4-1 Figure P4-1 shows a simply supported beam and the cross-section at midspan. The
beam supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load consisting of its own weight plus
1.4 kips/ft and a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 1.5 kip/ft. The concrete strength is
3500 psi, and the yield strength of the reinforcement is 60,000 psi. The concrete is normal-
weight concrete. Use load and strength reduction factors from ACI Code Sections 9.2 and
9.3. For the midspan section shown in part (b) of Fig. P4-1, compute M n and show that it
exceeds M u .
3. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding. From equilibrium (using Eq. (4-14)):
A f
s y 3.00 60000
c 5.04 in.
0.85 f ' b 0.85 3500 12
1
c
For fc' 3500 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 5.04 5.93 in.
1 0.85
s
using Eq.(4-18)
d c
t c cu
21.5 5.93
5.93
0.003 0.00788
Since, t 0.00788 0.005 the section is clearly tension-controlled and =0.9. Then,
M n 0.9 285 kip-ft 256 kip-ft. Clearly, M n M u
4-1
4-2 A cantilever beam shown in Fig. P4-2. The beam supports a uniform service
(unfactored) dead load of 1 kip/ft plus its own dead load and it supports a concentrated
service (unfactored) live load of 12 kips as shown. The concrete is normal-weight concrete
with f c' 4000 psi and the steel is Grade 60. Use load and strength-reduction factors form
ACI Code Section 9.2 and 9.3. For the end section shown in part (b) of Fig. P4-2, compute
M n and show it exceeds M u .
3. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding. From equilibrium (using Eq. (4-14)):
A f
s y 4.74 60000
c 2.79 in.
0.85 f ' b 0.85 4000 30
1
c
For fc 4000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 2.79
'
3.28 in.
1 0.85
s
using. Eq.(4-18)
d c
t c cu 3.28
15.5 3.28
0.003 0.011 > 0.0021
2.79
4.74 60000 15.5
2
M A f d 334 kip-ft
n s y 2 12000
Since, t 0.011 0.005 the section is clearly tension-controlled and =0.9. Then,
M n 0.9 334 301 kip-ft 267 kip-ft. Clearly, M n M u
4-2
4-3 (a) Compare M n for singly reinforced rectangular beams having the following
properties. Use loads and strength reduction factors from ACI Code Sections 9.2 and 9.3.
Beam b d f c' fy
Bars
No. (in.) (in.) (psi) (psi)
1 12 22 3 No. 7 3,000 60,000
2 12 22 2 No. 9 plus 1 No. 8 3,000 60,000
3 12 22 3 No. 7 3,000 40,000
4 12 22 3 No. 7 4,500 60,000
5 12 33 3 No. 7 3,000 60,000
Beam No.1
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding.
A f
s y 3 0.60 60000
c 3.53 in.
0.85 f ' b 0.85 3000 12
1
c
For fc' 3000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 3.53 4.15 in.
1 0.85
s t d c c cu 224.15
4.15
0.003 0.013
Thus, > 0.002 and the steel is yielding ( f s f y ).
s
Beam No.2
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding.
c
A f
s y
2 1.00 0.79 60000 5.47
in.
1
0.85 f ' b 0.85 3000 12
c
For fc 3000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 5.47
'
6.44 in.
1 0.85
4-3
s t d c c cu 226.44
6.44
0.003 0.0072
Thus, > 0.002 and the steel is yielding ( f s f y ).
s
Beam No.3
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding.
A f
s y 1.8 40000
c 2.35 in.
0.85 f b 0.85 3000 12
1 '
c
For fc 3000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 2.35
'
2.76 in.
1 0.85
s t d c c cu 222.76
2.76
0.003 0.021
Thus, > 0.002 and the steel is yielding ( f s f y ).
s
Beam No.4
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding.
A f
s y 1.8 60000
c 2.35 in.
0.85 f b 0.85 4500 12
1 '
c
For fc 4500 psi, 1 0.825 . Therefore, c 2.35
'
2.85 in.
