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 K 12 Grade 11
PRACTICAL RESEARCH
Second Semester 80 hours/sem
 Research Skills

*Reading 
For each of the
*Observing skills, give yourself a
*Listening grade on a scale of
1(low) to 10 (high).
*Watching
*Choosing
*Questioning 
*Summarizing Which skills do you
consider yourself to
*Organizing be best at?
*Writing
*Presenting/
communicating
What is research?

 Searching for a theory, for testing theory for

problem solving

 It means a problem was identified and it needs solution
or improvement

 A systematic controlled, empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical propositions about the
presumed relations among natural phenomenon
(Kerlinger, 1973)

 Systematic collection and interpretation of data to
illuminate, describe or explain new facts and
relationships (Treece, 2002)
Why conduct research?
(Importance of research in daily life)

1. Efficiency and Effectiveness in the profession

 The primary reason for conducting research is to
foster optimum care for life. The scientific profession
exists to provide service to society based on accurate
knowledge. The scientific method is conceived to be
the most objective, systematic way of obtaining
these knowledge.
2. Worth and Value of Research to
Education/Profession and to
Society/Life
Scientific knowledge is indispensable to
man’s survival, Research helps professionals
deliver quality education services. It provides
proofs or evidences to validate and justify the
professional existence in the society.
3. Identifying, Implementing and Evaluating
Effective Decisions and actions in Life

Scientific researches assess individuals or

groups plan of actions as basis for accurate
inventions and decisions in life.
4. Research, has the Potential for providing Quality
life. It is concerned with the following tasks:
a. The systematic study of problems or
phenomena, using the scientific process of
assessing, planning, implementing and
evaluating life.

b. Appropriateness of Technology use

 c. Identifying interventions that can help
individuals respond to change

d. The initiation and assessment of change as

a result of new knowledge or technology
application.
Reasons for Conducting Research

1. Gathers data or information on life

situations or conditions about which little
knowledge is available.
Identify research gap in different areas
2 . Provides scientific knowledge from which
theories emerge and develop.
Consequently, theories derived from research findings serves
as bases and guide to scientific practice and future researches.

3. Helps correct, clarify and validate perceptions.

Knowledge is never absolute, its value is either diminishing or
increasing depending on the extent of its use. However, this knowledge
must be continuously tested and validated through research.
4.Provides theoretical and scientific basis
for scientific practice.
Research helps improve science and technology
practice, firms up the credibility of ones profession; defines
the accountability of scientific practice, and documents the
cost effectiveness of science and technology.

Defines the parameters of research

5.
and identifies its boundaries.
Research helps expand knowledge and use of the
technology process in life situations. This consists of assessment,
planning actions or intervention, evaluation and documentation of
life situations.
6.Documents the social relevance and efficacy of
scientific practices to people and environment
Research enables men to verify the strengths and weaknesses of
certain modalities of education and their implications in the process
of meeting the needs and problems of people;

7. Describes the characteristics of the

phenomenon/situation about which little knowledge is
known.
More issues and concerns about technology, climate change, and
food security, and health care arise as technology advances.
8. Predicts probable outcomes of scientific
decisions in relation to life comfort and
well being.

Research makes it easy for professionals to forecast the

effects or consequences of certain actions and helps
anticipate shortfalls.

9.Provides knowledge for purposes of problem

solving and decision making.

Knowledge that relate to social, economic, political,

cultural and technological phenomena may have serious
implications to life and social practice as it is used in
deciding better ways of solving problems.
10. Developsand evaluates theories and
concepts, and practices these for clarity
and validity of scientific actions.
Research helps knowledge grow and develop, determines its
significance in order to modify or develop new ones, and or revise these
knowledge, based on current research findings.

11. Prevents undesirable human reactions.

Research predicts outcome and potential problems, hence it

requires the balancing of phenomena that will generate positive
results and control undesirable outcome; and
12. Develops a considerable degree
of confidence.

Professional undertakings are intended to achieve desired men

behaviors. Adequate knowledge sustains self-confidence that
makes work easier and lighter, unburdened with uncertainties
and doubtful consequences of actions intended to restore men’s
comfort and makes life easier.
 General and Specific Purposes
of Research
Specifically, research aims to do the
following tasks:
Description – Research describes phenomenon.

