Color reconnection

in tt final states at the LHC

Spyros Argyropoulos

work in collaboration with Torbjörn Sjöstrand

arXiv:1407.6653 (to appear in JHEP)

MCnet meeting - Karlruhe

9/10/2014
A puzzle about mtop

Experiment mtop [GeV] Error due to CR Reference

World comb. 173.34±0.76 310 MeV (40%) arXiv:1403.4427

CMS 172.22±0.73 150 MeV (20%) CMS-PAS-TOP-14-001

D0 174.98±0.76 100 MeV (13%) arXiv:1405.1756

1. Great job in reducing the errors

2. CR is one of the dominant systematics

3. Why is the CR uncertainty going down when there are

- no advances on the theoretical understanding
- no measurements to constrain it

2
Measuring mtop

Direct mtop measurement

b
t
2 2
q mtop = (pb + pj1 + pj2 )
W
q

Many effects complicate the procedure: showers, hadronization, jet reconstruction

We focus on color topology...

b b
q q color q q

t W t W
reconnection
p p p p
3
This talk

1. how is the CR uncertainty determined?

2. what we did to improve it

- new models in Pythia 8
- realistic estimates of the CR uncertainty
- how we can reduce the uncertainty with data

NB: “improve” doesn’t always mean to reduce the uncertainties but to show if and how it can be done

4
Estimating the CR uncertainty
Δmtop = mtop(default CR) - mtop(no CR)
Currently this is done with Pythia 6, where multiple CR models are available.

The problem
• ‘no CR’ is unphysical (uncertainty
overestimated?)
• mtop(no CR) might not provide a bound for
Δmtop (uncertainty underestimated?)
• limited range of modeling options in
Pythia 8

We want:
• range of (new) CR models
• models that will envelop the data => uncertainty band
• a way to kill them

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Time scales

Typical hadronization scale

Big time difference between top decay and

hadronization:

CR in top can be modeled differently

Top decay than CR in Min Bias

Two extreme options:

0.2 fm 1 fm
- late resonance decay
top decays after CR has taken place

- early resonance decay

CR happens after top decay (e.g. W
can reconnect with b/MPI)

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The models
Existing New
default default ERD Toy More sophisticated
only forced random swap
top events forced nearest all move
- forced farthest events swap + flip
default CR forced smallest Δλ move + flip
afterburner smallest Δλ

To become available in Pythia 8.2

Models differ in...

When a CR is made How a CR is made

1. stochastic A. gluon move
2. forced B. color exchange (both indices)
3. minimization C. flip (single index)

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Ways to perform a reconnection

gt Color exchange
t b i k i k
m m
gr
W
q q
l j n l j n

gt Gluon move
t b i k i k
m m
gr
W
q q
j j
l n l n

gt Flip
t b i m k i k
m
gr
W
q q
l j n l j n
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CR in the default model
When
1. Starting from lowest pT interaction calculate reconnection probability
2
pT # =) Prec "
(Rrec pT 0 )
Prec (pT ) = 2 2 softer systems easier to reconnect
(Rrec pT 0 ) + pT
soft = extended wavefunction

2. Iterate (1) for all interactions ; if Prec > α∈[0,1] do reconnection

stochasticity

How
1. Sort interactions that where CR will happen in decreasing pT
minimally affect
2. Starting from the hardest interaction find color dipoles (i,j) the perturbative
3. Move gluons {k} from softer interactions to dipole (i,j) that color flow!
minimizes the increase in ‘string length’
(pi · pk )(pj · pk )
= ik + jk ij = ln ⇠ y ⇠ hni
(pi · pj )m20

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Effect on mtop (before tuning)
Reconstructed top mass, mW ∈ [75, 85] GeV, p T (jets) > 40 GeV

1/N dN/dmtop [GeV−1 ]

