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Annotated Source list

Alegría-Torres, J. A., Baccarelli, A., & Bollati, V. (2011). Epigenetics and lifestyle.
Epigenomics​,
3​(3), 267–277. http://doi.org/10.2217/epi.11.22
Summary:
This​ journal article​ discusses different lifestyle factors that could have an epigenetic
effect. It begins by discussing broad stress factors, “​such as nutrition, behavior, stress, physical
activity, working habits, smoking and alcohol consumption.” It then dives further into specific
examples within each category. For example in the food category, it considers a diet of high
polyunsaturated fatty acids, and links it to the specific chemical changes which could have
epigenetic effects. It also considers folate and vitamin B12 intake, Polyphenols, selenium,
obesity, tobacco, alcohol, various air pollutants, and psychological stress. Each of these factors
was explained in advanced detail.
Application to Research:
This article is useful because it defines some of the factors I will us in the broader section
of my paper. It also gives a good example of how the chemical changes were linked to the broad
factors, which I may end up doing regarding my lab work.

Bird, A. (2002). DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. ​Genes and Development,
16​(6), 21st ser., 6-21. doi:10.1101/gad.947102
Summary:
This ​journal article​ discusses different patterns of DNA methylation and how they differ
in time and space. It then talks about the process of maintenance methylation and its importance.
Next it discusses default methylation (de novo), how it can be targeted to specific DNA
sequences, and what structures of DNA and RNA act as triggers for this type of methylation,
such as silent chromatin. Finally it goes to some consequences of methylation, including genetic
silencing, and transposable element silencing. Then it talks about mechanisms of transcriptional
repression relating to this and how DNA can be excluded from this. There is also a part about
active demethylation of DNA, before it discusses genome integrity and how developmental
memory is different because of new findings.
Application to Research:
This article is interesting because it discusses many unique points about epigenetics.
There are a few new concepts that I can discuss in my paper and some of the different parts
might come in handy when I get further in my research, because it does not all make sense yet.
There are also a few images that I might be able to use for my paper later.

Cribbs, A. P., Feldmann, M., & Opperman, U. (2016). ​Rheumatoid Arthritis: Epigenetic Drug
Targets ​[Poster]. Minneapolis, MN: Bio-Techne Corporation.
Summary:
This​ poster​ defines rheumatoid arthritis, which is swelling in synovial joints caused by
leakage in the synovial membrane and how it could lead to bone erosion. It then connects
rheumatoid arthritis to periodontitis, making it a potential environmental stressor. The
relationship between the two is epigenetic. Periodontitis could be caused by smoking, etc. The
stressor causes the reduction of histone deacetylase, which is expressed in macrophages in the
lungs. The poster then has a section discussing potential genes that could have been methylated
to cause this outcome.
Application to Research:
This poster is interesting because it shows epigenetics in play with a common disease,
which will be one section of my poster. Other than cancer, resources about other diseases are rare
so this one will be a beneficial addition. I also could use the diagram on my board potentially or
in my product.

Deans, C., & Maggert, K. A. (2​015). What do you mean, “Epigenetic”? ​Genetics​, ​199​(4),
887–896. ​http://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.173492
Summary:
This​ article ​talks about the long history of and different definitions of the term
epigenetics. It begins from the origins in the 1940s to the practical lab applications of the last few
years. It then gives examples of different definitions of the term engines that have been used
around the world. It then discusses the various problems that occur as a result of this, and the
confusion caused. The article then gives ruminations of the different terms, such as dependence,
DNA sequences, and heritability. Next it discusses various solutions to the problems that were
discussed and the tests they used to support this.
Application to Research:
This article is useful because it contains details about epigenetics that I will need to
clearly define in my paper and presentation. It has a verbal timeline too, which can help show the
importance of epigenetics and how much people have discovered about it already and what could
be discovered in the future.

