Chemistry Lesson 3

Chemistry
Lesson 3
The periodic table and electron configuration
Welcome to the third lesson in this chemistry subject. In this lesson the
focus is on the periodic table and electron configurations.
It should take about 10 hours to complete this lesson.
Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should be able to...
• define the following terms: periodic law, main group element, inner transition
element, transition element, group, period, metal, non-metal
• describe the difference between a metal and a non-metal
• explain the organisation of electrons in electron orbitals
• describe the concept of electron configuration
• use the periodic table to predict the electron configuration of an element
• draw the Lewis dot structure depicting the electron configuration of an element
Part A. The periodic table

The periodic table is designed to classify all known elements and provide the reader
with a wealth information about each element. This lesson looks at the classification of
the elements on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties and There is a copy of the periodic table, and
information about it at http://en.wikipedia.org/
their sub-atomic arrangement.
wiki/Periodic_table
The periodic table was designed to There is a good YouTube video introducing the
classify all known elements and periodic table at http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5MMWpeJ5dn4
provide the reader with a wealth of
Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

page 3-1
AIAS Natural Medicine
Chemistry
Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Reference Sheet California Standards Test
1 18
1A 8A
1 2
1 H He
Hydrogen 2 13 14 15 16 17 Helium
1.01 2A Key 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.00
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 Atomic number
2 Li Be Na Element symbol
B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.01 Sodium Element name 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
22.99
11 12 Average atomic mass* 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
* If this number is in parentheses, then 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
it refers to the atomic mass of the
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
most stable isotope.
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Copyright © 2008 California Department of Education
information about each element. From

the previous lesson we know that the Read Section 2.5 What is the Periodic Table? on
pages 43–48 in the text book.
periodic table provides the chemical
name, abbreviation, atomic weight and
atomic number for each element. The table may also be used to predict certain
chemical and physical properties about each element.
The periodic table and periodic law
The periodic table is a graphical display of the elements

in order of increasing atomic number in which elements
with similar properties fall in the same column of the
display. The elements may be divided into metals and
non-metals, but are organised in horizontal rows
(periods) and vertical columns (groups).
The periodic law states that when elements are

arranged in order of increasing atomic number,
elements with similar properties occur at periodic
(regularly recurring) intervals.

page 3-2
Chemistry
Groups and periods of elements
A group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic

table. There are two notations in use for designating
individual periodic table groups.
• Groups may be designated by Roman numerals and

the letter A and B.
• Groups may be designated using Arabic numbers 1

to 18.
A period is a horizontal row of elements in the

periodic table. The periods are numbered
sequentially with Arabic numbers starting at the top
of the periodic table.
The elements are subdivided into main-group

elements, transition elements and inner transition
elements.
Activity 3.1
Complete the following self assessment.
1. Provide definitions, and give an example, of a

main group element, an inner transition
element, and a transition element.

page 3-3
Chemistry
Part 2. Classification of elements

In addition to being subdivided into
metals and non-metals, elements are Read Section B Classification of the Elements on
grouped as main group elements page 44 in the text book.
(group A elements), transition
elements (most of the group B elements), and inner transition elements (groups 3B
and 4B elements).
A metal is an element that has the characteristic properties of lustre, thermal

conductivity, electrical conductivity and malleability. With the exception of mercury, all
metals are solid at room temperature.
A non-metal is an element characterised by the absence of the properties of lustre,

thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,
and malleability. Many of the non-metals are
Activity 3.2
gases and solids.
Complete the following self
Some periodic tables classify some of the assessment.
metals and non-metals as the metalloids. These
1. List four examples of metals,
are elements that have some of the and four examples of non-
characteristics of metals and some of the metals. Refer to the periodic
table on the inside cover of
characteristics of metalloids. your text book.

page 3-4
Chemistry
Part B. The electronic structure of atoms

Elements are rarely found alone, as
they tend to form compounds and Read Read section C Examples of Periodicity in
the Periodic Table on pages 46–48 in the text
molecules by interacting with other
book.
elements. The interaction and
behaviour of elements as they react Read Section 2.6 How are the Electrons in an
Atom Arranged? on pages 49–55 in your text
with others is dependent on their
book. You may need to read this section more
atomic arrangement, specifically the than once as you continue through this lesson.
electron configuration around the
nucleus. The periodic table can be
used to predict the arrangement of electrons within the atom.
Electron configuration
As electrons move about an

atoms nucleus they are restricted
to specific regions within the
extranuclear portion of the atom:
shells, sub-shells and orbitals.
Electron shells
An electron shell is a region of

space that contains electrons that
have that have approximately the
same energy level and that spend
most of their time approximately the same distances from the nucleus. Electron shell
is numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on outward from the nucleus. Electron energy increases
as the distance from the nucleus increases.
Electron sub-shells
An electron sub-shell is a region of space