0.045
CR off
0.04
default
0.035 forced random
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
mtop [GeV]

• CR can inherently have big effects

Model Δmtop [GeV] Δmtoprescaled [GeV]
default -0.415 +0.209 • Δmtop is not bounded by mtop(no CR),
in other words mtop(CR)-mtop(no
default ERD +0.381 +0.285
CR) probably underestimates the
forced random -6.970 -6.508
uncertainty

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Why CR shifts mtop

2
m2top = (p(b) + p(j1 ) + p(j2 ))
Differential jet shape ∆R separation between light jets from hadronic W
10−1
d⟨ρ ⟩/dr

1/N dN/d∆R
CR off 0.6 CR off
forced Random forced Random
smallest ∆λ 0.5 smallest ∆λ
move move
0.4
10−2
0.3

0.2

0.1
10−3
0
1.1 1.3
1.2
MC/Data

1.05

MC/Data
1.1
1.0 1.0
0.95 0.9
0.9 0.8
0.7
0.85 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
r/R jet ∆R( j1 , j2 )

changes in p (leakage of hadrons changes in pj1pj2 ∼ cosθj1j2

out of the jet cone)

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Tuning
• No publicly available measurements of UE in top events
• toy models tuned to jet shapes in tt events measured by ATLAS (CR strength α)
• MB models tuned to minimum bias data measured by ATLAS (pT0ref, Δλcut)

Differential jet shape for light-jets with 50 GeV < p T < 70 GeV Charged ⟨ p ⊥ ⟩ vs. Nch at 7 TeV, track p⊥ > 500 MeV, for Nch ≥ 1

⟨ p⊥ ⟩ [GeV]
ρ (r )

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Data 1.2
default, χ2 /n = 0.95
10
random α = 1, χ2 /n = 13.54 1
random α = 0.25, χ2 /n = 4.66
8 random α = 0.1, χ2 /n = 2.20 0.8
random α = 0.05, χ2 /n = 1.75
6 0.6
Data
4 0.4 default (tune 4C)
CR off (tuned)
2 0.2 swap (tuned)
move (tuned)
0 0
1.4 1.4

MC/Data
1.2
MC/Data

1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 20 40 60 80 100 120
r Nch

Forced models with high CR Minimization models require

strength disfavored maximal CR strength
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Effect on mtop (after tuning)

Model Δmtoprescaled [GeV]

default +0.239
forced random (min) -0.524
move +0.239
swap (max) +0.273

• Maximum variation: mtopmax - mtopmin ≈ 800 MeV

• considering only the more sophisticated models:

Δmtop ≈ 500 MeV

We believe that this is a realistic estimate of the CR uncertainty based on our current
understanding of the phenomenon and on the available measurements.

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How to reduce CR uncertainty
Charged particle multiplicity - Inclusive p T , charged particles not clustered in jets with p T > 5 GeV

1/N dN/dp T [GeV−1 ]

1/N dN/dnch

10−2 CR off
1
default
10−3 forced farthest
10−1 forced nearest
10−4 move

10−5 CR off 10−2

default
10−6 forced farthest
10−3
forced nearest
10−7 move
10−4
10−8
1.8
1.6 1.4
1.4
CR/CR off

CR/CR off
1.2
1.2
1 1
0.8
0.6 0.8
0.4 0.6
0.2
0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 5
nch p T [ GeV ]

Make measurements that can constrain the models

• charged particle multiplicity, pT in tt events
• mean pT density per unit jet area, <nch>(ΔRWb)

• efforts from both CMS and ATLAS to measure UE in tt events

ongoing analyses will hopefully incorporate these measurements
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Summary
The situation so far...
• yet no measurements to constrain CR in top events

• current procedure to estimate CR uncertainty on top mass probably

underestimates the uncertainty

Our work...
• new CR models developed and tuned to data

• a realistic estimate for the top mass uncertainty is of the order of 500 MeV
• there are observables that can constrain/exclude most of these models
with existing LHC data

New model by J.Christiansen and P.Skands will allow more tests

Many thanks to Torbjörn, Lund THEP and MCnet

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