1 0.825
4-4
Since, t 0.005 the section is clearly tension-controlled and =0.9.
2.35
0.9 1.8 60000 22
2
M A f d 169 kip-ft
n s y 2 12000
For Beam 4, M 169 kip-ft
n
Beam No.5
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding.
A f
s y 1.8 60000
c 3.53 in.
0.85 f ' b 0.85 3000 12
1
c
For fc' 3000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 3.53 4.15 in.
1 0.85
s t d c c cu 334.15
4.15
0.003 0.021
Thus, > 0.002 and the steel is yielding ( f s f y ).
s
(b) Taking beam 1 as the reference point, discuss the effects of changing As , f y ,
f c' , and d on M n . (Note that each beam has the same properties as beam 1 except for the
italicized quantity.)
Beam M
n
No. (kips-ft)
1 164
2 242
3 113
4 169
5 253
4-5
with a loss of ductility. Note that in this case, the strength reduction factor was 0.9 for both
sections.
(c) What is the most effective way of increasing M n ? What is the least effective
way?
Disregarding any other effects of increasing d , As or f y such as changes in cost, etc., the most
effective way to increase M n is the increase the effective flexural depth of the section, d ,
followed by increasing f y and As . Note that increasing f y and As too much may make the beam
over-reinforced and thus will result in a decrease in ductility.
The least effective way of increasing M n is to increase f c' .Note that increasing f c' will cause a
significant increase in curvature at failure.
4-6
4-4 A 12-ft-long cantilever supports its own dead load plus an additional uniform
service (unfactored) dead load of 0.5 kip/ft. The beam is made from normal-weight 4000-psi
concrete and has b 16 in., d 15.5 in., and h 18 in. It is reinforced with four No. 7 Grade-
60 bars. Compute the maximum service (unfactored) concentrated live load that can be
applied at 1ft from the free end of the cantilever. Use load and strength –reduction factors
from ACI Code Sections 9.2 and 9.3. Also check As ,min .
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Compute the depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block, , assuming that tension steel is
yielding. From equilibrium (using Eq. (4-14)):
A f
s y 2.4 60000
c 2.65 in.
0.85 f ' b 0.85 4000 16
1
c
For fc' 4000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 2.65 3.1 in.
1 0.85
s
using Eq.(4-18)
d c
t c cu 3.1
15.5 3.1
0.003 0.012
16 18
Weight/ft of beam = 0.15 0.3 kips/ft
144
Factored dead load = 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.96 kips/ft
Factored dead load moment = wl 2 2 0.96 122 2 69.1 kips-ft
Therefore the maximum factored live load moment is: 153 kips-ft – 69.1 kip-ft = 83.9 kips-ft
Maximum factored load at 1 ft from the tip = 83.9 kips-ft / 11 ft = 7.63 kips
Maximum concentrated service live load = 7.63 kips / 1.6 = 4.77 kips
4-7
3. Check of As ,min
The section is subjected to positive bending and tension is at the bottom of this section, so we
should use bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal to 189 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
200 200
As ,min bw d 16 15.5 0.82 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-8
4-5 Compute M n and check As ,min for the beam shown in Fig. P4-5. Use fc' 4500 psi
and f y 60,000 psi.
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
The tension reinforcement for this section is provided in two layers, where the distance from the
tension edge to the centroid of the total tension reinforcement is given as d 19 in.
Assuming that the depth of the Whitney stress block is less than or equal to the thickness of the
compression flange, h f and that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq. (4-16):
A f
s y 4.74 60000
1.55 in. h f 6 in. (o.k.)
0.85 f ' b e 0.85 4500 48
c
Comparing the calculated depth to the neutral axis, c , to the values for d and d t , it is clear that
the tension steel strain, s , easily exceeds the yield strain (0.00207) and the strain at the level of
the extreme layer of tension reinforcement, t , exceeds the limit for tension-controlled sections
(0.005). Thus, =0.9 and we can use Eq. (4-21) to calculate M n :
1.55
4.74 60000 19
2
M A f d 432 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 432 kips-ft = 389 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
The section is subjected to positive bending and tension is at the bottom of this section, so we
should use bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal to 201 psi, so use 3 f c' in the numerator:
3 f c' 201
As ,min bw d 12 19 0.76 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-9
4-6 Compute M n and check As ,min for the beam shown in Fig. P4-6. Use fc' 4000 psi
and f y 60,000 psi.
