EXPERIMENT # 2

OHM’S LAW

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

As the experiment about Ohm’s Law was done, basic construction and measurements of
electric circuits were observed. Basic analysis of a circuit is applied in reading the value of
resistors through color code or experimental value and determining its current with the use of the
Ohm’s Law. Doing continuous trials changing the value of the input voltage same resistance but
differs in current measures that satisfy the theory of that “Ohm’s Law affirms that the voltage V
across the resistance R is directly proportional to the current I passing through it, simply,
V=IR”. Therefore, as the voltage increases the current through the resistor increases.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data gathered, therefore I conclude that the basic construction
and measurements of an electric circuit requires not only experience and basic
knowledge about something but with knowledge that refers to the theories related
to the experiment. Hence, as a student and an engineer in the making, Ohm’s Law
is one of the basic but helpful and well known theory in the industry so that be able
to understand and apply it in the reality is a must.
 EXPERIMENT # 3
SERIES & PARALLEL CONNECTIONS OF LINEAR RESISTANCES

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

On the first experiment, we define and know the basic construction and basic knowledge
about the Ohm’ Law. Now, as the journey continues, constructing an electric circuit in a better
way in terms of series and parallel connection where one active source of voltage and different
values of resistors are involved. Ohm’s Law is applicable not only to one resistor but also a
section or entire network circuitry with the condition that is inactive or linear. Series and parallel
connections are the basic and simplest form or electric circuit. In series connection, simply, all
the current passing through the resistors is equal but differs in the voltage crossing each resistor.
On the other hand, parallel connections have equal voltages across each resistor but differ in
current passing through the resistors. As the experiment undergo, circuit analysis and theories
must be our foundation to avoid any destructive output. Loads must be connected respectively in
series or parallel.

CONCLUSION
Series and Parallel Connections may be considered as the simplest and basic form of the
electric circuit and beholding the Ohm’s Law as a foundation. Based on the experimental data
gathered, simply series and parallel do have differences. Hence, in constructing more
complicated circuits referring to series or parallel connections, basic knowledge again in Ohm’s
Law may lead to an approximate or accurate results based on theoretical or either experimental
analysis.
 EXPERIMENT # 4
VOLTAGE & CURRENT DIVIDER CIRCUITS

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

Basically, Series and Parallel connections do have small differences in terms of voltage
and current. As we define the Ohm’s Law from the past experiments and construct series and
parallel connections, there is a quick and faster method in determining the values of each load.
There, Voltage and Current divider exist. Referring to the Ohm’s Law, in series circuit having
equal current but differs in voltage in each resistor, from the active source, Voltage divider exist.
Also, in parallel connections since the voltage are equal and differs is current values passing
through each resistor, Current Divider exist. Acknowledging these two dividers can make your
analysis more easy and fast.

CONCLUSION
Therefore, as the analysis done, series and parallel connection do have other function as
a voltage and current divider. Having two circuits, series and parallel, again with basic
knowledge about Ohm’s Law, voltage divider and current divider may be use to determine the
values of the loads in the circuit. Since in the series connection current is equal, voltages can be
defined initially using Ohm’s Law while in parallel connection, voltages are equal and as a
function, it behaves as a current divider since voltage and resistance are given.
 EXPERIMENT # 5
DELTA – WYE TRANSFORMATION OF RESISTIVE LOAD

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

According to the theorem of Delta – Wye transformation, Delta – Wye
connections are both commonly used in the reduction of electrical networks. Delta
composed circuits can be turn into Wye and vice versa. Also, both circuits will be
approximately equal if the resistances between any pair of lines 1,2, and 3 for the
delta are similar as that of between related pair for the wye if the third line is cut.
As the experiment undergo through actual observation, approximately they have
equal resistance output but in some manner they differ in the value of the not
included resistor in the delta – wye transformation in the other hand the 3 lines that
are included in the transformation have equal value in delta – wye conversion and
vice versa.

CONCLUSION
As we analyze and go further more analysis about the given experiment, given two
circuits, a delta-constructed and a wye-constructed, finding the same part of the circuit differ on
how it is valued in resistance that are included and not included beyond the conversion of the
delta or wye.
 EXPERIMENT # 7
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

Kirchhoff’s Law is one of the most accessible for those complicated circuits
having parallel and series in one circuit. In essence, it is the algebraic sum of all
voltages in a loop resulting or must be equal to zero with respect to voltages and
also, with respect to the current, it is the algebraic sum of all current entering and
exiting a node must be zero. In existence in the given experiment, looping is the
most required and foundation of the given theory. With a loop, all voltages within
that must be equal to zero. Practically it is used in any kind of circuit either
Kirchhoff’s Current Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

CONCLUSION
Kirchhoff’s Law comes into two, Voltage and Current likewise to the divider but this
time it focuses in a loop. Based on the experimental details and analysis, all the algebraic sum of
the voltage in a loop and the current entering and exiting to a node all must be equal to zero
which we observed and analyzed and proven by the experiment.
 EXPERIMENT # 8
MAXWELL’S LOOP CURRENT (MESH) ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

MESH Analysis, simply, is a loop current computation, likewise in the
looping process in the Kirchhoff’s Law. Analyzing both process, it gives me an
idea that the MESH analysis is under the theory of Kirchhoff’s Law where looping
is the main foundation of the theory but this time having 2 or more voltage sources
are involved.

CONCLUSION
As we work with the experiment, we compare and get the overall estimations in the
measured and theoretical values we get using the MESH analysis. Determining such current
through each resistor and by multiply it to the resistance we get the voltage drop in each resistor.
Hence, be able to validate MESH analysis we compare the measured and theoretical values in
each resistor.
 EXPERIMENT # 10
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

Simply, Superposition Theorem state that a circuit can be analyzed with only one source
of voltage at a time, also the algebraic sum of each current each one active in multiple sources. In
analyzing every part of the circuit with multiple sources can be solved too by the MESH
Analysis but in terms of superposition with multiple sources, one source first must be active and
short the other sources then solve the circuit.

CONCLUSION
As we finished the experiment and gather all the data and analyzing part by part, hence,
superposition do simply the complex circuit and find the values in each load. It may be look like
a long process but long processes may give an approximately equal or accurate result.