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Chapter 31

Alternating Current
Circuits
Alternating Current Circuits
• Alternating Current - Generator
• Wave Nomenclature & RMS
• AC Circuits: Resistor; Inductor; Capacitor
• Transformers - not the movie
• LC and RLC Circuits - No generator
• Driven RLC Circuits - Series
• Impedance and Power
• RC and RL Circuits - Low & High Frequency
• RLC Circuit - Solution via Complex Numbers
• RLC Circuit - Example
• Resonance
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 2
Generators

By turning the coils in the magnetic field an emf is


generated in the coils thus turning mechanical energy into
alternating (AC) power.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 3


Generators

Rotating the Coil in a Magnetic Field Generates an Emf


• Examples: Gasoline generator
• Manually turning the crank
• Hydroelectric power

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 4


Generators

φm = NBAcosθ θ = ωt
φm = NBAcosωt
d
ε = - φm = NBAωsinωt
dt
ε ε= sinωt;
peak
= NBAω ε peak

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 5


Wave Nomenclature and RMS
Values

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 6


Wave Nomenclature

Apeak-peak = Ap-p = 2Apeak = 2Ap; Ap = Ap-p /2

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 7


Shifting Trig Functions

 sin  The minus sign means that the


x=A    ωt - ϕ 
 cos  phase is shifted to the right.
sin  t 
x= A { } 2π
cos  T
- ϕ 
A plus sign indicated the phase
is shifted to the left

x = A sin  ωt - π2 
x = A ( sinωt cos π2 - sin π2 cosωt )
x = A ( sinωt (0) - (1)cosωt )
x = -Acosωt

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 8


Shifting Trig Functions
 π
sin  ωt -  = 0 Shifted Trig Functions

 2 1.50

sin(ωt)
π 1.00
sin(ωt-δ)
ωt - = 0
2 0.50

π 0.00
ωt = -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
2 -0.50
π 1 1 T
t= ; = -1.00
2ω ω 2π
-1.50
π T T
t= = Time

2 2π 4

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 9


Root Mean Squared
The root mean squared (rms) method of averaging is
used when a variable will average to zero but its effect
will not average to zero.

Procedure
• Square it (make the negative values positive)
• Take the average (mean)
• Take the square root (undo the squaring operation)

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 10


Root Mean Squared Average
Sine Functions
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

-0.5
SIN(Theta)
SIN2(Theta)
RMS Value
-1.0

-1.5
Angle (Radians)

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 11


Average of a Periodic Function

T
1
V = Vavg = ∫ V(t)dt; V(t) = V p sinωt
T o
T ωT cos(ωT)
1 Vp Vp
Vavg = ∫ V p sinωtdt = ∫ sinxdx = - ∫ d(cosx)
T o ωT 0
ωT cos(0)

Vp
Vavg = - (1 - 1) = 0
ωT

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 12


Root Mean Squared
T
1
V 2
= V ( ) 2
= ∫ V 2 (t)dt; V(t) = V p sinωt
avg T o
V p2 T
V p2 V p2
( )
V2
avg
=
T ∫ o
sin 2 ωtdt =
ωT
π =
2
V p2
( )
V2
avg
=
2

1
VRMS ≡ (V ) 2
avg
=
2
V p = 0.707V p

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 13


Root Mean Squared
Root Square

1
VRMS ≡ (V )2
avg
=
2
V p = 0.707V p

Mean

The RMS voltage (VRMS )is the DC voltage that has the same
effect as the actual AC voltage.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 14


RMS Power
1
Pavg = Vp I p
2
Vp Ip
since VRMS = and I RMS =
2 2
1
Pavg =
2
( 2 VRMS )( 2 I RMS )
Pavg = VRMS I RMS

The average AC power is the product of the DC equivalent


voltage and current.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 15


Resistor in an AC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 16


Resistor in an AC Circuit

For the case of a resistor in an AC circuit the VR across the


resistor is in phase with the current I through the resistor.
In phase means that both waveforms peak at the same time.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 17


Resistor in an AC Circuit
2
P(t) = I (t)R = ( I cosωt ) R
2
p

P(t) = I p2 Rcosωt
2

The instantaneous power is a function of time. However, the average


power per cycle is of more interest.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 18


