A
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
The requirements for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
By
DEEPAK KUMAR
1101292167
DEPARTMENT
OF
Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Presentation.
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MANORANJAN SATAPATHY
HOD
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Gandhi Engineering College, Bhubaneswar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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I express my heartfelt gratitude to all my
teachers for his valuable suggestion and guidance,
without their cooperation this report is
incomplete.
I express my thanks to all my friends for his
valuable suggestion and comments during my
seminar preparation.
DEEPAK
KUMAR
110129
2167
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CONTENTS
1. Abstract 2
2. Introduction 3
3. History 4-5
4. OLEDs structure 6
5. OLEDs working principle 7-8
5.1.Working
5.2Colour creations
6. Types of OLEDs 9-12
6.1 Passive-matrix OLED
6.2 Active-matrix OLED
6.3 Transparent OLED
6.4 Top-emitting OLED
6.5 Foldable OLED
6.6 White OLED
7. comparison with existing forms of illumination 13
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of OLEDs 14
9. Applications of OLEDs 15
10. Current research on OLEDs 15
11. The organic future of OLEDs 16
12. Conclusion 17
13. References 18
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LIST OF FIGURE
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1. ABSTRACT
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) TECHNOLOGY
OLED is flat light emitting technology, composed of thin films of organic
molecules that create light with the application of electricity. OLED can
provide displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional
light emitting diodes i.e. (LED) used today.
Like an LED, an OLED is a solid state semiconductor device that is 100 to
500 nanometers thick and 200 times smaller than the human hair. OLED can
have two layers or three layers of organic material. It emits light through a
process called electrophosphorescene.
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2. INTRODUCTION
An organic light emitting diode (OLED) is simply a light emitting diode (LED)
whose emissive electro luminescent layer is composed of a film of organic
compounds. The layers are made up of small organic molecules or macro
polymers that conduct electricity. They have conductivity levels ranging from
insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered as organic
semiconductors. The layer of organic semiconductor material is formed
between two electrodes, where at least one of the layers is transparent.
An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also organic electro
luminescent device (OELD), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive
electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This
layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes,
where at least one of the electrodes is transparent.
Such devices can be used in television screens, computer monitors,
small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, watches,
advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light
sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements.
Due to the younger stage of development, OLEDs typically emit less light per
unit area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed
for use as point-light sources.
In the context of displays, OLEDs have certain advantages over
traditional liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays do not require a
backlight to function. Thus, they can display deep black levels and can be
thinner and lighter than LCD panels. OLED displays also naturally achieve
higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent
lamps (CCFLs) or the more recently developed LED backlights in conditions
of low ambient light such as dark rooms.
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3. HISTORY
© Fig-0 Generation of OLED (www.oled-display.net)
In the era of Adam and Eve, i.e. in the first generation, people used to rub
stones to produce light. One day electricity was discovered and everything is
revolutionized. Bulbs were used at that time .In the third generation bulbs
were replaced by incandescent light and fluorescent light. In the fourth
generation the © Fight began for the cheapest material which could consumes
less power and give high efficiency. Thus we were here in the era of “LED”
and “OLED”. now a day’s LED is very popular but is going to be replaced by
OLED which will emerges as a leading next generation technology.
• In 1987 Chin Tang and Steven van slyke introduced the first Slight
emitting diodes from thin organic layers.
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(Chin tang) (Van slyke)
© Fig-1 Slight emitting diode (www.oled-display.net)
• In 1988 Chihaya Adachi and Tetsuo Tsutsui developed first multi
layered OLED .
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(Germy Burroughes) ( Richard Friend) ( Donal Bradely)
© Fig-3 POLED (www.oled-display.net)
• In 1997 Teruo Tohma developed first passive matrix organic light
emitting diode (PMOLED) .
(Teruo Tohma)
© Fig-4 PMOLED (www.oled-display.net)
• In 1998 Mark Thompson and Stephen Forrest developed first
phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) .
4. OLED STRUCTURE
It consists of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both
anode and cathode terminals. The emissive layer, where light is made by the
emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region is made up of
organic plastic molecules that transport electrons from the cathode and the
polymer used is polyfluorene. The conductive layer is made up of organic
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plastic molecules that transport holes from the anode and the conducting
polymer used is polyaniline. The substrate that supports OLED is made up of
flexible plastic, inexpensive glass or metal foil. Anode, that removes electrons
when a current flows through the device, is generally made up of Indium tin
oxide and it is transparent and cathode that injects electrons when a current
flows through the device is made up of metals like aluminum and calcium,
which may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED.
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© Fig-6 Structure of OLED (www.oled-display.net)
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electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not
recombine. Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is
transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes
injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminum and
calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which
promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.