within an electron shell that contains
electrons that have the same energy. The
number of sub-shells within a shell is the
same as the shell number, Shell 1
contains one sub-shell, shell 2 contains
two sub-shells, shell 3 contains three
page 3-5
Chemistry
sub-shells and so on. Sub-shell type is designated using the letters s, p, d and f which
denote sub-shells of increasing energy and size.
• Sub-shell s can accommodate 2 electrons
• Sub-shell p can accommodate 6 electrons
• Sub-shell d can accommodate 10 electrons
• Sub-shell f can accommodate 14 electrons
Refer to Tables 2.5 and 2.6 on page 50 of your text book. These tables show the
distribution of electrons in their respective orbitals and shells.
Electron orbitals
Electron sub-shells have within

them a certain, defined
number of locations, electron
orbitals, where electrons are
most likely to be found at any
given time. An orbital is a
region in space that can hold
two electrons. Each orbital has
a specific shape in space (that
is, spherical, dumbbell
shaped).
Rules for electron orbitals
• Orbitals fill in the order of increasing energy from lowest to

highest
• Each orbital can hold up to two electrons with spins paired. No more than two
electrons can exist in a given orbital – only if they have opposite spins.
• Electrons occupy the orbitals of a sub-shell such that each orbital acquires one
electron before any orbital acquires a second electron. All electrons in such singly
occupied orbitals must have the same spin. Therefore, when there is a set of
orbitals of equal energy each
orbital becomes half filled before Re-read Section C Electron Configuration of
Atoms are Governed by Three Rules on page 51
any of them becomes completely
in the text book.
filled.

page 3-6
Chemistry
Electron configuration
An electron configuration is a
statement of how many electrons an Re-read Section D Showing Electron
atom has in each of its electron sub- Configurations: Orbital Box Diagrams and
Section E Showing Electron Configurations:
shells. Configurations are not written
Noble Gas Notations, on pages 52–54 in your
in words, they are written to indicate text book. See also Figure 2.14 in your text book
h o w m a n y e l e c t r o n s o f va r i o u s for the ‘spin’ of electron pairing ‘spins’.
energies an atom has. Sub-shells
containing electrons are
listed in order of
increasing energy, are
designated by using
number and letter
combinations (1s, 2s, 2p).
For example, hydrogen

has one electron and is
written as H1s1.
An orbital diagram is a statement of how many electrons an atom has in each of its
electron orbitals.
For example, hydrogen H1s↑.
Examples of the electron configurations and their diagrams are shown in the text book
on page 53 in Table 2.7.
Summary of electron configuration
How many electrons are there in these

shells?
The first shell, that is, the ‘1’ shell, can hold
two electrons.
The second shell, that is, the ‘2” shell, can

hold eight electrons.
With this information we can see how

electrons ‘pack’.

page 3-7
Chemistry
As we move along the periodic table, one extra electron

is added to each subsequent element.
Look at the periodic table on the inside front cover of

your text book: H has ‘1’ in the top right corner, while
He has a ‘2’. This means H has one electron in the first
energy level and He has two. Li has two electrons in the
first energy level (or the 1 shell) and one electron in the
second energy level or 2 shell. So we work our way
along to the right adding one
more electron for every
element until we get to argon
(Ar, pictured left) which has a
2 shell of eight. Thus the 2
shell is full, and electrons
then start to pack into the 3
shell.
Note that Na has two

electrons in the 1 shell, eight in the 2 shell and only one
in the 3 shell. We continue packing electrons into the 3
shell until we come again to
Group VIII where Ar has a
full outer shell of eight. K
has two in the 1 shell, eight
in the 2 shell, eight in the 3
shell and one in the 4 shell.
Helium has two electrons,

so the 1 shell is full. Helium
therefore has a stable, full
outer-shell of two. This is
called a noble gas arrangement when the outer shell is full.
The additional information you need to understand this table is that within each shell
there are sub-shells.
The 1 shell has only one sub-shell: the s sub-shell. The s sub-shell can hold only two
electrons.

page 3-8
Chemistry
The 2 shell has two sub-shells: the s sub-shell and

the p sub-shell. The p sub-shell can hold six
electrons.
Beryllium (Be) has four electrons, two in the 1s sub-

shell and two in the 2s sub-shell. Its electronic
configuration is written 1s22s2.
Boron (B) has five electrons, two in the 1s sub-shell,

two in the 2s sub-shell and one in the 2p sub-shell.
Continuing along the second period through C, N, O,