Inductors in an AC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 19


Coils & Caps in an AC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 20


Inductors in an AC Circuit

For the case of an inductor in an


AC circuit the VL across the
inductor is 900 ahead of the current
I through the inductor.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 21


Inductors in an AC Circuit
VL peak
I = I p sinωt =
ωL
(
cos ωt - π 2 )
VL peak VL peak
Ip = =
ωL XL
X L =ωL

XL is the inductive reactance

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 22


Average Power - Inductors
P(t) = V I = (V
L cosωt )( I sinωt )
L peak p

P(t) = VL peak I p cosωt sinωt


T
1
Pavg = ∫ VL peak I p cosωt sinωtdt
T0
T
VL peak I p
Pavg =
T ∫ cosωt sinωtdt
0
T
VL peak I p
Pavg =
2T ∫ sin2ωtdt = 0
0

Inductors don’t dissipate energy, they store energy.


MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 23
Average Power - Inductors
Inductors don’t dissipate energy, they
store energy.
The voltage and the current are out of
phase by 90o.
As we saw with Work, energy
changed only when a portion of the
force was in the direction of the
displacement.
In electrical circuits energy is
dissipated only if a portion of the
voltage is in phase with the current.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 24


Capacitors in an AC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 25


Capacitors in an AC Circuit
VC = ε cosωt = V
p Cp cosωt
Q = VC C = VC p Ccosωt = Q p cosωt
dQ
I= = -ωQ p sinωt = -I p sinωt
dt
(
I = -ωQ p sinωt = I p cos ωt + π 2 )
For the case of a capacitor in an
AC circuit the VC across the
capacitor is 900 behind the current
I on the capacitor.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 26


Capacitors in an AC Circuit

VCp VCp
I p =ωQ p = ωCV Cp = =
1
ωC X C
1
XC =
ωC

XC is the capacitive reactance.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 27


Electrical Transformers

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 28


Electrical Transformers

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 29


Electrical Transformers

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 30


MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 31
Electrical Transformers

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 32


Electrical Transformers
Both coils see the same magnetic flux and the cross sectional
areas are the same

B = µ 0nI
µ0 n1 I 1 = µ0 n2 I 2
n1 I 1 = n2 I 2
n1
I2 = I1
n2
N2
I 1 n2 L N2
= = =
I 2 n1 N1 N1
L
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 33
Electrical Transformers
Conservation of Energy
Primary Power = Secondary Power

Induced voltage/loop
Vin I 1 = Vout I 2
More loops => more voltage
Vout I1 N 2
= = Voltage steps up but the current
Vin I2 N1
steps down.
N2
Vout = Vin
N1

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 34


LC and RLC Circuits Without a
Generator

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 35


LC Circuit - No Generator

To start this circuit some energy must be placed in it since


there is no battery to drive the circuit. We will do that by
placing a charge on the capacitor
Since there is no resistor in the circuit and the resistance of
the coil is assumed to be zero there will not be any losses.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 36


LC Circuit - No Generator
Apply Kirchhoff’s rule
dI Q
L + =0
dt C
Since I = dQ dt
d 2Q Q
L 2 + =0
dt C
d 2Q 1 This is the harmonic
2
=- Q
dt LC oscillator equation
1
ωR =
LC

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 37


LC Circuit - No Generator

Q(t) = Q p cosωt
dQ
I(t) = = -ωQ p sinωt
dt
(
I(t) = -ωQ p cos ωt + π 2 )
The circuit will oscillate at the frequency
ωR. Energy will flow back and forth
from the capacitor (electric energy) to
the inductor (magnetic energy).

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 38


RLC Circuit - No Generator

Like the LC circuit some energy must initially be placed in


this circuit since there is no battery to drive the circuit. Again
we will do this by placing a charge on the capacitor
Since there is a resistor in the circuit now there will be losses
as the energy passes through the resistor.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 39


RLC Circuit - No Generator
Apply Kirchhoff’s rule
dI Q dQ
L + IR + = 0 ; I =
dt C dt
d 2Q dQ 1
L 2 +R + Q=0
dt dt C

Restoring force “kx”

Damping term - friction

“ma” term
The damping term causes a damping of the
natural oscillations of the circuit.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 40


