RESEARCH REPORT

 PRELIMINARY PAGES
 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 3 – RESULTS & DISCUSSION
 CHAPTER 4 – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
 CHAPTER 5 – DESIGN SOLUTION
 REFERENCES
 APPENDICES
PRELIMINARY PAGES
 Title Page
 Table of Contents
 Approval Sheet
 Acknowledgment
 Dedication
 List of Tables and Figures
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
CHAPTER 1 – CHAPTER 1 –
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Rationale Objective
Statement of the Scope and Limitation
Problem
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis
Framework Definition of Terms
Scope and Limitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
QUANTITATIVE
CHAPTER 2 –
METHODOLOGY
Research Locale
Research Design
Population & Sampling
DGI, Validity + Reliability
DGP
Statistical Treatment
QUALITATIVE
CHAPTER 2 –
METHODOLOGY
Research Locale
Approach to Quali Res
CP & Inclusion Crit
Gatekeeper
Ethical Considerations
DG Techniques, IPR
Trustworthiness
Data Explication
CHAP 1 – QUALI RESEARCH

Objective
One overarching question

13-WRITING-QUALI-RESEARCH.pptx
CHAP 1 – QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
RATIONALE
 Provides a background of the problem
 Gives justification for conducting the study
 Includes:
 A brief description of the problem situation (what
is) with supporting fact and figures
 Statement of the desired condition (what should
be) and the discrepancy between what is and what
should be.
 RATIONALE
 Includes:
 Possible reasons for the discrepancy (if the study is
exploratory or relational)
 What is already known about the problem (based
on literature)
 Questions still unanswered or information gap/s.
 RATIONALE
 Two to three pages long (max: 5 pages; depending on
scope)
 It includes the related literature you have reviewed;
(what is already known about the problem  based on
literature)
 Should have at least 35 citations (the more, the better)
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
(SPECIFIC QUESTIONS)
 Aligned with the title and/or main problem
 Written in quantifiable terms
 Specificity set ascertains questions needed to be
answered
 Quantification and measurement gives more
direction to the investigation
 Broad questions should be broken down into
smaller ones.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
(SPECIFIC QUESTIONS)
 Introductory statement/paragraph states the
main problem (or objective).
 Specific questions should be arranged as follows:
 Descriptive questions (covering independent and
dependent variables
 Inferential questions (either looking into
significant differences or significant relationships)
 Number of questions depend on variables
included in the study (no minimum or maximum
number of questions)
 HYPOTHESIS(ES)
 Research Hypothesis
Statement of tentative answers to the research
problem/question; must be coherent with the research
main objective.
 Statistical Hypothesis
Is formulated as tentative answer to inferential
problems/questions (either significant differences or
significant relationships)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
HYPOTHESIS
 Reasonable
 State in definite terms the relationship
between variables (cause, effect,
correlation, differences)
 Testable
 Follow findings of previous studies
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
 Introduces the researcher’s thinking at the start
of the study
 Structures the next stages or procedures of the
study
 Helps provide the format for the presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data
 FRAMEWORK
 In explaining the existence of a problem, the
researcher may base the explanation on a
THEORY.
 The connection between a theory and the
problem is explained in the theoretical
framework.
 The theoretical framework in further explained
and illustrated in concrete terms using a
framework.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Presents a THEORY that explains why a problem
under study exists (Mercado 1994)
 A set of interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions, and propositions that present a
systematic view of phenomena by specifying the
relations among variables (Kerlinger 1973)
 Explains the connection between certain factors
and the problem.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Becomes the basis of the research problem
 An organized body that explains what has been
done and what has been said on the topic or
problem being investigated.
 The choice of a theory depends on the number
and nature of variables and the relationships
being examined.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 A background in theories on behavior, education,
communication, sociology, economics and
anthropology can be very useful in formulating a
theoretical framework.
 A starting point in developing a theory is to
review related literature.
 FUNCTIONS OF A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
 Provides the general framework which can guide
data analysis
 Identifies the variables to be measured
 Explains why one variable can possibly affect another
or why the independent variable can possibly
influence the dependent variable
 Limits the scope of data relevant to the framework by
focusing on specific variables
 Stipulates the specific frame of mind or viewpoint
that the researcher will take in analyzing and
interpreting the data
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 An elaboration of the theoretical framework in concrete
terms
 Anchored on the theoretical framework
 Needs to be consistent with and related to the
theoretical framework
 Specifies the variables of the study and the expected
flow of relationship among them
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Explain in more detail the:
 variables to be observed in the study
 Assumed connection between the independent and
the dependent variables
 Summarized in a paradigm or schematic diagram
identifying the hypothesized link:
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
… hypothesized link between:
 The independent and dependent variables
 Independent and intervening variables (if any)
 Intervening variables and dependent variables
 An independent variable and a dependent
variable, controlling for the effect of another
variable
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
 Explains the SCOPE and LIMITS of the study in
terms of:
 SUBJECT MATTER
 RESPONDENTS/SUBJECTS
 VARIABLES TO BE CONSIDERED
 STUDY DESIGN
 Explains the implications of the limitations to the
results, conclusions and use of the findings
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 Explains the relevance and usefulness of the study
 States the expected contributions of the study to
specific groups or individual users of the results
of the study
 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES AND
KEY TERMS
 Provides both conceptual and operational
definitions of variables and key terms.
 Conceptual definition is based on the universal or
general description of the term, either from a
book, journal or encyclopedia
 Operational definition is the researcher’s
definition as to how the term is used in the study
and indicates how a variable is going to be
measured.
 RESEARCH LOCALE
Mentions where the proposed study
will be conducted (includes the
institution and its brief description
and its location
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research design is the “blue print” of the study
 Guides the collection, measurement and analysis of
data (Cooper and Schindler 2001)
 The study design is the plan adopted by the
researcher in the conduct of the study
 The study design becomes the basis for determining
what data will be collected, how they will be analyzed
and interpreted.
 QUALITATIVE vs. QUANTITATIVE
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 The use of an appropriate design minimizes the
occurrence of error in the conduct of the study
and in the conclusions drawn from the study.
 A wrong choice of a design puts to risk the validity
and reliability of the study.
 POPULATION & SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
POPULATION
All persons/subjects/objects/materials covered by the
study