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
The tension reinforcement for this section is provided in two layers, where the distance from the
tension edge to the centroid of the total tension reinforcement is given as d 18.5 in.
Assuming that the depth of the Whitney stress block is less than or equal to the thickness of the
compression flange, h f and that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq. (4-16):
A f
s y 4.74 60000
4.18 in. h f 5 in. (o.k.)
0.85 f b e 0.85 4000 20
'
c
2. Check of As ,min
The section is subjected to positive bending and tension is at the bottom of this section, so we
should use bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal to 190 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
200 200
As ,min bw d 12 18.5 0.74 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-10
4-7 Compute the negative-moment capacity, M n , and check As ,min for the beam shown
in Fig. P4-7. Use fc' 3500 psi and f y 40,000 psi.
1. Calculation of M n
This section is subjected to negative bending and tension will develop in the top flange and the
compression zone is at the bottom of the section. ACI Code Section 10.6.6 requires that a portion
of the tension reinforcement be distributed in the flange, so assuming that the No. 6 bars in the
flange are part of the tension reinforcement:
The depth of the Whitney stress block can be calculated using Eq. (4-16) , using b 12 in., since
the compression zone is at the bottom of the section:
A f
s y 2.64 40000
2.96 in.
0.85 f b e 0.85 3500 12
'
c
2.96
2.64 40000 19.5
2
M A f d 159 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 159 kips-ft = 143 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
The beam is subjected to negative bending and since the flanged portion of the beam section is in
tension, the value of As ,min will depend on the use of that beam.
Assuming that the beam is part of a continuous, statically indeterminate floor system, the
minimum tension reinforcement should be calculated using bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal
to 177 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
4-11
200 200
As ,min bw d 12 19.5 1.17 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 40,000
4-12
4-8 For the beam shown in Fig. P4-8, fc' 3500 psi and f y 60,000 psi.
The limits given in ACI Code Section 8.12 for determining the effective compression flange, be ,
for a flanged section that is part of a continuous floor system are:
4
be bw 2(8h f )
b 2(clear trans. distance)/2
w
Assuming that the columns are 18 in. 18 in. , the longitudinal span is approximated as:
18 in.
21 ft ft 22.5 ft
12 in.
ft
12 in.
The clear transverse distance for the 9 ft.-6 in. span is: 9.5 ft 8.5 ft
12 in.
ft
1 12 in. 18 in.
and for the 11 ft. span is: 11 ft 9.75 ft
2 12 in. 12 in.
ft ft
So, the average clear transverse distance is 9.125 ft
(b) Compute M n for the positive- and negative-moment regions and check
As ,min for both sections. At the supports, the bottom bars are in one layer; at midspan, the
No. 8 bars are in the bottom, the No. 7 bars in a second layer.
1. Calculation of M n
Tension steel area: As = 3 No. 8 bars + 2 No. 7 bars = 3 0.79 2 0.60 3.57 in.2
4-13
The tension reinforcement for this section is provided in two layers. Assuming the section will
include a No. 3 or No. 4 stirrup, it is reasonable to assume that the distance from the extreme
tension edge of the section to the centroid of the lowest layer of steel is approximately 2.5 in.
Thus the distance from the top of the section to the extreme layer of tension reinforcement, dt ,
can be calculated to be:
The minimum spacing required between layers of reinforcement is 1 in. (ACI Code Section
7.6.2). Thus the spacing between the centers of the layers is approximately 2 in. So the distance
from the tension edge to the centroid of the total tension reinforcement is:
Assuming that the depth of the Whitney stress block is less than or equal to the thickness of the
compression flange, h f 6 in. and that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq.(4-
16):
A f
s y 3.57 60000
1.07 in. h f 6 in. (o.k.)