RLC Circuit - No Generator

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 41


RLC Circuit - No Generator
dI Q
L + RI + = 0 Multiply by I
dt C
dI 2 QI
LI +I R+ =0
dt C
d 1 2 2 d  1 Q 2

 LI  + I R +  =0
dt  2  dt  2 C 
d  1 2 1 Q2  2
 LI +  = -I R
dt  2 2 C 
The rate of change of the
stored energy = - Power dissipated in the
resistor

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 42


Series RLC Circuit with Generator
We have already examined the components in this circuit to
understand the phase relations of the voltage and current of
each component
Now we will examine the power relationships

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 43


Series RLC Circuit with Generator
ε(t) = ε peak sinωt = ε sinωt
p

Apply Kirchhoff’s Loop rule to the circuit

dI(t) Q(t)
RI(t) + L
dt
+
C
= (t) ε
dQ t
= I ⇒ Q(t) = Qo + ∫ I(t')dt'
dt 0

dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L
dt C 0
ε
+ ∫ I(t')dt' = (t); with Q0 = 0

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 44


Series RLC Circuit with Generator
dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L
dt
+ ∫ I(t')dt' = (t)
C 0
ε

Steady state ⇒ I(t) = I p sinωt


dI(t) t t Ip
dt
= ω I p cosωt; ∫0
I(t')dt' = ∫
0
I p sinωt'dt' = -
ω
cosωt

1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 45


Series RLC Circuit with Generator
1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

Change all “cos” to “sin” by shifting the angle

1
( π
RI p sinωt + ωLI p sin ωt + 2 + I p sin ωt - π 2 = ε sinωt
) ( )
ωC p

The inductive voltage is The capacitive voltage is


90o ahead of the current 90o behind of the current

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 46


Impedance in a Series RLC Circuit
1
( π
RI p sinωt + ωLI p sin ωt + 2 + I p sin ωt - π 2 = ε sinωt
) ( )
ωC p

The coefficients are voltages


The R and XL and XC values are
R L C called impedances. That is a
generlized term for resistance
RI p ωLI p I p ωC since they all have units of ohms.
X LI p XCI p
X L = ωL X C = 1 ωC
XL is the inductive reactance.
XC is the capacitive reactance.
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 47
Power in a Series RLC Circuit
Now we go back to the original equation and multiply by
I(t) = I p sinωt and integrate over one cycle: 0 => T

1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

T T
I p2 T T
RI p2 ∫ sinωtdt
2
+ ωLI 2
p ∫sinωtcosωtdt - ωC ∫sinωtcosωt dt = ε I ∫ sinωtdt
p p
2

o o o o

T T
∫ ∫
2
sin ωtdt = π sinωt cosωtdt = 0
0 0

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 48


Power in a Series RLC Circuit

RI p2 = E p I p
Power in resistor Power out of
battery

• Power is only dissipated in the resistor.


• The inductor stores energy in its magnetic field.
• The capacitor stores its energy in its electric field.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 49


Series RLC Circuit with Generator
We have used this equation to demonstrate the behavior
of the three types of components: R, L and C, but-
We still haven’t solved the equation
dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L
dt C 0
ε
+ ∫ I(t')dt' = (t); with Q0 = 0

Before we actually solve it


we need to introduce
complex variables that will
be used in the solution.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 50


The RC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 51


The RC Circuit - Low Freq
1
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

Let L => 0
1
RI p sinωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

For ωt  0; cosωt  1; sinωt  0


Low ω
1
-
ωC
ε
I p = p (0)
I p = 0 ⇒ Open circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 52


The RC Circuit - High Freq
1
RI p sinωt -
ωC
I p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

For ω  1 CR
1 p
ε
I p sinωt - I p cosωt = sinωt
ωCR R
εp
I p sinωt = sinωt High ω
R
εp At
Athigh
highfrequency
frequencythethe
Ip =
cap
capacts
actsas
asaashort
shortcircuit.
circuit.
R

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 53


The RL Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 54


The RL Circuit - Low Freq
1
RI p sinωt + ωLI cosωt -
p I cosωt = ε sinωt p
ωC p

Let C => 0
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

For ωL  1

RI p sinωt = ε sinωt
p
Low ω

RI p = ε p

At
Atlow
lowfrequency
frequencyLLacts
acts
as
asaashort
shortcircuit.
circuit.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 55


