Alternating Current
Circuits
Alternating Current Circuits
• Alternating Current - Generator
• Wave Nomenclature & RMS
• AC Circuits: Resistor; Inductor; Capacitor
• Transformers - not the movie
• LC and RLC Circuits - No generator
• Driven RLC Circuits - Series
• Impedance and Power
• RC and RL Circuits - Low & High Frequency
• RLC Circuit - Solution via Complex Numbers
• RLC Circuit - Example
• Resonance
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 2
Generators
φm = NBAcosθ θ = ωt
φm = NBAcosωt
d
ε = - φm = NBAωsinωt
dt
ε ε= sinωt;
peak
= NBAω ε peak
x = A sin ωt - π2
x = A ( sinωt cos π2 - sin π2 cosωt )
x = A ( sinωt (0) - (1)cosωt )
x = -Acosωt
2 1.50
sin(ωt)
π 1.00
sin(ωt-δ)
ωt - = 0
2 0.50
π 0.00
ωt = -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
2 -0.50
π 1 1 T
t= ; = -1.00
2ω ω 2π
-1.50
π T T
t= = Time
2 2π 4
Procedure
• Square it (make the negative values positive)
• Take the average (mean)
• Take the square root (undo the squaring operation)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
-0.5
SIN(Theta)
SIN2(Theta)
RMS Value
-1.0
-1.5
Angle (Radians)
T
1
V = Vavg = ∫ V(t)dt; V(t) = V p sinωt
T o
T ωT cos(ωT)
1 Vp Vp
Vavg = ∫ V p sinωtdt = ∫ sinxdx = - ∫ d(cosx)
T o ωT 0
ωT cos(0)
Vp
Vavg = - (1 - 1) = 0
ωT
1
VRMS ≡ (V ) 2
avg
=
2
V p = 0.707V p
1
VRMS ≡ (V )2
avg
=
2
V p = 0.707V p
Mean
The RMS voltage (VRMS )is the DC voltage that has the same
effect as the actual AC voltage.
P(t) = I p2 Rcosωt
2
VCp VCp
I p =ωQ p = ωCV Cp = =
1
ωC X C
1
XC =
ωC
B = µ 0nI
µ0 n1 I 1 = µ0 n2 I 2
n1 I 1 = n2 I 2
n1
I2 = I1
n2
N2
I 1 n2 L N2
= = =
I 2 n1 N1 N1
L
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 33
Electrical Transformers
Conservation of Energy
Primary Power = Secondary Power
Induced voltage/loop
Vin I 1 = Vout I 2
More loops => more voltage
Vout I1 N 2
= = Voltage steps up but the current
Vin I2 N1
steps down.
N2
Vout = Vin
N1
Q(t) = Q p cosωt
dQ
I(t) = = -ωQ p sinωt
dt
(
I(t) = -ωQ p cos ωt + π 2 )
The circuit will oscillate at the frequency
ωR. Energy will flow back and forth
from the capacitor (electric energy) to
the inductor (magnetic energy).
“ma” term
The damping term causes a damping of the
natural oscillations of the circuit.
dI(t) Q(t)
RI(t) + L
dt
+
C
= (t) ε
dQ t
= I ⇒ Q(t) = Qo + ∫ I(t')dt'
dt 0
dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L
dt C 0
ε
+ ∫ I(t')dt' = (t); with Q0 = 0
1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p
1
( π
RI p sinωt + ωLI p sin ωt + 2 + I p sin ωt - π 2 = ε sinωt
) ( )
ωC p
1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p
T T
I p2 T T
RI p2 ∫ sinωtdt
2
+ ωLI 2
p ∫sinωtcosωtdt - ωC ∫sinωtcosωt dt = ε I ∫ sinωtdt
p p
2
o o o o
T T
∫ ∫
2
sin ωtdt = π sinωt cosωtdt = 0
0 0
RI p2 = E p I p
Power in resistor Power out of
battery
Let L => 0
1
RI p sinωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p
For ω 1 CR
1 p
ε
I p sinωt - I p cosωt = sinωt
ωCR R
εp
I p sinωt = sinωt High ω
R
εp At
Athigh
highfrequency
frequencythethe
Ip =
cap
capacts
actsas
asaashort
shortcircuit.
circuit.
R
Let C => 0
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt = ε sinωt
p
For ωL 1
RI p sinωt = ε sinωt
p
Low ω
RI p = ε p
At
Atlow
lowfrequency
frequencyLLacts
acts
as
asaashort
shortcircuit.
circuit.
ωLI p π = 0
I p = 0 ⇒ Open circuit
At
Athigh
highfrequency
frequencyLLacts
actsas
asan
anopen
opencircuit.
circuit.
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 56
Coils & Caps in an AC Circuit
j = -1
2
j = jj = -1 -1 = -1
j 3 = jj 2 = j ( -1) = -j
4 2 2
j = j j = ( -1)( -1) = +1
j 5 = jj 4 = j (+1) = j
z = a + bj (a,b)
z
z* = a - bj
jπ 2
e = j x
jπ
e = -1
j 3π 2
e = -j
e j2π = e0 = +1
E = I Z is a complex version of
Ohm’s Law
1
ωL -
X L - XC ωC
tanθ = =
R R
Voltage Space
-1
θ = tan
X L - XC
= tan -1 0.452 - 1474
= tan -1 -1474
= -80.4 0
R 250 250
+jωt
V Vpe V p +j(ωt-θ) +j(ωt-θ)
I= = = e = I p e
Z Z p e+jθ Zp
Vp 120 1st minus from the division.
Ip = = = 80.3mA
Z 1495
I = I p e+j(ωt-θ) = 80.3mAe+j(ωt+80.4)
2nd minus from
Ip the angle.
I RMS = = 0.707I p = 56.7mA
2
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 75
R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz
1 1
ωR = = = 21.5krad/s
LC (1.20x10 )(1.80x10 )
-3 -6
ω 21.5x10 3
f = = = 3.42kHz
2π 6.28
1
S = VI * V = V p e+jωt I = I p e+j(ωt+80.4)
2
1 1
S = (V p e )( I p e
+jωt -j(ωt+80.4)
) = V p I p e+j(ωt-ωt-80.4)
2 2
1 -j(80.4)
V p I p -j(80.4)
S = Vp I pe = e = VRMS I RMS e -j(80.4)
2 2 2
1 -j(80.4)
V p I p -j(80.4)
S = Vp I pe = e = VRMS I RMS e -j(80.4)
2 2 2
S = VRMS I RMS ( cos ( 80.4 ) - jsin ( 80.4 ) )
S = VRMS I RMS cos ( 80.4 ) - jVRMS I RMS sin ( 80.4 )
Pavg = VRMS I RMS cos ( 80.4 )
Power Factor
(
VC = I RMS X C = ( 56.7x10 -3 ) / 377 ( 1.80x10 -6 ) = 83.6V )
2
V = VR + (VL - VC ) = ( 14.2 ) + (0.0256 - 83.6)2
2 2
V = 84.8 = VRMS
2
2
V p Vp
Pavg = I RMS
R= R I = I p cos ( ωt - δ ) = cos ( ωt - δ )
Z2 Z
2
2 2 1
Z = R + ωL -
ωC
V p2
Pavg = R
2
ωL ω - ω0
2 2 2
1+ 2
R ω
∆ω = FWHM
FWHM = Full Width at Half
Maximum
As an approximation
ω0 L
Q
R