Trigonmetric and Hyperbolic Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC
and
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Math 533 - Complex Analysis

Oreste M. Ortega, Jr.
Leyte Normal University
Math 533 - Complex Analysis Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal University
TRIGONOMETRIC and HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Trigonometric Functions
via EULER’S IDENTITY
Let θ be an arbitrary real number.
Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ
Adding these two identities and dividing by two,
Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get
eiθ + e−iθ
cos θ = .
2
eiθ + e−iθ
cos θ = .
2
Similarly, subtracting and dividing by 2i,
eiθ + e−iθ
cos θ = .
2
Similarly, subtracting and dividing by 2i, we get
eiθ − e−iθ
sin θ = .
2i
eiθ + e−iθ
cos θ = .
2
eiθ − e−iθ
sin θ = .
2i
These expressions enable us to use to our advantage elementary
properties of the exponential function in handling tricky problems
eiθ + e−iθ
cos θ = .
2
eiθ − e−iθ
sin θ = .
2i
These expressions enable us to use to our advantage elementary
properties of the exponential function in handling tricky problems
involving products of cosine and sine functions.
EXAMPLE
For example, suppose p is a positive integer.
EXAMPLE
For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

product of cosm θ sinn θ,
EXAMPLE

product of cosm θ sinn θ, where m and n are nonegative integers such
that that m + n = p,
EXAMPLE

that that m + n = p, as a linear combination of terms involving cos(jθ)
and sin(kθ), where 1 ≤ j, k ≤ p.
EXAMPLE

This process is called linearization
EXAMPLE

This process is called linearization and has many useful
applications in calculus.
EXAMPLE

This process is called linearization and has many useful
applications in calculus.
Example
Linearize cos3 θ.
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
cos3 θ
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
3
eiθ + e−iθ

3
cos θ =
2
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
3
eiθ + e−iθ

3
cos θ =
2
1 3iθ
= (e + 3e2iθ e−iθ + 3eiθ e−2iθ + e−3iθ )
8
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
3
eiθ + e−iθ

3
cos θ =
2
1 3iθ
8
1 3iθ
= (e + 3eiθ + 3e−iθ + e−3iθ )
8
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
3
eiθ + e−iθ

3
cos θ =
2
1 3iθ
8
1 3iθ
= (e + 3eiθ + 3e−iθ + e−3iθ )
8
1 ei(3θ) + e−i(3θ) eiθ + e−iθ

= +3
4 2 2
EXAMPLE
Solutions:
3
eiθ + e−iθ

3
cos θ =
2
1 3iθ
8
1 3iθ
= (e + 3eiθ + 3e−iθ + e−3iθ )
8
1 ei(3θ) + e−i(3θ) eiθ + e−iθ

= +3
4 2 2
1
= (cos 3θ + 3 cos θ)
4
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
As a typical application of linearization, we evaluate
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Using the previous results, we have
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Z
cos3 θ dθ
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Z Z
3 1
cos θ dθ = (cos 3θ + 3 cos θ) dθ
4
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Z Z
3 1
4
Z
1
= (cos 3θ + 3 cos θ) dθ
4
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Z Z
3 1
4
Z
1
4

1 sin 3θ
= + 3 sin θ + C
4 3
EXAMPLE
cos3 θ dθ.
R
Z Z
3 1
4
Z
1
4

1 sin 3θ
= + 3 sin θ + C
4 3
1 3
= sin 3θ + sin θ + C
12 4
Finding cos z and sin z
EXAMPLES
Motivated by identities,
EXAMPLES
Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

functions for all complex number z by the formulas
eiz + e−iz
cos z =
2
EXAMPLES

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

cos z = and sin z =
2 2i
EXAMPLES


cos z = and sin z =
2 2i
You should keep in mind that these are new functions,
EXAMPLES


cos z = and sin z =
2 2i
You should keep in mind that these are new functions, even
though they are named after familiar functions.
EXAMPLES


cos z = and sin z =
2 2i
You should keep in mind that these are new functions, even
though they are named after familiar functions.
Example
5π
Compute a) cos(2 + iπ) and b) sin(i ) .
4
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ)
EXAMPLES
ei(2+iπ) + e−i(2+iπ)
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
1 −π
e (cos 2 + isin 2) + eπ (cos 2 − i sin 2)

=
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
1 −π

=
2
1 −π
e cos(2) + i e−π sin(2) + eπ cos(2) − i eπ sin(2)

=
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
1 −π

=
2
1 −π

=
2
1
cos(2)(eπ + e−π ) − i sin(2)(eπ − e−π )

=
2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
1 −π

=
2
1 −π

=
2
1

=
2
e + e−π e − e−π
π π
= cos(2) − i sin(2)
2 2
EXAMPLES
cos(2 + iπ) =
2
1 −π+2i
= (e + eπ−2i )
2
1 −π 2i
= (e e + eπ e−2i )
2
1 −π