The RL Circuit - High Freq
RI p sinωt + ωLI p cosωt = ε sinωt
p
For ωL  1
ωLI p cosωt = ε sinωt
p

multiply by cosωt and average


T T
1 1
ωLI p ∫ cos 2 ωtdt =
T0
ε p
T0∫ sinωtcosωtdt High ω

ωLI p π = 0
I p = 0 ⇒ Open circuit

At
Athigh
highfrequency
frequencyLLacts
actsas
asan
anopen
opencircuit.
circuit.
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 56
Coils & Caps in an AC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 57


Complex Numbers for AC Circuits

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 58


Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
The basic complex (imaginary) number is “i.”
To avoid confusion we replace “i” with “j”

j = -1
2
j = jj = -1 -1 = -1
j 3 = jj 2 = j ( -1) = -j
4 2 2
j = j j = ( -1)( -1) = +1
j 5 = jj 4 = j (+1) = j

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 59


Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
Let a and b be real numbers
Then z is a complex number and z* is the complex
conjugate
y

z = a + bj (a,b)
z
z* = a - bj

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 60


Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
The magnitude of z
Magn ( z ) = z = ( z * ) z = ( a - bj )( a + bj )
z = a 2 + abj - abj - j 2b 2
z = a 2 + b2
y

tanθ = b a ; θ = tan -1 b a ( ) (a,b)


z
z = z ( cosθ + jsinθ ) = z e jθ
θ
The exponential representation of a
complex number will prove useful in
x
solving the RLC differenial eqn.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 61


Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
y
z = z ( cosθ + jsinθ ) = z e jθ
(a,b)
z
e jθ can be viewed as a rotation
operator in a complex space θ

jπ 2
e = j x


e = -1
j 3π 2
e = -j
e j2π = e0 = +1

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 62


Why Complex Numbers ?
y

z = z ( cosθ + jsinθ ) = z e jθ (a,b)


z

Complex numbers simplify the solution of the integral-


differential equations encountered in series RLC AC circuits.
The use of complex numbers simplifies the lead-lag nature of
the voltage and current in AC circuits.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 63


Phasor Notation
This diagram depicts a series RLC
circuit driven at a frequency that
causes the inductive voltage to be
greater than the capacitive voltage.
This gives the circuit an overall
inductive nature - the current (in
phase with VR) is lagging the applied
voltage Vapp.

All of these voltage vectors (phasors) have a common time


component (ejωt) and so they all rotate at this common frequency.
By suppressing this common rotation the concepts are easier to
understand.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 64


RLC Circuit Solution
dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L
dt
+ ∫ I(t')dt' = (t)
C 0
ε
I(t) = I p e jωt The solution of a differential equation
begins with the selection of a trial solution
dI
= jωI p e jωt = jωI ;
dt I
I RI + jωLI + =E
∫ I(t)dt = jω jωC
 j 
 R + jωL - I = E
 ωC 
 1  E
R + j  ωL -  =
 ωC  I
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 65
RLC Circuit Solution
 1  E
R + j  ωL -  =
 ωC  I
 1  E These are complex
Z = R + j  ωL -  =
 ωC  I variables
E
Z=
I
The quantity Z is called the impedance
and it is a complex variable

E = I Z is a complex version of
Ohm’s Law

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 66


Complex Impedance
 1 
Z = R + j  ωL - 
 ωC 
2
 1 
z = ( ) 2
z * z = R +  ωL -
ωC

 

1
ωL -
X L - XC ωC
tanθ = =
R R

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 67


Relative Voltage Phases - Inductive
Impedance Space

Voltage Space

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 68


Phases in an Inductive AC Circuit
RLC series L only series
Earlier time Later time

All vectors rotating at a


common frequency ω

In an inductive circuit the voltage peaks first and the


current peaks later.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 69


Phases in a Capacitive AC Circuit
RLC series C only series
Earlier time
Later time

All vectors rotating at a


common frequency ω

In capacitive circuit the current peaks first and the


voltage peaks later.