0.85 f ' b e 0.85 3500 67.5
c
Comparing the calculated depth to the neutral axis, c , to the values for d and d t , it is clear that
the tension steel strain, s , easily exceeds the yield strain (0.00207) and the strain at the level of
the extreme layer of tension reinforcement, t , exceeds the limit for tension-controlled sections
(0.005). Thus, =0.9 and we can use Eq. (4-21) to calculate M n :
1.07
3.57 60000 17.8
2
M A f d 308 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 308 kips-ft = 277 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
The section is subjected to positive bending and tension is at the bottom of this section, so we
should use bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal to 177 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
4-14
200 200
As ,min bw d 12 17.8 0.71 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
The tension and compression reinforcement for this section is provided in single layers.
Assuming the section will include a No. 3 or No. 4 stirrup, it is reasonable to assume that the
distance from the extreme tension or compression edge of the section to the centroid of the
tension or compression layer of steel is approximately 2.5 in.
Because this is a doubly reinforced section, we will initially assume the tension steel is yielding
and use the trial and error procedure described in Section 4-7 to find the neutral axis depth, c.
With section equilibrium established, we must confirm the assumption that the tension steel is
yielding.
d c 18.5 5.9
using Eq.(4-18) 0.003 0.0064
s c cu 5.9
Thus, the steel is yielding 0.00207 and it is a tension-controlled section t s 0.0102 .
s
So, using 1c 0.85 5.9 in. 5.0 in. , use Eq. (4-21) to calculate M n .
n 2
M Cc d C 's d d ' 179 kips 16 in. 74.6 kips 16 in.
4-15
M n 0.9 338 kips-ft = 304 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
The flanged portion of the beam section is in tension and the value of As ,min will depend on the
use of that beam. Since the beam is part of a continuous, statically indeterminate floor system, the
minimum tension reinforcement should be calculated using bw in Eq. (4-11). Also, 3 f c' is equal
to 177 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
200 200
As ,min bw d 12 18.5 0.74 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-16
4-9 Compute M n and check As ,min for the beam shown in Fig. P4-9. Use fc' 3500 psi
and f y 60, 000 psi, and
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Assuming that the depth of the Whitney stress block is less than or equal to the thickness of the
top flange, 5 in. and that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq. (4-16) with
b 30 in. :
A f
s y 4.74 60000
3.19 in. h f 5 in. (o.k.)
0.85 f ' b 0.85 3500 30
c
2. Check of As ,min
The flanged portion of the beam section is in tension and the value of As ,min will depend on the
use of that beam.
Assuming that the beam is part of a continuous, statically indeterminate floor system, the
minimum tension reinforcement should be calculated using bw 2 5 10 in. in Eq. (4-11). Also,
3 f c' is equal to 177 psi, so use 200 psi in the numerator:
200 200
As ,min bw d 10 32.5 1.08 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-17
However, for a statically determinate beam, bw should be replaced by the smaller of
2bw 20 in. or be . Given that be is 30 in. for this beam section,
200 200
As ,min bw d 20 32.5 2.17 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Assuming that the depth of the Whitney stress block is less than or equal to the thickness of the
compression flange, h f 5 in. and that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq. (4-
16) with b 30 in. :
A f
s y 7.11 60000
4.78 in. h f 5 in. (o.k.)
0.85 f b 0.85 3500 30
'
c
4.78
7.11 60000 32.5
2
M A f d 1070 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 1070 kips-ft = 963 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
4-18
4-10 Compute M n and check As ,min for the beam shown in Fig. P4-10. Use fc' 5000 psi
and f y 60,000 psi, and
1. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam, M n and the strength reduction factor, .
Tension will develop in the bottom flange and the compression zone is at the top of the section.
Thus, assuming that the tension steel is yielding, s y , in Eq. (4-16) we should use
b 2 6 12 in. and we find the depth of the Whitney stress block as:
A f
s y 4.8 60000
5.65 in.