Epigenetics: Good or bad? (2012, September 11). Retrieved December 15, 2017, from
http://www.neulaw.org/blog/1034-class-blog/3890-epigenetics-good-or-bad
Summary:
This​ article​ discusses various opinions on whether epigenetics is good or bad. The article
starts with some negatives, such as changes that are made to people who cannot help it, such as
starving children. It uses historical examples as evidence. It then discusses some of the good
effects, many of which lie in science and medicine. Doctors have been figuring out ways to help
prevent certain diseases and conditions caused by the expression of a bad gene by using
treatments and medicines that have methylating effects on that gene. WIth these mechanisms,
healthcare can become preventative in the super long run.
Application to Research:
This article is interesting because it uses historical examples that I can cite in my paper,
showing the importance of this topic and how data from the past can be used to support i despite
not being meant for that purpose initially.

Epigenetics in cancer​ [Poster]. (2015). ​Cancer Products Guide, ​3​. ​Minneapolis, MN:
Bio-Techne
Corporation.
Summary:
This​ poster​ describes the manner in which epigenetics influences cancer, in that the
modifications that can be made without altering the underlying genetic code creates a type of
dysregulation which can promote cancer growth. However, the opposing effect is that the
relatively simple changing mechanisms, methylation and acetylation, make it a possible
therapeutic option in stopping the growth and creating healthy cells. The poster also discusses
the specific group of BET genes they tested to visualize this occurrence, using the diagram to
label the outcome.
Application to Research:
This poster will be useful because it shows another genetic family then the one I am
using, allowing me to present a parallel example in my paper. This diagram is also useful and
could be used on my board possibly.

The epigenome learns from its experiences. (n.d.). ​Learn Genetics: Genetic Science Learning
Center.​ Retrieved October 05, 2017, from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/
Summary:
This ​article​ discusses how epigenetic tags work, kind of like cellular memory. It applies
the epigenetic processes to exactly how it manifests in babies, and continues onto further
generations. It discusses the types of signals that can trigger epigenetic change. They talk about
the process of turning of genes, using gene regulatory proteins and other mechanisms such as
methylation. It also discusses DNA replication, which is crucial for how epigenetics causes
effects that last forever potentially.
Application to Research
This article will be useful in my descriptions of how epigenetics works and the impacts of
it in my future introduction paragraph. I also like how there are many illustrations in this aticle
that I could use for my future product.

Grandma's curse; Epigenetics and health. (2012, November 3). ​The Economist​, 82. Retrieved
October 26, 2017, from
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=hcpub_hebron&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA30
7037911&it=r&asid=b48dd9c4e9fc9e00a1e96627a4de8a89.
Summary:
This​ magazine article​ talks begins by introducing epigenetics generally. It then talks
about an experiment Dr. Rehan did with rats and nicotine to discover the effects that an older
generation of smokers would have on younger generations. They discovered that the younger
generations showed effects such as asthmatic lungs, even further down the line. This was due to
epigenetic change. The article then discusses specifically what changes were made genetically.
Application to Research:
This source is pretty short interviewbut the experiment is pretty direct and useful to
appeal to people as his is a common situation. This might be used in a future presentation as the
story. It also included specifics on the molecular and phenotypical level, which I will be able to
reference when connecting my internship research with my project.

Green, E. M., Mas, G., Young, N. L., Garcia, B. A., & Gozani, O. (2012). Methylation of H4
lysines 5, 8 and 12 by yeast Set5 calibrates chromatin stress responses. ​Brief
Communications: Nature, Structure, and Molecular Biology,​ ​19​(3), 361-363.
Summary:​ Journal Article
The article talks about the previous and ongoing experiments that Dr. Green and her
graduate students are doing to find out how SET5’s mutations affect the methylation of specific
lysines, which can then affect what is displayed in the protein. The article discusses the specific
experiments used in great detail, and the results that they have determined. There are illustrations
of the blotting results, which occurs after the protein is purified, isolated, and cultured in bacteria
from which the methylation effects are seen.
Application to Research:
This information will be useful when I try to explain the research I am doing in greater
detail in my paper. To be honest I am not yet one hundred percent sure about what is going on in
this article, but Dr. Green said that within a few weeks I will figure it out after actually seeing the
experiments in person during my internship.

Green, E. (2017, October 18). Personal Interview.