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 70


RLC Series AC Circuit
Example

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 71


R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:


(a.) XL - Inductive reactance
(b.) XC - Capacitive reactance
(c.) Z - Impedance
(d.) θ - Phase angle
(e.) Ip - Peak current
(f.) IRMS - RMS current

(g.) ωR - Resonance frequency


(h.) Pavg - Average Power

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 72


R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:


(a.) XL - Inductive reactance
(b.) XC - Capacitive reactance
(c.) Z - Impedance

First calc: ω = 2πf = 2(3.14)60 = 377 rad/s

XL = ωL= 377(1.20x10-3) = 0.452Ω

XC = 1/ωC= 1/((377)(1.80x10-6)) = 1474Ω

Z = R 2 + (X L - X C )2 = 250 2 + (0.452 - 1474)2


Z = 1495 Ω
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 73
R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:


(d.) θ - Phase angle


-1
θ = tan 
X L - XC 
= tan -1  0.452 - 1474 
= tan -1  -1474 
= -80.4 0

 R   250   250 

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 74


R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:


(e.) Ip - Peak current
(f.) IRMS - RMS current

+jωt
V Vpe V p +j(ωt-θ) +j(ωt-θ)
I= = = e = I p e
Z Z p e+jθ Zp
Vp 120 1st minus from the division.
Ip = = = 80.3mA
Z 1495
I = I p e+j(ωt-θ) = 80.3mAe+j(ωt+80.4)
2nd minus from
Ip the angle.
I RMS = = 0.707I p = 56.7mA
2
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 75
R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:

(g.) ωR - Resonance frequency

1 1
ωR = = = 21.5krad/s
LC (1.20x10 )(1.80x10 )
-3 -6

ω 21.5x10 3
f = = = 3.42kHz
2π 6.28

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 76


R= 250Ω, L = 1.20mH,
C = 1.80µF, Vp = 120v, f = 60Hz

Determine the following:


(h.) Pavg - Average Power

1
S = VI * V = V p e+jωt I = I p e+j(ωt+80.4)
2
1 1
S = (V p e )( I p e
+jωt -j(ωt+80.4)
) = V p I p e+j(ωt-ωt-80.4)
2 2
1 -j(80.4)
V p I p -j(80.4)
S = Vp I pe = e = VRMS I RMS e -j(80.4)
2 2 2

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 77


Determine the following: (h.) Pavg - Average Power

1 -j(80.4)
V p I p -j(80.4)
S = Vp I pe = e = VRMS I RMS e -j(80.4)
2 2 2
S = VRMS I RMS ( cos ( 80.4 ) - jsin ( 80.4 ) )
S = VRMS I RMS cos ( 80.4 ) - jVRMS I RMS sin ( 80.4 )
Pavg = VRMS I RMS cos ( 80.4 )

Power Factor

Pavg = 84.3 ( 56.7x10 -3 ) ( 0.167 ) = 0.803W

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 78


Voltages
VR = I RMS R = ( 56.7x10 -3 ) ( 250 ) = 14.2V
VL = I RMS X L = ( 56.7x10 -3 ) ( 377 ) ( 1.20x10 -3 ) = 0.0265V

(
VC = I RMS X C = ( 56.7x10 -3 ) / 377 ( 1.80x10 -6 ) = 83.6V )
2
V = VR + (VL - VC ) = ( 14.2 ) + (0.0256 - 83.6)2
2 2

V = 84.8 = VRMS

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 79


Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 80


Resonance in a Series RLC
Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 81


Power Transfer and Resonance
d 2Q dQ Q
L 2 +R + + = V p cosωt
dt dt C
2
Z = R + ( X L - XC )
2

2
2
V p Vp
Pavg = I RMS
R= R I = I p cos ( ωt - δ ) = cos ( ωt - δ )
Z2 Z
2
2  2 1 
Z = R +  ωL - 
 ωC 
V p2
Pavg = R
2
 ωL   ω - ω0 
2 2 2
1+    2 
 R   ω 

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 82


Q Factor = Measure of Stored Energy
V p2 E ω0 f0
Q-Factor Q = 2π = =
Pavg = R ∆E ∆ω ∆f
2
 
2
 ωL  ω - ω0
2 2
E = Total Energy and
1+    2 
 R   ω  ∆E is the dissipated energy

∆ω = FWHM
FWHM = Full Width at Half
Maximum

As an approximation

ω0 L
Q
R

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 83


Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 84


RLC Parallel Circuit

We’re not covering this type of circuit

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 85


Extra Slides

MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 86


MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 87
MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Chap31-AC Circuits-Revised: 6/24/2012 88

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