Example:

care. Refers to services rendered by professional and non- professional

nursing personnel to respond to the health needs and problems of
individuals, families, groups, and communities, intended to bring comfort
and ease to clients.
2. Exploration – Research explores the phenomenon.

Examples:
“What factors influence, affect or relate to the adjustment of salary
increase among teachers?”

3. Explanation – Research seeks clarification of a prevailing

situation to answer questions that ask “why” a phenomenon occurred.

Examples:
“Why does climate change occur ?”
4. Prediction and Control – Research anticipates
possible psychology and physiological reactions to
nursing interventions.

Example:
“Incidence of low performance in math in young learners is
expected to increase with the millennium age”
Criteria for Choice of
Research Problems
* Significance of the Problem
*Problem Research ability
*Feasibility of the problem
*Potentials of the Researchers
Ethical Principles and Guidelines
for Researchers
1. Informed Consent
The participants must be fully informed about the nature
of research, its purposes and potential risk and benefits.

2. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

This is a fundamental ethical principle in research, which
means, “to do good” and “to do no harm” to study participants.
3. Respect for Human Dignity
The rights of the study participants must be well protected and
respected.

4. Justice and Fairness

Study participants deserve fair and equitable treatment before,
during and after the study period. The researcher should provide equal
chances in the selection process, must comply with agreements in
regard to procedures, techniques or benefits due to participants.

5. Intellectual honesty and respect

Giving acknowledgment/recognition or due respect to
the original/previous work of art.
 INTRODUCTION (Background of the Study)
It is a brief statement of the origin of the problem. It is an account
describing the circumstances which suggested the research. It
may include a justification of the selection of the study. It gives
brief origin of the problem.
Parts – lead paragraph, body, rationale
Parts of the Body:
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

Core Problem

Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3

Cause 1a
 THE COCONUT INDUSTRY OF LAGUNA

Coconut is one of the most important crops in Laguna covering 45% of the cultivated land. Aside
from producing 60% of country’s coconut oil requirement, the coconut industry also provides
direct or indirect employment to almost one third of the country’s population (Bustos, 2002).

Despite the importance of the sector to the country’s economy, modernization of the coconut
industry has not taken place. Over the years, coconut production continues to decline
resulting to decreasing income of coconut farmers and reduction in the local supply of fresh
coconut and coconut oils. Recently, export of coconut products were also disrupted.

The decline in yield is primarily due to failure of farmers to replace aging and unproductive stand
of palms with new varieties of coconut palms (Marcelo, 2010). These can be attributed to
farmer’s low access to needed inputs as well as their lack of technical skills in applying new
varieties and farm inputs. The low market price of coconut further tends to discourage
farmers to plant new coconut palms.

The present situation is further aggravated by the presence of a viral disease called “cadang-
cadang” or yellow mottle, which kills millions of coconut trees each year. Majority of these
affected coconuts are traditional varieties as they are less resistant to the virus. Moreover,
farmers rarely apply plant protection measures.

Considering the potential of the coconut farming to fuel industry, the Philippine Coconut
Authority has proposed for a loan to International Bank to improve the performance of the
industry.
Problem Analysis presented in the Introduction
(Coconut Industry of Pangasinan)
Export of coconut product
were disrupted

Declining income of coconut farmers Reduction of fresh coconut & oil

DECLINING COCONUT PRODUCTION

Cococnut increasingly Farmers do not plant new coconut

affected by virus/disease

Farmers Farmers Market

Farmers have low prices
rarely lack
access to technical are not
apply needed attractive
plant skills
inputs to
protection farmers
 CORRELATES OF SMOKING

It is for these reasons that the researchers would like to relate the factors
that may trigger smoking. The researchers would also like to arrest the
onset of smoking to help the parents at home and teachers in school
identify young smokers so as to prevent smoking at a specific age
bracket. Thus, this correlates of smoking.

Hurlock (1998) implied that young students often result to smoking when they
are not busy and preoccupied. Often times students experiment on new
adventures. They experiment and experience the sensual effects of smoking
cigarette. Fifty percent of the young smokers reported that they enjoyed
smoking at the beginning. However, when they realized the bad effects of
smoking in their bodies it is already difficult to evade in the system.

