SEMINAR REPORT ON:

ORGANIC LIGHT- EMITTING DIODE

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
IN
MSC IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED BY:
SUKUMAR PANI
REGISTRATION NO-1611106024

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(AN AUTONOMOUS AND CONSTITUENT COLLEGE OF BPUT,ODISHA)

 CERTIFICATE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

BHUBANESWAR
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE”submitted to DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY of COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY by Sukumar Pani bearing registration
number 1611106024 for the award of the degree of 2-year msc applied
chemistry is a bonafide record of data collected by reviewing various

literature and sources .The information and data given in the report
are best cited from various sources and references given at the end

The candidate has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements .The seminar report
is in standard fulfillment of all the requirements for the award of degree of
master of science in applied chemistry.

To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied in this seminar report has
not been submitted to any other university for the award of degree or
diploma.

Head of the Department Seminar Supervisor

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 DECLARATION

I,SUKUMAR PANI, do hereby declare that this seminar report titled

“ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE” submitted to “DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMISTRY” Of “CET BHUBANESWAR”is a record of data collected
by reviewing literature and sources by me under the guidance of the
faculties of our department.

The information and data given in the report are best cited from
various sources and references given at the end.

The seminar report is not submitted to any other university or

institution for the award of any degree ,diploma or fellowship or
published any time before.

STUDENT’S SIGNATURE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I express my deepest gratitude to our Honourable Head of the

department“PROF A.N.ACHARYA” for mentoring, guiding and aiding
the seminar.I also acknowledge Sir for generously providing his
valuable time,knowledge and experience.

I am also thankful to other faculty members of “department of

chemistry” who encouraged guided and supported me in the
seminar preparation as well as presentation.

Lastly I thank all my dear friends and juniors for their support and
cooperation in this regard.

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 Contents

• What is a Light Emitting Diode(LED)?

• Working principle of LED.

• What is a organic light emitting diode(OLED)?

• History of evolution of OLEDs.

• Types of OLED.

• Strucutre of OLED.

• Synthesis of organic compounds used in OLEDs.

• COLOUR OF OLED.

• Prepairing organic layers in OLED.

• Working principle of OLED.

• Device architecture of OLED.

• ADVANTAGES OF OLED

• FEW DEMERITS.

• FUTURE OF OLED.

• QUANTUM DOT ORGANIC-LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.

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 WHAT IS A LED?

• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-terminal semiconductor

light source.

• It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when

activated.When a suitable voltage is applied to the terminals,
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

Fig-1 light emitting diode

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

• A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a

proportional electric current. The same process is reversed
here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is
applied to it).

• This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence,

which can be defined as the emission of light from a
semiconductor under the influence of an electric field.

• The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N

junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and
recombine with the holes existing in the P-region.

Fig-2 working of LED

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 What is an OLED?
• An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-
emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound
that emits light in response to an electric current.
• This device is 100 to 500 nanometers thin or about 200
times smaller than a human hair.

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 History of its evolution:
• Organic electroluminescence was first discovered by
Martin Pope in 1963 .
• They observed luminescence when a voltage of about
400 was applied to an anthracene crystal.
• However, the development of devices based on organic
electroluminescence was very slow, because of the
high voltage required and the low efficiency.
• In 1987, Ching W. Tang and Steve Van Slyke developed
a novel electroluminescent device at Eastman Kodak
Company . This is considered the first organic light-
emitting diode.
• The device was fabricated by vapor deposition using
Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium (Alq3) and diamine
in a double layer structure. This structure made the
electron and hole recombination effective.

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 Classification of OLED:

OLED

SMALL
POLYMERS
MOLECULES
OLED
OLED

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 SMALL MOLECULES OLED:
• SMALL MOLECULES INCLUDE FLOURESCENT AND
PHOSPORESCENT DYES,METAL CHELATES.