Summary:
This​ interview​ discussed various aspects of Dr. Green’s job and research. She spoke
about her position and background relating to epigenetics, as well as how she got into the
specific research she does. She gave much detail about the enzymes and methyltransferases she
focuses on. She also gave details about the future direction of and the implications of her
research.
Application to Research:
This interview will be useful when describing my research as she says it the most
accurately and above my current understanding.

Green, E. (2018, January 5). Personal Interview.


Summary:
This​ interview​ began with Dr. Green answering questions about her initial interest in
epigenetics and how she got the grant from NHS. Afterward, she spoke about her specific lab
experiments that she has conducted in the past and the ones she is conducting now. She also
discussed epigenetics in general relating to public opinion, legal policy, research directions, and
clinical applications in the present and future. Afterwards she spoke about the different
definitions of epigenetics and pulled up a few sources online which gave details about the
different definitions.
Application to Research:
This interview was extremely applicable to the research that I am doing and also provided
a new idea about the different definitions of epigenetics which I had never considered before.
This might change the introduction part of my paper a bit.

Green, E. (2018, January 10). Personal Interview.


Summary:
This​ interview​ considers many different facets of epigenetics to gain a more thorough
view. The interviewee answers questions about epigenetics and its definition and processes. She
also talks about legal and public policies that affect epigenetics today and in the future. Next, Dr.
Green describes in detail the experiments that initially sparked her interest in the topic and the
experiments she is working on now. She also describes the reality of research and the grant she
received. She also describes the direction in which epigenetics is probably heading, in terms of
research and future clinical uses. She also discusses the different definitions of the term
epigenetics and how that changes often.

Application to Research:
This interview is helpful because it includes many details that I was not able to find in
article about the experiments that I am doing. The other information is also helpful because I can
use it in the introduction of my paper or in a presentation in discussing epigenetics outside of my
specific lab experiments.

Green, H. [SciShow]. (2012, January 22). ​Epigenetics​ [Video File].


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp1bZEUgqVI
Summary:
This​ video​ defines many basic genetic terms, such as genome, methyl groups etc. The
video uses analogies to describe epigenetic mutations. It also describes at the molecular level
how DNA is transcribed and how epigenetics is influenced by histones and methyl groups. It also
discusses epigenetic tags and the history of epigenetics, which is pretty recent. It describes the
changes in beliefs regarding this topic as well.
Application to Research:
This video is a good resource because it has a lot of information in basic form that can be
used in the final product to help people understand the concept. The video also has animations
and pictures that probably can also be used in the final product.

Holder, B. H., Haque, M. M., & Skinner, M. K. (2017). Machine learning for epigenetics and
future medical applications. ​Epigenetics​, ​12​(7), pp. 505-514.
Summary:
This ​journal article​ discusses how epigenetics could lead to future medical advances. It
discusses machine learning, active learning, imbalanced class learning, deep learning, machine
learning in biological datasets, and how they all relate to epigenetics. It also talks about the
prediction of epigenetic states from relevant genomic features. They they tie together the the
types of learning to epigenetics and then that factor to medical practice. It discusses different
studies that they used to make these conclusions, as a lot of the uses are potential future uses and
not current ones.
Application to Research:
This article is interesting because it has the proper scientific abbreviations for many of
the terms relating to this topic. It also has charts and graphs relating to the topics that the article
mentions, in case I need to reference or visualize one of them in the future.

Jaenisch, R., & Bird, A. (2003). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: How the genome
integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. ​Natures Genetic Supplement,​ ​33​, 245-254.
doi:10.1038/ng1089
Summary:
This​ journal article​ discusses epigenetics at its base and functional level. It defines
epigenetics, describes how patterns of DNA methylation are established, how the DNA
methylation signal is interpreted, and how genes are activated at the beginning. Then it moves on
to how genes are dysregulated, which is not quite the opposite. The last section talks about
epigenetic states and how the environment affects it, and how therapy can be sued from this
external point. The paper also includes experiments that support some of its descriptions,
including ones done with mice.
Application to Research:
This article is good because it has a lot of information that can be used in my description
of epigenetics, including definitions and connections between simpler and more complex topics.
It also has a few experiments that I might want to refer to, depending on if my future
experiments connect to these.

