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This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling
and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-housegas (GHG) and pollutant production
This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling
and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-housegas (GHG) and pollutant production
This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling
and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-housegas (GHG) and pollutant production
International Journal on Emerging Technologies (Special Issue NCETST-2017) 8(1): 566-569(2017)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net) ISSN No. (Print) : 0975-8364 ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3255
Advancements in Renewable Energies and Technologies
Muneer Khan and Ayush Tripathi Birla Institute of Applied Sciences Nainital (UG), INDIA ABSTRACT: This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-house gas (GHG) and pollutant production. Key words: Renewable energy, Greenhouse gases, Energy efficiency, Sustainability, modeling.
I. INTRODUCTION II. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM
Presently, the world energy consumption is 10 terawatts Solar cells based on compound Semiconductors [1] (TW) per year, and by 2050, it is projected to be about (III–V and II–VI) were first investigated in the 1960s. 30 TW. The world will need about 20 TW of non-CO2 At the same time, polycrystalline Si (pc-Si) and thin- energy to stabilize CO2 in the considered as the “tipping film solar cell technologies were developed to provide point” for solar energy system (Kazmerski, 2006). In high production capacity at reduced material this scenario of renewable energy advancements consumption and energy input in the fabrication government of India has provided a lot of concentration process, and integration in the structure of modules by towards this existing field and allotted the budget to the the deposition process and consequently cost reduction ministry of new and renewable energy resources. for large-scale terrestrial applications.
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Methods of producing Electricity Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who As the resultants Cochin International airport, the recognized the importance of this discovery In 1931, country's first airport built under PPP model has the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo scripted another chapter in aviation history by cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide [3]. becoming the first airport in the world that completely •A solar cell is a small semiconductor device which has operates on solar power. The International Energy a light sensitive N-P junction. When solar light rays Agency[2] projected in 2014 that under its "high strike the N-P junction, DC e.m.f. is generated with P renewables" scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and terminal as positive and N-terminal as negative. concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 Nominal ratings of a typical single PV-cell when and 11 percent, respectively, of the worldwide exposed to full sun light are: electricity consumption, and solar would be the world's -Voltage 0.45 V, DC -Current 0.75 A, largest source of electricity. Most solar installations DC -Power 0.33 W. would be in China and India [2]. When exposed to sun light, the solar cell acts like tiny Photovoltaic cell: Renewable energy systems in the DC cell. Several Solar cells are connected in series, form of photovoltaic solar panels have been integrated parallel to get desired voltage, current and power. in a solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that There are existing different types of Photovoltaic solar converts light into electric current using the panel technologies. photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed 1. Flate Solar Panel by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist 2. Concentrated Solar panel.
Flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or Parabolic trough collectors
plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored Power tower absorber plate on the bottom. The sides and bottom of Stationary concentrating collector the collector are usually insulated to minimize heat A PV concentrating modules uses optical elements loss. Sunlight passes through the glazing and strikes the (Fresnel lens) to increase the amount of sunlight absorber plate, which heats up, changing solar energy incident onto a PV cell. Concentrating PV into heat energy. The heat is transferred to liquid modules/arrays track the sun and use are commonly passing through pipes attached to the absorber plate. painted with "selective coatings," which absorb and Absorber plates production for the generation of retain heat better than ordinary black paint. Absorber electricity and thermal detoxification. Concentrating plates are usually made of metal typically copper or collectors are best suited to climates that have a high aluminum because the metal is a good heat conductor. percentage of clear sky days. The principal Copper is more expensive, but is a better conductor and types of concentrating collectors include: compound less prone to corrosion than aluminum. In locations parabolic, fixed reflectors, Fresnel lens, and central with average available solar energy, flat plate collectors receiver. The main types of concentrating collectors are sized approximately one-half- to one-square foot are: per gallon of one-day's hot water use. There are several Parabolic dish collectors types of flat-plate collectors available.