0.85 f b 0.85 5000 12
'
c
For fc' 5000 psi, 1 0.80 . Therefore, c 5.65 7.06 in.
1 0.80
Check whether tension steel is yielding:
d c 23.5 7.06
using Eq.(4-18) t 0.003 0.007
s c cu 7.06
Thus, > 0.002 and the steel is yielding ( f s f y ).
s
Since, t 0.005 the section is tension-controlled and =0.9.
We can use Eq. (4-21) to calculate M n :
5.65
4.8 60000 23.5
2
M A f d 496 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 496 kips-ft = 446 kips-ft
2. Check of As ,min
The flanged portion of the beam section is in tension and the value of As ,min will depend on the
use of that beam.
Assuming that the beam is part of a continuous, statically indeterminate floor system, the
minimum tension reinforcement should be calculated using bw 2 6 12 in. in Eq. (4-11). Also,
note that 3 f c' is equal to 212 psi:
212 212
As ,min bw d 12 23.5 1.00 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
However, for a statically determined beam, bw should be replaced by the smaller of
2bw 24 in. or be . Given that be is 42 in. for this beam section,
212 212
As ,min bw d 24 23.5 1.99 in.2 < As (o.k.)
fy 60,000
4-19
4-11 (a) Compute M n for the three beams shown in Fig. P4-11. In each case,
fc' 4000 psi and f y 60 ksi, b 12 in., d 32.5 in., and h 36 in.
Beam No. 1
The tension reinforcement for this section is provided in two layers. Assuming the section will
include a No. 3 or No. 4 stirrup, it is reasonable to assume that the distance from the extreme
tension edge of the section to the centroid of the lowest layer of steel is approximately 2.5 in.
Thus the distance from the top of the section to the extreme layer of tension reinforcement, dt ,
can be calculated to be:
Assuming that the tension steel is yielding, s y , using Eq. (4-16):
A f
s y 6.00 60000
8.82 in.
0.85 f b 0.85 4000 12
'
c
For fc' 4000 psi, 1 0.85 . Therefore, c 8.82 10.4 in.
1 0.85
8.82
6.00 60000 32.5
2
M A f d 843 kips-ft
n s y 2 12000
M n 0.9 843 kips-ft = 759 kips-ft
Beam No. 2
As was discussed for beam No. 1, d 32 in., dt 33.5 in. and d ' is given as d ' 2.5 in.
4-20
Because this is a doubly reinforced section, we will initially assume the tension steel is yielding
and use the trial and error procedure described in Section 4-7 to find the neutral axis depth, c.
Try c d 4 8 in.
c d' 8 2.5
s' cu 0.003 0.00206
c 8
f s' E s s' 29,000 ksi 0.00206 59.7 ksi f y
C 's As' f s' 0.85 f c' 2.00 in.2 59.7 ksi 3.4 ksi 113 kips
Cc 0.85 fc'b1c 0.85 4 ksi 12 in. 0.85 8 in.=277 kips
T As f y 6.00 in.2 60 ksi 360 kips
Because T Cc C 's , we should decrease c for the second trial.
With section equilibrium established, we must confirm the assumption that the tension steel is
yielding.
d c 32.5 7.4
using Eq.(4-18) 0.003 0.0102
s c cu 7.4
Clearly, the steel is yielding 0.00207 and it is a tension-controlled section t s 0.0102 .
s
So, using 1c 0.85 7.4 in. 6.3 in. , use Eq. (4-21) to calculate M n .
n 2
M Cc d C 's d d ' 257 kips 29.3 in. 108.6 kips 30 in.
Beam No. 3
As was discussed for beam No. 1, d 32.5 in., and dt 33.5 in.
The compression reinforcement for this beam section is provided in two layers and d ' is given as
3.5 in.
4-21
Because this is a doubly reinforced section, we will the same procedure as for beam No. 2
(assuming that the tension steel is yielding).
The depth of the neutral axis for this section should be smaller compared with beam section No.
