Pag.

21
Mood Disorders affect around forty four million Americans each year. The two most common mental
disorders being depression and bipolar disease. There are several factors in which researchers believe
contribute to mental disorders. Some researchers think that the most severe mood disorders are caused
by imbalances in the brain’s chemical activity. Researchers also assume the environment can play a
part in mood disorders and it may run in families. Some mood disorders prove to be easier to diagnose
due to the symptoms that the patient is showing, while others may be a little more difficult and require
more testing due to the mood disorder going unrecognized. The good news is that with the proper
medication and psychotherapy a person afflicted with a mood disorder can go on and live a productive
life.

The most famous experiment Milgram conducted was also his most controversial. The issue dealt
with the people's right to know on what he/she is being studied. On the surface, the experiment looked
legit and totally scientific. Two people were brought in at a time and each would draw from a hat.
One would be the teacher, one the learner. After going over exactly how the shock treatment worked,
the teacher went to his control panel and the learner was hooked up to electrodes. The teacher would
first read lists of paired words then asked the learner to pair up the now separated words. For each
wrong answer the learner gave, an increasing dose of electricity was given.

Pag. 25

There’s a very good chance that the well have run up those debts intentionally.
company ran up those debts intentionally.
The company could ...

My salary is half what it would be in the job taken the job I was offered in January, I would be on
I was offered in January. If I had ... twice the salary I am now.

It’s a long time since anyone gave my car a had my car serviced for a long time.
proper service. I haven’t ...

It would have been common courtesy to let have let me know you were coming.
me know you were coming. You might...

She went before I realised what was time I realised what was happening she had left.
happening. By the ...

It’s time we were planning our next holiday, should be planning our next holiday?
isn’t it? Don’t think we ...

We’ve had lots of arguments with that the first time we’ve had arguments with that particular
particular harbour master before. This isn’t harbour master.
...

It was wrong of you to take what he said for You shouldn’t have taken what he said for granted.
granted. shouldn’t:

His exam results will determine what choice His choice of further education is dependent on his exam
he has for further education. dependent: results.

If by chance you’re arrested, you don’t have If by chance you’re arrested you are under no obligation
to say anything. under: pressure to say anything.

The new minister seems to be excellent at The new minister seems to have flair on fielding
fielding awkward questions. flair: awkward questions.
People often find their first experience of People are common in finding their first experience of
sky-diving rather sickening. common: sky-diving rather sickening.

We couldn’t hear most of what he said. Most of what he said is inaudible for us.
inaudible:

Their exclusion from union meetings stems Since their shocking behaviour at the last one, they have
from their shocking behaviour at the last been excluded from union meetings.
one. since:

Generally, the majority of the audience is Generally, school children comprise the majority of the
made up of school children.comprise: audience.

The car completely destroyed my was completely destroyed by the car.

motorbike. My motorbike...

Second prize was awarded to an unknown was awarded second prize.

author from Patras. An unknown author
from Patras...

The judge refused him permission to appeal was refused permission to appeal against the decision.
against the decision. He...

Blur have earned several million pounds has earned them several million pounds.
from their new album. Blur’s new album ....

They suggested we try a new method of were recommended to try a new method of checking
checking how much we were spending. how much we were spending.
We...

Leaving that dress in the sun has made it has faded in the sun.
fade. That dress ...

We watched the men sail the boat into the sailing into the harbour.
harbour. We watched the boat...

I dropped the glass and cracked it. The glass when I dropped it.
cracked ...

I added flour to the sauce and thickened it. thickened when I added flour.
The sauce ...

They’re selling a lot of copies of that new is selling a lot of copies.

single. That new single ...

They made me tell them everything I knew. was made to tell them everything I knew.
I ...

Nobody ever let me study the piano at was not allowed to study the piano at school.
school. I ...

It is often said that Shakespeare never is often said never to have revised anything he wrote.
revised anything he wrote. Shakespeare ....

There were once thought to be canals on was once thought that there were canals on Mars.
Mars. It ...
From what we understand, there was an thought to have been an attack last night in the vicinity
attack last night in the vicinity of the beach. of the beach.
There is ....

It’s a widespread assumption that George is widely assumed to have been wrongly accused.
was wrongly accused. George ...

You have to clean these football boots until to be cleaned until they shine.
they shine. These football boots are ...

Under no circumstances should you cross not to be crossed under any circumstances.
this line. This line is ...

She wants it to be clear to people that she’s She wants to be seen to be fair.
fair. seen:

He often says to people how much of his He is often heard to say how much of his success is
success is down to you. heard: down to you.

The theory is that she fell overboard at night She is supposed to have fallen overboard at night and
and drowned. fallen: drowned.

Pag. 26

Even if you ...help you, I don’t think I had asked me to

would have been able to.

I...up so early this morning, if I’d known wouldn’t have got

you weren’t coming until after lunch.

If you’d known then what you know now, what would you have
... done?

Had...your timely intervention, they’d it not been

have given nearly all their money to that
con man.

If only...to my father’s advice, I’d be a I had listened

successful lawyer by now.

If... for the postal strike, the cheque it hadn’t been

would have arrived today.

In those days you would have been the law if you hadn’t carried your
breaking ... ID card on you at all times.

