HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

Basketball was invented by James Naismith

in Springfield, Massachusetts. The year was
1891, and as the story goes, Naismith was
asked to come up with an indoor game that
offered fewer injuries than classic American
gridiron football. He came up with a 9-on-9
game that involved shooting a ball into a
peach basket. Under those first rules, a
single point was scored for a made basket.
The first game would have a final score of 1-
0. The game of basketball grew very rapidly,
with college teams forming leagues within the
first decade of the game’s invention. Naismith himself would become a college coach
for the game, joining the University of Kansas in 1898. He would amass a win/loss
record of 55-60. This means James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, is also the only
coach in Kansas history to have a losing record.

Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game of basketball.
Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with a
soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half
the size of a present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into
the basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each time and dribbling (bouncing of
the ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original game.

There were 13 original rules to Naismith’s basketball. Players were allowed to

throw the ball in any direction with one or two hands. The ball could be batted in any
direction as well. Players could not run with the ball, forced to throw it from the spot they
caught it. Naismith made an allowance for someone to come to a stop if they were
running at full speed and caught the ball.

James Naismith original thirteen rules of basketball:

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with
the fist.
 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which
he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be
used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent.
The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second
shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to
injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as
described in Rule 5.
7. If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the
opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a
foul).
8. Goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the
basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or
disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponents move the basket,
it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by
the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight
into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall
go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall
call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the
referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power
to disqualify men according to Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play in bounds,
to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal
has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are
usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves with five minutes' rest between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winners.

The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the
YMCA movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced
in many nations. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular
game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic
sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
 Basketball was introduced to the
rest of the world due to efforts from
the US Army and the YMCA. In 1893,
the first international basketball match
was organized. Members took the
game to India, Japan, Persia, and
China as well. In 1895, the first
recorded basketball game between
two college teams was organized.
The University of Minnesota A&M
faced Hamline University under 9-on-
9 rules, winning the game 9-3. In
1896, the first collegiate 5-on-5 game was played between Iowa and the University of
Chicago, with Chicago winning 15-12. By 1898, professional leagues were forming, as
were collegiate leagues. Six teams took part in the first professional basketball league,
but the league was disbanded in 1904. Between then and World War I, small
championships were created and some teams played for money against challengers.
This includes the original Celtics basketball team. By 1900, most major colleges were
fielding a basketball team. In 1905, formal collegiate rules were introduced for
basketball and in 1909, the NCAA would take over the game for good. The first NCAA
DI tournament would be held in 1939.

FORMATION OF FIBA

In the first decades of basketball, it was growing as a sport, but had no real international
organization. It took several petitions by basketball supporters to have basketball
included as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904.

That all changed on June 18, 1932 when FIBA was first formed. The work of FIBA on
the international game would help to make basketball become an Olympic sport in
1936, which was won by the US National Team.

Naismith would live long enough to get to see the sport that he had invented become a
recognized Olympic sport.
RULES AND REGULATION

Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score by
shooting a ball through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played
on a rectangular floor called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is
divided into two main sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball
into play behind the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court
line. If it doesn't, then the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball
over the mid-court line, it can no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back
of the line. If it does, the defense is awarded the ball.

The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team
with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. They
try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds.

When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other
team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that basket is
worth three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team
according to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and/or the
type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws
being awarded the shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was
beyond the three-point line, then he gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not result
in free throws being awarded until a certain number have accumulated during a half.
Once that number is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a '1-and-1'
opportunity. If he makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses
the first shot, the ball is live on the rebound.

Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college, each half is
twenty minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight (and
sometimes, six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes long. There is
a gap of several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If
the score is tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are
played until a winner emerges.

Each team is assigned a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket is
their scoring basket. At halftime, the teams switch goals. The game begins with one
player from either team at center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two.
The player that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is called a tip-off.
In addition to stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team
to get the ball.

FOULS
Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.

 Hitting
 Pushing
 Slapping
 Holding
 Illegal pick/screen -- when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive
player sticks out a limb and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt
to block the path of the defender.

Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being fouled, then he gets two
free throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only one free throw if his shot does go in.
  Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for a three-
point goal and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-
point shot and makes it anyway, he is awarded one free throw. Thus, he could
score four points on the play.
 Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was
committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds,
and have 5 seconds to pass the ball onto the court.One & one. If the team
committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game, then the player who
was fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is
awarded another free throw.
 Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the
fouled player receives two free throws.

Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a
defensive player. The ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.

Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing
position in time to prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.

Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and
punching. This type of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession
of the ball after the free throws.

Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player with no
reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.

Technical foul. Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does
not involve player contact or the ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game.
Foul language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a
technical foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook improperly or
dunking during warm-ups.

VIOLATIONS

Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball is
traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is traveling.

Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of
or, sometimes, even under the ball.
Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or
picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at
the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the
action and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis.

Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down
toward the basket, while it's on the way up toward the basket after having touched the
backboard, or while it's in the cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot
counts. If committed by an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is awarded to the
opposing team for a throw-in.

Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line,
they cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to
the other team to pass inbounds.

Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball.
If he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include
the rule that a player cannot have the ball for more than five seconds when being
closely guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team
to attempt a shot within a given time frame.

PLAYER POSITION

Center. Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are positioned near
the basket.

Offensive -- The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are also
responsible for blocking defenders, known as picking or screening, to open other
players up for driving to the basket for a goal. Centers are expected to get some
offensive rebounds and put-backs.

Defensive -- On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep opponents from

shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get a
lot of rebounds because they're taller.

Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards. While a forward
may be called upon to play under the hoop, they may also be required to operate in the
wings and corner areas.
Offensive -- Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take outside shots, drive for
goals, and rebound.

Defensive -- Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and rebounding.

Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should be really good at
dribbling fast, seeing the court, and passing. It is their job to bring the ball down the
court and set up offensive plays.

Offensive -- Dribbling, passing, and setting up offensive plays are a guard's main
responsibilities. They also need to be able to drive to the basket and to shoot from the
perimeter.

Defensive -- On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes, contesting shots,

preventing drives to the hoop, and for boxing out.
 HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

The game of volleyball,

originally called
“mintonette,” was
invented in 1895 by
William G. Morgan after
the invention of
basketball only four years
before. Morgan, a
graduate of the
Springfield College of the
YMCA, designed the
game to be a
combination of
basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball. The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis,
was only 6’6″ high (though you need to remember that the average American was
shorter in the nineteenth century). Morgan was keen for his sport to offer a less
physically intense and demanding alternative to Naismith’s basketball, one that would
appeal to a far broader range of ages and physical abilities. Describing his early
experimentations, he said: “In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to me,
but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the
idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches [1.98
metres] from the ground, just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and
among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We
therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy.”

TIMELINE OF SIGNIFICANT VOLLEYBALL EVENTS

In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to
be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.

In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. Twenty-
seven teams from 11 states were represented.

In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, so the United States
Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open
was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.

In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S.
Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.

In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in
Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain
Valley, CA, in 1980, and San Diego, CA, in 1985).

In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-round training regime in Dayton,
Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA, in 1981).

In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The men won
the gold, and the women the silver.

In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.
In 1990, the World League was created.

In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!

In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport.

FIVB

The sport took a huge step forward in 1947 with the creation of the Federation
Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB). Two years later the inaugural World
Championships took place in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

Volleyball made its Olympic debut at Tokyo 1964, with the USSR taking men’s gold and
the host nation winning the women’s competition.

Beach volleyball, which had its origins on the beaches of California back in 1930, had to
wait until 1996 for its inclusion on the Olympic programme, and it has helped take the
global reach and popularity of the sport to a new level. Volleyball has witnessed a
particularly impressive growth spurt over the last two decades, fuelled by the expansion
of international competitions such as the FIVB World Championships, the FIVB World
League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand
Champions Cup, not to mention of course, the Olympic Games, where both the indoor
and beach versions now enjoy huge popularity.

Today, over 120 years after it was first conceived, volleyball is played by more than 800
million people worldwide, a fact that would surely leave its creator, William Morgan,
whose goal was to create a sport open to all, a huge amount of satisfaction.
 RULES AND REGULATION

Basic Principles of the Game

Knowing and understanding the basic tenets of volleyball can be helpful for volleyball
newbies and veterans alike. That being said, here is an outline of fundamental rules of
the game:

Don’t Let the Ball Hit the Floor on Your Side of the Net

The primary objective in volleyball is make the ball hit the floor on the opponent’s side of
the court, while simultaneously preventing it from dropping on your side. Volleyball
players go to great lengths to keep the ball from hitting the court—and they have the
scrapes and bruises to prove it.