F and Ne, we see one more electron added to the 2p sub-shell per element. At Ne the
2p sub-shell has its maximum number of six electrons.
Thus Ne not only has a full 2p sub-shell of six, but also
a full 2 shell of eight. Thus Ne is stable: that is, it has
a noble gas arrangement.
The next electron goes in the 3s sub-shell, so Na has

an electronic configuration of 1s22s22p63s1 – so it
continues packing the 3s and 3p sub-shells. Again we
get to the noble gas Ar which has a full 3p sub-shell.
Refer to Table 2.8 on page 55 of your text book.
The next electron goes in the 4s sub-shell so K has an

electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 – or we
can just write the configuration for Ar and add 4s1.
In fact 3 shells can also contain another large sub-shell called the 3d sub-shell: this
can hold 10 electrons.
But the 4s sub-shell has a lower energy than the 3d

sub-shell so the two outer electrons of K and Ca go into
the 4s before the 3d.
Filling the 3d sub-shell starts at Sc and continues

through to Zn. After which electrons go into the 4p from
Ga to Kr.
When we correlate this electron packing with the

page 3-9
Chemistry
arrangement of the periodic table we see that each period represents 1 shell. The first
period sees electrons packing the 1 shell. Second period sees electrons pack the 2
shell. Third period sees electrons pack the 3 shell.
Further down this system breaks down with the four period seeing outer shell
electrons packing the 4s2 then 3d then 4p sub-shells. But don’t be concerned about
elements after
argon (Ar).
The four elements

sticking up on the
left hand side Li,
Be, Na and Mg are
elements with
outer electrons
packing the 2s
and 3s sub-shells.
Groups I and II
have outer
electrons in the s sub-shell.
Groups III to VIII have outer electrons occupying the p sub-shell (2p from B to Ne, 3p
from Al to Ar, and 4p from Ga to Kr). Groups 3B to 11B (Sc to Zn) have outer
elements going into the d sub-shell.
The groups in the periodic table represent elements with the same electron
configuration in their outermost shell.

page 3-10
Chemistry
Lewis dot diagrams
Outer shell electrons are called valence

Read Section F Showing Electron
electrons and the energy level in which
Configurations: Lewis Dot Structures on pages
they are found is called the valence 55–56 in the text book.
shell. The outermost electrons, valence
Read Section 2.7 How are Electron
electrons, are represented in Lewis dot Configuration and Position in the Periodic Table
diagrams. Related? on pages 56–57 in the text book.
A Lewis structure shows the symbol of Read Section the Chapter 2 Summary on pages
60–61 in the text book.
the element surrounded by a number
of dots equal to the number of
electrons in the outer shell of an atom of that element. Table 2.8 on page 55 of your
text book shows Lewis dot structures for the first 18 elements of the periodic table.
Refer to example 2.7 on pages 55–56 of your text book. This example shows how to
draw the Lewis dot diagram for nitrogen using
the electron configuration.
Activity 3.3
Complete the following self

assessment.
1. Complete problem 2.7 on

page 56 of your text book.
Revision problems
Complete the following revision

self assessment.
1. Complete problems 2.61 (a to

h) on page 65 of your text
book.
2. Complete problem 2.87 on

page 66 of your text book.
(The answers to the odd-numbered
problems are provided in Answers on
page A9–A10 in your text book)

page 3-11

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Chemistry

• describe the difference between a metal and a non-metal

• explain the organisation of electrons in electron orbitals

• describe the concept of electron configuration

• use the periodic table to predict the electron configuration of an element

Part A. The periodic table

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

Copyright © 2008 California Department of Education

information about each element. From

The periodic table and periodic law

The periodic table is a graphical display of the elements

The periodic law states that when elements are

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

Groups and periods of elements

A group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic

• Groups may be designated by Roman numerals and

• Groups may be designated using Arabic numbers 1

A period is a horizontal row of elements in the

The elements are subdivided into main-group

1. Provide definitions, and give an example, of a

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

Part 2. Classification of elements

A metal is an element that has the characteristic properties of lustre, thermal

A non-metal is an element characterised by the absence of the properties of lustre,

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

Part B. The electronic structure of atoms

As electrons move about an

An electron shell is a region of

An electron sub-shell is a region of space

• Sub-shell s can accommodate 2 electrons

• Sub-shell p can accommodate 6 electrons

• Sub-shell d can accommodate 10 electrons

• Sub-shell f can accommodate 14 electrons

Electron sub-shells have within

Rules for electron orbitals

• Orbitals fill in the order of increasing energy from lowest to

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

For example, hydrogen

For example, hydrogen H1s↑.

Summary of electron configuration

How many electrons are there in these

The second shell, that is, the ‘2” shell, can

With this information we can see how

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

As we move along the periodic table, one extra electron

Look at the periodic table on the inside front cover of

Note that Na has two

Helium has two electrons,

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

The 2 shell has two sub-shells: the s sub-shell and

Beryllium (Be) has four electrons, two in the 1s sub-

Boron (B) has five electrons, two in the 1s sub-shell,

Continuing along the second period through C, N, O,

The next electron goes in the 3s sub-shell, so Na has

The next electron goes in the 4s sub-shell so K has an

But the 4s sub-shell has a lower energy than the 3d

Filling the 3d sub-shell starts at Sc and continues

When we correlate this electron packing with the

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

The four elements

Lesson 3 | The periodic table and electron configuration

Lewis dot diagrams

Outer shell electrons are called valence

Complete the following self