In the school students find their friends or peers. Some are good and some are
bad. Peer pressure is one factor that enhances vices among young
students. It is also noted that peer pressure could encourage smoking
among young students (Enriquez, 1999).
Getting hooked to smoking is a problem to most parents
and teachers. Young students are still ignorant of the
effects of smoking to their health. Students feel happy when
they smoke with their friends however, sensitivity to smoke
becomes an allergy to the smoke. Burger’s disease is one of
the diseases caused by smoking aside from lung cancer and
eighty percent of the smokers are reported that they suffer
from sore throat (Lim, 2005)
Smoking is generated as one of the deadliest vices that can
cause many kinds of diseases. An article from the Daily
Inquirer (May 2, 2009) reported that 60% of the young
students in high school who are smokers usually have low
memory and performance in academic subjects. And day
by day there is an increasing trend of young smokers aged
14-17.
 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT and MANGO INDUSTRY OF REGION 1

Mango is one of the most important crops in Pangasinan covering 45% of the cultivated land. Aside from producing 60% of
country’s mango requirement, the mango industry also provides direct or indirect employment to almost one third
of the country’s population (Bustos, 2002; Mercado,2009).

Despite the importance of the sector to the country’s economy, modernization of the mango industry has not taken place.
Over the years, mango production continues to decline resulting to decreasing income of mango farmers and
reduction in the local supply of fresh mango and mango products. Recently, export of mango products were
also disrupted (Aquino, 2013, de Vera, 2013) and low production of its by products.

The decline in yield (TV Patrol May 23, 2013) is primarily due to failure of farmers to replace aging and unproductive
mango trees with new varieties of mango (Marcelo, 2010). These can be attributed to farmer’s low access to needed
inputs as well as their lack of technical skills in applying new varieties, farm inputs and development of products.
The low market price of mango and its varieties further tends to discourage farmers to plant new mango trees.

The present situation is further aggravated by the presence of a viral disease and pests (Marcelo, 2010), which decrease
mango yield each year. Majority of these affected carabao and indian mango trees are traditional varieties as
they are less resistant to the virus and pests. Moreover, farmers rarely apply plant protection measures and
develop products from indian mangoes.

Considering the potential of the mango industry, the Pangasinan State University has proposed a project to improve
the performance of the industry particularly on the development of its products. It is this purpose that this study
was conducted to improve product development of indian mango industry in Region 1.
Problem Analysis presented in the Introduction
Export of mango product
were disrupted

Declining income of mango farmers Reduction of fresh mango

DECLINING MANGO PRODUCTION

Mango increasingly Farmers do not plant new

affected by pest, mango stand
virus/disease

Farmers Farmers Farmers Market

rarely rarely apply lack prices are
apply plant plant technical not
protection protection skills attractive
to farmers
 Water is an essential resource and is a free commodity which unknowingly is
setting its price. Water quality is an urgent issue even in developed nations
of the world. The study determined the microbiological qualities of water
supply from twenty deep wells of selected public elementary schools of the
third congressional district of Pangasinan 1. The descriptive research design
was used and employed the use of standard laboratory procedure. Statistical
used are frequency counts, percentages, Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U
test, t-test and Pearson Correlation. Findings revealed that total bacterial
counts is higher during dry season than during wet season. There is a
moderately positive correlation between total bacterial counts and taste.
During wet season water with a taste of slightly bitter has a higher number
of total bacterial counts than that of slightly fishy or tasteless. E. coli is not
detected in the microbiological analyses during wet and dry season. Based
on laboratory analysis , all the twenty deep well water samples did not pass
the standard for drinking water as per standard methods of detection and
values for microbiological quality during dry season. Ten out of the twenty
deep well water samples passed the standard for drinking water during wet
season.
The Research Process

Data Collection
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative research
*Associated with tradition (there is
reality out there that can be
studied and known)
* Gathers numerical values as its
data
* Investigates concepts, constructs
and variables
*Uses deductive reasoning
*Uses control (imposing condition so
that biases are minimized and
validity and precision are
maximized)
*Gathers empirical evidence (from
objective reality collected through
senses)
*Takes place both in natural as well
as in laboratory setting
Qualitative research
*Associated with Naturalistic inquiry
( reality is not a fixed entity but
rather a construction of individual
participating in research)
* Gathers narrative description
as its data
*Investigates phenomena, and
concepts
*Use subjectivity that enriches the
analytical insights
*Gather information, insights that
lead to search for further evidence
(subjective)
*Takes place in the field