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Concentrating solar collector is a solar collector that drastically improve both the economics and the uses reflective surfaces to concentrate sunlight onto a dispatchability of solar electricity. small area, where it is absorbed and converted to heat or, in the case of solar photovoltaic (PV) devices, into electricity. Concentrators can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times. This class of collector is used for high temperature applications such as steam concentrating devices to reflect direct sunlight onto the solar cell to produce the electricity directly. Concentrating solar collectors in concentrated Solar Power (CSP) facilities concentrate sunlight onto a receiver where it heats a heat transfer fluid that subsequently exchanges its. Solar Thermal Electricity-Absorbed heat to produce steam to power a steam turbine-generator (STG) to produce electricity It is important to understand that Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Electricity (PV-T) solar thermal technology is not the same as solar panel, The solar radiation increases the temperature of PV or photovoltaic, technology. Solar thermal electric modules, resulting in a drop of their electrical energy generation concentrates[4] the light from the sun efficiency. By proper circulation of a fluid with low to create heat, and that heat is used to run a heat engine, inlet temperature, heat is extracted from the PV which turns a generator to make electricity. The modules keeping the electrical efficiency at satisfactory working fluid that is heated by the concentrated values. The extracted thermal energy can be used in sunlight can be a liquid or a gas. Different working several ways, increasing the total energy output of the fluids include water, oil, salts, air, nitrogen, helium, system. Hybrid PV/T[5] systems can be applied mainly etc. Different engine types include steam engines, gas in buildings for the production of electricity and heat turbines, Stirling engines, etc. All of these engines can and are suitable for PV applications under high values be quite efficient, often between 30% and 40%, and are of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Hybrid capable of producing 10’s to 100’s of megawatts of PV/T experimental models based on commercial PV power. Photovoltaic, or PV energy conversion, on the modules of typical size are described and outdoor test other hand, directly converts the sun’s light into results of the systems are presented and discussed. The electricity. This means that solar panels are only results showed that PV cooling can increase the effective during daylight hours because storing electrical efficiency of PV modules, increasing the total electricity is not a particularly efficient process. Heat efficiency of the systems. Improvement of the system storage is a far easier and efficient method, which is performance can be achieved by the use of an what makes solar thermal so attractive for large-scale additional glazing to increase thermal output, a booster energy production. Heat can be stored during the day diffuse reflector to increase electrical and thermal and then converted into electricity at night. Solar output, or both, giving flexibility in system design. thermal plants that have storage capacities can
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The Solar Hydrogen CONCLUSION Solar energy is abundantly available globally, but In this paper I have discussed about current and unfortunately not constantly and not everywhere. One futuristic source of renewable energy technologies. It especially interesting solution for storing this energy is has become imperative for the power and energy artificial photosynthesis. This is what every leaf can do, engineers to look out for the renewable energy sources namely converting sunlight to chemical energy. That such as sun, wind, geothermal, ocean and biomass as can take place with artificial systems based on sustainable, cost effective and environment friendly semiconductors as well. These use the electrical power alternatives for conventional energy sources. However, that sunlight creates in individual semiconductor the non-availability of these renewable energy components to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. resources all the time throughout the year has led to Hydrogen possesses very high energy density, can be research in the area of hybrid renewable and solar employed in many ways and could replace fossil fuels. energy systems. In the past few years, a lot of research In addition, no carbon dioxide harmful to the climate is has taken place in the design, optimization, operation released from hydrogen during combustion, instead and control of the renewable energy systems. One of only water. Until now, manufacturing of solar the most important future based coming source of hydrogen at the industrial level has failed due to the energy is Solar Hydrogen energysystem The results of costs, however. This is because the efficiency of the analyses showed that the replacement of fossil fuel artificial photosynthesis, i.e. the energy content of the based genets with hydrogen technologies is technically hydrogen compared to that of sunlight, has simply been feasible, but still not economically viable, unless too low to produce hydrogen from the sun significant reductions in the cost of hydrogen economically. technologies are made in the future. An international team has succeeded in considerably increasing the efficiency for direct solar water splitting REFERENCE with a tandem solar cell whose surfaces have been [1]. selectively modified. The new record value is 14 https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf percent and thus tops the previous record of 12.4 [2]. International Energy Agency (2014). "Technology percent, broken now for the first time in 17 years. Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy" (PDF). IEA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014. [3]. Corporation, Bonnier (June 1931). "Magic Plates, Tap Sun For Power". Popular Science. Retrieved 19 April 2011. [4]. http://www.solar-thermal.com/solar-thermal.pdf [5]. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar systems, ELSAVIER Solar Energy, Volume 72, Issue 3, March 2002, Pages 217– 234 [6]. https://phys.org/news/2016-06-energy-sunlight-artificial- photosynthesis.html