=
2
1 −π

=
2
1

=
2
e + e−π e − e−π
π π
= cos(2) − i sin(2)
2 2
= cos(2) cosh π − i sin(2) sinh π
EXAMPLES
eπ + e−π
where cosh π =
2
EXAMPLES
eπ + e−π eπ − e−π
where cosh π = and sinh π =
2 2
EXAMPLES
where cosh π = and sinh π = are the real
2 2
hyperbolic functions evaluated at π.
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π
sin i
4
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π 5π
ei(i 4 ) − e−i(i 4 )

5π
sin i =
4 2i
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π 5π
ei(i 4 ) − e−i(i 4 )

5π
sin i =
4 2i
5π 5π
e− 4 −e 4
=
2i
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π 5π
ei(i 4 ) − e−i(i 4 )

5π
sin i =
4 2i
5π 5π
e− 4 −e 4
=
2i !
5π 5π
1 e− 4 − e 4
=
i 2
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π 5π
ei(i 4 ) − e−i(i 4 )

5π
sin i =
4 2i
5π 5π
e− 4 −e 4
=
2i !
5π 5π
1 e− 4 − e 4
=
i 2
−5π
= (−i) sinh
4
EXAMPLES
2 2
For letter b),

5π 5π
ei(i 4 ) − e−i(i 4 )

5π
sin i =
4 2i
5π 5π
e− 4 −e 4
=
2i !
5π 5π
1 e− 4 − e 4
=
i 2
−5π
= (−i) sinh
4
5π
= i sinh
4
PROPERTIES
Properties of Trigonometric Functions
PROPERTIES

Let z = x + iy be a complex.
PROPERTIES

Let z = x + iy be a complex. Then
1 cos(−z) = cos z
PROPERTIES

1 cos(−z) = cos z and sin(−z) = − sin z
PROPERTIES

2 cos(z + 2π) = cos z
PROPERTIES

2 cos(z + 2π) = cos z and sin(z + 2π) = sin z
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
4 e = cos z + i sin z
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1
Angle - Addition and Half - Angle Formula
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1

Let z, z1 , z2 be complex numbers.
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1

Let z, z1 , z2 be complex numbers. Then
1 cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1

2 sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + cos z1 sin z2
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1

1+cos(2z)
3 cos2 z = 2
PROPERTIES

π
3 sin(z + 2
) = cos z
iz
5 cos2 z + sin2 z = 1

1+cos(2z)
3 cos2 z = 2
1−cos(2z)
4 sin2 z = 2
PROPERTIES
Real and Imaginary Parts and Moduli of Trigonometric Functions
PROPERTIES

Let z = x + iy be a complex number.
PROPERTIES

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. Then
1 cos z = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
PROPERTIES

2 sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
PROPERTIES

q
3 | cos z| = cos2 x + sinh2 y
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
4 | sin z| = sin2 x + sinh y
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
cos z and sin z are NOT bounded over the complex plane.
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
cos z and sin z are NOT bounded over the complex plane. For z = x + iy,
we have
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q
| cos z| = cos2 x + sinh2 y
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
| cos z| = cos2 x + sinh2 y ≥ sinh2 y
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
| cos z| = cos2 x + sinh2 y ≥ sinh2 y = | sinh y|
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
Now, as y → ∞,
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
Now, as y → ∞, we have sinh y → ∞,
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
Now, as y → ∞, we have sinh y → ∞, and as y → −∞,
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
Now, as y → ∞, we have sinh y → ∞, and as y → −∞, we have
sinh y → −∞.
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
sinh y → −∞. Hence, | cos z| blow up to infinity as |Im z| tends to infinity.
PROPERTIES

q
q
2
REMARKS:
we have q q
sinh y → −∞. Hence, | cos z| blow up to infinity as |Im z| tends to infinity.
Similarly with | sin z|.
EXAMPLES
Example
(Zeros of the sine and cosine)
EXAMPLES
Example
1 Show that sin z = 0 ⇔ z = kπ, for some integer k.
EXAMPLES
Example
π
2 Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2 + kπ, for some integer k.
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
1.) Suppose that z = x + iy is a point in the plane
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
1.) Suppose that z = x + iy is a point in the plane and that sin z = 0.
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
1.) Suppose that z = x + iy q
is a point in the plane and that sin z = 0.
It implies that | sin z| = sin2 x + sinh2 y
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
It implies that | sin z| = sin2 x + sinh2 y = 0,
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
It implies that | sin z| = sin2 x + sinh2 y = 0, that is, sin x = 0
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
and sinh y = 0.
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
and sinh y = 0. The real function sinh y = 0
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
and sinh y = 0. The real function sinh y = 0 if and only if y = 0,
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
and the real function sin x = 0
EXAMPLES
Example
π
Solutions:
and the real function sin x = 0 implies x = kπ for some integer k.
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
+ kπ, for some integer k.
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
Now that we have the zeros of the sine,
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
Now that we have the zeros of the sine, we can easily find the zeros of
the cosine.
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
the cosine. We have
π
cos z = 0 ⇔ sin z + =0
2
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
the cosine. We have
π
cos z = 0 ⇔ sin z + =0
2
π
⇔ z + = kπ , for some integer k
2
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
the cosine. We have
π
cos z = 0 ⇔ sin z + =0
2
π
2
π
⇔ z = + kπ , for some integer k
2
EXAMPLES
π
2.) Show cos z = 0 ⇔ z = 2
Solutions:
the cosine. We have
π
cos z = 0 ⇔ sin z + =0
2
π
2
π
⇔ z = + kπ , for some integer k
2
Replacing k by k + 1, we obtain 2.
PROPERTIES
Other Trigonometric Functions
PROPERTIES