Types of Quantitative Research
*Descriptive research – Objective is accurate
depiction of the characteristics of a person,
situation or groups and or frequency with
which certain phenomenon occurs.
*Correlational research-Express the
interrelationship among variables of interest
without any active intervention by the
researcher
*Quasi-experimental research-
conducted to determine the effects of
treatment or independent variables on
the dependent or outcome variables. It
lacks the control of the design, sample
or setting.
*Experimental research- it examines the
cause and effect relationship between
independent and dependent variables
under highly controlled conditions
Types of Qualitative Research
*Phenomenological research - concerned with
lived experience of human. It is an approach
to thinking about what life experiences of
people are like and what they mean.
*Grounded theory research- seeks to describe
and understand the key social psychological
and structural processes that occur a social
setting. A major component is the discovery of
a core variable that is central in explaining
what is going on in that social scene.
*Ethnographical research- the primary
research tradition within anthropology,
which provides a framework for studying
the meanings, patterns, and experiences of a
defined cultural group in a holistic fashion.
*Historical research- narrative description or
analysis of events that occurred in the
remote or recent past.
*Case studies- in Depth examination and
analysis of people or group of people in
relation to nursing issues or problems that are
important to the client and the researcher.
*Field studies- natural investigations done
in the community, such as in nursing
home, housing projects and clinical wards.
 Other types of research according to purpose

Applied Research
Basic Research
*To widen the knowledge base
*To finding solutions for
*Formulation or refinement of existing problems
theory
*Focuses on factors which can be
*For discovery of
changed by intervention to
general principles
achieve a desired goal
*For solving problems
 Exploratory Research
*Begins with phenomenon of
interest then investigates the
full nature of the phenomenon,
the manner in which it is
manifested and the other
factors to which it is related.*The
Explanatory Research
goal is to
understand the
underpinnings of
specific natural
phenomena and to
explains systematic
relationships among
phenomena
Suggested topics
ANY RESEARCH GAP YOU MAY IDENTIFY FROM PREVIOUS STUDIES
CONDUCTED THAT YOU MAY READ

*information about the quality of HEIs, schools, review centers as source

for improved student/parent choice.
*the information system of schools to reach out to their students
*organizational capabilities of an institution
*tracer studies, employment experience of graduates
*profiling and typology of (schools, HEIs) in the following __________
*socio-economic profile of students in the public schools, vendors, profile
of labor force in different barangays (learn to use secondary data from
NSO, NEDA) any competent agencies
*evaluation of projects conducted in the school or any agency
*partnership between institutions and industries or agencies in
the community.
* Food security
* poverty alleviation
*effect of global warming on education
sector *Gender studies
*improving schooling for language minorities
**Multilingual language instruction in the classroom
* Multicultural classroom
* Mapping of reading programs of different schools,
* evaluation of schools materials that may
encourage reading or any cognitive development
*Multi language teaching
*Children’s language development in a multi language
or multicultural environment
*association of Reading, language and play
* children’s language development
* educating children with special needs in speech or
language difficulties.
*Trends in computer games, TV shows its
effects on reading and English communication
*development of standardized English test or
English proficiency test for First Year, 2nd, 3rd,
4th year.
*employment status of ABE graduates 20______
*Effectiveness of mother tongue language
users in their English communication
*Culture in the farming community in ______
*Culture of drivers (or groups)
*Income and Expenditure pattern of
employees *Profile of vendors in Bayambang
*Business opportunities in Bayambang
*Problems affecting socio economic progress
*Factors behind the socio- economic growth of jobless
people *Commodity flow for priority products in ____
*Reluctance of local entrepreneurs to tap the export
market *Determining the competitiveness of recreational
facilities in Pangasinan
*Values and attitudes of _____ students
towards entrepreneurship
*Energy conservation measures in _______
*Assessment of policy implementation of RA___ (solid
waste management)
*Role of community organizations in the
developmental progress
*Educational institution and business partnership in
________
*Manpower and instructional capabilities of PSU or (any
SUC or private higher education institution)
*Assessment of impact of government projects ______
to job generation
*Effectiveness of law enforcement of traffic rules
in Bayambang
*Barangay budgetary allocations on basic social services
*Training needs analysis of different sectors in Bayambang
Research
is best learned by doing it,
not copying it.

Remember:
you have not done anything in
research unless you have written and
communicated it.

The future of the world is in our

Research improves the

hands.
quality of life.
THANK YOU