Jaiswal, D., et al. (2016). Choose your own adventure: The role of histone modifications in yeast
cell fate. ​Journal of Molecular Biology, ​1-12.
Summary: Journal Article
The article talks about intrinsic and extrinsic signals that affect yeast cell fate. Then it
describes DNA nucleosomes, and how they host the majority of histone modifications. Then it
discusses enzymes that modify histones, and their effect on the overall protein. There is a table
that has information about connections between certain enzymes, processes, and modifications.
They then discuss nutrient-responsive signaling and chromatin states and chromatin-based
control of IME1. They discuss histone modifications and meiotic progression expression, the
meiotic master regulator and chromatin-based regulation of FLO11, the initiator of filamentous
growth before covering chromatin Dynamics during PCD
Application to Research:
This is a good introductory article as it describes histone modifications (protein cluster
tail turn of gene) and how they are present in yeast cells. It can be used to relate the more
complicated topics to an analogy I might use in my paper about yeast before relating it to
humans.

Jaiswal, D. (2017, October 18). Personal Interview.


Summary:
This​ interview​ discussed Deepika’s job, which is a postdoctoral researcher in Dr.
Green’s lab. Her interview included details about all of the types of research that she has done
relating to epigenetics. She also spoke about her job and background. She spoke about the other
mutations that Dr. Green has researched that correlate to the experiments that I am doing.
Application to Research:
This interview will be useful because it will allow me to connect my research to the
larger picture, as it provides details about similar and related experiments as well as their
outcomes.

Jezek, M., Gast, A., Choi, G., Kulkarni, R., Quijote, J., Graham-Yooll, A., Green, E. M. (2017).
The histone methyltransferases Set5 and Set1 have overlapping functions in gene
silencing and telomere maintenance. ​Epigenetics​, ​12​(2), 93–104.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2016.1265712
Summary:
This​ journal article ​begins by discussing SET 1 and SET 5, which are
methyltransferases of lysine. It then discusses SET 1’s known function of activation, but its
contradicting appearance here as a telomere silencer, alongside SET 5. Next it considers altered
chromatin dynamics and general telomeric function, and the implications of its silencing. It then
describes in detail the experiment, centered around yeast, and the methods they used, such as
immunoblotting and assays. It then analyzes all the results and images, ending with the
conclusion that the functions of SET 1 and 5 overlap in multiple ways to result in various
segments of telomeres being silenced.
Application to Research:
This article was written by other people that are in the same lab as me, which is helpful
because it includes some details about the specific histone methyltransferase that I am working
with. It also gives an example of many of the procedures that I use, and shows me how I should
describe them in my paper eventually.

Kazmi, N., Gaunt, T. R., Relton, C., & Micali, N. (2017). Maternal eating disorders affect
offspring cord blood DNA methylation: a prospective study. ​Clinical Epigenetics,​ ​9​(1).
doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0418-3
Summary:
This​ journal article​ discussed eating disorders in pregnant women and how they have
epigenetic effects on umbilical cord blood. There are also often bad birth outcomes with these
women. The study used cord blood DNA methylation in offspring of women with active and past
eating disorders in a longitudinal study to determine the results. They found that women with
past eating disorders had lower methylation levels and active eating disorders had lower
methylation levels of the whole genome.
Application to Research:
This article will be useful as one of the epigenetic effect examples that I will have to use
in my article. It will also guide me on how to go about relating my internship research to my
literature research as it involves an actual experiment.

Knopik, V. S., Maccani, M. A., Francazio, S., & McGeary, J. E. (2012). The epigenetics of
maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and effects on child development.
Development and Psychopathology,​ ​24​(4), 1377-1390. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000776
Summary:
This ​journal article​ ​talks about the general in utero development features unrelated to
DNA, including previous untested beliefs that had little justification prior to epigenetics. It then
talks about why epigenetics makes sense in the context of this period being extremely critical in
the development, thus increasing the sensitivity of any potential change. The article specifically
addresses maternal cigarette smoking, which has numerous implications. The article talks about
the stresses that the drug causes on the mother and how those stresses translate into the fetal
genome, or programming, as this article calls it. It connects it to atypical methylation patterns,
and placental epigenetics, briefly addressing umbilical cord, maternal blood, leukocyte and
neural effects. It also discusses other lifestyle dangers. There is a connection to miRNA
differences with cigarette smoking mothers’ fetuses. It ends with discussing how future research
could extend this topic.
Application to Research:
Although too specific to use as general information in my paper, part of this information
can be used specifically in my article relating to environmental stressors on the baby. It also can
help me set up connections and conclusions that I will have to find from my personal research,
such as how to even start making them.