2, since the compression reinforcement is increased for this section.
Try c 7 in.
c d' 7 3.5
s' cu 0.003 0.0015
c 7
f s' E s s' 29, 000 ksi 0.0015 43.5 ksi f y
C 's As' f s' 0.85 fc' 4.00 in.2 43.5 ksi 3.4 ksi 160 kips
Cc 0.85 fc'b1c 0.85 4 ksi 12 in. 0.85 7 in.=243 kips
T As f y 6.00 in.2 60 ksi 360 kips
Because T Cc C 's , we should decrease c for the second trial.
Try c 6.3 in. (Note that both layers of the compression steel will actually be in the compression zone)
s' 0.00133
f s' 38.6 ksi f y
C 's 141 kips
Cc 218 kips
T 360 kips Cc Cs 359 kips
With section equilibrium established, we must confirm the assumption that the tension steel is
yielding.
n 2
M Cc d C 's d d ' 218 kips 29.8 in. 141 kips 29 in.
4-22
(b) From the results of part (a), comment on weather adding compression
reinforcement is a cost-effective way of increasing the strength, M n , of a beam.
Comparing the values of M n for the three beams, it is clear that for a given amount of tension
reinforcement, the addition of compression steel has little effect on the nominal moment capacity,
provided the tension steel yields in the beam without compression reinforcement. As a result,
adding compression reinforcement in not a cost effective way of increasing the nominal moment
capacity of a beam. However, adding compression reinforcement improves the ductility and
might be necessary when large amounts of tension reinforcement are used to change the mode of
failure.
4-23
4-12 Compute M n for the beam shown in Fig. P4-12. Use fc' 3500 psi and
f y 60,000 psi. Does the steel yield in this beam at nominal strength?
As = 6 No. 8 bars = 6 0.79 in.2 =4.74 in.2 , d 25 in. 2.5 in. 22.5 in.
As' = 2 No. 7 bars = 2 0.60 in.2 =1.2 in.2 , d ' 2.5 in.
Because this is a doubly reinforced section, we will initially assume the tension steel is yielding
and use the trial and error procedure described in Section 4-7 to find the neutral axis depth, c.
C 's As' f s' 0.85 f c' 1.2 in.2 47.6 ksi 2.98 ksi 53.5 kips
Cc 0.85 fc'b1c 0.85 3.5 ksi 10 in. 0.85 5.5 in.=139 kips
T As f y 4.74 in.2 60 ksi 284 kips
Because T Cc C 's , we should increase c for the second trial.
Ccw 0.85 fc' 10 in. 0.85 3.5 ksi 10 in. 5.53 in.=165 kips
Ccf 0.85 f c' 20 10 in. 5 in. 0.85 3.5 ksi 10 in. 0.53 in. 15.8 kips
Cc 165 15.8 181 kips
T 284 kips > Cc C 's 242 kips , we should increase c for the third trial.
4-24
f s' 56.8 ksi f y
C 's 64.6 kips
Ccw 182 kips
Ccf 33.3 kips
Cc 215 kips
T 284 kips Cc C 's 276 kips
With section equilibrium established, we must confirm the assumption that the tension steel is
yielding.
5
M Ccw d Ccf
n 2
d
2
5 C 's d d '
M 182 kips 19.4 in. 33.3 kips 16.9 in. + 64.6 kips 20 in.
n
M 3530 k-in. 563 k-in +1290 k-in 5385 k-in 449 k-ft
n
M n 0.9 500 kips-ft = 404 kips-ft
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bw
0.85f'c
ht a
f's
d
h
f
fs=fy
b (assumed)
a) total beam section and stress distribution
bw
a/2 d' Cs
ht a
Ccw
d
h
T1
F
b
b) Part 1: web of section and corresponding internal forces
bw
ht a (a+ht)/2
Ccf
d
h
T2
F
b
c) Part 2: overhanging flanges and corresponding internal forces
Fig. S4-12.1 Beam section and internal forces for the case of ht .
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