Three Contacts/Hits per Side

Each team is allowed a maximum of three contacts before it must send the ball back
over the net. The preferred sequence is a dig (an underarm pass made with the
forearms), followed by a set (an overhead pass with the hands), and then an attack
(overhead one-handed hit directed over the net and towards the opponent).
Teams are also permitted to block the ball as it comes over the net. The resulting
contact does not count towards the three contacts per side. In theory, this means that a
team could technically contact the ball four times (with the first contact being a block)
without penalty.

Players Must Rotate Clockwise

In volleyball, six players rotate clockwise through six different positions on their side of
the net. There are three front row positions (left front, middle front, and right front) and
three back row positions (left back, middle back, and right back). Teams rotate with
each new server, and no person can serve more than once in succession.

No Player Can Hit the Ball Twice in Succession

The rules state that no player is allowed to hit the ball multiple times in row. While this
principle appears to be straightforward, it can get a little confusing: If the double contact
occurs on a team’s initial hit it is a legal play. However, the double becomes illegal if a
player makes two separate attempts to hit the ball. In other words, you may “double the
ball” (volleyball slang for hitting the ball twice) as long as it is on your team’s first contact
and you made a single motion to contact the ball.
If you want to know more about the ramifications and applications of this rule, click here
to check out the guide on ball handing.

A Player May Not Cause the Ball to Come to a Rest During Contact

Volleyball can be categorized as a “rebound” sport because the rules prevent

participants from contacting the ball for a prolonged amount of time. Players are not
allowed to carry, palm or throw the ball.

The Net is Off-Limits

No part of a player’s body or uniform is allowed to touch the net, but, participants are
permitted to play the ball out of the net during a volley and a serve.
 HISTORY OF FOOTBALL

Football (or soccer as the game is

called in some parts of the world)
has a long history. Football in its
current form arose in England in
the middle of the 19th Century.
But alternative versions of the
game existed much earlier and
are a part of the football history.
The first known examples of a
team game involving a ball, which
was made out of a rock, occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures for over 3000 years
ago. The ball would symbolize the sun and the captain of the losing team would be
sacrificed to the gods.

The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place In China in the 3rd and
2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was played with a round ball on an area of a
square. It later spread to Japan and was practiced under ceremonial forms.

Other earlier variety of ball games had been known from Ancient Greece. The ball was
made by shreds of leather filled with hair. The first documents of balls filed with air are
from the 7th century. In the Ancient Rome, games with balls were not included in the
entertainment on the big arenas, but could occur in exercises in the military. It was the
Roman culture that would bring football to the British island (Britannica). It is, however,
uncertain in which degree the British people were influenced by this variability and in
which degree they had developed their own variants The most admitted story tells that
the game was developed in England in the 12th century. In this century games that
resembled football were played on meadows and roads in England. Besides from kicks,
the game involved also punches of the ball with the fist. This early form of football was
also much more rough and more violent than the modern way of playing. An important
feature of the forerunners to football was that the games involved plenty of people and
took place over large areas in towns (an equivalent was played in Florence from the
16th Century where it was called Calcio). The rampage of these games would cause
damage on the town and sometimes death. These would be among the reasons for the
proclamations against the game that finally was forbidden for several centuries. But the
football-like games would appear again in the streets of London in the 17th Century.
It took, however, long time until the features of today’s football had been taken into
practice. For a long time there was no clear distinction between football and rugby.
There were also many variations concerning the size of the ball, the number of players
and the length of a match.

The game was often played in schools and two of the predominant schools were Rugby
and Eton. At Rugby the rules included the possibility to take up the ball with the hands
and the game we today know as rugby has its origin from here. At Eton on the other
hand the ball was played exclusively with the feet and can therefore be seen as a close
predecessor to the modern football. The game in Rugby was called “the running game”
while the game in Eton was called “the dribbling game”.

Proper rules for the game were decided at a meeting in Cambridge in 1848. Another
important event in the history of football come about in 1863 when the first Football
association was formed in England. This also led to a standardization of the size and
weight of the ball, and also divided the game into two codes: association football and
rugby.

The game would, however continue to develop for a long time and there was still much
flexibility concerning the rules. For one thing, the number of players on the pitch could
vary. Neither were uniforms used to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was
also common with players wearing caps – the header was yet to be a part of the game
yet.

Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between English and
Scottish teams. Whereas the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in a
more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to pass the ball between their players. It would
be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant.

The sport was at first an entertainment for the Brittish working class. Unprecedented
amounts of spectators, up to 30 000, would see some of the matches in the late 19th
century. The game would soon expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of
the world. Especially in South America and India the interest in football would become
big.

FIRST FOOTBALL CLUB

Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and without official
status. It is therefore hard to decide which the first football club was. Some historians
suggest that it was the Foot-Ball Club formed 1824 in Edinburgh. Earlier clubs were
often formed by former school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield
in 1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club Notts County
that was formed in 1862 and still exists today.

An important step for the emergence of teams was the industrialization that led to larger
groups of people meeting at places such as factories, pubs and churches. In bigger
cities football teams were established and the new railroads could bring them to other
cities.

In the beginning, football was dominated by public school teams, but later, teams
consisting by workers would make up the majority of those. Another change was
successively taking place when some clubs became willing to pay the best players to
join their team. This would be the start of a long period of transition, not without friction,
in which the game would develop to a professional level.

The motivation behind paying players was not only to win more matches, but in the
1880s the interest in the game has moved ahead to a level that tickets were sold to the
matches. And finally, in 1985 professional football was legalized and three years later
the Football League was established. During the first season, 12 clubs joined the
league, but soon more clubs became interested and the competition would
consequently expand into more divisions.

For a long time, the British teams would be dominant. After some decades, clubs from
Prague, Budapest and Sienna would be the primarily contenders to the British
dominance.

As with many things in history, women were for a long time excluded from participating
in games. It was not before the late 19th Century that women started to play football.

Soccer’s obscure origin is ironic considering its popularity today. Historians tried to trace
the individual who began the history of football but soccer’s ancient origins has clouded
him in mystery.

Yet historians successfully traced the cultures that first played football-like games.
 RULES AND REGULATION

There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.

Field of Play. The game can be played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the
surface must be green and rectangular in shape. The two long sides of the rectangle
are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called goal lines. The field is
divided in half by the halfway line.

Ball. Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a
certain pressure.

Number of Players. Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the
goalkeeper). A game cannot start if either team has less than 7 players.

Equipment. Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shinguards and footwear.

Referee. The referee ensures the Laws of the Game are respected and upheld.
Assistant Referees. There may be at most 2 assistant referees.

Duration of the Match. The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes

each. The half time interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of
the referee more time is allowed to compensate for any stoppage during play e.g. Due
to substitutions or care and attention of injured players.

Start and Restart of Play. A kick-off starts play at the start of the match or after a
goal. A kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the
centre spot. All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off. A coin is tossed pre-
game, the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst
the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want to
play. After half time the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off. After a
goal is scored, the team which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart play.

Ball in and Out of Play. The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when
the referee has stopped the game. The ball is in play at all other times.

Method of Scoring. The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.

Offside. It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer
to the opponents' goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent. The offside
rule exists to ensure there are always opponents (generally the goal keeper and a
defender) between a player receiving the ball and the goal. Without the offside rule,
play can become boring with repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to
the goalkeeper for an easy goal.

Fouls/Misconduct. These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an offence to

use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or undeliberately or to
handle the ball (unless you are a goal keeper). The referee may show the yellow card
to caution players for less serious offences and the red card for more serious offences
resulting in the player being sent off. Two yellow cards are equivalent to one red card.

Free Kicks. Are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be
direct or indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick. A goal can only
be scored from an indirect free kick if it touches at least one other player first. The free
kick must be taken from a stationary position with that position varying depending on
whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether it's direct or
indirect. The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free
kick is taken.

Penalty Kicks. Are given against a team when they commit an offence which would
normally be awarded a direct free kick inside their goal area. The ball is kicked from
stationary from the penalty spot. The opposing team must be outside of the penalty
area and at least 9.15 m from the ball.

Throw-in. Used to restart play after the whole of the ball has crossed the touch line.

Goal kick. Used to restart play after a goal has been scored.

Corner Kick. Is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last
touched by a member of the defending team (and no goal was scored). A corner kick is
taken from inside the corner arc closest to the point where the ball crosses the goal
line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m from the ball when the corner kick is
taken.