OLED has more control over colour expression because it only expresses
pure colours when electric current stimulates the relevant pixels. The primary
colour matrix is arranged in red, green and blue pixels which are mounted
directly to a printed circuited board. Each individual OLED element is housed
in a special micro cavity structure designed to greatly reduce ambient light
interference that also improves overall colour contrast. The thickness of the
organic layer is adjusted to produce the strongest light to give a colour picture.
Further, the colours are refined with a filter and purified without using a
polarizer to give outstanding colour purity.
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© Fig-8 Colour creation (www.oled-display.net)
6. TYPES OF OLEDs
Passive-matrix OLED
Active-matrix OLED
Transparent OLED
Top-emitting OLED
Foldable OLED
White OLED
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6.1 PASSIVE-MATRIX OLED (PMOLED):
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The
anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The
intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is
emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and
cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels get turned
off. The brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied
current. PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than
other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external
circuitry. They are most efficient and are used in cell phones, PDAs and MP3
players.
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the
anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The
TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to
form an image.
AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array
requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large
displays. They are used in computer monitors, large-screen TVs and
electronic signs or billboards. The life expectancy of it is 30,000 hours.
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© Fig-10 Active matrix OLED (www.oled-display.net)
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They are best suited to active-matrix design. These displays are used in smart
cards. The efficiency is 500 cd/m2 and the life span is 17,000 hours.
Illustration
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Principle of Emits light by Emits light by Ultraviolet Emits light by
light applying a voltage sending an rays applying a
to organic matter
emission electric current generated by voltage to an
to a metallic an electric inorganic
filament current collide semiconductor
with
fluorescent
material to
produce
visible light
8. ADVANTAGES:
OLEDs are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in
an LED or LCD. The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are 100 to 500
nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.
They are brighter than LEDs because the organic layers of an OLED are
much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED.
Also they do not require glass for support which absorbs some light.
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It has ability to emit light from a surface, low heat generation, and
environmentally sound compared to fluorescent lamps.
They are easier to produce and can be made to large sizes because they
are essentially plastics, which can be made into large, thin sheets.
DISADVANTAGES:
Limited lifetime of the organic materials. While red and green
OLED films have longer lifetimes, blue organics currently have
much shorter lifetimes. However, the lifespan of OLED displays
can be increased by improving light out coupling.
9. APPLICATIONS:
Light sources made from organic materials are of immense potential value for
a range of applications. Large area, flat light sources with surface brightness
have potential applications such as space lighting, back lighting or advertising
displays. Organic light emitting devices(OLEDs) offer the potential for such a
source. OLEDs promise a cheap, light weight source which potentially can be
made any size and on to a range of substrates (including flexible plastic).
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Due to its light-weight, they can be used in cellular phones, PDAs,
notebooks, digital cameras, DVD players, car stereos, televisions, etc.,
Due to its faster response than LCDs almost 1000 times faster, a device
with an OLED display could change information almost in real time.
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phosphorescenct, flexible OLED displays in lap top computers and even for
home video applications may be no more than a few years into future.
However, there remains much to be done if organics are to establish a
foothold in the display market. Achieving higher efficiencies, lower operating
voltages, and lower device life times are all challenges still to be met. But,
given the aggressive worldwide efforts in this area, emissive organic thin
films have an excellent chance of becoming the technology of choice for the
next generation of high-resolution, high-efficiency flat panel displays.
In addition to displays, there are many other opportunities for
application of organic thin-film semiconductors, but to date these have
remained largely untapped. Recent results in organic electronic technology
that may soon find commercial outlets in display black planes and other low-
cost electronics
12. CONCLUSION
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Organic light emitting diodes promise to make electronic viewing more
convenient and ubiquitous as they are more energy efficient. OLED is so
revolutionary that in the field of illumination it is being hailed as “the first
discovery since Edison”. Today, OLED technology is widely seen as a next
generation component for flat panel displays and is expected to become a key
technology in the development of flexible displays.
Performance of organic LEDs depend upon many parameters such as
electron and hole mobility, magnitude of applied field, nature of hole and
electron transport layers and excited life-times. Organic materials are poised
as never before to transform the world IF circuit and display technology.
Major electronics firms are betting that the future holds tremendous
opportunity for the low cost and sometimes surprisingly high performance
offered by organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.
13. REFERENCE
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1. Electronics for You ; Volume 35
2. www.universaldisplay.com
3. www.edtn.com
4. www.emagin.com
5. www.pearsonptg.com
6. http://www.edisontechcenter.org/LED.html
7. www.google.com/oled-technology
8. www.wikipedia.com/oled
9. www.electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled
10. www.oled-info.com
11. www.oled-display.net
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