Locwin, B. (2016, August 12). Epigenetic Zs: Could a bad night's sleep alter your genes?
Retrieved December 15, 2017, from
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/08/12/epigenetic-zs-could-a-bad-nights-sleep-alter
-your-genes/
Summary:
This​ article ​begins by discussing the concept of the adenosine hypothesis and sleep
maintenance. It then discusses the genes of our body that help us maintain various cycles,
including the ones that initiate sleep. Some of these genes show that they can be methylated due
to lack of sleep, which potentially could be linked to other problems. However, that connection
and study was weak, and the bigger outcome of the study was the discovery that the methylation
differed between fat and muscle cells, and that certain types were more prone to it. This suggests
that other diseases related to the cells, such as obesity, could be connected with the clock
disruption, which was epigenetically altered.
Application to Research:
This article shows that despite there being studies that show many epigenetic causes,
many of them are still speculations, which will have to be clarified in the paper. It does have
interesting ideas on how to make connections, which i will be able to use in my paper.

Marriott, L., Charbonneau, A., Moss, B., Shannon, J., Thornburg, K., & Turker, M. (2016).
Epigenetics: A new science for middle school -- and why you should teach it. ​Science
Scope​, ​39​(6), 6. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/scirc/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=6c480190-0223-4575-
aa47-ae41a0eda784%40sessionmgr4006
Summary:
This​ journal article​ describes epigenetics at a “middle school” level, giving descriptions
at all levels. It defines the process, talks about the DNA tags that are used to identify this. It also
talks about why this topic is important in general. It includes a graph with diseases, body
systems, etc that epigenetics now connects to, as well as how many articles about it are published
yearly. It has another chart which has many jobs and practices that would change if epigenetics
progressed farther or was taken into more consideration. It also specifically talks about how it is
relevant to the ​Next Generation Science Standards.
Application to Research:
This article is a good resource for me to use for my final project because I realized this is
a difficult topic to share with people, and I need to find easier ways to describe it, which is what
this article shows. It also helped with my background rationale section because it discusses why
this is an important topic to share with people and how it will be extremely beneficial in the
future in terms of medical research and innovation.

Mukherjee, S. (2017, June 19). The science of identity and difference. Retrieved January 06,
2018, from
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/02/breakthroughs-in-epigenetics
Summary:
This​ newspaper article​ begins by discussing the story of two identical twins and their
similar yet different lives. It then talks about twin studies that helped give epigenetic
information. It then gives a in depth description of Allis, the main researcher/scientist who
coined the term epigenetics and developed the concept. It shows that the original understandings
of the term were quite different than today’s understandings. Allis spent time asking interesting
questions about all of the problems with the original genetic theories, discovering the possibility
of a force “above” genetics that could change it- epigenetics. The rest of the article discusses
known epigenetic mechanisms.
Application to Research:
This article is helpful because it gives an in depth of the history of epigenetics, including
many details that I was not familiar with before. I will be able to use this information in the
beginning of m paper, as well as to provide background on my final presentation and product.

Novakovic, B., & Saffery, R. (2012). The ever growing complexity of placental epigenetics-
Role in adverse pregnancy outcomes and fetal programming. ​Placenta,​ ​33​(12), 959-970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.003
Summary:
This ​journal article​ discusses a number of things relating to epigenetics and the placenta,
which has a key role in human pregnancies. The article begins by talking about specific
methylations that occur in the placenta, resulting from imprinting and dependant on the type of
cell and gestational age of placental cells. It then discusses how the methylation changes the
placental physiology and function. Especially at certain DNA marks. Then it talks about how this
methylation is influenced by environmental factors, such as the mother’s lifestyle. The
methylation also may be related to pregnancy diseases, which the author considers. Finally it
connects epigenetics to the neonatal results, comparing factors such as birth weight, allergies,
and other future implications.
Application to Research:
This article is interesting because it considers a specific aspect of methylation (placental)
and relates from the molecular to the phenotypical outcome. This could be an interesting
approach to model my paper out of, except I would be using the data that I collect from my
internship. It also has other general information I could use.