eiz + e−iz
With cos z =
2
PROPERTIES

With cos z = and sin z = ,
2 2i
PROPERTIES

With cos z = and sin z = , the other trigonometric
2 2i
functions are defined by
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
cos z
2 cot z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
cos z
2 cot z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
1
3 sec z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
cos z
2 cot z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
1
3 sec z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
1
4 csc z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
cos z
2 cot z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
1
3 sec z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
1
4 csc z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
Like the complex cosine and sine,
PROPERTIES

2 2i
sin z
1 tan z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
cos z
2 cot z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
1
3 sec z = , (cos z 6= 0)
cos z
1
4 csc z = , (sin z 6= 0)
sin z
Like the complex cosine and sine, these complex functions share several
properties with their real counterpart.
Trigonometric Properties
ILLUSTRATION
Iluustration: Show that tan z1 = tan z2 if and only if z1 = z2 + kπ,

where k is an integer.
ILLUSTRATION

where k is an integer. That means, tan z is π-periodic.
ILLUSTRATION

π
Note that tan z is not defined for z = 2 + kπ.
ILLUSTRATION

π
Note that tan z is not defined for z = 2 + kπ. So, for
z1 , z2 6= π2 + kπ,
ILLUSTRATION

π
z1 , z2 6= π2 + kπ, we have
tan z1 = tan z2
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
tan z1 = tan z2 ⇔ =
cos z1 cos z2
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
cos z1 cos z2
⇔ sin z1 cos z2 = cos z1 sin z2
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
cos z1 cos z2
⇔ sin z1 cos z2 − cos z1 sin z2 = 0
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
cos z1 cos z2
⇔ sin(z1 − z2 ) = 0 (replace z2 by −z2 )
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
cos z1 cos z2
⇔ z1 − z2 = kπ
ILLUSTRATION

π
sin z1 sin z2
cos z1 cos z2
⇔ z1 − z2 = kπ
⇔ z1 = z2 + kπ
Hyperbolic Functions
PROPERTIES
ez +e−z
With cosh z = 2
PROPERTIES
ez +e−z ez −e−z
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2
we have the following properties:
Properties of Hyperbolic Functions
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

For any complex number z = x + iy,
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

For any complex number z = x + iy, we have
1 cosh iz = cos z
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

1 cosh iz = cos z and sinh iz = i sin z
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
2 cosh z − sinh z = 1
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
3 cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
4 sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
sinh z
5 tanh z = (cosh z 6= 0)
cosh z
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
sinh z
cosh z
cosh z
6 coth z = (sinh z 6= 0)
sinh z
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
sinh z
cosh z
cosh z
sinh z
1
7 z= (cosh z 6= 0)
cosh z
PROPERTIES
With cosh z = 2
and sinh z = 2

2 2
sinh z
cosh z
cosh z
sinh z
1
7 z= (cosh z 6= 0)
cosh z
1
8 z= (sinh z 6= 0)
sinh z
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
EXERCISES
EXERCISES:
1.) Evaluate cos z, sin z, tan z, | cos z| and | sin z| for the following
values of z.
a.) z = i b.) z = −2i c.) z = π2 + 2i d.) z = π6 − i
2.) Prove the following identities.

a.) cos(z + π) = − cos z
b.) sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z
c.) ez = cosh z + sinh z
d.) cosh(−z) = cosh z and sinh(−z) = − sinh z
1 + cosh 2z
e.) cosh2 z =
2

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TRIGONOMETRIC

Math 533 - Complex Analysis

Let θ be an arbitrary real number.

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two,

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get

Let θ be an arbitrary real number. Euler’s identity tells us that

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e−iθ = cos θ − i sin θ

Adding these two identities and dividing by two, we get

For example, suppose p is a positive integer.

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

For example, suppose p is a positive integer. We can express the

Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

You should keep in mind that these are new functions,

Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

Motivated by identities, we define the complex cosine and sine

eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz

For letter b),

For letter b),

For letter b),

For letter b),

For letter b),

For letter b),

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Angle - Addition and Half - Angle Formula

Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Angle - Addition and Half - Angle Formula

Properties of Trigonometric Functions