a ) K ° ( m r ) - I ° ( m r ) K ° ( m a ) , (3.11)
b-a r-a
I o ( m a ) K o ( m b ) - Io(mb ) K o ( m a ) where q - - - , 0 - --. Since 0(0) ~<O(q) we
a a
have omitted here terms of 0(03). Now, we can re-
arrange (4.2) and write it as

we have their Laplace transform inverses

Gl(t) = LP-l g1(s) = rtanl/VJo(aan) Jo(botn) VSni(1 - Sni21)(1 - - S n i 2 2 ) 3/2

[Jo(aa.) Yo(ra.) - Jo(ra,) Yo(ban)]e -s"~t

(3.13)
[J2(bctn) - j 2 ( a a , ) ] (1 - 221s, i + 212zS2i)

G2(t ) = ff'-102(S ) = W t [ u ( t ) - u ( t - T)]. (3.14)

By use of the convolution theorem, we obtain the velocity field as

t
w(r, t) = ~ a l f f l ( S ) g 2 ( s ) -~ I8 l ( t ' ) G 2 ( t - t')dt'
o

= W 7CCXn]/~J°(a°ln)J°(b°tn)]//Sni(1 - Sni21](1 -- Sni22)3/2[Jo(aCtn) Yo(ran) - Jo(ran) Yo(aan)]

[JZ(b an) - J~(a an)] (1 - 2 A1sni + 2122s~i)
t
• 1e-S, i t ' ( t - t ' ) [ u ( t - t') - u ( t - T- t')]dt'. (3.15)
o
226 Rheologica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1982)

~v(r,s) = W _•[ 1 -It/+-~-t/

1 2 1
+~-q-~-qt/
1 using eq. (4.3). Inverting this by making use of the
convolution theorem, we finally obtain the shearing
stress on the outer cylinder q = 0 as

-
12 q2 s -~ s
/ r = ~pm
Wp ~=o
- W t/ a2 1 + Als (q2_ /72) _ l1 ( l +ql q _ _.~q2)_~1 ~ - 2--~1)
q 6v (1 + 22s)
t
(4.3) • Ie-O/xl)t'(t- t ' ) [ u ( t - t') - u ( t - T - t')]dt'
o

By inversion, using the convolution theorem, we get a2q [u(t) - u ( t - T) - T J ( t - T)]. (4.7)
6v

w(r,t)= Wt/II+l(q-t/)-+qt/q
5. D i s c u s s i o n

If we set v = Yl, V/]'2 = yzand 21 = 0 in eq. (4.4) we

+__ _ q2 {t[u(t) - u ( t - T)I} obtain
3
WRE(r, t) = W t/ 1 + -~(q - ~l) - -~-t/q
W rl a 2 [-~z q
q 6v (q2/,]2) {u(t)

- u(t- 73 - r ~ ( t - 73}
+ -- - {t[u(t) - u ( t - 731}
3
+ -- - Ie -1/~'" [ u ( t - t') --
Wa2t/(q2 _ /72) ~e-(rl/~t [u(t - t')
t i

,,t2 o
6qy 2 o
- u(t- T- t') - r~(t - T- t')ldt'[, - u ( t - T - t') - T ~ ( t - T - t')]dt'
(5.1)
(4.4)
where 5(t) means the Dirac delta funtion. which gives the velocity field for a Rivlin-Ericksen
Having obtained the velocity of the fluid we can fluid discussed by Mishra and Acharya [10].
derive the expression for the shearing stress on the If we take ;h and 22 to be zero or equal we obtain
outer cylinder. For this sake we transform eq. (2.6) the velocity field for the classical viscous fluid as
applying Laplace transform and get
wv(r,t)= Wr/
q Ii+l(q_r/) 1 t/q
- -~--
f/(1 q- A2S) d~v
(4.5)
(1 + 21s) dr
and so + -- - {t[u(t) - u ( t - 731}
3
wtlZrl(q2_ p/2)
P~z- - t/+ + -~-q - [ u ( t ) - u (t - T)
6qv
1 1 )(.1 e -st T e -st ) - TO(t- 731 (5.2)
_ _~ q t/ _ _ ~ q 2 -
S2
which agrees with the result derived independently by
W a p (q2 - 3t/2) ( 1 - s _ Te-ST) the author for the viscous fluid. But in [10] the result
in the case of viscous fluid has been deduced from
(5.1) by putting Y2 = 0 in a form in which the second
(4.6) term of (5.2) is absent.
Rukmangadachari, Unsteady flow of an elastico-viscous fluid between two coaxial circular cylinders 227

Further, the corresponding result for a Maxwell
fluid can be got by choosing 21 :¢ 0 and 22 = 0 while
that for the second order approximation of a Waiters
fluid is obtained by choosing 21 = 0, 22 = - k / v .
Results for other types of second-order fluids can
be analogously deduced by appropriately choosing
the values of parameters 21 and 22.
References
6. Oldroyd, J. G., Proc. Roy. Soc. A200, 523 (1950).
7. Carslaw, H. S., J. C. Jaeger, Operational Methods in
Applied Mathematics, Dover (1963).
8. Carslaw, H. S., J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in
Solids, Clarendon Press (Oxford 1959).
9. Markovitz, H., J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1070 (1952).
10. Mishra, S. P., B. P. Acharya, Maths. Edn.V (3) A 67
(1971).
(Received July 21, 1980)

l. Sexl, Th., Z. Phys. 61, 349 (1930). Author's address:

2. Pipkin, A. C., Phys. Fluids 7, 1143 (1964). E. Rukmangadachari
3. Pipkin, A. C., Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 15, t (1964). Department of Mathematics
4. Jones, J. R., T. S. Waiters, Rheol. Acta 6, 240 (1967). P.R. Government College
5. Bhatnagar, R. K., Appl. Sci. Res. 30, 241 (1975). Kakinada-533001 (India)