ENGINEERING
Stress strain curve is a behavior of material when it is subjected to load. Stress is computed by
dividing the axial load by the cross sectional area of the material while strain is measured by the
elongation of the material relative to its original length. When ductile materials such as steel are
subjected to high stresses, the material’s cross section typically decrease as it elongates. When
the initial cross sectional area is used, the computed stress is called the nominal stress. A more
exact value of stress is known as the true stress, which is computed using the actual cross section
of the specimen. For nominal strain, the initial length is used in calculation. To get the true
In stress-strain diagram, stresses are plotted along the vertical axis and as a result of these
stresses; corresponding strains are plotted along the horizontal axis as shown below in the stress
strain curve.
When a ductile material like mild steel is subjected to tensile test, then it passes various stages
before fracture. These stages are as follows:
Proportional Limit is point on the curve up to which the value of stress and strain remains
proportional. This is the point up to which Hook’s law of proportionality applies. Elastic Limit is
the limiting value of stress up to which the material is perfectly elastic. Within this region,
material will return back to its original state without sustaining permanent deformation when the
force is unloaded. Yield Strength is the stress after which material extension takes place more
quickly with no or little increase in load. At this point, the material will sustain permanent
deformation and will no longer return to its original state even after the force is unloaded.
Ultimate Strength is the maximum strength that material has to bear stress before breaking. It
can also be defined as the ultimate stress corresponding to the peak point on the stress strain
graph. Rupture Point is point where the strength of material breaks.
Elongation, d ≥ 25 mm 16% 8% 7%
1.5. Resources
Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine UMH-100
Wedge Grips
Weighing Scale
Steel Tape / Digital Caliper
Marking Device (Centre punch or drawn with ink)
1.6. Procedures
1.0 Preparation
1.1 Prepare two (2) specimens both plain and deformed round bar specimen with a length
of 500 mm each.
1.2 Mark the bars as specimen 1 or 2 (both plain and deformed bars).
1.3 Measure and mark 150 mm in length from both ends of each bar.
Note: Use a marking device, the middle section is the gauge length (GL) of about 200
mm (standard).
1.4 Determine the weight of each specimen.
1.5 Determine the actual cross sectional area of deformed and plain bars:
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 1
𝐴𝑅𝑜𝑑 = 𝑥
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝜌 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
Where:
Where:
Note: A fracture occurring outside of the middle half of the gage length, the
elongation vale may not be representative of the material. IF the elongation
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is indicated,
otherwise discard the test and repeat.
AO − AF
%𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑥 100 %
AO
Where:
SET-UP OF APPARATUS
SCHOOL OF
Experiment No.: 2 MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Name: Date:
Ultimate Strength,
Length, mm
KPa
Nominal
Diameter, mm
Cross-Sectional
Area, mm2
1.7.2. Conclusion
Many engineering applications that require high tensile strength normally use mild steel. This is
because of the crystalline structure of mild steel that allows it to withstand high axial loads
before fracture can occur. Aluminum however has found many uses in designs that require low
density materials like in aerodynamics and some motor vehicles. Aluminum experiences high
ductility rates compared to mild steel and have therefore low level values of 6oung5s Modulus, a
factor that determines deflections in structural components. This experiment therefore gives
close relationship of tensile strength to the theoretical data.
3. Why is it necessary to state the gage length when reporting the percent of elongation?
1.9. References
• EN 472 : Pressure gauge - Vocabulary.
• EN 837-1 : Pressure gauges. Bourdon tube pressure gauges. Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing.
• EN 837-2 : Pressure gauges. Selection and installation recommendations for pressure gauges.
• EN 837-3 : Pressure gauges. Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges. Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing..
(Note: Cite all references used in the development of this experiment using APA format.)