SAMPLE
A good representation of the entire population
SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATION
 Yamane’s formula (Slovin’s formula)

 Lynch’s formula
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 Random Sampling
 Simple
 Systematic
 Stratified, etc.
 Non-Random Sampling (criteria should be
established)
 Quota sampling
 Snowball sampling, etc.
 DATA COLLECTION
SOURCES OF DATA

 PRIMARY

 Subjects
 Respondents
 Interviewees
 Participants
 DATA COLLECTION
SOURCES OF DATA

 SECONDARY

 Records
 Reports
 Documents
 Journals
 DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
 Observation/Field Notes
 Measurements, counts, identification symbols/guide,
pictures, etc.
 Survey Questionnaires
 Interview Guides (recorded interview)
 FGD Guide Questions (recorded proceedings)
 OBSERVATION/FIELD NOTES
Should include:
 All details you have SEEN, HEARD, felt, experienced,
MEASURED
 All details needed to answer specific
questions/objectives of the study
 Both qualitative and quantitative data (if applicable)
 Formatted data sheets (if applicable)
 OBSERVATION/FIELD NOTES
 Use slate boards & pencil (if necessary)
 Data on slate boards should be immediately
transferred to data sheets (paper) or encoded using
available software

TIP: NEVER THROW AWAY/DISCARD field notes until

you are done with the research report
 DATA SHEETS
 Should be formatted/designed to collect pertinent
data (in answer to specific questions)
 Provide a space/column for remarks or other
information that supplements basic information
needed
 Take pictures (use the best camera)
 Record sounds (use the best sound recorders)
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
 Should not be too long
 Ask questions which are necessary, do not ask if you do
not need the information
 Avoid loaded and biased questions; questions should
be direct, specific and neutrally stated
 Avoid vague questions (don’t assume that your
respondents know the background of what you are
asking)
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
 Use appropriate responses for the type of questions
you ask; decide on what form of response to use:
 Open ended
 Multiple choice (1 answer only, multiple responses;
choose or rank)
 Checklist
 Yes or no
 Continuum questions
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS
INTERVIEW GUIDES & FOCUSED GROUP
DISCUSSION
 Asks questions which will provide answers to specific
problems/objectives of the study
 Arrange questions logically
 Questions should require: brief, direct answers
 If open-ended questions are needed, questions should
direct or guide the interviewees on what to answer
VALIDITY & RELIABILITY OF DATA
GATHERING INSTRUMENTS
VALIDITY
DGI should measure what it intends to measure

RELIABLITY
DGI should be consistent in measuring what it intends
to measure
 VALIDITY
 Face and content validation
 Equivalent form

Standardized instruments do not need validity and

reliability testing
as it has already undergone a series of (validation and
pilot) testing
 RELIABILITY
 Test-retest (PPM)
 Split half (SPEARMAN RHO & BROWN)
 One time internal consistency test (CRONBACH’S
ALPHA
 Item analysis (U-L INDEX; KR21)
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
FIELD WORK
 Wet season only? Dry season only? Both wet and dry
season?
 How many runs/trials?
 Appropriate time? Day? Morning? Afternoon? Night
time? Duration?
 MEASUREMENTS: WHEN TO MEASURE? HOW
MANY TIMES? HOW? SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS?
 SURVEYS

 How? Written or electronic?

 Screen accomplished instruments (filter incomplete
data)
 Permissions: LGU, govt. offices, community leaders

INTERVIEWS & FGDs

 Train data collectors

 Dry run
 Anticipate possible problems
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
 Use of tool depends on type of questions
raised and type of data collected
 Descriptive questions:
 Frequency
 Percentage
 Rank
 Inferential questions:
 Differences: Z-test, T-test, Chi-square, ANOVA, ANCOVA,
Mann-Whitney, etc.
 Relationships: PPM, Chi-square, Biserial R, etc.
 POST HOC TESTS
 More than two groups: if differences are significant,
where does it exist?
 Tools: series of t-test; Scheffe’s Tukey’s, etc.
PLEASE TAKE NOTE:
 YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL CAN BE VERY BRIEF
(Quali: 10-15 PAGES LONG; Quanti: max 25 pages) OR
5000 – 25,000 WORDS ONLY
 SHORT SIZE BOND PAPER
 FONT STYLE: ARIAL
 FONT SIZE: 12
 SPACING: DOUBLE SPACE
 MARGINS: LEFT=1.5” RIGHT, TOP & BOTTOM = 1”
 CITATIONS
Bibliographic/In-text
 Observe correct style/format (Chicago Manual of
Style 16th ed)
 Use MSWORD 2007 /210 for convenience
 While doing your literature review in the
library/internet; record all details needed for
referencing
TIP: Use index cards or write at the back of the
photocopied pages ; ADD ENTRIED MANUALLY IN
YOUR MENDELEY LIBRARY
Please refer to RECENT THESIS BOOKS
in the library