FLOURESCENT DYES

FIG -3 FLOURESCENT DYES

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SYNTHESIS OF TRIS(8-OXYCHINOLINATO)ALUMINIUM AND
DCM

DCM(and its derivatives)are made by the sequence of

steps given below:

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 DPVBI SYNTHESIS

DPVBI synthesis follows continuous and similar

sequence of coupling reactions mentioned below:

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Iridium complexes showing phosphorescence:

FIG-4 IRIDIUM COMPLEXES SHOWING PHOSPHORESCENCE

Hole transporting Materials:

FIG-5 HOLE TRANSPORTING MATERIAL

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SYNTHESIS OF TPD AND NPD

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Criterias Metal chelates must satisfy:
Metal chelates should be-
• Thermally stable.
• Highly luminescent in the solid state.
• Thin-film forming.
• Capable of transporting electrons.

Polymers in OLED:
• Electron delocalisation within the π-molecular
orbitals is the source of conductivity.
• In Conducting polymers conductivity within one
polymer chain is based on the conjugated nature
of the polymer molecules and the resulting
mobilityof pi electrons.

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 Dendrimers
They are highly branched structures built up from
monomer units with precisely controlled
architectures.

FIG-6 DENDRIMERS

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 Synthesis of dendrimers:

Long chain conjugated polymers:

FIG -7 LONG CHAIN CONJUGATED POLYMERS

SYNTHESIS OF POLYFLOURENE:

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 SYNTHESIS OF POLYPHENYLVINYLENE:

COLOUR OF OLED:

• COLOUR OF OLED IS DUE TO COLOUR OF POLYMERS AND CHELATES USED IN ITS

PREPARATION
• COLOUR OF POLYMERS IS DUE TO ITS ADDITIVES GIVEN TO IT.
• COLOUR OF CHELATES IS DUE TO THE INTENSE CHARGE TRANSFER SPECTRA B
ETWEEN METAL AND LIGANDS.

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 Structure of OLED

FIG-8 STRUCTURE OF OLED

A typical OLED consists of the following components:

• Substrate.

• Anode.

• Emissive layer .

• Conductive layer.

• Cathode.

• Substrate:The substrate is used to support the OLED. The

substrate most commonly used are plastics, foils or even
glass.

• Anode: Anode adds electron holes to organic layers when

current flows through diode.

• Cathode: cathode injects electrons to the organic layers when

current flows through the diode.

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• Emissive layer(electron transporting layer):- The emissive
layer got its name as the light produced in the emissive region
has a frequency in the visible region .It transport electrons
from the cathode.The emissive layer component is made up
of organic plastic molecules out of which the most commonly
used is polyfluorene.

• Conductive layer(Hole transporting layer): -This layer is made

of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the
anode. The commonly used component is polyaniline.

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 Prepairing organic layers in OLED:
Three methods:
 Vacuum Deposition/Vacuum Thermal
Evaporation(VTE).
 Organic Vapor Phase Deposition.
 Inkjet Printing.

• Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In

a vacuum chamber, the organic molecules are gently heated
(evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto
cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.

FIG-8 VACCUM THERMAL DEPOSITION

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• Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure,
hot-walled reactor chamber, a carrier gas transports
evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where
they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the
efficiency and reduces the cost of making OLEDs.

Fig -9 Organic vapour phase decomposition

• Inkjet printing - With inkjet technology, Organic

materials diluted into a liquid and sprayed onto
substrates.Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of
OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed
onto very large films for large displays like 80-inch TV
screens or electronic billboards.

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Fig-10 inkjet printing

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 Working Principle
• During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such
that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode.

• Higher potential is applied at anode consequently injects

holes into the hole-transport layer (HTL). On the contrary,
cathode injects electrons into the electron-transport layer
(ETL)

• The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest

unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are known as valence
and conduction band respectively.

• Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards

each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound
state of the electron and hole.

• This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic

semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than
electrons

• The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the

energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of
radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The
frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the
material, in this case the difference in energy between the
HOMO and LUMO.

• The exciton may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state

depending on how the spins of the electron and hole have
been combined.

• Decay from triplet states (phosphorescence) is spin forbidden.

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• Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes make use of
spin–orbit interactions to facilitate intersystem crossing
between singlet and triplet states, thus obtaining emission
from both singlet and triplet states and improving the internal
efficiency.

FIG-11 WORKING OF OLED

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 DEVICE ARCHITECTURE OF OLEDs
• Passive-matrix
• Active-matrix
• Transparent
• Top-emitting
• Foldable
• White
• Passive-Matrix OLED(PMOLED):PMOLEDs have strips of
cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode
strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips.
The intersections of the cathode and anode make up
the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry
applies current to selected strips of anode and
cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and
which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each
pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.
• PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more
power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the
power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are
most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for
small screens such as cell phones, PDAs and MP3
players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix
OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs.