If you had been in my shoes, ... done? what would you have

Had we ...misinformed about the bus not been

times, we wouldn’t have been late.

In retrospect you might ...advised to get have been better

a lawyer.

If Ioannis stayed that long at the party, he must have

... been having a good time.

But...fire alarm altering us, the building for the

would have gone up in flames.
I keep getting headaches so I’m going to get my eyes
...tested.

It’s unpleasant for children when they... get called

names by other children.

I've just ... taken for my new passport. had my photograph

My handbag was completely flattened got sit

after it ... on in the bus.

My husband’s been to the hairdresser: I hadn’t had it cut

really wish he ... so short.

I know you don’t approve of my new hair have to been used

colour but you’ll just ... to it.

When he came in, his hands were covered had been working
in oil and grease because he ... on his
car.

Were the next Word Cup ... in your to be

country, would you approve?

That’s the last ... anything from a mail- time I order

order catalogue, I assure you.

Had there ... a special offer on that not been

month, I would probably never have
joined the club.

These problems had ... out before the better be

Annual General Meeting next month.

Fortunately, there is little ... such a chance of

mistake being made again.

My proposals were rejected and I was forced to

...back down.

I think he needs ... told to keep his nose to be

clean.

The problem was ... been told where the not having
fire escapes were.

His son is believed ... kidnapped by to have been

separatist guerrillas.

Under the old proposals, candidates were to have

... been given an extra 15 minutes to
complete their papers

The video machine is behaving strangely having it

but we’re ... fixed next week.

The lights keep flickering: we must ... to get someone

look at the wiring for us.

Ian’s not the easiest person to get on to get used

with; that’s something you’ll have ... to.

I ... car broken into the other day and the had my
radio stolen.
Elderly people can get ... in by conmen taken
going from house to house.

We ... strongly advised ... reconsider our were ... to

position.

He is known ... hidden large sums of to have

money in his orchard.

Pag. 36
Social Psychology/Social Cognition
- studies how we perceive, store, and retrieve info about social interations
utility values
- friends you study with share these values bc they help you achieve your goal of getting good
grades
complementary
- an attraction between opposite types of people might develop due to this principle
ego support value
- your friend Margie is always there for you, in good times and bad. you appreciate her for her...
- the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval
proximity
- the close the proximity of two individuals, the more likely they are to become friends
stimulation value
- a friend who is interesting or imaginitive and who can introduce you to new ideas or
experiences
- the ability of a person or participant to interest or expose another to new ideas and experiences
attribution theory
- a collection of principles based on our explanations of the causes of events other peoples
behavior and our own behavior
primary effect
- the tendency to form opinions of others based on first impressions
nonverbal communication
- the process of conveying a message from a sender to receiver using space, body language,
and facial expression
stereotypes
- a set of ssumptions about an identifiable group of people that may contain positive or negative
info
fundamental attribution error
- a common inclination to attribute others behavior to internal causes and discount the situation
factors contributing to their behavior
self serving bias
- the tendency to claim that success are due to our own efforts and failures are due to
circumstances beyond our control
actor observer bias
- tendency to attribute our own behavior to outside causes while attributing others behavior to
internal causes
group
- collection of people who have shared goals, a degree if interdependence, and some amount of
communication
foot in the door example
- when a car dealer wants you to sit down to talk about a car without the obligation to buy the
car
- a method of gaining compliance by getting a person to agree to a relatively minor request at
first
groups phenomenon
 - is a set of principles, attitudes, and defined objectives for which a group stands
task function
- groups serve as this when their activities are directed toward getting a job done
social function
- groups serve as this when they work toward satisfying the emotional needs of members
social facilitation
- a persons performance is better in front of a crowd
social inhibition
- a persons performance is decreased in front of a crowd
group polarization
- describes the theory that a groups discussion reinforces the majority view and moves the group
members opinions to a more extreme position
group think
- groups emphasize unity over critical thinking
obedience
- behavior in response to orders given by respected authority figures
conformity
- is defined as acting in accord with group norms or customs
attitude
- predisposition to act, think, and feel in a particular ways towards people, objects, or ideas
cognitive dissonance
an uncomfortable feeling experienced when our actions do not match our attitudes, beliefs, or feelings
prejudice
- preconceived attitude toward a person or group that was formed without sufficient evidence
self fulfilling prophecy
- a belief, prediction, or expectation that operates to bring about its own fulfillment
diffusion of responsibility
- the presence of others lessens an individuals feelinds of responsibility for his or her actions
deindividuation
- loss of self awareness and self restraint in a group situation and causes mob behavior
social loafing
- may feel a reduced sense of accountability when you are a member of a large group
altruism
- unselfishly helping others, often at a cost or risk for reasons other than rewards
aggression
- any behavior intended to cause physical or psychological harm
bystander effect
- ocurrs when a person refrains from taking action bc of the presence of others
compliance
- people adopt the attitudes of someone or some group that we admire or seek to be like
self justification
- the need to rationalize our attitudes and behaviors
sleeper effect
- delayed impact on attitude change of a persuasive communication
boomerang effect
- change in attitude or behavior opposite the one the persuader desires
persuassion
- direct attempt to influence attitudes
discrimination
- unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic origin, age, gender