Rachdaoui, N., Li, L., Willard, B., Kasumov, T., Previs, S., & Sarkar, D. (2017). Turnover of
histones and histone variants in postnatal rat brain: effects of alcohol exposure. ​Clinical
Epigenetics,​ ​9​(1). doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0416-5
Summary:
This​ journal article​ describes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which is caused by
maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and leads to babies being born with a number
of neurological problems and developmental issues. The study looked at histone turnover rates,
which are necessary for successful transcription, and the creation of sustaining neurological
material. The researchers found that through alcohol consumption, the histone turnover rate
reduced enough to cause neurological damage, and create the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
harmful effects.
Application to Research:
This article is a good resource for me to use as an epigenetics example in my paper. In
addition, it will also guide me to relate my experiment to my overall research, as it shows a
method as to how they made the connection.

Simmons, D. (n.d.). Epigenetic influences and disease. Retrieved January 06, 2018, from
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895
Summary:
This​ article ​talks about epigenetic mechanisms, with sections about DNA methylation
histone modifications, RNA associated silencing, etc. The next part discusses epigenetics and
diseases including specific examples. It discusses cancer and gives specific epigenetic changes
which related to the disease. It also discusses neurological deficiencies related to epigenetics.
The next section talks about epigenetic therapy and theoretic treatments that could be
individually devised to help specific cases. The specific disease examples have illustrated
supports that link the diseases to epigenetics.
Application to Research:
This article is helpful because it allows me to fact check some of the details that I read
about the general mechanisms of epigenetics. It also gives me information about specific details
and their relation to epigenetic mechanisms, which are relevant to the importance of doing this
research and project.

Skinner, M. K. (2017). Epigenetics. In ​World Book Advanced​. Retrieved from


http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752922
Summary:
This ​encyclopedia article​ discusses epigenetics and its origins. It also discusses its
processes and current applications. Then it discusses its relationship to the environment and
inheritance.
Application to Research:
This reference material does not much detail, but it includes the official scientifically
acknowledged details about epigenetics, which can be quoted as fact in any future products I
make.

Wagner, C. (2018, January 16). Personal Interview.


Summary:
The ​interview ​began with Dr. Wagner discussing her background in biology and her
teaching experience. While she does not conduct research in the same way that Dr. Green does,
she has spent many years studying biology and the different components of it, including the
recently popularized epigenetics. She discussed the history of epigenetics and the mechanisms
that allow it to occur. She also elaborated on the different definitions of epigenetics, a concept
that was only recently come to my attention.
Application to Research:
This interview was helpful because it allowed me to clear up many misunderstandings/18
about epigenetics that I had. While prior to this I only had learned from literature sources, Dr.
Wagner’s firsthand experience and understandings showed me its applicability in the real world
and in the world of science.
Weinhold, B. (2006, March). Epigenetics: The science of change. Retrieved October 05, 2017,
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/
Summary:
This ​article ​is split up into the sections: mechanisms of epigenetics, links to disease,
substantial changes, other drivers of change, current and future quandaries, public and private
works, and tools being created to extend this field. The article has a lot of information about the
history and development of epigenetics, and the benefits of the current direction which it is
heading. It explains the physical changes that need to happen to the genome, (or lack of change),
in order for it to be considered in this category. It discusses the specific genes that had been
identified to fall under epigenetics. It also discusses diseases that can result from epigenetics,
such as lupus, and diseases that could have solutions in this field as well.
Application to Research
This article will be a good source in the description of epigenetics and how it works
compared to other genetic processes. The discussion about diseases will also be a good place to
start my research if I chose to write my paper in that direction, but I will definitely have to
consult with different, more recent articles to verify that the information has not changed in the
last decade, as this field is constantly changing.

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