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 FIG-12 PASSIVE MATRIX OLED

• Active-Matrix OLED(AMOLED):AMOLEDs have full layers of

cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer
overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix.
The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which
pixels get turned on to form an image.

• AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the

TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they
are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster
refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs
are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs
or billboards.

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 FIG13-ACTIVE MATRIX OLED

• Top-Emitting OLED:This type of OLED is integrated with a

transistor backplane that is not transparent. The substrate used
for this device is of reflective type.The electrode used is either
semi-transparent or fully transparent. Such devices are suitable
for matrix applications like smart cards:

FIG-14 TOP EMITTING OLED

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 Foldable OLED
• Foldable OLED: In this type of OLEDs, the substrate is flexible
and made of plastics or metallic foils, making them durable and
lightweight. This type is mainly used in PDAs and cell phones
since it reduces the chance of breakage.

• White OLED: White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter,

more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by
fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color
qualities of incandescent lighting. They can replace fluorescent
lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use
could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

FIG-15 WHITE OLED

• Stacked OLED:The device consists of three

separately contacted, red-, green-and blue-
emitting OLEDs placed in a vertical stack and
separated by transparent, conducting
electrodes. The stacked OLED (or SOLED) is
shown to efficiently generate a high-intensity
optical output whose color is a

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 linearsuperposition of spectra of the individual
emitting elements in the device.It provides the
highest efficiency and resolution.

FIG -16 STACKED OLED

• Transparent OLED:Transparent OLEDs have

only transparent components (substrate,
cathode and anode When a transparent OLED
display is turned on, it allows light to pass in
both directions. A transparent OLED display
can be either active- or passive-matrix. This
technology can be used for heads-up displays.

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 FIG-17 TRANSPARENT OLED

Advantages:

• The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are flexible than

the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.

• OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used

for LEDs and LCDs.

• OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic

layers of an OLED are much thinner than the
corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the
conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-
layered.

• OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs .

• OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees.

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 Few Demerits:

• Lifetime - While red and green OLEDs have

longer lifetimes ,blue organics currently have
much shorter lifetimes.

• Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are

expensive.

• Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

Current OLEDs:

• Currently, OLEDs are used in small-screen devices such as cell

phones, PDAs and digital cameras.

• Several companies have already built prototype computer

monitors and large-screen TVs that use OLED technology.

Future of OLEDs?
• Research is being continued to get OLED with increased
efficiency greater lifetime, flexibility and cost effective .
• Manufacturers have been working hard to get water
resistant OLED.
Research is also Continuing to get better picture quality
in OLED Displays.

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 Quantum dots light -emitting diodes

• QLED means Quantum dot light emitting diodes and are a form
of light emitting technology and consist of nano-scale crystals
that can provide an alternative for applications such as display
technology . The structure of a QLED is very similar to the OLED
technology. But the difference is that the light emitting centers
are cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals, or quantum dots. A
layer of cadmium-selenium quantum dots is sandwiched
between layers of electron-transporting and hole transporting
organic materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and
holes to move into the quantum dot layer, where they are
captured in the quantum dot and recombine, and emitting
photons.

• QLEDs are a reliable, energy efficient, tunablecolor solution for

display and lighting applications that reduce manufacturing
costs, while employing ultra-thin, transparent or flexible
materials.

FIG -18 QUANTUM DOT OLED

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 References
Textbooks referred:

1A.R.West,SolidStatechemistryandits
applications, 2nd edition, JohnWiley& Sons.

2.Materials Science and Engineering -An

Introduction by William D. Callister,Jr.
seventh edition(john wiley and sons).

3. L.Smart andE.Moore,SolidState chemistry:

An Introduction, 4th edition, ChapmanandHall.

Websites referred:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED.

2. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com › Tech ›
Electronics › Solid State Electronics.
3. https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol5/vo
l5_N1/1-JMES-607-2014-Karzazi.pdf.

4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308332988_Org
anic_Light_Emitting_Diodes_OLED.
5. http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.
htm?code=B140454.
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